FIRST CONJUGATION
ĀRE = 2nd principal part/infinitive
INDICATIVE MOOD (used to express a fact)
ACTIVE VOICE (the subject is the doer of the action)
Person
PRESENT
IMPERFECT
FUTURE
1 I
portō
portābam
portābō
2 you
portās
portābās
portābis
3 s/he, it portat
portābat
portābit
1 we
portāmus
portābāmus
portābimus
2 you
portātis
portābātis
portābitis
3 they
portant
portābant
portābunt
am ... ing
is ... ing
are ... ing
do/does ...
... (s)
was ... ing
were ... ing
used to ...
kept on ... ing
... ed
will ...
shall ...
e.g. portō portāre portāvī portātum carry
PERFECT
portāvī
portāvistī
portāvit
portāvimus
portāvistis
portāvērunt
PLUPERFECT
portāveram
portāverās
portāverat
portāverāmus
portāverātis
portāverant
FUTURE PERFECT
portāverō
portāveris
portāverit
portāverimus
portāveritis
portāverint
have ... ed
has ... ed
did ...
... ed
had ... ed
will have ... ed
shall have ... ed
IMPERATIVE MOOD
(used for commands)
singular portā
carry!
plural
portāte
carry!
INFINITIVE MOOD
(to + the verb)
It is the 2nd principal
part of the verb.
N.B.
1. Verbs whose 2nd principal part (the 2nd form in the dictionary listing) ends in –āre belong to the FIRST CONJUGATION.
portāre= to carry
Conjugation means a group of verbs with similar forms.
2. The 2nd principal part used alone is called the infinitive. E.g. portāre is the 2nd principal part of the verb portō. Portāre means “to carry”
3. Verbs have tense (indicating the time the action of the verb takes place); person (I, you, she, he, it, we, you, or they) as well as voice and mood which you will learn later.
4. The personal endings added to the end of the verb to indicate which person is doing the action of the verb are:
-ō = I [1st person singular]
-mus = we [1st person plural]
-s = you [2nd person singular]
-tis = you [2nd person plural]
rd
-t = he or she or it [3 person singular]
-nt= they [3rd person plural
5. Verb tenses are built on stems, i.e. you add the endings for the tense onto a stem to form the verb tense in the person you need.
6. The PRESENT Stem (red) is formed by dropping the -re from the 2nd principal part/infinitive. lt is used to form the present, imperfect, and future tenses - and the imperative mood.
7. The PERFECT Stem (blue) is formed by dropping the -ī from the 3rd principal part. It is used to form the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses.
Latin verbs have special tense indicators that come before the personal endings and after the stem to indicate the tense of the verb. Each tense has a chant you will learn to help remember the tense forms.
Present Tense – no tense indicator – just the personal endings
Imperfect Tense – bā plus the personal endings
Future Tense – bi [bō bi bu, depending on the person] plus the personal endings
Perfect Tense – this verb tense has Special Perfect Endings as the combined tense indicator/personal endings – ī, istī, it, imus, istis, ērunt
Pluperfect Tense – erā plus the personal endings
Future Perfect Tense – eri [ero, eri, eru, depending on the person] plus the personal endings
8. The 6 tenses and their Engish helping verbs are listed here. Remember to put the verb into the blank for the full translation e.g. I am carrying
These 3 tenses use the Present stem to build their forms.
Present Tense = am ____ing is _____ing, are _____ing, do _____, does _____, _____(s)
Imperfect Tense = was _____ing, were _____ing, used to ____, kept on _____ing, _______ed
Future Tense = will _____, shall _____
These 3 Tenses use the Perfect stem to build their forms.
Perfect Tense = have ____ed, has _____ed, did _____, _____ed
Pluperfect Tense = had _____ed
Future Perfect Tense = will have _____ed, shall have _____ed
Remember that some English word will be a little different from these translation rules.. E.g. “shown”, not “showed”, “saw”, not “seed”
9. Verb forms in Latin work backward from English because they can have the subject pronoun person built into the ending on the verb. They also have the English helping verbs built into the Latin word.
e.g. portat = “she carries,” “she does carry”, or “she is carrying.” [the “she” is built into the personal ending -t, the words “is” and “does” are built into the present tense form.
But puella portat means “the girl carries,” “the girl does carry”, or “the girl is carrying.” [the word “girl” replaces the built-in “she”]
3A*
SECOND CONJUGATION
ĒRE = 2nd principal part/infinitive
INDICATIVE MOOD (used to express a fact)
ACTIVE VOICE (the subject is the doer of the action)
Person
PRESENT
IMPERFECT
FUTURE
1 I
moneō
monēbam
monēbō
2 you
monēs
monēbās
monēbis
3 s/he, it monet
monēbat
monēbit
1 we
monēmus
monēbāmus
monēbimus
2 you
monētis
monēbātis
monēbitis
3 they
monent
monēbant
monēbunt
am ... ing
is ... ing
are ... ing
do/does ...
... (s)
was ... ing
were ... ing
used to ...
kept on ... ing
... ed
will ...
shall ...
e.g. moneō monēre monuī monitum warn
PERFECT
monuī
monuistī
monuit
monuimus
monuistis
monuērunt
PLUPERFECT
monueram
monuerās
monuerat
monuerāmus
monuerātis
monuerant
FUTURE PERFECT
monuerō
monueris
monuerit
monuerimus
monueritis
monuerint
have ... ed
has ... ed
did ...
... ed
had ... ed
will have ... ed
shall have ... ed
IMPERATIVE MOOD
(used for commands)
singular monē
warn!
plural
monēte
warn!
INFINITIVE MOOD
(to + verb)
It is the 2nd principal
part of the verb.
N.B.
1. Verbs whose 2nd principal part (the 2nd form in the dictionary listing) ends in –ēre belong to the SECOND CONJUGATION.
monēre= to warn
Conjugation means a group of verbs with similar forms.
2. The 2nd principal part used alone is called the infinitive. E.g. monēre is the 2nd principal part of the verb moneō. Monēre means “to warn”
3. Verbs have tense (indicating the time the action of the verb takes place); person (I, you, she, he, it, we, you, or they) as well as voice and mood which you will learn later.
4. The personal endings added to the end of the verb to indicate which person is doing the action of the verb are:
-ō = I [1st person singular]
-mus = we [1st person plural]
nd
-s = you [2 person singular]
-tis = you [2nd person plural]
-t = he or she or it [3rd person singular]
-nt= they [3rd person plural
5. Verb tenses are built on stems, i.e. you add the endings for the tense onto a stem to form the verb tense in the person you need.
6. The PRESENT Stem (red) is formed by dropping the -re from the 2nd principal part/infinitive. lt is used to form the present, imperfect, and future tenses - and the imperative mood.
7. The PERFECT Stem (blue) is formed by dropping the -ī from the 3rd principal part. It is used to form the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses.
Latin verbs have special tense indicators that come before the personal endings and after the stem to indicate the tense of the verb. Each tense has a chant you will learn to help remember the tense forms.
Present Tense – no tense indicator – just the personal endings
Imperfect Tense – bā plus the personal endings
Future Tense – bi [bō bi bu, depending on the person] plus the personal endings
Perfect Tense – this verb tense has Special Perfect Endings as the combined tense indicator/personal endings – ī, istī, it, imus, istis, ērunt
Pluperfect Tense – erā plus the personal endings
Future Perfect Tense – eri [ero, eri, eru, depending on the person] plus the personal endings
8. The 6 tenses and their Engish helping verbs are listed here. Remember to put the verb into the blank for the full translation e.g. I am warning
These 3 tenses use the Present stem to build their forms.
Present Tense = am ____ing is _____ing, are _____ing, do _____, does _____, _____(s)
Imperfect Tense = was _____ing, were _____ing, used to ____, kept on _____ing, _______ed
Future Tense = will _____, shall _____
These 3 Tenses use the Perfect stem to build their forms.
Perfect Tense = have ____ed, has _____ed, did _____, _____ed
Pluperfect Tense = had _____ed
Future Perfect Tense = will have _____ed, shall have _____ed
Remember that some English word will be a little different from these translation rules.. E.g. “shown”, not “showed”, “saw”, not “seed”
9. Verb forms in Latin work backward from English because they can have the subject pronoun person built into the ending on the verb. They also have the English helping verbs built into the Latin word.
e.g. monet = “she warns,” “she does warn”, or “she is warning.” [the “she” is built into the personal ending -t, the words “is” and “does” are built into the present tense form.
But puella monet means “the girl warns,” “the girl does warn”, or “the girl is warning.” [the word “girl” replaces the built-in “she”]
4A*
THIRD CONJUGATION (regular)
INDICATIVE MOOD (used to express a fact)
ACTIVE VOICE (the subject is the doer of the action)
Person
PRESENT
IMPERFECT
FUTURE
1 I
regō
regēbam
regam
2 you
regis
regēbās
regēs
3 s/he, it regit
regēbat
reget
1 we
regimus
regēbāmus
regēmus
2 you
regitis
regēbātis
regētis
3 they
regunt
regēbant
regent
am ... ing
is ... ing
are ... ing
do/does ...
... (s)
was ... ing
were ... ing
used to ...
kept on ... ing
... ed
will ...
shall ...
ERE = 2nd principal part/infinitive
e.g. regō regere rexī rectum rule
PERFECT
rexī
rexistī
rexit
reximus
rexistis
rexērunt
PLUPERFECT
rexeram
rexerās
rexerat
rexerāmus
rexerātis
rexerant
FUTURE PERFECT
rexerō
rexeris
rexerit
rexerimus
rexeritis
rexerint
have ... ed
has ... ed
did ...
... ed
had ... ed
will have ... ed
shall have ... ed
IMPERATIVE MOOD
(used for commands)
singular rege
rule!
plural
regite
rule!
INFINITIVE MOOD
(to + the verb)
It is the 2nd principal part
of the verb.
N.B.
regere= to rule
1. Verbs whose 2nd principal part (the 2nd form in the dictionary listing) ends in –ere belong to the THIRD CONJUGATION. This page is called 3rd Declension Regular
because the first principal part of these verbs is –ō. You will see Third Declension –iō verbs on page 6A.
2. The 2nd principal part used alone is called the infinitive. E.g. regere is the 2nd principal part of the verb regō. regere means “to rule”
3. Verbs have tense (indicating the time the action of the verb takes place); person (I, you, she, he, it, we, you, or they) as well as voice and mood which you will learn later.
4. The personal endings added to the end of the verb to indicate which person is doing the action of the verb are:
-ō = I [1st person singular]
-mus = we [1st person plural]
-s = you [2nd person singular]
-tis = you [2nd person plural]
-t = he or she or it [3rd person singular]
-nt= they [3rd person plural
5. Verb tenses are built on stems, i.e. you add the endings for the tense onto a stem to form the verb tense in the person you need.
6. The PRESENT Stem (red) is formed by dropping the -re from the 2nd principal part/infinitive. lt is used to form the present, imperfect, and future tenses - and the imperative mood.
7. The PERFECT Stem (blue) is formed by dropping the -ī from the 3rd principal part. It is used to form the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses.
Latin verbs have special tense indicators that come before the personal endings and after the stem to indicate the tense of the verb. Each tense has a chant you will learn to help remember the tense forms.
Present Tense – change the present stem to –I -ō, or –u, depending on the person, then add the personal endings
Imperfect Tense – bā plus the personal endings
Future Tense –a, -e [a in 1st person singular, -e in all the others] plus the personal endings
Perfect Tense – this verb tense has Special Perfect Endings as the combined tense indicator/personal endings – ī, istī, it, imus, istis, ērunt
Pluperfect Tense – erā plus the personal endings
Future Perfect Tense – eri [ero, eri, eru, depending on the person] plus the personal endings
8. The 6 tenses and their Engish helping verbs are listed here. Remember to put the verb into the blank for the full translation e.g. I am ruling
These 3 tenses use the Present stem to build their forms.
Present Tense = am ____ing is _____ing, are _____ing, do _____, does _____, _____(s)
Imperfect Tense = was _____ing, were _____ing, used to ____, kept on _____ing, _______ed
Future Tense = will _____, shall _____
These 3 Tenses use the Perfect stem to build their forms.
Perfect Tense = have ____ed, has _____ed, did _____, _____ed
Pluperfect Tense = had _____ed
Future Perfect Tense = will have _____ed, shall have _____ed
Remember that some English word will be a little different from these translation rules.. E.g. “shown”, not “showed”, “saw”, not “seed”
9. Verb forms in Latin work backward from English because they can have the subject pronoun person built into the ending on the verb. They also have the English helping verbs built into the Latin word.
e.g. regit = “she rules,” “she does rule”, or “she is ruling.” [the “she” is built into the personal ending -t, the words “is” and “does” are built into the present tense form.
But puella regit means “the girl rules,” “the girl does rule”, or “the girl is ruling.” [the word “girl” replaces the built-in “she”]
5A*
THIRD CONJUGATION (iō)
INDICATIVE MOOD (used to express a fact)
ACTIVE VOICE (the subject is the doer of the action)
Person
PRESENT
IMPERFECT
FUTURE
1 I
capiō
capiēbam
capiam
2 you
capis
capiēbās
capiēs
3 s/he, it capit
capiēbat
capiet
1 we
capimus
capiēbāmus
capiēmus
2 you
capitis
capiēbātis
capiētis
3 they
capiunt
capiēbant
capient
am ... ing
is ... ing
are ... ing
do/does ...
... (s)
was ... ing
were ... ing
used to ...
kept on ... ing
... ed
will ...
shall ...
ERE = 2nd principal part/infinitive
e.g. capiō capere cepī captum take
PERFECT
cepī
cepistī
cepit
cepimus
cepistis
cepērunt
PLUPERFECT
ceperam
ceperās
ceperat
ceperāmus
ceperātis
ceperant
have ... ed
has ... ed
did ...
... ed
had ... ed
FUTURE PERFECT
ceperō
IMPERATIVE MOOD
ceperis
(used for commands)
ceperit
ceperimus
singular cape
ceperitis
take!
ceperint
plural
capite
will have ... ed
shall have ... ed
INFINITIVE MOOD
(to + the verb)
It is the 2nd principal
part of the verb.
N.B.
1. Verbs whose 2nd principal part (the 2nd form in the dictionary listing) ends in –ere belong to the THIRD CONJUGATION.
This page is called 3rd Declension –iō because the first principal part of these verbs is –iō and not plain –ō as you see with Third Declension Regular verbs on page 5A.
2. The 2nd principal part used alone is called the infinitive. E.g. capere is the 2nd principal part of the verb capiō. Capere means “to take”
3. Verbs have tense (indicating the time the action of the verb takes place); person (I, you, she, he, it, we, you, or they) as well as voice and mood which you will learn later.capere= to take
4. The personal endings added to the end of the verb to indicate which person is doing the action of the verb are:
-ō = I [1st person singular]
-mus = we [1st person plural]
-s = you [2nd person singular]
-tis = you [2nd person plural]
-t = he or she or it [3rd person singular]
-nt= they [3rd person plural
5. Verb tenses are built on stems, i.e. you add the endings for the tense onto a stem to form the verb tense in the person you need.
6. The PRESENT Stem (red) is formed by dropping the -re from the 2nd principal part/infinitive. lt is used to form the present, imperfect, and future tenses - and the imperative mood.
7. The PERFECT Stem (blue) is formed by dropping the -ī from the 3rd principal part. It is used to form the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses.
Latin verbs have special tense indicators that come before the personal endings and after the stem to indicate the tense of the verb. Each tense has a chant you will learn to help remember the tense forms.
Present Tense – change the present stem to –I -ō, or –iu, depending on the person, then add the personal endings
Imperfect Tense – change present stem to –iē then add the tense indicator –bā plus the personal endings
Future Tense –a, -e [a in 1st person singular, -e in all the others] plus the personal endings
Perfect Tense – this verb tense has Special Perfect Endings as the combined tense indicator/personal endings – ī, istī, it, imus, istis, ērunt
Pluperfect Tense – erā plus the personal endings
Future Perfect Tense – eri [ero, eri, eru, depending on the person] plus the personal endings
8. The 6 tenses and their Engish helping verbs are listed here. Remember to put the verb into the blank for the full translation e.g. I am taking
These 3 tenses use the Present stem to build their forms.
Present Tense = am ____ing is _____ing, are _____ing, do _____, does _____, _____(s)
Imperfect Tense = was _____ing, were _____ing, used to ____, kept on _____ing, _______ed
Future Tense = will _____, shall _____
These 3 Tenses use the Perfect stem to build their forms.
Perfect Tense = have ____ed, has _____ed, did _____, _____ed
Pluperfect Tense = had _____ed
Future Perfect Tense = will have _____ed, shall have _____ed
Remember that some English word will be a little different from these translation rules.. E.g. “shown”, not “showed”, “saw”, not “see
9. Verb forms in Latin work backward from English because they can have the subject pronoun person built into the ending on the verb. They also have the English helping verbs built into the Latin word.
e.g. capit = “she takes,” “she does take”, or “she is taking.” [the “she” is built into the personal ending -t, the words “is” and “does” are built into the present tense form.
But puella capit means “the girl takes,” “the girl does take”, or “the girl is taking.” [the word “girl” replaces the built-in “she”]
6A*
FOURTH CONJUGATION
ĪRE = 2nd principal part/infinitive
INDICATIVE MOOD (used to express a fact)
ACTIVE VOICE (the subject is the doer of the action)
Person
PRESENT
IMPERFECT
FUTURE
1 I
audiō
audiēbam
audiam
2 you
audīs
audiēbās
audiēs
3 s/he, it audit
audiēbat
audiet
1 we
audīmus
audiēbāmus
audiēmus
2 you
audītis
audiēbātis
audiētis
3 they
audiunt
audiēbant
audient
am ... ing
is ... ing
are ... ing
do/does ...
... (s)
was ... ing
were ... ing
used to ...
kept on ... ing
... ed
will ...
shall ...
e.g. audiō audīre audivī audītum hear
PERFECT
audivī
audivistī
audivit
audivimus
audivistis
audivērunt
PLUPERFECT
audiveram
audiverās
audiverat
audiverāmus
audiverātis
audiverant
FUTURE PERFECT
audiverō
audiveris
IMPERATIVE MOOD
audiverit
(used for commands)
audiverimus
singular audī
audiveritis
hear!
audiverint
plural
audīte
have ... ed
has ... ed
did ...
... ed
had ... ed
will have ... ed
shall have ... ed
hear!
INFINITIVE MOOD
(to + the verb)
It is the 2nd principal
part of the verb.
N.B.
1. Verbs whose 2nd principal part (the 2nd form in the dictionary listing) ends in –īre belong to the FOURTH CONJUGATION.
2. The 2nd principal part used alone is called the infinitive. E.g. audīre is the 2nd principal part of the verb audiō. audīre means “to hear”
3. Verbs have tense (indicating the time the action of the verb takes place) and person (I, you, she, he, it, we, you, or they) as well as voice and mood
audīre= to hear
which you will learn later.
4. The personal endings added to the end of the verb to indicate which person is doing the action of the verb are:
-ō = I [1st person singular]
-mus = we [1st person plural]
-s = you [2nd person singular]
-tis = you [2nd person plural]
rd
-t = he or she or it [3 person singular]
-nt= they [3rd person plural
5. Verb tenses are built on stems, i.e. you add the endings for the tense onto a stem to form the verb tense in the person you need.
6. The PRESENT Stem (red) is formed by dropping the -re from the 2nd principal part/infinitive. lt is used to form the present, imperfect, and future tenses - and the imperative mood.
7. The PERFECT Stem (blue) is formed by dropping the -ī from the 3rd principal part. It is used to form the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses.
Latin verbs have special tense indicators that come before the personal endings and after the stem to indicate the tense of the verb. Each tense has a chant you will learn to help remember the tense forms.
Present Tense - present stem -ī [-io, -iu depending on the person] plus the personal endings
Imperfect Tense change present stem to –iē then add the tense indicator –bā plus the personal endings.
Future Tense –a, -e [a in 1st person singular, -e in all the others] plus the personal endings
Perfect Tense – this verb tense has Special Perfect Endings as the combined tense indicator/personal endings – ī, istī, it, imus, istis, ērunt
Pluperfect Tense – erā plus the personal endings
Future Perfect Tense – eri [ero, eri, eru, depending on the person] plus the personal endings
8. The 6 tenses and their Engish helping verbs are listed here. Remember to put the verb into the blank for the full translation e.g. I am hearing
These 3 tenses use the Present stem to build their forms.
Present Tense = am ____ing is _____ing, are _____ing, do _____, does _____, _____(s)
Imperfect Tense = was _____ing, were _____ing, used to ____, kept on _____ing, _______ed
Future Tense = will _____, shall _____
These 3 Tenses use the Perfect stem to build their forms.
Perfect Tense = have ____ed, has _____ed, did _____, _____ed
Pluperfect Tense = had _____ed
Future Perfect Tense = will have _____ed, shall have _____ed
Remember that some English verbs are irregular and will be a little different from these translation rules.. E.g. “shown”, not “showed”, “saw”, not “seed”
9. Verb forms in Latin work backward from English because they can have the subject pronoun person built into the ending on the verb. They also have the English helping verbs built into the Latin word.
e.g. audit = “she hears,” “she does hear”, or “she is hearing.” [the “she” is built into the personal ending -t, the words “is” and “does” are built into the present tense form.
But puella audit means “the girl hears,” “the girl does hear”, or “the girl is hearing.” [the word “girl” replaces the built-in “she”]
7A*
7A*