Biology 11 Kingdom Plantae : Review # 3 KEY
Characteristics of Gymnosperms
1. Gymnosperms are in Kingdom Plantae.
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Tracheophyta
They produce seeds.
Coniferae – by far
Gymnosperm translates to mean NAKED SEED.
Deciduous trees are trees that shed their leaves
XYLEM appears as hollow tubes.
Gymnosperms produce their seeds on the scales of the (female) OVULATE CONE.
9. A gymnosperm tree is the SPOROPHYTE GENERATION. (Diploid Cells). The
Microgametophyte (haploid) generations of a gymnosperm are found in the POLLEN
GRAIN (Male Gametophyte) and in the OVULE (Female Gametophyte)
10. Gymnosperms are known as softwoods as their Xylem cells (Tracheid cells) are not as
large and they do not possess as many supporting fibers.
Adaptations and Functions in Gymnosperms
1. Gymnosperm leaves better known as needles are specially adapted to reduce water
loss in the following ways:
- Very reduced surface area
- Very thick Cuticle
2. Staminate cones are male (stamen  male) and produce pollen.
3. Pollen will reach the female (ovulate) cone via wind, animals, insects etc.
4. When pollen lands on female structure POLLINATION has occurred. When the sperm
migrates down a pollen tube and unites with an egg that is FERTILIZATION.
5. After the pollen lands on the female structure the pollen grain begins to grow a
POLLEN TUBE. Inside the pollen tube two sperm cells begin to migrate down the tube
toward the female OVULE.
6.When the male sperm nucleus joins the egg cell, the process of FERTILIZATION occurs
and a diploid ZYGOTE cell is created.
7 A seed consists of three key parts:
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An embryo (diploid) – new plant
Food - endosperm (triploid)
Seed Coat – protective covering.
8.
PHLOEM consists of living cells.
9.
XYLEM makes up the woody part of the tree.
10.
PHLOEM is responsible for transporting the products of photosynthesis –sugars
11.
XYLEM is responsible for the transporting of water and dissolved minerals.
Meristems in Primary and Secondary Stem Growth
1. Meristematic tissues are the rapidly dividing plant tissues that give rise to all the
other plant tissues. They are responsible for growth.
2. Three various types of meristematic tissues are:
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Vascular Cambium
Cork Cambium
Apical Meristem.
3. Primary growth is the growth in a plant that causes elongation.
4. Apical meristem is located at the tip of roots, shoots and stems.
5. Secondary growth is the thickening up of plant structures, when stems, trunks,
roots get thicker.
6. Vascular Cambium is found between the Xylem and Phloem. This meristematic
tissue produces Xylem in one direction and Phloem in the other.
7. Cork Cambium is found out in the bark. This meristematic tissue produces cork
and epidermis in one direction and cortex tissue in the other direction.
8. Bark refers to all the tissues to the outside of the vascular cambium. So the
Phloem, Cortex, Cork Cambium, Cork and Epidermis are all part of the bark.
Economic and Ecological Importance
1. Coniferous forests provide both SHELTER/Habitat and FOOD for many other
life forms along with Oxygen for the atmosphere.
2. Needles from the WHITE PINE are high in Vitamin C.
3. The main source of lumber is the lodgepole pine
4. Coniferous forest would include Cedar, Pine, Fir, Hemlock, Spruce.
5. A renewable resource is a resource that will not run out if it is properly
managed as it has the ability to renew itself.
6. Those structures are characteristic of Ponderosa Pine.
Characteristics of Angiosperms
1. Angiosperms use FLOWERS which often contain both the male stamen and the female
pistil.
2. Epidermal tissue that puts out a waxy CUTICLE
3. Epidermis (upper and lower).
4. The palisade mesophyll is tightly packed columnar cells that are designed to trap solar
energy to be a location for concentrated PHOTOSYNTHESIS.
5. These cells would be packed with CHLOROPLASTS.
6. Guard cells are responsible for opening and closing the stomata. To regulate water
loss while allowing gas diffusion.
7. Stomata will be closed during the night time and during the extreme heat of the day.
They open when the leaves are photosynthesizing.
8. Guard cells open their stoma by drawing water into themselves. This occurs because
as they photosynthesize they fill up with sugars. This high sugar concentration draws
water in to swell up the guard cells. As they swell they bulge outward to open up the
stoma.
9. The root cap is responsible for protecting the tip of the root as it pushes through the
soil.
10. In the Zone of Elongation, cells grow in size (width and length).
11. The Zone of Maturation/Differentiation.
12. Roots work hard to pump minerals from the soil into their cortex cells. These minerals
set up a concentration gradient that then draws water in from one cell to the next,
driving it all the way to the Xylem.
13. Water cohesion = Water molecules sticking to each other.
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Water adhesion = Water sticking to other substances.
14. Angiosperms are used mostly as our food crops, garden crops, orchards etc. Their
hardwoods like Cherry, Oak, Birch etc are commonly used for flooring and furniture as
well.
Angiosperm Reproduction
1. Pollen grains form on the ANTHER of the stamen.
2. Petals, nectar and pollen all attract pollinators.
3. Pollination is the process of moving pollen from the male anther over to the female
stigma.
4. As the pollen tube grows, TWO sperm nuclei migrate down the tube.
5. Haploid EGG CELL
ZYGOTE  EMBRYO
6.  ENDOSPERM
7. "DOUBLE FERTILIZATION"
8. A Seed includes : A) SEED COAT
B) Embryo
C) Endosperm
9. The OVARY
10. A complete flower has both female and male reproductive organs in the same flower.
An incomplete flower has only male or female parts in one flower.
11. The advantages of incomplete flowers is that more variation will occur as better
genetic blending is required between two different plants.
12. The big disadvantage with incomplete flowers is that they must have cross pollination,
so if no other member of the same species is in that vicinity, they will not be able to
sexually reproduce, therefore no seeds!
13. OVULES
14. 1. Stigma 2. Style 3. Ovary 4. Ovule 5. Pistil, 6. Anther 7. Filament 8. Stamen 9. Petal
10. Receptacle 11. Sepal
Angiosperms Vs Gymnosperms
1. Angiosperms hold and protect their seeds, Gymnosperms leave their seeds
naked/exposed. Use flowers not cones. Angiosperms have Vessel Elements to
strengthen and form a stronger Xylem (hardwood). Many Angiosperms use fruit for
seed dispersal
Monocots Vs Dicots
1. A cotyledon is the first embryonic seed leaf in a seed. It supplies food for developing
seedling.
2. Monocots have ONE cotyledon
- Dicots have TWO
3. The veins in the leaves of monocots run parallel to each other.
4. The lily we dissected was a monocot. It should have had 3 petals, 3 sepals, 6 stamens
and parallel veins in leaves.
5. MONO – SSPORRT - RR = Ringed pattern in the root of a monocot.
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In a dicot, the xylem forms a star or “X’ with the phloem packed around.
6. Four or Five
7. Well if a pirate and his bird make a pair = TWO = DI, then Dicots have an "X" in their
roots which are underground. Much like an "X" on a map buries a hidden pirate
treasure.
8. They form a ring in Dicots, while they are Scattered in the Stem of a Monocot.
SSPORRT
9. Monocots include grasses, wheats, barley, rye, onion, corn, tulips, daffodils, garlic,
lilies etc.
10. Dicots include tomato, pea plants, cherry trees, apple, pear, beans etc.