Anatomy and Physiology II Student Outline – Digestive System
The Digestive System
1.
Introduction
A.
B.
C.
D.
2.
Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract or Alimentary canal
Associated Structures
Digestive Processes
i.
Chemical Digestion
ii.
Mechanical Digestion
Tissue Structure
i.
Mucosa
ii.
Submucosa
iii.
Muscalaris Externa
iv.
Serosa.
Mouth
A.
Buccal Cavity
B.
Oral Cavity Proper
i.
Fauces
C.
Mastication (“Chewing”)
D.
Lips and Cheeks
•
Orbicularis Oris
•
Trigeminal Nerve
•
Well Vascularized
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Anatomy and Physiology II Student Outline – Digestive System
i.
Labial Frenulum
ii.
Lingual Frenulum
iii.
Vermilion or Red Free Margin
iv.
Tissue of Cheeks
a.
Mucous Membrane:
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
E.
Teeth and Gums
i.
Dentition
a.
Incisors
b.
Canines
c.
Premolars
d.
Molars
•
Wisdom Teeth
ii.
Deciduous Teeth
iii.
Permanent teeth
Incisors
Canines
Premolars
Molars
Deciduous Teeth
4
2
4
0
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Permanent Teeth
4
2
4
6
Anatomy and Physiology II Student Outline – Digestive System
F.
iv.
Periodontal Ligaments
v.
Tooth Anatomy
a.
Root
b.
Crown
c.
Neck
d.
Apical Foramen
f.
Root Cavity
vi.
Chewing (Mastication)
vii.
Gums or Gingivae
•
Firm Connective Tissue
•
Mucous Membrane
•
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
•
Mucous Membrane
Tongue
i.
Function
ii.
Anatomy of Oral Part
a.
Body
•
b.
iii.
Taste Buds
Pharyngeal Part
Skeletal Muscle and Fine Motor Control
a.
Extrinsic Muscles
b.
Intrinsic Muscles
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g.
h.
i.
j.
Enamel
Dentine
Cement
Pulp
Anatomy and Physiology II Student Outline – Digestive System
G.
Palate
i.
Hard Palate
ii.
Soft Palate
a.
H.
Uvula
Salivary Glands
i.
Saliva
a.
Composition
•
ii.
iii.
Mucin
b.
Salivary Amylase
c.
Bicarbonate
Glands
a.
Parotid Glands
b.
Submandibular Glands
c.
Sublingual glands
Control of Salivary Secretion
a.
Autonomic Nervous System
•
Parasympathetic Stimulation
*
•
Watery Secretion
Sympathetic stimulation
*
Thick Mucus
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Anatomy and Physiology II Student Outline – Digestive System
3.
4.
Pharynx (Same as in Respiratory System)
A.
Nasopharynx
B.
Oropharynx
C.
Laryngopharynx
Esophagus
A.
B.
5.
Sphincters
i.
Superior Esophageal Sphincter
ii.
Lower Esophageal Sphincter
Histology
i.
Mucosa
iii.
Muscularis Externa
ii.
Submucosa
iv.
Adventitia
Swallowing or Deglutition
•
Bolus
A.
Voluntary Oral Phase
B.
Pharyngeal Phase.
C.
•
Peristalsis
•
Epiglottis
Involuntary Esophageal Phase
i.
Peristalsis
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Anatomy and Physiology II Student Outline – Digestive System
6.
Abdominal Cavity and Peritoneum
A.
Abdominal Cavity
i.
Abdominal Viscera
ii.
Peritoneum
a.
Parietal peritoneum
b.
Visceral peritoneum
c.
Peritoneal cavity
d.
Serous fluid
e.
Mesenteries
•
B.
Abdominopelvic Cavity
i.
7.
Intraperitoneal and Retroperitoneal Organs
Pelvic Viscera
Stomach
A.
B.
Anatomy
i.
Greater Curvature
iii.
Lower Esophageal Orifice
ii.
Lesser Curvature
iv.
Pyloric Orifice
Regions
i.
Cardiac Region
iv.
Pyloric Region
ii.
Cardiac Orifice
v.
Pyloric Canal
iii.
Body
vi.
Fundis
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Anatomy and Physiology II Student Outline – Digestive System
C.
Histology
i.
D.
Muscularis Externa
a.
Longitudinal Layer
b.
Circular Layer
c.
Oblique
ii.
Rugae
iii.
Gastric Pits
Functions of Stomach
•
E.
F.
Chyme
Digestive Movements
i.
Peristaltic Mixing Waves (Stomach Churning)
ii.
Pyloric Pump
Regulation and Secretion of Gastric Juices
(Pull out handout on Digestive Regulation)
i.
Means of Control:
a.
Neural Control
b.
ii.
Hormonal Control
•
Secretin
•
Cholecystokinin
Phases
a.
Cephalic Phase
b.
Gastric Phase (and feedback mechanisms)
c.
Intestinal phase (and feedback mechanisms)
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Anatomy and Physiology II Student Outline – Digestive System
8.
Small Intestine
A.
B.
C.
Anatomy
i.
Duodenum
ii.
Jejunum
iii.
Ileum
Small Intestine: Adaptations to Increase Absorptive Surface Area
i.
Plicae circulares
ii.
Villi
•
Intestinal Glands (Crypts of Lieberkühn)
•
Lacteal
•
Microvilli
Aggregated Lymph Nodules
Cell Types in the Small Intestine
i.
Columnar Absorptive Cells
ii.
Undifferentiated Cells
iii. Mucous Goblet Cells
iv.
Enteroendocrine Cells
D.
Digestive movements of the small intestine
i.
Segmenting Contractions
ii.
Peristaltic Contractions
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Anatomy and Physiology II Student Outline – Digestive System
E.
Digestive Enzymes in the Small Intestine
i.
Enterokinase
ii.
Disaccharidases
a.
iii.
Lactase and Lactose Intolerance
Aminopeptidases (Pull out hand out on Protein Catabolism)
This handout consists of TWO sections. The section on protein
catabolism you are responsible for. The section on Amino Acids and
protein structure, is for review, if you like.
iv.
F.
Lipase
Absorption from the Small Intestine
i.
Carbohydrates
ii.
Proteins
iii.
Lipids – (Pull out your handout on Lipid Digestion(ESSAY ALERT ! ))
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Anatomy and Physiology II Student Outline – Digestive System
9.
Pancreas as a Digestive Organ
A.
B.
Gross Anatomy
i.
Head
ii.
Body
iii.
Tail
Microscopic Anatomy
•
Acini
•
Main Pancreatic Duct (Duct of Wirsung)
•
Hepatopancreatic Ampulla (Ampulla of Vater)
•
Accessory Pancreatic Duct (Duct of Santorini)
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Anatomy and Physiology II Student Outline – Digestive System
C.
10.
Select Pancreatic Enzymes
i.
Pancreatic Lipase
ii.
Pancreatic Amylase
iii.
Pancreatic Proteolytic Enzymes
The Liver as a Digestive Organ
A.
Anatomy
i.
Falciform Ligament
ii.
Right lobe
iii.
B.
a.
Quadrate Lobe
b.
Caudate Lobe
Left Lobe
Vessels of the Liver
i.
Hepatic Artery
ii.
Hepatic Portal Vein
iii.
Hepatic Vein
iv.
Bile Canaliculi
•
Right and Left Hepatic Ducts
•
Cystic Duct
•
Common Bile Duct
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Anatomy and Physiology II Student Outline – Digestive System
C.
D.
Microscopic anatomy
i.
Lobules
ii.
Hepatic Cells (Hepatocytes)
iii.
Portal Area
iv.
Sinusoids
Functions of the Liver
i.
Metabolic Functions
ii.
Storage Functions
iii.
Bile Secretion
a.
11.
Gallbladder and Biliary System
A.
12.
Enterohepatic Circulation.
Biliary System
Large Intestine
A.
B.
C.
Gross Anatomy
i.
Cecum
iv.
Descending Colon
ii.
Ascending Colon
v.
Sigmoid Colon
iii.
Transverse Colon
External Anatomy
i.
Taeniae Coli
ii.
Haustra
Microscopic Anatomy of the Large Intestine
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Anatomy and Physiology II Student Outline – Digestive System
D.
E.
F.
Functions of the Large Intestine
i.
Bacterial Activity
ii.
Composition of Feces
iii.
Movements of the Large intestine
a.
Houstral Contractions
b.
Gastrocolic Reflex and Mass Movements
c.
Gastrocolic Reflex  Defecation Reflex
d.
Duodenocolic Reflex
Rectum
i.
Anal Canal
ii.
Internal Anal Sphincter
iii.
External Anal Sphincter
iv.
Plicae Transversales
v.
Anal Columns
vi.
Hemorrhoidal Plexus
Defecation Reflex
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