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Oral questions and answers in general surgery
Index:
Arterial disorders ----------------------------------------------------------1
Venous disorders ----------------------------------------------------------5
Lymph ------------------------------------------------------------------------8
Nerve injuries ---------------------------------------------------------------9
Thyroid diseases------------------------------------------------------------11
Breast-------------------------------------------------------------------------19
Face and neck---------------------------------------------------------------21
Salivary------------------------------------------------------------------------23
Skin ----------------------------------------------------------------------------24
Hernia and scrotum--------------------------------------------------------25
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Oral questions and answers in general surgery
Arterial disorders
1. Most important causes of acute ischemia?
●Embolism
●Thrombosis
●Injury
2. 1st presentation of ischemia?

Paresis/paralysis, so the 1st thing to do in a patient with paralysis is to check pulse.
3. The surest sign of gangrene?

Loss of capillary circulation.
4. Why is Gangrene more common with aneurysms rather than arterial injury?

Showers of emboli from aneurysms obstruct the collaterals.

Bad general condition
5. 1st line in management of embolic acute ischemia?
Immediate heparinization
6. in immediate ttt of arterial injuries, heparinization is indicated only for patients with isolated
vascular bleeding i.e free from any other source of bleeding!
7. If arterial injury is associated with fracture, correct fracture 1st, usually ischemia is
corrected afterwards. If not  open
8. Which is better, partial or complete division of an artery?
Partial division is better. (distal tissues remain viable and pulse maybe palpable)
9. On injection of short acting barbiturates for induction of anesthesia, if
arterial spasm occurs, what will you do?
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Don’t remove the canula; it’s an access to the artery through which you can inject vasodilators or heparin.
10. Most important investigation for abdominal aortic aneurysm?
Ultrasonography.
11. 2 types of Buerger’s disease?
Proximal and distal.
Feel Popliteal pulse, if present
distal, if absent,
type is the DD with atherosclerosis)
12.
Frost bite?
Severe cold
Freezing of tissues
proximal type with Claudication in calf muscles. (proximal
Thrombosis of arterioles.
13.
trench (‫ )خندق‬foot?
Severe cold to foot
Spasm (VC)
14.

15.

Jobs predisposing to ischemia?
Vibrating machine.
Patient with Raynaud’s, 1st thing to do?
Exclude raynaud’s phenomenon (it is 2ry to some occupations and diseases, revise them)
16. What causes ischemia in UL?
1- Reynaud's phenomenon
2- Thoracic outlet syndrome
3- Injury
4- Embolism
5- Intra arterial injection of irritant material ex: addicts
17. Why upper limp is not affected by atherosclerosis (not to degree of
ischemia)
Subclavian artery is a side branch from aorta, so its not subjected to trauma. (The main factor in
atherosclerosis and formation of atheroma is TRAUMA, Because trauma produces injury of the intima of
arteries facilitating depostition of lipids in subintimal layer and formation of atheroma. So coronaries are
most affected due to trauma by heart beats)
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18. why profunda femoris artery is not affected by atherosclerosis?
As it is deep artery and not subjected to trauma
19. claudication is from the name of the roman empror Claudis, it means to limp
20. pseudocluadication: due to neurospinal compression, exaggerated by lumbar lordosis and relieved by
straightening the back.
21. How come some patients complain 1st of rest pain before claudication? Usually
claudication preceeds rest pain, But sometimes rest pain may be the 1st presentation if the patient has angina
and doesn't move much so he won’t complain from claudication and the 1st presentation is rest pain
22.
How come patient complains of pain in one limb only, although the
pathology is in both limbs? As the patient feels pain 1st in the more affected limb, so he stops before
feeling pain in the other limb
23.
A patient may have both intermittent claudication and rest pain, as they are
different manifestations of different etiologies (not related)
24.
Disappearing pulse: pulse that disappears with exercise
25.
Whats the level of amputation in cases like tibioperoneal block,
femoropopliteal block , iliofemoral and aortoiliac block? is never above knee, there is a
rule saying that thigh never die so whatever the level of block gangrene will not affect the thigh at all and we
do above knee amputation not higher than that
26.
Why thigh never die?
Because in cases of aortoiliac block, collaterals develop between aorta proximally and between the deep
femoral vein distally and these collaterals preserve thigh.
27.
Why do you investigate for blood urea and renal functions in chronic
ischemia? As renal arteries are commonly affected by atherosclerosis.
‫ده؟‬Beurger’s ‫ تحب تبص على ايه فى رجل العيان‬.28
:‫احب ابص على‬
1-Gangrene
2- Taenia interdigitalis (fungal infection that has to be properly treated as minor trauma or
infection predispose to gangrene)
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29.
In chronic ischemia, If the doctor asks you, what to do for management of
this patient, you reply according to the patient’s category, so you have to know it well
30.
Patient is feasible for surgery = proximal obstruction + patent distal run-off
31.
Bypass operation above femoral: use synthetic graft, bypass operation
below femoral: use long saphenous vein (size of long saphenous is compatible with femoral,
popliteal arteries)
32. Berger's disease oral important
the most important point to know is that it affects small DISTAL arteries
33. Beurger’s causes early rest pain due to:
- Affection of distal vessels which have no collaterals
- It causes neuritis
34. Raynaud's disease oral important
Raynaud's phenomenon is secondary to a cause thus we treat it's cause first and no value of
sympathectomy
In case of a patient with suspected raynaud's: exclude phenomenon at first to treat the causes
35. Vasomotor diseases oral important
36. Arteritis oral important
Venous system
1. After surgery, patient suffered unexplained fever and tachycardia, what do
you have to exclude?
Asymptomatic DVT
2. Difference between thrombophlebitis, and phlebothrombosis:
 Thrombophlebitis: ↑↑↑↑local manifestations, ↓↓ risk of pulmonary embolism (inflammation→adherent
thrombus)
 Phlebothrombosis: ↑ local manifestations. ↑↑ risk of pulmonary embolism
3.



Types of venographies:
Ascending venography (dye injected in dorsum of foot)
Descending venography (Dye injected in IVC)
Functional venography: to assess muscle pump, on contraction, it checks movement of blood vessels
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4. Whats the first thing to do if you diagnose DVT? Immediate heparin
5. No anticoagulants after operations leaving large raw surface.
6. What if bleeding occurs to a patient receiving heparin? ttt by protamine sulphate 1 mg IV
for every 100 IU heparin ‫قيس على آخر امبول‬, if protamine sulphate is not available, use protamine zinc insulin +
glucose
7. What are the pressure changes in superficial system during walking?
The pressure in superficial system drops due to movement of blood into the deep system
8. why in cases of ischemia V.V. is common?
Because there is sluggish circulation, Also due to loss of transmitted arterial pulsations to the veins thus
decrasing VR.
9. why VV is more common in Lt side? As pressure is higher in the LT side in all individuals as LT
common iliac vein is crossed by RT common iliac artery
10.
what are sites of VV?
a- LL
b- Oesophagus
c- Spermatic cord
d- Anal canal ( ano rectal varices)
e- Caput medusae
f- Bronchial varices
11.
when do you see VV in upper limb?
After A-V fistula of renal dialysis ( in renal failure pt we do him regular dialysis so we induce A-V fistula to take the
blood from it to the machine)
12.
what question you should ask the pt before injection ttt?
We must ask about use of pills
13.
Precautions to avoid DVT during injection ttt of VV?
a) Only 1ml is injected
b) No injection is done above knees
c) Walking after injection
d) Tourniquet above knee
e) Not to be done in females taking OCPs or with predisposition to thrombosis
14. Substances injected: 5% ethanolaine oleate and 3% sodium tetradecyl sulphate
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15. Why are the elastic stockings below knee, not above? As no complications occur above
knee
16.
Why ulcer bearing area is above medial malleolus?
 This area is drained by direct perforators
 Superficial system in this area is drained directly to deep system
 Pressure of deep system is transmitted directly to superficial system
17. Can complications of VV occur in lateral malleolus? Yes, some people have lateral
perforators
18. Why is varicose ulcer a chronic ulcer? ●Due to anoxia, liposclerosis,
●chronic irritation by hemosiderin,
●superadded infection and periosteitis
19. Complications of varicose ulcer:
 malignancy,
 periosteitis (ulcer fixed to tibia),
 talipus equines (plantar flexion + inversion, as walking on toes relieves pain leading to contracture, ttt:
physiotherapy )
20.
Why there is chronic traumatic leg ulcer and there is no chronic
traumatic forearm ulcer?
 Due to dependency in the leg.
 Ulcers in legs are more liable for repeated trauma.
 Ulcers in leg are more liable for repeated infections.
21. Margin is the most important for diagnosis of cause of ulcer; it’s the part that has the
original disease, before sloughing of skin
22.
How to know if this is healthy granulation tissue?
Healthy granulation tissue
Unhealthy
Red
Pale
Finely granular, flat surface
Coarsely ranular, raised surface
Does not bleed easily
Bleeds easily
Minimal serous discharge
Profuse pus discharge
Painless
painful
23. TB ulcer shows thin cyanotic margin as TB bacilli produce vasoconstricting substances.
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Lymphatic disorders
1. Famous sites for chronic non-specific lymphadenopathy? Inguinal and cervical LNS
2. What to do in case of chronic non specific lymphadenopathy? Don’t say give antibiotics,
because ttt has to be directed to original focus, nodes are not treated.
3. Giant cell?
- It is multinucleated cells.
4. Famous giant cells in surgery?
- Langerhan’s giant cell. (TB, with horse shoe nucleus)
- Reed Sternberg cell. (in lymphoma)
- Giant cells of osteoclastoma.
- Giant cells of Granulomas.
5. Why is the name cold abscess a wrong name? because it is not hot like pyogenic abscess, but it
is warm not cold, and, its not an abscess as it does not contain pus, it contains caseation
6. Management of cold absess is very important, revise from book.
7. Sites of primary T.B.?
- Lung.
- Intestine
- Tonsils
- Skin.
8. In Hodgkin;s lymphoma, don’t describe LNS as rubbery, better say firm
9. When is staging laparotomy indicated? Stages I and II
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10. Why? Because in stages I and II, after staging laparotomy I might discover that the patient is stage III, so
chemotherapy is started early (improving prognosis). But if patient is diagnosed as stage III, he already receives
chemotherapy and there will be no change in ttt.
11.
Why is staging laparotomy not preferred in some centres?
 Risk of OPSI (overwhelming post splenectomy infection)
 High accuracy of non-invasive CT and MRI
12.
Role of surgery in lymphoma?
- Staging laparotomy.
- Gastric or intestinal lymphoma.
13. Is it possible to find malignant LNS and not find the 1ry lesion? Yes, when? If the 1ry
is in a hidden place and overlooked, as primaries in ear, hypopharynx, nasal sinuses, nasopharynx, bronchi,
stomach, testis, cecum and thyroid.
14.
Preserved ankle crease in lymphedema?
- Skin at ankle is adherent to deep fascia and drained by deep lymphatics.
15. In complications of lymphedema  on top of lymphedema, lymphangiosarcoma may occur (Stewart
Trevus Syndrome)
16.
Causes of chronic diffuse Limb swelling? ●Lymphedema ●Pospphlebitic ●
elephantiasis neurofibromatosis ● congenital arteriovenous fistula (local gigantism)
17.
How to differentiate between post-phlebitic limb and lymphedema limb?
Post phlebitis
Painful
History DVT
Ankle crease not preserved
Pitting edema
Skin shows uiceration and pigmentation
Lymphedema
Painless
Lives in endemic area, not DVT history
Ankle crease preserved
Non-pitting edema
Recurrent attacks of streptococcal inflammation (cellulitis)
18.
Sistrunk operation in surgery?
- Lymphedema.
- thyroglossal cyst or fistula.
- Hypospadius
19. Filarial lymphedema is important oral
20. Varicose gland: cystic enlargement of lymph node 2ry to obstruction of lymph flow in LNS (worm remains
is cortex of LNS)
21. Why do we give a Patient with active filariasis diethyl carbamazine? Not to cure the
patient, but to prevent dissemination of disease by killing the worms
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NERVE INJURIES
1. In axonotemesis, what is the expected time for regeneration?
From date of injury, 1 week lag + 1-3 mm/day
2. In diagnosis of nerve injury, sweating test may be done, what s the powder
used? Quinizarine powder. It is blue and turns red on exposure to water, so it is used to map out areas of
anhydrosis.
3. In diagnosis of nerve injury, what is the value of nerve conduction velocity?
(NCV)? It is not impaired in cases of neuropraxia. (neuropraxia is concussion of nerves with rapid and
complete recovery.)
4. In diagnosis of nerve injury, why do we do electromyography? Viable denervated
muscles show spontaneous fibrillations. These fibrillations are lost if complete fibrosis occurs , and this
muscle becomes no more suitable for reinnervation
5. what to do for repair of nerve injury if approximation of two ends is
difficult? One of the following methods:
- flexion of the limb (position of maximum use of functions)
- mobilization of nerve proximally and distally
- stripping of unimportant anchoring branches
- transposition of nerve to shorten its course (ulnar course is behind medial epicondyle, bring
it anterior, and radial N. course is behind lateral epicondyle, bring it anterior)
- bone shortening (shorter limb, bad results)
- nerve grafting, either by using less important nerves, or multiple strands of Cutaneous
nerves are used as a bundle (cable graft)
6. what less important nerves? Sural and saphenous
7. sural nerve: is a branch of medial popliteal nerve (a branch from sciatic) accompanying short
saphenous vein.
8. Saphenous nerve: a branch of femoral nerve, accompanying long saphenous vein.
9. Which is more important, Median or ulnar nerve? Median
‫ وليس العكس‬ulnar ‫ اصلح ال‬median‫يعنى اخد من ال‬
As median supplies opponens pollicis, so it is responsible for opposition of thumb, which is responsible for
50% of movement
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10. When to seek orthopedic ttt? In a chronic patient, with failure to get the nerve to recover.
11.
How? In other words, what to do for a chronic patient (in clinical exam)
(A) orthodesis: fixation of joint (e.g. in radial nerve paralysis which causes wrist drop)
(B) Tendon transplantation: e.g. flexor digitalis is sutured in extensors of wrist

whats the carrying angle? Normally there is an angle between the long axis of forearm and that of
the arm. It is larger in females
If supracondylar fracture occurred → improper healing → Cubitus valgus (wider carrying angle) →
course of ulnar nerve become elongated and this causes delayed ulnar neuritis → we treat the
condition by anterior transposition of ulnar nerve in front of medial epicondyle .
Application: in clinical ask pt with ulnar nerve injury to stand with extended elbow
The doctor will ask you why?Tell him that you are inspecting for wide carrying angle

Neurofibromas: Important for Oral (‫)عناوين‬
Thyroid diseases
1. All thyroid is very important oral
2. Thyroglossal cyst and fistula: important oral
3. Sites of ectoic thyroid?
●lingual
●mediastinal
●neck ●struma ovarii ●in the past,lateral aberrant thyroid before knowing its
nature as enlarged deep cervical LNS [metastasis from thyroid] (last to be said)
4. How to know that this is thyroid tissue? Thyroid scan
5. How to manage ectopic thyroid ?
- DONT answer : we remove it sir
- say we should first make sure that this is not the only thyroid tissue present in his body , so we check for
thyroid gland if present and working then we remove the ectopic one.
6. DD of any sinus
- chronic osteomylitis
- T.B.
7. All thyroid diseases are more common in females except
- anaplastic carcinoma (fatal disease)
8. in case of hypothyroid goitre, how come thyroid hormone are low while the
gland is enlarged and hyperactive?
- it occurs in cases of severe iodine deficiency in which in spite of hyperactivity of the gland, there is no
iodine to synthesize T3 and T4. therefore T3 and T4 are low and TSH will increase leading to more
and more hypertrophy of the gland
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9. euthyroid= normal T3 and T4
10. what does the patient complain of in case of diffuse hyperplastic goitre
(physiological goitre) ?
- fullness in the lower part of front of neck = venus neck !‫إلةالجمال فى األساطير‬
11.
12.
-
Colloid goiter
Is a pathological diagnosis not a clinical one
A phase between physiological goiter and S.N.G
How S.N.G. cause dyspnea? ‫ازاى بيحصل‬dyspnea)‫(يقصد ازاى بيدوس فيسببه‬
By pressure on trachea :
1- anteroposterior pressure especially in retrosternal cases
2- lateral kinking of trachea by unilateral goiter
3- compression from both sides in bilateral huge goiter (scabbard trachea ‫) خنجر‬
4- prolonged compression of trachea results in resorption of cartilaginous rings 
tracheomalacia
13. Is knowing if there’s tracheomalacia before thyrtoidectomy important?
- Yes, as after gland removal  trachea collapse so u must do a tracheostomy
14.
-
how to diagnose tracheomalacia preoperative ?
krocher's sign : bilateral compression of thyroid, if suffocation occurs, do not do surgery (tracheomalcia
is a contraindication for thyrtoidectomy)
tracheostomy ‫ عن انه يعيش ب‬huge goiter ‫ األحسن انه يعيش ب‬-
15.
If thyrtoidectomy is wrongly done in case of tracheomalacia, what will
you do? Tracheostomy is a must
16.
Krocher's in surgery
1- Sign to diagnose tracheomalcia
2- forceps
3- reduction of shoulder dislocation
4- 2 incisions, in thyriodectomy & Subcostal incision in cholecystectomy
17.
Trendlenberg in surgery
12345-
18.
Test for VV
position ( head down )
valve
2 operation in varicose vein & pulmonary embolism
Examination in hip joint
Waldeyers in surgery :
a) waldeyers ring in neck
b) waldeyers fascia between rectum and sacrum (delays direct spread of rectal carcinoma to sacrum)
19. consistency of SNG? Firm
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20. when is it hard? In calcification, malignancy, reidl’s thyroiditis and tense cyst
21. when is it cystic? In cystic degeneration, hge or suppuration
22. whats berry’s sign? It occurs due to biding of malignancy on carotid  absent carotid pulse.(‫) بيحضنه‬
as malignancy cant infiltrate carotid (there will be no signs of cerebral ischemia)
23. complications of SNG: v imp
24.
What to be done preoperatively for any thyroidectomy?
a) Routine preoperative investigation & ECG
b) indirect laryngoscopy ( for medico legal purpose to be sure that that the recurrent laryngeal nerve was not
already injured before operation )
25. what kind of injury can be commonly found? 3% of people have recurrent laryngeal nerve
injury of an unknown cause, only explanation is that it is due to recurrent viral neuritis.
26.
What are types of calcification in plain x-ray thyroid
a) Linear: around nodules ‫بالطول‬
b) punctate : in papillary carcinoma ‫نقط‬
c) patchy : in medullary carcinoma ‫بطش‬
27.
Why avoid thyriodectomy in patients below 25 years old ?
- As this patient is still young & will be subjected later on to stress especially if a female case facing
stress of pregnancy and lactation having higher risk for recurrence
28.
If you decide not to do surgery in a patient, what further management
would you like to do?
- Give her L-thyroxine (trying to stop the progression of the pathology, which may even regress on
this ttt)
29.
Why manubruim is normally resonant on percussion?
- As trachea is behind it
30. What does autoimmune thyroiditis mean? Antibodies acting on thyroid instead of TSH, so
response of thyroid will be longer and stronger.
31.
Which term is better thyrotoxicosis or hyperthyroidism?
- Thyrotoxicosis is better as some manifestation are due to autoimmune mechanism ( exophalmos &
pretibial myxedema & thyroid acropathy &
32.
What are the complications of 2ry toxic goiter?
- The same as SNG + heart failure
33.
What is hashitoxicosis ?
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34.
Thyroiditis & destruction of gland  release of t3 & t4
Cause hyperthyroidism early only but after complete destruction of the gland fibrosis 
hypothyroidism
Who is the pt. with hyperthyroidism, & a low gland activity?
- Patient with thyroiditis
- N.B. we detect gland activity by iodine trapping
Iry toxic goiter
35.
Evidence that toxic goiter is an autoimmune disease?
- Antibodies in serum of patients
- Lymphocytic infiltration in microscopy
- RES hyperplasia (so in general exam, you may find HSM)
36.
What are the names of antibodies?
- LATS : long acting thyroid stimulators
- LATS -P : long acting thyroid stimulators protected
37.
What are the grades of toxic goiter according to tachycardia?
- Milde: 80 – 90
- Moderate: 90- 110
- Severa: >110
38.
DON’T DiagNOse TOxic gOiTer if pulse is less than 80/min ECXEPT
if under ttt.
39.
In metabolic manifestations of toxic goiter, there is recent
intolerance to hot weather
40. Where can you see tremors in thyrotoxic pt?
●outstretched hands,
●lightly closed upper eyelids
●protruded unsupported tongue
41.Sleeping pulse? While sleeping, or Sedated pulse, ‫أهدى العيانه واقيسه‬
42.Can pretibial myxedema be unilateral? No, it is always bilateral, and always
associated with true exophthalmos ( ‫أصلها‬immune)
43.
diarrhea with goiter?
1- toxic goiter
2- medullary carcinoma
44.
goiter with spleenomegally?
1- toxic goiter
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2- lymphoma thyroid
45.
thyroid with LNS?
1- thyroiditis
2- lymphoma
3- spread from carcinoma
4- not related
46.
Why polyurea in toxic goiter?
1- high metabolic rate
2- glycosuria as thyroid hormone is diabetogenic
3- high blood flow to kidneys
47.
Why isthmus should be removed in all thyroid operations?
- As recurrence will manifest early
And when reccurence occurs?
48.
‫هيبقي عنده بليه في رقبته بتطلع و تنزل مع البلع‬
49.
What is the difference between lobectomy & hemi thyroidectomy?
- In both we remove: Lobe + isthmus
- But in lobectomy, in addition we remove the medial part of the other lobe
50.
Complications of thyroidectomy? Thyrotoxic crisis
a
Convulsions
b
Fever ice pack
c
Dyspnea oxygen
d
51.
give sedatives
Tachy cardia indral with monitor & ECG & give steroids
Why after thyroid operations there may be change of voice
a
Cocussion of nerve
b
Tracheitis
c
Laryngitis
52. Vessels supplying parathyroid:
- inferior thyroid artery
53. what will you do if you accidentally removed all parathyroid tissue ?
- Autotransplantaion in forearm muscles (it will take blood supply from the surrounding)
54.
-
what is the 1st symptom of hypothyroidism ?
Personality changes
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55.
keloid on thyrtoidectomy scar :- Why on sternum? A common place for development of keloid
- Why did the incision become on sternum? as patient’s neck is hyperextended, so incision might be done
so low in the neck that after the operation when she flexes her neck, it will be on sternum
- How to avoid?
56. Why is it contraindicated to do surgery for severe 1ry thyrotoxicosis with
recent progressive exophthalmos?
As sudden termination of toxicity causes higher incidence for developing malignant exophthalmos.
57. Why? There are some explanations saying that hypothyroidism (after surgery) stimulates piutuitary. And
Exophthalmos Producing Substance (EPS) is produced from anterior pituitary.
58. What is malignant exophthalmos? It means it is progressive despite all lines of ttt.
59. Eye signs other than exophthalmos: very important (don’t forget to put your hands to stabilize
patient’s head in all of them )
60. Difference between 1ry thyrotoxicosis and 2ry thyrotoxicosis? Revise table from
book (10 points)
61. Thyroid function tests: oral, specially radioactive iodine studies (v imp)
62. In blood examination of thyrotoxicosis,
- there is hypercreatinema (creatine of myopathy), hypocholestrolemia (thyroid is the only hormone that
lowers cholest.) and hyperglycemia (thyroid is diabetogenic)
63.
Factors affecting line of ttt:
●type of goiter
●age
●pregnancy
●thyrocardiac condition
●recent exophthalmos
●high thyroid antibody titre (thyroiditis  medical ttt only)
●type of thyrotoxicosis: if 2ry toxic goiter, surgery is always better, if toxic nodule, surgery or radioiodine
64.
Cases in which u must know pre-operative preparations:
●toxic goiter (lugol’s iodine to ↓ vascularity ● intestinal obstruction
●pyloric obstruction
●obstructive jaundice
●shocked patient
●elective colonic surgery
65. How do treat thyrotoxicosis?
Start with this phrase: each patient is considered separately, and one measure or a combination of measures is
chosen for him.
66. In thyrtoidectomy for ttt of SNG & thyrotoxicosis, how much of the gland
should be left in the body?
According to the surgeon’s experience, but usually in SNG, 8 gm on each side, which is equal to distal phalynx of
thumb. In toxic goiter, ½ or 1/3 this amount is left
67.
Embryology of thyroid?
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-
Thyroglossal duct → follicles,
neural crest → para-follicular cells (that produce calcitonin → ↓ serum ca
68.
is fine needle aspiration useful in follicular adenoma?
No, its not reliable, as it doesn’t differentiate between adenoma and carcinoma. Because the only difference
histologically is the presence of vascular or capsular invasion.
69. Malignant neoplasms of thyroid are very important oral.
70.
You discovered a patient with medullary carcinoma, what would you like
to do concerning his family?
Screening for calcitonin level, if proved to be high in one of them, prophylactic thyrtoidectomy is done.
71. Why? Because before malignancy develops, it passes through a phase of hyperplasia of parafollicular cells,
which secrete calcitonin.
72. Medullary carcinoma is very imp oral
73. How does medullary carcinoma produce diarrhea?
- By production of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) or PGs
74.
What is the microscopic picture of medullary carcinoma?
●Sheets of Neoplastic cells
●in a hyaline sroma
●hyaline stroma may contain amyloid material
75. What is MEN? It is multiple endocrinal neoplasia syndrome
76.
Types?
tYpe I: Wernes syndrome
●parathyroid hyperplasia ● pancreatic islets cell tumour (insulinoma, glucagoma, somatostatinoma) ●pituitary
tumour
Type II: Sipple’s syndrome
IIa: ●parathyroid hyperplasia ●pheochromocytoma ●medullary carcinoma
IIb: IIa + neurological abnormalities, marfanoid facies and multiple neuromas
77.
Patient with medullary carcinoma and pheochromocytoma, which will you
treat 1st?
Pheochromocytoma 1st, although it is usually benign, but patient with pheochromocytoma can not tolerate the
anesthesia required for thyrtoidectomy.
78. What is the 1st LN to be affected in thyroid carcinoma? Recurrent laryngeal node
79. Then? Then pretracheal and prelaryngeal (Delphic), and to lower deep cervical LNS
80. Which are more commonly affected, upper or lower deep cervical LNS? Lower
81.
What are the characteristics of metastasis of thyroid tumour to bones?
- Painful, tender, pulsatile lump
- Pathological fracture
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-
Commonly in spine, skull and neck of femur. (so in clinical exam, check the patients scalp)
82. Can incision biopsy be done to investigate for thyroid malignancy?
No, its absolutely contraindicated, as it results in seedling of malignant cells. (Although it is allowed in breast,
because if it proved to be malignant, mastectomy later on will remove the whole tract)
83. How do we scan for recurrence of thyroid tumour after TOTAL thyroidectomy?
Thyroglobulin, as it is only produced from thyroid and tumour cells.
84. What would you like to give the patient post-thyroidectomy? L-thyroxine short of toxicity
85. Why? as Replacement and for suppression of metastasis.
86. What are the hormone dependant tumours?
●breast
●differentiated thyroid carcinoma
87.
Criteria inoperability?
a) Extensive local spread
b) Extensive lymphatic spread
c) Blood spread
d) Unfit patient.
88.
Prognosis of differentiated thyroid carcinoma?
These factors increase the risk: in this order
a) Age: males above 40 and females above 50
b) Sex: females have better prognosis
c) T: ●size (more than 5 sm) ●microscopic picture (vascular or capsular invasion) ●type
d) N: presence of LN metastasis
e) M: presence of distal metastasis.
89. Thyroiditis: imp oral
90. Subacute thyroiditis = De Quervain thyroiditis = granulomatous thyroiditis:
probably a viral infection, iodine uptake of gland is ↓↓ in presence of slight ↑ of serum T4, ttt as any viral wih
anti-inflammatory and prednisone.
91. Causes of chronic thyroiditis? TB and Syphilis
92. Autoimmune thyroiditis = hashimoto’s thyroiditis, investigations?
Serum titres of antimicrosomal, antimitochondrial and antithyroglobulin antibodies.
93. Reidle’s thyroiditis: probably a collagen disease, thyroid is hard (extensive fibrosis), differentiation from
anaplastic carcinoma may need an open biopsy
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94. Which part will you remove for biopsy? a wedge of isthmus is removed
95. Why? So that in addition to biopsy, trachea is relieved from obstruction. (remember, in all thyroid operations
we remove isthmus, check Q 48)
96. Thyrtoidectomy is v imp oral
97. If trachea is injured during thyrtoidectomy, what will you do?
Immediate suturing, with prolene
98. How to avoid keloid formation on the scar?
Do incision in the lower neck 1 inch above suprasternal notch (so that scar will be in lower neck not on sterum,
which is a known place for keloid)
Breast
1. What are Cardinal symptoms and signs of pus formation?






fever becomes hectic ( fluctuates about 1 C up and down but doesn't return to base line) not
intermittent (return to base line)
pitting edema
throbbing pain
Localization
fluctuation: cavity containing pus
Pointing
2. Areas in our bodies in which we don't wait for fluctuation to drain?!
 gluteal region
 perineal abscess
 hand infections
 Parotid gland (deep to deep fascia so you can't feel the fluctuation.)
 perinephric abscess
 ear lobule
3. If a case of duct papilloma and you feel a mass, what are the
possibilities?
This is a retention cyst as the papilloma closes the duct partially and causes swelling of acini forming
retention cyst
4. In case of Cystsarcoma Phylloides , How a mass causes skin ulceration?
a)Pressure necrosis in case of rapidly growing benign neoplasm
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b) Infiltration of malignant neoplasm.
5. What are the types of biopsies in general?
a) Open biopsy: excision biopsy (remove all mass with safety margin) OR incisional biopsy
(remove part of the mass).
b) Frozen section biopsy: rapid results within 20 minutes but not accurate as open biopsy
c) Needle biopsy: true cut biopsy OR fine needle aspiration biopsy
6. What is meant by Radical surgery?
= Removal of 1ry tumor with safety margin + draining LN in one block
7. Why Radical Mastectomy of Halsted isn’t radical?
 As he left the internal mammary LN
N.B.: the only true radical operation is extended radical who removed axillary and internal
mammary LN
8. why Halsted removed Pectoralis major and minor?
To ensure removal of interpectoral LN of Rooter which was believed to be the main station of
lymphatic spread
9. Why the skin ellipse included the nipple and areola?
To ensure removal of retroareolar plexus of sappy this was believed to be main station of
lymphatic spread
10.
What is extended radical?
= Halsted + internal mammary LNs removal
10. What is super-radical?
=Halsted + supraclavicular LNs removal ( not internal mammary)
11. Which is more risky early or late arm edema after operation?
Late as it is commonly due to recurrence of malignancy!
12. When incidence of breast carcinoma in male is equal to female?
In case of klienfilter syndrome
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Face and neck
1. How to differentiate between thyroglossal cyst and subhyoid bursitis?
 Thyroglossal cyst: Rounded
 subhyoid bursa: oval with transverse axis
2. What is step-ladder incision?
It is an incision used for ttt of congenital branchial fistula, done at a higher level in the skin in
order to gain easy access to the track of the fistula between the carotids, and it's not needed for
acquired branchial fistula as it's already at the same level of the track
3. How to differentiate clinically between congenital and acquired
branchial fistulae?
Acquired
Age of onset: adulthood on top of preexisting cyst
Site: high in the neck at the cyst level
Treatment: surgical excision
Congenital
Since birth
In lower third of the neck
Surgical excision + step-ladder incision
4. What is the only translucent neck swelling?
 Cystic hygroma
5. What is adson's test?
The patient is asked to extend his head to the opposite side and take a deep breath , the examiner
then palpates the radial pulse if the test is positive the pulse will be weaker ( used in thoracic
outlet syndrome and is not very accurate test )
6. What's meant by " rule of 10" ?
It means that in management of an infant with cleft lip you have to wait till the infant becomes of
suitable weight (10 pounds at least) and the Hb level should be at least 10 gm%
7. In management of cleft palate, why tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy
are better avoided?
As tonsils (not inflamed) and adenoid tissue narrow the nasopharyngeal isthmus  better results
for cleft palate repair ( less regurgitation of food and secretions) and may give you a chance not to
perform pharyngeoplasty
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8. A patient presenting with bleeding tongue, how to manage such a case?!
‫اخليه يطلع لسانه لبرا و اتنيه على اسنانه اللى تحت‬
‫و اضغط بشاش و اوقف النزيف‬
9. What is meant by operable and in operable malignancies?
 Operable: curable; we do surgery aiming for cure
 Inoperable: non curable; the patient will die from malignancy but we may do palliative
surgery
N.B. Neoadjuvent therapy:
A patient with extensive 1ry malignancy but without metastasis. It is used in advanced malignancy to under
stage the case, and do surgery e.g. Breast, wilm’s tumor,…
‫يعنى لو دخلت على الحالة دى‬
‫مهم انك تسأل ام العيان‬
history
- consanguinity ‫انت و جوزك قرايب؟‬
- Prenatal history ‫اخدتى ادوية او حاجه اثناء الحمل؟‬
- Similar conditions in the family ‫!حد فى العيلة او فى اخواته عنده الحكاية دى؟‬
General examination ‫و عليك بس فى ال‬
‫انك تشوف اذا كان فيه اى‬
associated anomaly specially CARDIAC
local examination ‫اما فى ال‬
‫عليك انك تعرف ال‬
type
‫بس‬
‫يعنى حسب الرسمة‬
- unilateral or bilateral
- complete or incomplete
- simple or complicated
 Differential diagnosis of masses in the neck according to site is VERY
IMPORTANT (refer to your book )
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Salivary gland

In clinical, ask in salivary sheet about associated
- dry mouth
- dry eye
 To exclude Mikulicz’ and sJogren's disease
‫يفرح بيك اوى لو قولتله الحته دى‬

Why is submandibular gland felt in oral cavity?
As deep part of the gland is above myelohyoid

how to differentiate between submandibular LNs and submandibular
gland?
Lymph nodes
Multiple
Can be rolled on the edge of the
mandible
Can be felt only in neck
Gland
Single
Can't be rolled
Felt in neck and oral cavity
Non neoplastic salivary gland diseases (review titles for
oral questions)

sites of stones in the body:
1- Urinary tract ( 90% radio-opaque )
2- Biliary tract ( 10% radio-opaque)
3- Salivary (100% radio-opaque)
4- Pancreas
5- Prostate
6- Umbilicus ( dirts)
7- Intestine ( gallstone ileus)
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Skin
1.
Sebaceous cysts may occur any where except in …..?!
In palms and soles (devoid of sebaceous glands)
2.
What are the types of dermoid cyst?
a) Sequestration dermoid
b) Tubulodermoid
c) Inclusion dermoid
d) Teratomatous dermoid
e) Implantation dermoid
3.
In case of hemangioma , if you diagnosed a port wine lesion in the face ,
what investigation would u like to proceed with?
CT scan as this lesion is usually associated with similar lesion in the meninges (sturge-weber
syndrome)
4.
can lipoma cause death in a patient?
Yes, in case of submucous lipomata if present in

Larynx suffocation

Intestine  intussusceptions  intestinal obstruction
5.
When do we find LNS enlarged with basal cell carcinoma?
- associated infection (any chronic non-specific infection)
- baso-squamous cell carcinoma
6.
Is spontaneous cure possible in malignancy in skin?
Yes, in case of '' lentigo'' which is the least aggressive type of melanomas
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7.

What is the meaning of sentinel LNs?!
Sentinel lymph node: 1st LN to be affected by metastasis.
Detected by injection of a dye around the tumour during the operation, it is the1st LN to be
colored
Classification of lipoma is very important for oral exam (refer to your book)
Hernia and scrotum
1.
When will the patient have strangulation without intestinal
obstruction?
o
Richter's hernia
o
Littre's hernia
o
If the content is omentum
2.
What are complications of the truss?




Inflammation of the hernial sac
Adhesions within the sac
Increased risk of the strangulations
Improper fitting to truss
3.
Is irreducibility an emergency?
No, but needs surgery
4. How do we suspect congenital hernia?
-Common in child
-Reaches bottom of scrotum rapidly
- Strangulation common at the moment of presentation
-Testis is separate from the sac
5.
What is the hernia of nuck?
It is oblique inguinal hernia in females
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6.
Is skin the covering of all hernias?
No, exomphlus is covered by peritoneum only that's why it is an emergency
7.
When does true umbilical hernia occur in adults?
-In ascitic patients
8.What is the significance of divarication of the two recti?
-Weak abdominal ms
-Increased intra-abdominal pressure
8. What are the commonest organs in sliding hernia?
-Urinary bladder
-Ceocum
-Sigmoid colon
9. How to suspect sliding hernia?
If:
-huge
-Long standing
-Incompletely reducible
-Desire of micturition
-Double of micturition
10. Difference between seminoma and teratoma microscopically?
Seminoma
No hemorrhage and necrosis
teratoma
there is Hemorrhage and necrosis
fibrous septa
No fibrous septa
11.Why do you examine the inguinal lymph nodes in inguino-scrotal sheet???
Because the skin of the scrotum drains to medial half of the transverse limb of superficial inguinal
LNs
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But where the testis itself drained?
To the para-aortic L.Ns at L2 because of origin of testicular artery
Why?
‫أين ترعرعت موالتي‬
So when it is drained to inguinal lymph nodes?
If there is:
 Scrotal skin infiltration
 After testicular biopsy
 After previous orchiopexy
12. Functions of testis?


Hormone production
Spermatogenesis: Needs 35'C……..dartos ms is the thermostat for spermatogenesis
13. Why normally left testis is lower than the right?
Embryologically Lt Testis descends first……..so the Rt undescended testis more common And so the Rt inguinal
hernia is more common
14. When we do semen analysis after the operation?
At least 3 monthsspermatogenesis cycle takes about 3 months
15. Why the unilateral varicocele causes infertility?
Due to vascular communications between the 2 testis which transmit hotness and toxins of the
congested testis to the other one
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