CHAPTER 16 SECTION 1
Note Taking Study Guide , p. 169)
Changes After World War I
Changes to Society
Many young people reject traditional values.
In many countries women win the right to vote. Popular culture spreads.
Christian fundamentalism sweeps rural areas. Prohibition helps create organized crime.
Cultural Changes
Jazz emerges.
Artists experiment with new types of literature. African American literature flowers in Harlem
Renaissance.
Artists move away from realism to more abstract forms.
New scientific discoveries change people's view of world.
Architecture blends technology with design.
Summary (p. 170)
Reading Check jazz music and flappers Vocabulary Strategy Emancipation means "freedom from
restrictions."
Reading Skill Possible answers: reflected disgust with war; the war symbolized the moral breakdown of
Western civilization; writers experimented with stream of consciousness
Review Questions 1. New technologies began to connect people around the world and led to a mass
culture. 2. Their art did not reproduce the real world. Art was abstract, portrayed the unconscious mind, or
had no recognizable subject.
CHAPTER 16 SECTION 2
Note Taking Study p. 171)
A. Postwar Issues
Country: Britain; Politics: Conservative party dominated; Irish Free State established in 1922; Foreign
Policy: Sought to soften the treatment of Germany; worked with other nations toward peace; Economics:
Struggled with unemployment and labor unrest; owed debt to the United States.
Country: France; Politics: Ruled by a series of coalition governments; Foreign Policy: Insisted on
enforcement of Versailles treaty; built Maginot Line; worked with other nations for peace; Economics:
Recovered more quickly than Britain; helped by reparations and territories from Germany; owed debt to
United States.
Country: United States; Politics: "Red Scare" led to immigration limits and expulsion of radicals; Foreign
Policy: Worked with other nations for peace; Economics: Became leading economic power.
B. The Great Depression Causes
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Lower earnings led to falling demand.
Overproduction
Federal Reserve policies
Financial crisis
Stock prices crash.
Effects
 Unemployment
 Cannot afford food
 Loss of faith in capitalism and democracy
Reactions
 High tariffs
 Popular Front in France
 New Deal in the United States
Summary (p. 172)
Reading Check using the war reparations from Germany
Vocabulary Strategy Affluent means "rich, wealthy."
Reading Skill Sample answer: After World War I, economic and political problems affected Western
democracies.
Review Questions 1. Kellogg-Briand Pact;
2. Britain was deeply in debt, with high unemployment and low wages.
CHAPTER 16 SECTION 3
Note Taking Study Guide (On-Level, p. 173; Adapted, p. 173)
A. Mussolini's Rise to Power Dissatisfaction and Unrest
 Italians dissatisfied with territories at end of World War I.
 Chaos and disorder across country
 Government cannot solve crisis.
Mussolini Takes Power
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Mussolini organizes Fascist party.
Pledges to return Italy to greatness
Black Shirts smash opposition.
King gives Mussolini control after March on Rome.
Mussolini Changes Italy
 Mussolini becomes dictator.
 Brings economy under state control
 Glorifies the state at the expense of the individual
B. What is Fascism?
Values: No unifying set of beliefs; generally glorifies extreme nationalism, discipline, military, and loyalty to
the state; antidemocratic
Characteristics: Centralized, authoritarian, noncommunist; pursued aggressive foreign expansion
Differences from Communism: Works for nationalist rather than international goals; supports a society
with defined classes
Similarities to Communism: Both systems use terror to support their regimes; both inspire blind devotion
to the state; both led by elites; both often impose totalitarian governments to control the nation and make
rapid changes.
Summary (p. 174)
Reading Check Mussolini's supporters Vocabulary Strategy Proclaimed means "announced
officially."
Reading Skill through terror and violence, inspiring devotion to the state, developing Fascist youth Review
Questions 1. The Italian king, fearing civil war, asked Mussolini to form a government. 2. Both
systems are centralized and authoritarian; both base their power on devotion to leader or state.
CHAPTER 16 SECTION 4
Note Taking Study Guide p. 175)
The Soviet Union Under Stalin
Five-Year Plans
 Command economy
 Mixed industrial results
 Policies lead to famine.
Methods of Control
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Ruthless use of terror—secret police, Gulag, purges
Propaganda and censorship
Russification
Attack on religion
Daily Life
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New elite in control
Free services, such as schools and day care
Low standard of living
Women gain equal rights under law.
On-Level Summary (p. 176)
Reading Check one in which the government makes all the economic decisions
Vocabulary Strategy Conform means "to obey a set of standards." Students will circle: a. to go along
with
Reading Skill Possible response: Soviet leaders had two contradictory foreign policy goals that led other
nations to mistrust them.
Review Questions 1. Peasants were forced to farm on state-owned farms or on collectives. Some refused.
Stalin took the land from kulaks and sent them to labor camps. 2. They used secret police, torture, purges,
and labor camps.
CHAPTER 16 SECTION 5
Note Taking Study Guide, p. 177)
Germany After World War I
Under Weimar Republic
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Blamed for Versailles treaty
French occupation of Ruhr leads to economic crisis.
Inflation spirals out of control.
Economy improves in late 1920s.
Great Depression hits in 1930s.
Tumultuous times stimulate new cultural movements.
Berlin attracts writers and artists from around the world.
Rise of Nazi Party
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While in prison, Hitler writes Mein Kampf.
Hitler's ideas are rooted in anti-Semitism and beliefs about master Aryan race.
As unemployment rises during the Depression, Nazi membership grows.
Hitler promises to end reparations, create jobs, and rearm Germany.
Hitler elected chancellor in 1933.
Under Nazis
 Nazis set up totalitarian state.
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Hitler's policies bring Germany out of the Depression.
Masses cheer Hitler's accomplishments.
Nazi ideas are spread to youth.
Nuremburg Laws launch persecution of Jews.
Nazis try to weaken the arts and replace religion.
Summary (p. 178)
Reading Check to deprive Jews of German citizenship and place severe restrictions on them
Vocabulary Strategy Regime means "a government in power."
Reading Skill Like Germany, most new nations in Eastern Europe slid from systems of democratic to
authoritarian rule.
Review Questions 1. parliamentary system; led by chancellor; women have right to vote; bill of rights;
2. He said that he would end reparations, create jobs, and rearm Germany.