GCSE History Revision Activity Pack 2014
Are you revising for the right exam?
Paper One is Medicine and the American West
Paper Two is a source-based paper on a Medicine Topic on:The Black Death
Paper One: Medicine and American West Activities
Pick the questions you can do. Read the questions carefully and keep to the question.
Medicine Questions
Question One on Medicine is compulsory – you have to do it!
Question One is usually based upon three or four sources but it is not about source
evaluation – that’s in Paper Two! It is important that when you use the sources that
you think of ideas from the sources and back them up with examples. Do not just
copy out the sources.
The questions are always based upon change through time and are based upon a
particular theme. The changes could show how medicine has progressed (got better),
stood still or regressed (got worse) for example:a) What can you learn from this source about Greek (supernatural) Medicine?
b) How do these sources (about religion) show that Medicine had made no
progress between 400BC and 1060AD?
c) Are you surprised that people believed in these (natural and supernatural)
ways during the plague of the fourteenth century? (2005)
a) Why was this treatment (blood-letting) used in the Middle Ages?(2004)
b) How far would the Romans have understood the message in this cartoon
(pictures of tiny creatures in a drop of water)?
c) Why was this cartoon (about dirt and disease in the Thames) published at this
time?
a) Does this source prove Jenner did not advance Medicine very much?(2003)
b) Why was this source (about cowpox vaccination) published in the early
nineteenth century?
c) How far was Pasteur’s work on vaccination more important than Jenner’s?
a) Are you surprised that a picture of Galen and Hippocrates was painted in the
Middle Ages?
b) Why was Vesalius able to make advances in Medicine?
c) How far does Source C prove that Harvey is more important than Vesalius in
the history of medicines?(2002)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
For each year, identify the medical theme the question is based upon
How would you answer a question that says “What can you learn…..?”
How would you answer a question that begins with “Why….?”
How would you answer a question that says “How far ….?”
How would you answer a question that says “Are you surprised….?”
Have a go at the questions using the sources and your knowledge.
1
GCSE History Revision Activity Pack 2014
You are spoilt for choice – Question Two or Three or Four (not all of them!)
You then pick one question out of questions Two, Three and Four. You must do all
three parts of the question you have picked. Make sure you can do all three parts and
not just the first part!
All the questions are based on Medical developments through time. This means you
can expect the question to cover a theme based upon two or three historical periods
e.g. Greek ideas about the cause of disease, ideas about cause of disease in the Middle
Ages and the new ideas of the Renaissance.
Part a) Usually asks you to describe or write about Medicine from a particular time
or about a particular individual or discovery eg. Describe the Roman Public Health
system.
This question is always worth five marks and you either get one mark for each point
you make or 2-3 marks for each point you explain or develop. Think of it as a mark
for each relevant sentence you write.
Part b) Usually asks why something happened at a particular time eg. Why was it
possible to make advance in Public Health in nineteenth century Britain?
This question is usually worth 7 marks – always use knowledge to explain two
reasons why the development happened.
Part c) usually gets you to compare two historical periods or individuals. Sometimes
one of the periods or individuals is the one you have written about in part a), Do not
be afraid to write about this again but you must make sure you write about the other
period or individual in the question.
This question is usually worth 8 marks. Make sure you write about both periods or
individuals. Keep to the question and try to reach a conclusion about who was the
most important.
Now try and make up your own three-part question on Medicine.
What theme will you pick?
RELIGION
PUBLIC HEALTH
FIGHTING DISEASE
ANATOMY
WOMEN
WAR
CAUSES OF DISEASE
SURGERY
CHANCE
What two or three periods or individuals will you pick for you three-part question
PRE-HISTORIC
ROMAN
RENAISSANCE
th
20 CENTURY (1900s)
EGYPTIAN
DARK AGES
18th CENTURY (1700s)
Galen, Hippocrates,
Vesalius, Pare, Harvey
GREEK
MIDDLE AGES
19th CENTURY (1800s)
Jenner, Pasteur, Simpson,
Lister
What key phrases will you use for parts a) b) and c)?
What extra advice will you give to make sure the questions are answered properly?
2
GCSE History Revision Activity Pack 2014
American West questions
The study of the American West is a depth study and the questions usually involve
two groups of people who lived in the American West between 1840 and 1895.
Question one
Question one is compulsory you have to do it.
Question One is usually based upon three or four sources but it is not about source
evaluation – that’s in Paper Two! It is important that when you use the sources that
you think of ideas from the sources and back them up with examples. Do not just
copy out the sources.
Remember that all the sources in the question are useful in some way. The source may
be telling lies or exaggerating things but you can use the source to work out the
attitudes of the people who wrote it. Does the source show the attitude of most
Americans that the Indians were lazy and that they did not deserve the Plains? Does
the source reflect the belief of most Americans in Manifest Destiny (their god-given
right to farm the plains, convert the Indians into Christian Americans and unite the
whole of North America.?
a) Is this a useful source of evidence (about lazy Indians) about the American
West?
b) Does this source (about exposure) prove that the Indians were cruel?
c) Do these sources show that the Indians and white Americans shared the same
attitude towards the buffalo(2005)
a) Why did towns like these suffer from problems of law and order?
b) How useful is this source (Billy the Kid poster) as evidence about law and
order in the American West?
c) Does this source (about hangings) prove that vigilantes improved law and
order in the American West?(2004)
a) How far does this advert (about cheap land) explain why settles travelled
west?
b) Why do you think this family was headed east?
c) How useful is this advert (about windmills) as evidence of why some
homesteaders were successful?(2003)
a) Why do you think this cartoon (about Mormon wives) was published in the
early 1840s?
b) How far does this source (about winter quarters) tell you why the Mormons
were able to complete their journey across the Plains and into the Rockies?
c) Were most Mormons disappointed when they reached Salt Lake?(2002)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
For each year, identify the topic the question is based upon
How would you answer a question that says “Is this a useful source…..?”
How would you answer a question that begins with “Does this prove….?”
How would you answer a question that says “How far ….?”
How would you answer a question that says “Why….?”
Have a go at the questions using the sources and your knowledge.
3
GCSE History Revision Activity Pack 2014
You are still spoilt for choice – Question Two or Question Three
You then pick one question out of questions Two and Three. You must do all three
parts of the question you have picked. Make sure you can do all three parts and not
just the first part!
The questions are either on one topic or a comparison of two topics on the American
West eg. a) Why did homesteaders face problems on the Plains?; b) How did most
homesteaders overcome the problems they faced? c) How successful were cattle
ranchers in coping with the problems they faced on the Plains?
Part a) Usually asks you to describe some features of a topic eg. Describe the events
leading up to the Battle of the Little Bighorn. Why did many white Americans think
the Great Plains was a desert? Briefly describe the dangers faced by cowboys.
This question is always worth five marks and you either get one mark for each point
you make or 2-3 marks for each point you explain or develop. Think of it as a mark
for each relevant sentence you write – do not write much more than five sentences.
Part b) usually asks you to explain why something happened eg. Why was the
Homestead Act passed? Explain why cattle ranching spread to the Plains. Why was
there violence between homesteaders and cattlemen?
This question is usually worth 7 marks – always use your knowledge to explain two
reasons why this happened. If two groups are mentioned explain a reason for each
group. If it is homesteaders moving west – explain push and pull factors.
Part c) usually asks “How far” or “How successful” or “To what extent” eg. How
successful were the homesteaders in overcoming their problems? How important was
the invention of barbed wire in ending the Open Range? How far were homesteaders
the main reason why Indians were moved onto reservations? How far were Indian
tactics and weapons responsible for Custer’s defeat at the Battle of the Little Bighorn?
In this type of question you must explain both sides of an argument using examples
eg. ways in which homesteaders were successful and unsuccessful; Indians moved
onto reservations due to homesteaders, destruction of the buffalo, American Army;
Custer’s defeat due to Crazy Horse’s tactics; Custer’s mistakes; Army mistakes.
Now try and make up your own three-part questions using some of the following:INDIAN LIFE
ATTITUDES TO LAND
BRIGHAM YOUNG
TEXAS CATTLE
OPEN RANGE
RAILWAY ADVERTS
FARMING SOLUTIONS
CAUSES OF CONFLICT
CRAZY HORSE
INEVITABLE DEFEAT
THE BUFFALO
JOSEPH SMITH
SALT LAKE CITY
GOODNIGHT
BEEF BONANZA
HOMESTEADERS
WOMEN
INDIAN DEFEAT
LITTLE BIGHORN
LAW AND ORDER
4
THE PLAINS
MORMON BELIEFS
CATTLE RANCHING
ABILENE
END OF OPEN RANGE
FARMING PROBLEMS
INDIAN CONFLICT
CUSTER
RESERVATIONS
VIGILANTES
GCSE History Revision Activity Pack 2014
Medicine in Ancient Civilisations
Key features of Pre-historic, Egyptian, Greek and Roman Medicine
Sam has learnt some important pieces of information about medicine in Ancient
Civilisations but has got them all muddled up. Your will need to complete your own
table and put the information under the correct headings for each Civilisation.
The headings are:Prehistoric Natural Medical ideas
Prehistoric Supernatural Medical ideas
Egyptian Natural Medical ideas
Egyptian Supernatural Medical ideas
Greek Natural Medical ideas
Greek Supernatural Medical ideas
Roman Natural Medical ideas
Roman Supernatural Medical ideas
Middle Ages Natural Medical ideas
Middle Ages Supernatural ideas
Sam’s pieces of information are:ASCLEPIOS & PLAGUE
Built temples to Asclepios
in their country when
faced with Plague
FOUR HUMOURS
Blood, phlegm, biles
HIPPOCRATIC OATH
To care for patients
Still used today
PUBLIC HEALTH
Aqueducts, baths, sewers,
clean water, toilets
ASCLEPIONS
Healthy temples
GODDESS BES
Child birth
MUMMIES
Needed to preserve bodies
for after-life
SHAVED PRIESTS
Washed and used clean,
bronze cups
POINTING STICK
To release good spirits
from someone’s body
GALEN’S PIG BRAIN
Brain controlled body expt
MUMMIES ANATOMY
Learnt about anatomy and
blocked channels from
making mummies
TREPHINNING
Drilling holes in the skull
to release evil spirits
OBSERVATION
and diagnosis
HIPPOCRATES
4 balanced humours
NILE THEORY
Illness caused by blocked
channels like irrigation
GALEN’S OPPOSITES
To rebalance humours
CHRISTIANITY
Banned dissection and
supported Galen
ASCLEPIOS
Temples and snakes
licking eyelids
LEAVES
Used as bandages
MUD PLASTER CASTS
Used to set broken bones
GALEN’S SOUL
Backed by Christian
Church for 1200 years
Now try to learn your information to answer the following:1. What advances did the Ancient Egyptians make in medicine? 5 marks
2. Did the Ancient Greeks only use natural approaches to medicine? 7 marks
3. “The Romans only copied Greek ideas”. How far do you agree with this
statement? 8 marks (2002)
5
GCSE History Revision Activity Pack 2014
Medicine in Ancient Civilisations - ANSWERS!
Prehistoric Natural Medical ideas
LEAVES
Used as bandages
MUD PLASTER CASTS
Used to set broken bones
Prehistoric Supernatural Medical ideas
POINTING STICK
To release good spirits from someone’s
body
TREPHINNING
Drilling holes in the skull to release evil
spirits
Egyptian Natural Medical ideas
NILE THEORY
Illness caused by blocked channels like
irrigation
MUMMIES ANATOMY
Learnt about anatomy and blocked
channels from making mummies
DOCTORS
SURGICAL TOOLS
Egyptian Supernatural Medical ideas
SHAVED PRIESTS
Washed and used clean, bronze cups
MUMMIES
Needed to preserve bodies for after-life
MUMMIES ANATOMY
Learnt about anatomy and blocked
channels from making mummies
GODDESS BES
Child birth
Greek Natural Medical ideas
HIPPOCRATES
4 balanced humours
FOUR HUMOURS
Blood, phlegm, biles
OBSERVATION
and diagnosis
HIPPOCRATIC OATH
To care for patients
Still used today
Greek Supernatural Medical ideas
ASCLEPIOS
Temples and snakes licking eyelids
ASCLEPIONS
Healthy temples
Roman Natural Medical ideas
GALEN’S PIG BRAIN
Brain controlled body experiment
GALEN’S OPPOSITES
To rebalance humours
PUBLIC HEALTH
Aqueducts, baths, sewers, clean water,
toilets
Roman Supernatural Medical ideas
ASCLEPIOS & PLAGUE
Built temples to Asclepios in their
country when faced with Plague
Middle Ages Natural Medical ideas
Urine charts
Monasteries had toilets and hospitals
Still used Hippocrates and Galen’s 4
Humours even though both had been
dead for 100s of years
Middle Ages Supernatural ideas
CHRISTIANITY
Banned dissection and supported Galen
GALEN’S SOUL
Backed by Christian Church for 1200
years
6
GCSE History Revision Activity Pack 2014
Dark Ages, Middle Ages and the Renaissance
Join lines connecting the Historical period with its dates and people
DARK AGES
MIDDLE AGES
RENAISSANCE
Normans
Vesalius, Harvey, Pare
Saxons, Vikings
1400-1750
800-1066
1066-1400
How much did Medicine change during the Middle Ages?
Katie has been making some notes but someone has shuffled them all up! You need to
put Katie’s information under the following headings:Greek Natural ideas that continued
Roman natural ideas continued
New Supernatural Ideas - Middle Ages
New Natural Ideas – Middle Ages
Got worse in Dark Ages/Middle Ages
Christianity in Middle Ages - Hindered
Christianity helped - Middle Ages
Muslim Medicine helped and hindered
Here is Katie’s information:WAR
Tribes and countries
fought each other
FOUR HUMOURS
FLAGELLANTS
Whipped themselves for
forgiveness
CHRISTIAN CHURCH
Supported Galen for 1200
years
BLOOD-LETTING
To rebalance humours
GOD caused and cured
Disease was a punishment
for sins
ROMAN PUBLIC
HEALTH ENDS
Not enough taxes, slaves
or engineers
HOUSING
One dirty, draughty room
with cesspit outside
CHRISTIAN CHURCH
Banned dissection
USE OF OPPOSITES
KING’S EVIL
King close to God so
could cure by touch
GOD
Use of miracles and
prayers to cure
MUSLIMS
Religious duty to care for
sick – large hospitals
MIASMA (BAD AIR)
Caused Plague
GALEN
Admired and ideas
supported by Christian
Church – “soul found”
URINE CHARTS
To identify disease
7
HIPPOCRATES
Still admired “Father of
Medicine”
BLACK DEATH
ASTROLOGY
To predict heath
CHRISTIAN CHURCH
Set up Universities where
doctors could be trained
ASCLEPIOS/ASCLEPIONS
No longer used but similar
to Monasteries
MONASTERIES
Had hospitals, toilets, sewers
nuns (nurses), herbs
CHRISTIAN CHURCH
Controlled education and
libraries. Sometimes banned
books
MUSLIMS
Preserved Greek & Roman
books in libraries
GCSE History Revision Activity Pack 2014
How much did Medicine change during the Middle Ages? ANSWERS
Greek Natural ideas that continued
HIPPOCRATES
Still admired “Father of Medicine
FOUR HUMOURS
BLOOD-LETTING
To rebalance humours
Roman Natural ideas that continued
CHRISTIAN CHURCH
Supported Galen for 1200 years
GALEN’s USE OF OPPOSITES
New Supernatural ideas - Middle Ages
KING’S EVIL
King close to God so could cure by touch
ASTROLOGY
To predict heath
New Natural ideas – Middle Ages
MIASMA (BAD AIR)
Caused Plague
URINE CHARTS
To identify disease
Got worse in Dark Ages/Middle Ages
ROMAN PUBLIC HEALTH ENDS
Not enough taxes, slaves or engineers
WAR
Tribes and countries fought each other
CHRISTIAN CHURCH
Banned dissection
BLACK DEATH
Kills one third of population
HOUSING
One dirty, draughty room
with cesspit outside
Christianity in Middle Ages Hindered
GOD caused/cured disease
Disease was a punishment for sins
GOD
Use of miracles and prayers to cure
CHRISTIAN CHURCH
Supported Galen for 1200 years
Because Galen believed – “soul found”
CHRISTIAN CHURCH
Banned dissection
CHRISTIAN CHURCH
Controlled education and libraries.
Sometimes banned books
FLAGELLANTS
Whipped themselves for forgiveness from
God so he would make the Plague go
away
Christian Church helped Medicine
CHRISTIAN CHURCH
Set up Universities where doctors could
be trained
MONASTERIES
Had hospitals, toilets, sewers nuns
(nurses), herbs
Muslim Medicine in Middle Ages
Hindered – banned dissection
Helped - Religious duty to care for sick –
large hospitals
Preserved Greek & Roman books in
libraries
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GCSE History Revision Activity Pack 2014
The impact of the Renaissance
Why did Medical developments happen during the Renaissance?
Alice wants to use chains to link different causes and medical developments together
but her pencil has broken. Copy her information out and draw chains linking it. You
may want to do different versions of this for different developments as some of the
causes are linked to more than one development.
CAUSES
CHALLENGES
Many old ideas were challenged.
Protestants challenged the Pope and the
Catholic Church
CHURCH AND DISSECTION
The Catholic Church allowed the
dissection of bodies of some criminals
DEVELOPMENT
VESALIUS – “GALEN WRONG!”
Jawbone is one piece not two
Blood cannot move through holes in the
heart’s septum – the holes do not exist
VESALIUS AND ANATOMY
Carried out dissections and published
book called Fabric of the Human Body
with detailed anatomical drawings
PARE AND SURGERY
Healed battle wounds more quickly and
successfully by using ointment of egg
yolk, turps, oil of roses not boiling oil
PARE AND LIGATURES
Pare used Ligatures instead of red-hot
irons to stop bleeding. He did not know
about the infections this caused
PARE’S BOOK
Called Works on Surgery was translated
into many languages
HARVEY & BLOOD CIRCULATION
Harvey showed blood flowed round the
body via arteries and veins.
The heart acted like a pump
HARVEY’S LIMITATIONS
He could not find tiniest blood vessels
so some Doctors did not believe him.
His work was more important when
surgery and blood groups developed
RENAISSANCE LIMITATIONS
Could not stop Great Plague of 1665
Treatments of Doctors killed Charles II
ARTISTS
Some artists dissected dead bodies and
drew very natural paintings eg. Titian,
and Leonardo Da Vinci
PRINTING PRESS
Was invented and meant more books
were produced instead of being copied
by hand. Realistic diagrams.
MACHINERY
Better microscopes and more complex
water pumps.
RENAISSANCE=REVIVAL
There was a revival of interest in Greek
and Roman ideas combined with a
desire to improve on these.
WAR
Many wars in Italy and France put
pressure on surgeons to discover ideas
CHANCE OR LUCK
Some discoveries involved a bit of luck
1. Briefly describe the work of Ambroise Pare. 5 marks (1997)
2. How far were Vesalius’s ideas an advance on what was believed at that
time? 7 marks
3. Who made the most important contribution Vesalius or Harvey? 8 marks
4. Briefly describe the medical advances of the Greeks. 5 marks (2005)
5. Why were medical advances made during the Renaissance? 7 marks
6. Were the medical advances made by the Greeks more important than
those made during the Renaissance? 8 marks
9
GCSE History Revision Activity Pack 2014
What problems faced surgeons in the early nineteenth century (1800-1840)?
Add the correct explanation to each of the problems identified:Problem
PAIN
Explanation
Surgeons operated in their dirtiest clothes. They used the same
needle on several patients. Many surgeons did not wash their hands
after operations. Infection caused many deaths.
INFECTION Patients could die through loss of blood because surgeons had no
way of replacing it. Lots of blood transfusions failed because they
did not know about blood groups or how to store blood.
BLOOD LOSS Surgeons could not control pain. Patients were held down, Surgeons
had to operate very quickly and could make mistakes.
Hypnotism and alcohol did not really stop the pain.
How successfully did surgery improve in the late 19th century (1840-1899)?
Place the information Charlene has discovered under the correct headings below:Solving PAIN
Opposition 2 anaesthetics
Overcoming opposition
Solving INFECTION
Opposition to antiseptics
Overcoming opposition
Solving BLOOD LOSS
Opposing Transfusions
Overcoming opposition
Belief that God wanted
people to suffer pain
Koch proved germs on
surgeons’ hair & hands
cause disease
Ether at Music Hall –
drunk but no pain
Rubber gloves, gowns and
hates were used
1847: Sniffing substances
at home Simpson woke up
to discover chloroform
Surgeons sometimes gave
the wrong dose.
After this operations were
longer, more complicated.
Deaths went up
It was difficult to work in
carbolic spray. Sore hands
Pasteur showed germs
caused disease
Hannah Greener died
when given chloroform to
remove her toenail.
Blood storage starts after
World War One 1914-18
Aseptic surgery – germ
free rooms
Lister designed and used
a Carbolic Spray. Deaths
from operations fell.
Lister heard about
Pasteur’s work.
Ether irritated the lungs
causing patients to cough.
It was also inflammable
1900: Blood groups were
identified
Carbolic was used to clean
the sewers in Carlisle
Transfusions had been used
in the 1600s but did not
always work
1900 Blood Groups
discovered
Too fussy and too much
cleaning.
1857: Queen Victoria used
chloroform when she had
her 8th child
Chloroform was new and
untested
1846: Drs Warren and
Morton used ether to remove
a tumour in USA
Lister knew that sewers
smelt like operating theatres
1. Explain what problems faced surgeons in the early 19th century. 5 marks
2. Was Lister’s work more important than Simpson’s? 7 marks
3. “After the work of Lister and Simpson there was little left to do” How far do
you agree with this statement? 8 marks (2002)
4. Why was there opposition to surgery advances in 19th century? 7 mks (2005)
5. How far were problems in surgery overcome by the end of the 19th century? 8
marks (1998)
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GCSE History Revision Activity Pack 2014
How successfully did surgery improve in the late 19th century? ANSWERS
Solving PAIN
 Ether at Music Hall
– drunk but no pain
 1846: Drs Warren
and Morton used
ether to remove a
tumour in USA
 1847: Sniffing
substances at home
Simpson woke up to
discover chloroform
Opposition 2 anaesthetics
 Ether irritated the
lungs causing patients
to cough. It was also
inflammable
 After this operations
were longer, more
complicated. Deaths
went up
 Chloroform was new
and untested
 Hannah Greener died
when given
chloroform to remove
her toenail
 Surgeons sometimes
gave the wrong dose.
 Belief that God wanted
people to suffer pain
Overcoming opposition
 1857: Queen Victoria
used chloroform when
she had her 8th child
 Anaesthetics worked
Solving INFECTION
 Pasteur showed
germs caused
disease
 Carbolic was used to
clean the sewers in
Carlisle
 Lister heard about
Pasteur’s work.
 Lister knew that
sewers smelt like
operating theatres
 Lister designed and
used a Carbolic
Spray. Deaths from
operations fell.
Opposition to antiseptics
 Too fussy and too
much cleaning.
 It was difficult to work
in carbolic spray. Sore
hands
Overcoming opposition
 Koch proved germs on
surgeons’ hair & hands
cause disease
 Rubber gloves, gowns
and hates were used
 Aseptic surgery – germ
free rooms
Solving BLOOD LOSS
 1900 Blood Groups
discovered
Opposing Transfusions
 Transfusions had been
used in the 1600s but
did not always work
Overcoming opposition
 Blood storage after
World War One (191418)
11
GCSE History Revision Activity Pack 2014
How important was Edward Jenner in the development of vaccinations?
Tick the answer or answers you think are correct. Cross out the incorrect answers
Why was smallpox a dangerous and feared disease?
a) Smallpox made people sick and gave them lots of spots.
b) Smallpox killed lots of people and left survivors with horrible scars.
Edward Jenner developed a vaccine for smallpox in 1796. What methods were
used to prevent smallpox before Edward Jenner’s discovery?
a) The Chinese had inoculated people against smallpox for centuries.
b) Some doctors used bloodletting to re-balance the four humours.
c) Old ladies ran smallpox parties in Turkey.
d) Doctors charged people £1 to inoculate them with the disease smallpox
Edward Jenner discovered a vaccine for smallpox when he:
(Put the following points in the correct order).
a) Several months later Jenner gave the boy a second dose of smallpox. The boy
did not catch the disease.
b) Jenner was lucky because Sarah Nelmes, a dairymaid who lived nearby, just
happened to catch cowpox.
c) On the ninth day James Phipps became a little chilly, lost his appetite and had
a headache.
d) Edward Jenner took cowpox from the sore on Sarah Nelmes’s hand.
e) James Phipps was inoculated with smallpox matter but no disease followed.
f) Edward Jenner inserted cowpox matter into two cuts in the boy’s arm.
g) On the seventh day James Phipps complained of uneasiness.
h) Jenner did the same experiment, successfully, on 23 other people.
Pick out what you think are the three most important reasons why many people
were against Jenner’s new cowpox vaccination:
a) Jenner was not a scientist or a famous doctor. He was just a doctor who lived
in the country. No-one thought he was worth listening to.
b) Jenner was just lucky. He made the discovery by chance when he bumped into
a dairymaid.
c) People were worried that they might turn into cows.
d) Doctors were going to lose a lot of money. They did not want to lose their
income from smallpox inoculations.
e) Vaccinations were seen as dangerous. Some patients died when careless
doctors mixed up the vaccines and gave patients smallpox instead of cowpox.
Why was Edward Jenner’s cowpox vaccination eventually accepted?
a) Edward Jenner called the technique vaccination because vacca is the Latin
word for cow.
b) Parliament thought Jenner’s work was very important. He was given a grant of
£30,000 to open a vaccination clinic in London.
c) In 1805 Napoleon had all his soldiers vaccinated against smallpox.
d) In 1860, when Pasteur had discovered that germs caused disease, it was
possible to explain why Jenner’s cowpox vaccine worked.
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GCSE History Revision Activity Pack 2014
Which of the following were vaccines discovered by Louis Pasteur?
1879: Chicken Cholera
1881: Anthrax
1882 Rabies
1885: Measles
Which of these were reasons why Pasteur was able to discover new vaccines?
a) Pasteur used Vesalius’s book “The Fabric of the Human Body”
b) Robert Koch had built on Pasteur’s germ theory and proved that germs cause
particular diseases.
c) Pasteur wanted to stop wine and beer going bad as he was a big drinker.
d) In 1860 Pasteur had discovered that germs caused disease.
e) Pasteur was lucky! By chance Chamberland made a mistake and used a weak
form of chicken cholera.
f) People believed in Miasma and Spontaneous Generation.
g) Pasteur had help from the Government because farming was an important
industry.
What problems still remained in the 20th Century?
a) Poor people could not afford to pay to visit, or get treatment from, a doctor.
b) People were dying from Cholera because there was no Public Health System.
c) People in Third World countries like Africa could not afford new medicines.
d) Vaccines prevented disease new drugs (like penicillin) to kill germs inside the
body still needed to be discovered.
e) Nurses were thought of as drunken, thieving prostitutes.
Now try to learn your information to answer the following:1. Explain how Edward Jenner was able to discover vaccination 5 marks
2. Did people oppose Jenner’s ideas only because he was a country doctor? 7
marks
3. “Louis Pasteur was more important than Jenner in getting vaccination
accepted.” How far do you agree with this statement? 8 marks (2002)
4. Explain how Jenner discovered a vaccine for smallpox. 5 marks
5. Explain how jealousy, suspicion and hostility held back Jenner’s
discovery. 7 marks
6. Explain how and why Jenner’s new ideas and methods were eventually
accepted. 8 marks (1997)
13
GCSE History Revision Activity Pack 2014
Magic Words for Fighting Disease
Below are examples of the different ideas about the cause and treatment of disease.
Try and learn these by imagining them as scenes in different rooms in your house.
Theme
1800s (19th Century)
Pasteur 1860s & 1870s
Reasons for Pasteur’s
discovery
Koch 1870s
Reasons for Koch’s
discovery
Importance of Pasteur
1928: Fleming (Chance) &
Penicillin
Fleming never followed it up
1937: Florey & Chain
1942: World War Two &
Penicillin
Key Words
Bad Air – Miasma
Spontaneous generation
Germs are invisible
Float in the air
Cause rottenness / disease
Killed by boiling
John Snow & Broad Street pump
Industry: Pasteur & wine
Industry: powerful microscopes & swan-necked
flasks
Specific germs cause specific diseases
Science of Bacteriology
Rivalry with French Pasteur
Employed by German government
Team of scientists
Vaccines for rabies & anthrax
Lister’s carbolic spray
1875 Public Health Act
Left dish in sink, went on holiday
Half filled sink with antiseptic
Happened to show a friend & noticed penicillin
killing germs.
No tests in blood stream
Not a dynamic individual
Scientific research
Tests on mice
Dead policeman
Need for mass production
Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor
USA government at war spent millions on
developing penicillin.
Enough produced for D-Day
1. Explain the Germ Theory 5 marks
2. Why was the Germ Theory accepted? 7 marks
3. Which is more important the theory of the Four Humours or the Germ
Theory? 8 marks (2001)
4. Briefly describe how Fleming discovered penicillin. 5 marks
5. Explain how factors other than Fleming’s work contributed to the
discovery of penicillin. 7 marks
6. Who is more important, Pasteur or Fleming? 8 marks (2004)
7. How have governments helped progress in medicine? 5 marks
8. Explain how war has helped and hindered medicine. 7 marks (2001)
14
GCSE History Revision Activity Pack 2014
Magic Words for Public Health
Learn this information about Public Health. Try drawing pictures or a mind map.
Theme
Roman
Why the Romans?
War ended Roman Health
Monasteries in Middle Ages
Natural ideas about Black
Death 1400s
Natural ideas about Great
Plague 1665
Supernatural ideas about
Black Death & Great Plague
Towns in 1800s
19th Century
Limited progress
1875 Public Health Act
Health Act passed because
Problems remain
Key Words
Public Baths, Aqueducts
Toilets, Great Sewer
Healthy army needed
Money from taxes
Slaves do the work
Invasion by Goths & Vandals
Toilets & clean water
Hospitals for the poor
Bad air
Miasma
Bad air (Miasma)
Isolated in houses
Punishment from God
Whip yourselves to show sorrow
Cholera epidemics
Broad Street Pump
Shared toilets
Sewage in water
Temporary Boards of Health
Quarantine and clean poor houses
Towns must have clean water
Basiljet’s Sewers
Health Inspectors
John Snow & Broad Street Pump
Deaths from Cholera
Pasteur, dirt & germs 1860s
Working men get vote 1867
Parliament’s Big Stink
Thames polluted
Princess Alice sank 1878
600 poisoned by Thames
Now try to remember as much as you can to answer the following:1. Briefly describe the advances the Romans made in Public Health. 5 marks
2. Why were advances in Public Health made in 19th Century Britain. 7 marks
3. Were the advances in Roman Public Health more important than those made
in 19th Century Britain? 8 marks (2005)
4. Why was the Black Death able to spread so quickly? 5 marks
5. How far did people in the 17th Century deal with plague more successfully
than people in the 14th Century? 8 marks (2003)
6. Briefly describe Public Health at the start of the 19th Century. 5 marks
7. Why were there improvements in Public Health after 1848? 7 marks
8. Did these improvements mean there was little more to do to improve Public
Health in the 20th Century? 8 marks (1999)
15
GCSE History Revision Activity Pack 2014
Women and Medicine: Nursing
Why did nurses have a bad reputation in the early 1800s?
a) They did not dress very well and looked untidy.
b) A lot of them were drunks and thieves.
c) Only workhouses had hospitals. Workhouse nurses were usually very poor,
old women who had no training.
d) Most nurses were rich women who just wanted to find a good husband.
Why did Florence Nightingale want to become a nurse?
a) Her family wanted her to marry a rich husband and run a house with lots of
servants.
b) She thought she would be paid well.
c) She believed it was her religious duty to care for the sick.
d) She wanted to rebel against her parents and do something useful with her life.
In what ways was Florence Nightingale helped by her family and friends?
a) Florence’s father gave her £500 a year so she could train in Germany.
b) When she was young she visited hospitals and saw how bad conditions were.
c) When she was young she visited sick people and helped them to get better.
d) A friend of the family was Minister of War. He let her take a team of nurses to
the Crimean War even though the army did not want her to go.
Label the following events in the correct order
a) Conditions at Scutari hospital were really bad. Soldiers lay on the dirty floor.
The hospital was overcrowded and badly ventilated.
b) Florence’s first job was running a hospital for sick gentlewomen. The patients
in the hospital were rich. Florence wanted to help the poor.
c) Whenever a new hospital was built its designers asked advice from Florence.
She showed them how to layout a hospital so nurses could do their job better.
She even improved workhouse hospitals.
d) In six months the death rate fell from 42 % to 2%.
e) A friend of the family, Sydney Herbert, was Minister of War. He told the army
that Florence could take a team of nurses.
f) In 1860 Britain’s first training school for nurses was set up. The new nurses
were dedicated professionals who spread Florence’s ideas to other hospitals in
Britain and the rest of the world.
g) In 1854 Florence wanted to take nurses to the Crimea to the Crimea where
Britain was fighting a war against Russia. The army did not want Florence to
go. Generals believed nurses were drunken, thieving prostitutes.
h) Florence and her nurses cleaned up Scutari hospital by boiling sheets and
towels, cooking good food, moving operations out of the ward and paying for
a new ward block to be built.
i) The newspapers called Florence “The Lady with the Lamp”. A collection
raised £50,000. Florence used this to start a training school for nurses.
1. How did Florence Nightingale improve the nursing profession?
2. “Florence Nightingale was only able to improve nursing because of the help
she got from family and friends”. How far do you agree?
3. “Florence’s work at Scutari army hospital was the most important thing she
ever did”. How far do you agree?
16
GCSE History Revision Activity Pack 2014
Magic Words for Religion, Government, War, Chance and Women
Theme
Religion hindered
Religion helped
Government hindered
Government helped
War hindered
War helped
Chance helped
Women Docs helped by
Women hindered by
Key Words
Christian, Muslim no dissection
Christian Church backed Galen’s wrong ideas (soul)
Egyptian Priests Mummies Anatomy
Healthy Asclepions – gyms, baths
Belief in self help in 1800s so no Public Health
GB spent money on WW2 not Penicillin
Roman Empire spent taxes on Public Health
1875 Public Health Act
1946 National Health Service
Roman Public Health ended by Goths and Vandals
attacking Roman Empire
Pare ran out of oil used ointment
Crimean war helped Nightingale
Pearl Harbor led to more penicillin
Pare ran out of oil used ointment
Fleming accidentally found Pen
 1849: Elizabeth Blackwell qualified in USA
 Blackwell inspired others
 1860s: Elizabeth Garrett qualified in GB
 Garrett inspired by Nightingale
 Garrett had to take College of Apothecaries to
court in order to qualify
 1874: Jex-Blake and 6 others competed medical
course at Edinburgh
 1876: Law allowing women to qualify
 Male students protested against Garrett
 Colleges of Surgeons and Physicians would not
allow Garrett to qualify
 Edinburgh University would not give women
degrees
1. Briefly describe the ways in which religion has affected medicine. 5 marks
2. Explain how war has helped progress in medicine.
3. “Chance by itself has never helped progress in medicine”. Explain how far
you agree with this statement. 8 marks (2004)
4. Briefly describe one example of chance helping medicine. 5 marks
5. Explain how war combined with other factors to bring about progress in
medicine. 7 marks
6. Explain whether or not religion helped more than hindered progress in
medicine. 8 marks (1999)
17
GCSE History Revision Activity Pack 2014
The Indian Conflict
Reasons why Indians were able to survive on the Plains
Design cartoon pictures to show how the Indians were able to survive on the Plains.
Idea
Buffalo
Exposure







Religion

Polygamy

Counting Coup

Scalping

Land
Key Words
Buffalo lived on the Plains
Indians were nomadic hunters of Buffalo
Used buffalo for tipis, food, hair brushes, tools
Indians believed the Plains were sacred
No-one owned the land, Indians could hunt there
Sioux had driven the Crow from the Black Hills
Old people considered it to be a honour to be left behind
the tribe so that the tribe could carry on hunting
Indians worshipped spirits eg. Wakan Tanka (Great
Spirit).
Indians had more than wife as men were often killed or
injured when hunting
In warfare Indians hit each other with sticks. This showed
great bravery and reduced casualties
Indians took scalps in the belief that this stopped their
enemies going to the Happy Hunting Ground
Reasons why there was a conflict between the Americans and the Indians
Idea
Manifest Destiny



Key Words
God’s Will v Great Spirit
Americans own & farm land Indians believe it is sacred
Americans civilise Indian life go to Church and School
Reservations end
Indian life


Children taken to schools
Ghost Dance banned
Gold



Custer led survey party in Black Hills & discovered gold
Hundreds of gold miners in Black Hills
Fort Laramie Treaty broken
Reservations



Indians hated being farmers
Crooked Indian Agents
Sitting. Bull, Crazy. Horse left reservation to join Indians
in the Black Hills
Army

Three army groups under Crook, Gibbon and
Terry/Custer sent to force tribes onto reservations
Design two mind maps to show why there was a conflict between the Americans and
the Indians and why the Battle of the Little Bighorn happened.
18
GCSE History Revision Activity Pack 2014
How far was Custer to blame for losing the Battle of the Little Bighorn?
Indian victory at Little Bighorn


Custer & 263 men dead
58 Indians dead
Custer’s Mistakes
(Glory Hunter)



Ignored plan – got there first
Wanted promotion to General
Aim to be Presidential candidate
Custer’s tactical mistakes (1)



Marched for most of the night
Disobeyed orders to wait
Divided his force into three
Custer’s tactical mistakes (2)


Turned down extra men & guns
Ignored warnings from scouts
Crazy Horse’s brilliance



Defeated Crook at Rosebud
Led Custer into a trap
Indians had repeating rifles
Army mistakes


Crook retreated at Rosebud
Army had single shot rifles
Reasons why Indian way of life ended / Americans defeated the Indians
Destruction of Buffalo


Sheridan’s policy


Winter campaigns






American advantages
Indian disadvantages
13 million down to 200
Indians depended on buffalo for food,
tipis, blankets
Kill buffalo
Ended nomadic life, Indians became
Reservation farmers
Attack Indians in winter
Custer’s victory at Washita
Bigger population and more volunteers
Artillery and Gatling guns
Small numbers, few guns
Crazy Horse’s 200 had 114 guns
1. Explain why Americans thought the Plains Indians were savages. 5 marks
2. Explain why the Battle of the Little Big Horn took place when it did. 7 marks
3. “Custer lost the Battle of the Little Big Horn only because of his mistakes”.
How far do you agree with this statement? 8 marks (2004)
4. Explain why Indians did not like homesteaders settling on the Plains. (5)
5. Why did the Plains Indians live in tepees? 5 marks (2000)
6. Why did the Plains Indians and the Americans have different attitudes to the
land? 7 marks (2003)
7. Which was more important in the final defeat of the Plains Indians: the
slaughter of the buffalo or the setting up of reservations? 8 marks (2003)
19
GCSE History Revision Activity Pack 2014
Why did the Mormons move west to the Salt Lake Region?
After each question there are five possible answers. Tick the correct answers.
Why was Joseph Smith different from most Americans?
 He lived in New York State.
 He worked on a farm.
 He said he was visited by Angels.
 He found a book written on gold plates.
 He found the book buried in Manchester.
Why didn’t many Americans like the book of Mormon?
 The book was different from the Bible.
 The book was hard to read because it was written in strange writing.
 The book was hard to read because it was 15cm thick.
 The book was about the lost tribes of Israel who were supposed to have moved to
America before Christ was born.
 The person who found the book was to set up the one true Church of Christ.
Why didn’t many Americans trust Joseph Smith?
 He was only 21 when he dug up the book.
 He would not let anyone else see the book.
 He was married.
 He hid behind a blanket when he dictated what was in the book.
 Only his wife, family and friends had seen the book.
How did the Mormons get their name?
 Americans thought they were morons.
 An Angel called Moroni told Smith where the book was hidden.
 Smith’s new church was called “The Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter-Day
Saints”.
 Mormon wrote the story that was in the Golden Plates.
 Clergymen hated the Mormons and liked to call them names.
Why were the Mormons seen as a threat to the Americans?
 Americans and Mormons lost their savings when the Mormon bank collapsed
(went bankrupt) in 1837.
 By 1831 Smith had 1,000 followers in Kirtland.
 The Mormons built a store, a mill and a bank in Kirtland.
 By 1844 there were 35,000 Mormons in Nauvoo.
 The Mormons had their own army called the Nauvoo Legion.
Why did many Americans dislike Mormon religious beliefs?
 Joseph Smith thought he was better than everyone else.
 There were too many Mormons.
 The Mormons wanted freed slaves and Indians to join them.
 The Mormons did not drink, gamble or have wild parties.
 The Mormons had more than one wife (Polygamy).
20
GCSE History Revision Activity Pack 2014
In what ways did the Americans pick on the Mormons?
 They did not speak to the Mormons.
 Attacked Mormon houses and drove the Mormons out of Kirtland & Missouri.
 America was so big Americans moved away from where the Mormons lived.
 Many Mormons were murdered and Smith was put in prison.
 A mob attacked the jail where Smith was a prisoner and shot him dead.
In what ways was it Smith’s own fault that he was picked on?
 He was the one that started the Mormon religion.
 He came from New York State.
 He attacked a newspaper that criticised his belief in Polygamy.
 He was too successful. It looked like the Mormons were going to outnumber the
Americans in Nauvoo.
 Smith was planning to run for President of the USA.
Were the Mormons completely successful in their move West?
Tick the answer or answers you think are correct. Cross out the incorrect answers.
Where is the Great Salt Lake?
 Just to the west of the Great Lakes
 In the middle of the Great Plains
 Between the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada Mountains
 In southern California
Why did Brigham Young decide to move the Mormons to the Great Salt Lake?
 He knew that the Great Salt Lake would have good water for farming
 He knew the Mormons would never be left in peace in the East
 The Great Salt Lake was an isolated place where no-one would want to live
 The Great Salt Lake was part of Mexico, it did not belong to the USA
What problems did Brigham Young and the Mormons face on their journey?
 Brigham Young had to move 16,000 Mormons across the Plains and through
the Rocky Mountains
 They were attacked by Indians
 The Mormons had to leave early because mobs attacked their homes
 The |Mormons had to build a camp for the winter
 700 Mormons died of disease and the cold in Winter Quarters
The journey to the Great Salt Lake was successful because:
 Many Mormons were able to travel there by boat along the Missouri River
 The Mormons were always friendly towards the Indians. Indian guides
showed the Mormons the way to the Great Salt Lake
 Brigham Young was a brilliant organiser. He made sure the Mormons built
wagons and bought oxen, food and farming equipment
 The Mormons met a Mountain Man called Jim Bridger who showed them the
way to the Great Salt Lake
 Brigham Young sent a pioneer band ahead to find the way and set-up way
stations where other Mormon wagon trains could rest and refresh themselves
 At each way-station some Mormons stayed behind to plant crops and set up
workshops to help the wagon trains that followed
 One thousand cabins were built at Winter Quarters as a base camp
21
GCSE History Revision Activity Pack 2014
What did most Mormons think of the Great Salt Lake when they got there?
 Sam Brennan, a Mormon, said “it is such a nice place they should all go to
California”
 Brigham Young said “If there is a place on this earth that nobody wants, that’s
the place I am looking for”
 William Clayton, a Mormon, said “there is little timber for building houses but
we can make Spanish bricks and dry them in the sun”
 One Mormon said “I have no fear that the Saints can live here and well”
 Jim Bridger, a former Mountain Man, said “the valley of the Great Salt Lake
was too cold at night for growing corn”
What is this a painting of?




The Mormons at the Great Salt Lake
The Mormons at Nauvoo
The Mormons in Winter Quarters
The great ditch bringing water from the mountains
The Mormons made such a success at living at Salt Lake that they said they
“were able to make the desert bloom”. Why were the Mormons successful?
 Brigham Young was a brilliant leader. He said he was inspired by God so all
the Mormons obeyed him. He had 27 wives
 The Great Salt Lake contained lots of water. The Mormons used this for
drinking, washing and growing crops
 The Mormons got supplies from the Americans who lived in California
 Young decided that no-one should own the land. The Mormon Church would
divide the land fairly. Large families got 80 acres, small families got 10 acres
 A massive ditch was dug bringing water from the mountains. Side ditches
were dug so that all the land could be irrigated. Each person was given an
exact time when they were allowed to draw water from the main ditch
In what ways were the Mormons at Salt Lake unsuccessful?
 Gold was discovered near to the Salt lake and 1,000s of miners moved there
 The Mormons had to set up “The Perpetual Emigration Fund” to lend money
to poor people so they could move from Europe to the Great Salt Lake
 In 1848 the USA defeated Mexico in a war. The Great Salt Lake now
belonged to the USA
 The Mormons had to call their land Utah and not Deseret. The USA made
Brigham Young the first governor of Utah
 The Mormons were not able to produce iron or grow cotton.
22
GCSE History Revision Activity Pack 2014
Why was there a war between the Mormons and the Americans?
 The Mormons had trouble with American wagon trains. Americans said the
Mormons were charging too much for food and ferry crossings
 The Mormons got Indians to massacre a wagon train of 140 Americans. The
Mormons told the Americans they were safe. When the Americans moved out
the Indians killed them. This was called “The Mountain Meadow Massacre”
What was the result of the war between the Mormons and the Americans?
 In 1857 the Americans sent an army of 2,500 soldiers to make sure the
Mormons did what they were told by the US Government
 Thousands of Mormon families loaded their belongings and fled from their
homes because they were scared the Americans would kill them
 Americans in the East thought that the American Government was picking on
the Mormons and started to support the Mormons. In the end the American
Army withdrew and did not attack the Mormons
 The Mormons and the US Government did a deal. The Mormons accepted an
American governor of Utah but Brigham Young was still there real leader
 In 1896 Utah was allowed to become a State because the Mormons agreed to
give up polygamy
1) Briefly describe the beliefs of the Mormons 5 marks 1995
2) Why did Americans dislike the Mormons? 5 marks
3) What was the attitude of most Americans towards Polygamy? 5 marks (1997)
4) Did the leadership of Joseph Smith help or harm the Mormons? (7) (2000)
5) Brigham Young became the new Mormon leader. Why do you think he
decided to move west to the Great Salt Lake Region? 5 marks (2000)
6) Why did Brigham Young decide to move to the Great Salt Lake?
5 marks (2000)
7) Why were the Mormons able to complete their journey to the Great Salt
Lake? 6 marks (2002)
8) Were most Mormons disappointed when they reached Salt Lake?
8 marks (2002)
9) Why were the Mormons successful at the Great Salt Lake? 8 marks (2000)
10) Who was the most successful leader of the Mormons, Joseph Smith or
Brigham Young? 8 marks (1993)
23
GCSE History Revision Activity Pack 2014
How similar was a cowboy’s life to that of an Indian?
Idea
Key Words
Indian Life similar


Nomadic hunters of Buffalo
Life depended on buffalo for tipis, food, hair
brushes, tools
Cowboy Life similar


Nomadic Cattle drives to Cow Towns eg. Abilene
Life depended on healthy cattle
Differences


Buffalo were for survival, cattle were for business
Cowboys were Christians, Indians worshipped
spirits eg. Wakan Tanka (Great Spirit).
Reasons why Cattle Ranching spread to the Plains
Idea
Key Words
Started in Texas
(not on Plains)



Mexican vaqueros were first cowboys
Texans took over Mexican ranches
First cattle Drives to Eastern cities stopped by
Kansas ranchers
To sell Texas Cattle

End of American Civil War 1,000s of unbranded
cattle in Texas
Charles Goodnight’s herd had grown from 180 to
5,000 cattle
Goodnight Loving Cattle Trail to sell to army &
Indian Reservation in New Mexico


Cow Towns



To start Cattle Ranches



Abilene built on the railway
Cattle driven to cattle Towns and then transported
by rail to eastern cities
Cattle were sold to buyers at the Cow Towns
John Iliff and others set up big ranches on Plains
selling to railway workers and Indian reservations
US government bought 50,000 cattle a year
Book “How to get rich on the Plains” sold in East
and Europe so more people set up ranches
24
GCSE History Revision Activity Pack 2014
Cowboys Problems and why Open Range ended
Overcrowded range
& bad weather



Cattle prices rose so ranchers bred more cattle
1883 Dry summer droughts
1886-7 severe winter – 1,000s of cattle died
Conflict with farmers
Eg. Johnson County
War causes



Homesteaders barbed wire fences
People stealing cattle (rustling)
Cattle Barons sent gunfighters to drive farmers out
of Johnson County
Johnson County
Events

Jim Averill (saloon owner) and Ella Watson
(prostitute) hanged
Gunfighters attack KC Ranch but held off by Nate
Champion
Gunfighters besieged by 300 farmers until saved
by cavalry


Results of Johnson
County War


No cattle baron or cowboy tried
Farmers stay in Johnson County so victory for
Farmers
Ranching solutions


Ranches became smaller
Open Range was ended and barbed wire used to
fence in cattle ranches.
Some ranchers went bankrupt and sold land to
farmers.

1) Design two mind-maps to show why cattle ranching spread to the Plains and
why the Cattle Boom (or Open Range) came to an end.
2) Explain the main features/dangers of the work of a cowboy 5 marks (2003/5)
3) Explain why cattle ranching spread to the Plains 7 marks
(2005)
4) What was the most important reason why the cowboys’ traditional way of life
declined? 8 marks
(2005)
5) Explain why cattlemen and homesteaders came into conflict. 7 mks (2003)
6) How successful were the cattlemen in coping with the problems facing cattleranching on the Plains? 8 marks
(2000)
25
GCSE History Revision Activity Pack 2014
Reasons why Homesteaders moved to the Plains
A Push factor is a reason forcing people to leave home. A Pull factor is a reason why
people were attracted to life on the Plains. Write Push or Pull by the reasons below.
Push or Pull
Idea
Key Words
To avoid persecution


Freed slaves after Civil War
Religious groups from Europe
To escape economic
problems


1870s recession
Bankruptcies and unemployment
Overcrowding in East

Land became more expensive
Manifest Destiny

God’s Will for Americans to own
and farm the Plains
Railroad adverts



Exaggerated Plains conditions
Offered cheap credit
Railroads needed to sell land
given them by Government
Government offers


Homestead Act
160 Free Acres farmed for 5 yrs
Homesteaders Problems
Try to learn two problems from each box and then test yourself
Living problems




Little dinking or cleaning water
No timber for cooking fires
No timber for houses
Dirt & disease in sod houses
Farming problems




Little water to grow crops
Hot, dry summers & cold winters crops did not survive
Hard land for ploughing
No wood for fences or buildings
Conflict problems


Cowboys there first accused homesteaders of rustling
Indian attacks e.g. Little Crow’s War
26
GCSE History Revision Activity Pack 2014
Homesteaders Solutions
Draw lines connecting each problem with its solution
Highlight the reasons why some homesteaders failed and moved back East
Little dinking or cleaning water


Sod-buster plough
Ploughed hard ground
Hard land for ploughing


Dry Farming – cover wet soil
Windmill & water pumps for wells
No timber for cooking fires


Homesteaders win Johnson County War
Cattle ranchers go bust after bad winters
Cowboy problems

Sod houses made of dried earth
No timber for houses

Urine for earache. Kill snakes and mice
Dirt & disease in sod houses

Burn buffalo dung
Failed homesteaders
Prairie fires could destroy crops
Plagues of grasshoppers
No timber for fences




Natural Hazards

Not enough profit to buy new equipment
Barbed wire invented
1) Explain why many white Americans at first thought the Great Plains was a
desert. 5 marks
(2004)
2) Explain why people travelled west to become homesteaders 7 marks
3) Who were more successful in the west, the Mormons or the Homesteaders?
Explain your answer. 8 marks
4) Indians and Homesteaders did not like sharing the Plains. Explain why
Indians did not like the homesteaders settling on the Plains. 5 marks
5) Were the Indians the only problem the homesteaders faced on the Plains?
Explain your answer. 7 marks
(2002)
6) Briefly describe the problems faced by the homesteaders in their journey
westwards. 5 marks
(2005)
7) Explain why the Homestead Act of 1862 was passed. 7 marks
8) How successful were the homesteaders in overcoming the problems of living
and working on a homestead? 8 marks
27
GCSE History Revision Activity Pack 2014
What impact did Railways have on the American West?
Idea
Key Words
Helped Manifest Destiny

Central Pacific RR and Union Pacific RR linked
USA together
Killed buffalo


To feed railway workers
Shipped furs etc back East
Helped cattle ranching


Cow Towns like Abilene were on the Rail Road
Cattle were bought there and shipped back East
Sold and advertised land

Government gave railway companies land as part
payment for building the railroads
Encouraged
Homesteaders



Advertised land
Told lies about the quality of the land
Sold land
Brought Women West



Women helped civilise the Plains
Often became school teachers
Set better standards – decorated houses, brought
books eg. bibles
1)
2)
3)
4)
Why did railway companies advertise cheap land?
(2003)
How far do railway adverts explain why settlers travelled West? 6 marks
Why did some families head back East? 6 marks
How useful is this advertisement for a windmill as evidence of why some
homesteaders were successful? 8 marks
1)
2)
3)
4)
Describe the lives of women in the West 5 marks
(1990)
Why do sources give different impressions of women? 5 marks
How important were women in the settlement of the West? 4 marks
Do you agree with the author that the women in the west were “the seeds of
America’s wealth”? 6 marks
28
GCSE History Revision Activity Pack 2014
Law and Order problems and solutions
Idea
Mining Towns

Key Words
Claim jumping – stealing someone’s gold
mine
Robbing gold shipments
Solution: Vigilantes


Arrested and hanged people
Some people were innocent
Solution: Miners’ Courts


Groups of miners put people on trial
These courts were not legal
Conflict with farmers
Eg. Johnson County War
causes



Homesteaders barbed wire fences
People stealing cattle (rustling)
Cattle Barons sent gunfighters to drive
farmers out of Johnson County
Johnson County Events

Jim Averill (saloon owner) and Ella
Watson (prostitute) hanged
Gunfighters attack KC Ranch but held off
by Nate Champion
Gunfighters besieged by 300 farmers until
saved by cavalry



Outlaws



Solution to outlaws

Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid
robbed trains and banks
Jesse and Frank James robbed trains and
banks
Billy the Kid murdered people
As territories became States they set up
sheriffs, marshals, judges, courts and
prisons.
1) Explain why cattlemen and homesteaders came into conflict. (7) (2003)
2) What was the importance of the Johnson County War in the development of
the West? 8 marks
(1999)
3) “The 1890s saw the end of the ‘Old West’ ruled by the cattlemen and the
beginning of the ‘New West’ ruled by the homesteader. Why was it that the
homesteaders, and not the cattlemen, were successful? 8 marks (1996)
4) Why did mining towns suffer from problems of law and order? 7 marks
5) How useful is a picture of Billy the Kid as evidence about law and order in
the West? 6 marks
6) How far did vigilantes improve law and order in the West? (7) (2004)
29
GCSE History Revision Activity Pack 2014
Revision for Paper Two
Paper Two involves a different method for answering questions. It is very
important that you revise this method after you have done Paper One
Before you start
writing

Before you start
writing

For each question

Check the number of questions that are on the paper.
Give your self at least 10 minutes per question.
Read through the background information, the questions
and the sources before you start writing.
 Draw arrows connecting sources that support each
other.
 Remember to think about the writers of the sources.
 Highlight dates of sources




Answer the question set
Do not copy out (or write about) what the source says
Get an idea from a source and back it up with examples
from a source
Always comment on the reliability of a new source by
commenting on the background of the person who wrote
it – is he truthful or a know-all?
Show how a source is reliable because it is supported
by another source – name the other source.
Use some of your own knowledge (or background
knowledge) when asked
Similarity or
difference

Always do both – find a similarity and a difference if
you can
Surprised or not
surprised

Always do both if you can – say a way in which you are
surprised and a way in which you are not surprised.
Use background
knowledge if asked


This may be different ideas about the cause of disease
Or different people involved in discovering the cure
Big last question
Allow 20 mins to do
It is vital you find time to do this question
 Draw a rough grid of 12 boxes in 2 columns
(see example opposite)
 In one column list 4 sources to support the argument
 In the other column 4 sources that oppose the argument
 In the 5th row of boxes comment on how accurate
(truthful) the sources are likely to be
 In the 6th row of make a judgement about the argument
 Write up your answer based on this plan remember to
use examples from all the sources.
Support
B
C
G
Oppose
A, B?
D
E
F, H, I
Unreliable –
Reliable its
he is
backed up
religious
by
and church
is against
dissection
Statement is not true
because
30
GCSE History Revision Activity Pack 2014
MEDICAL IDEAS AND TRAETMENTS DURING THE BLACK DEATH












BLACK DEATH
Kills one third of population
In some villages not enough people
were left alive to bury the dead
CHRISTIAN CHURCH AND
SUPERNATURAL IDEAS and
TREATMENTS
Belief that God had sent the Black
Death to punish sinners
Archbishops and Bishops blamed
sinners for the Black Death – aim was
to get more people to repent, go to
Church and go to heaven
Prayers, blessing and masses (services)
were said for the Dead
Priests recorded deaths – only source
for their area but rarely visited other
places so would not know about the
rest of the country
FLAGELLANTS Whipped themselves
to get God to forgive the whole world
for its sins and take the Black Death
away
Church banned dissection
Church controlled education and
medical training so RELIED ON
GALEN’S IDEAS ABOUT
OPPOSITES AND HUMOURS
Church banned books criticising Galen
Jews blamed for spreading Black
Death and persecuted – some burned
alive
Church bells were rung possibly to
break up bad air but also linked to God
Christian Church helped
CHRISTIAN CHURCH
Set up Universities to train Doctors
MONASTERIES
Had hospitals, toilets, sewers
Nuns acted as nurses
Priests prayed for the sick
NATIRAL IDEAS ABOUT CAUSES
AND TREATMENTS
 HIPPOCRATES - Still admired as
“Father of Medicine
 FOUR HUMOURS AND OPPOSITES
based on Galen’s ideas still used
 BLOOD-LETTING: To rebalance
humours
 MIASMA Bad Air caused the Black
Death so barrels of tar or lime were
burned to purify the air and get rid of
the Black Death.
 Cannons were fired to break up the
Miasma (Bad Air)
 Housing in towns – crowded streets,
shared toilets, waste thrown from
upstairs windows.
 HOUSING IN VILLAGES One dirty,
draughty room with cesspit outside.
 Clothes of the dead were burned
possibly due to Miasma or fear of
Black Death Spreading – but his could
lead to flea bite and Black death
spreading
 Burial of dead could also lead to Black
Death spreading as bodies were in very
shallow graves or burial pits.
 Astrology blamed for Black Death
 Barber Surgeons were barbers,
blacksmiths or butchers who were
strong and used sharp knives for
Surgery. They also used trephining
(drilling a hole in the skull to ease
pressure or release evil spirits.
 Four humours still believed to cause
disease. Blood-letting, vomiting and
purging were used to treat the Black
Death
Muslim Medicine in Middle Ages
Hindered – banned dissection
Helped - Religious duty to care for sick
- Preserved Greek & Roman books
31
GCSE History Revision Activity Pack 2014
1.




TYPICAL PAPER TWO QUESTIONS INCLUDE:Look at Source A what can you learn about the Black Death from this source?
Think of two ideas based on the source – it must not contain a word in the source
eg. Surgery was dangerous/painful/unhealthy/infectious/full of germs from…
Back your idea up with some information from the sources
Back your idea up with some information from another source
E.g. this shows that
2. Study Sources B and C (or any 2 sources). Why do they say different things
about the Black Death?
 Explains both ideas – natural or supernatural (Punishment from God or Miasma)
 Explains purpose – The Archbishop says this because he wants people to go to
heaven/church so he wants them to believe the Black Death was caused by God so
that they will say prayers/whip themselves and ask for forgiveness of their sins
 Explains purpose – the King wants to protect his people and also make sure he has
a healthy army that is why he wants the streets to be cleaned
3. Study Source D. How far does this source prove that people in the Middle
Ages believed that the plague had been sent by God?
 Explains how people were very religious and believed God has brought the
Black Death as a punishment for the World’s sins
 Uses cross reference from another source to show similar beliefs that God had
brought the Black Death
 Argues by cross referencing to another source that not everyone believed that the
Black Death was a punishment from God. They believed in natural causes
because…
4. Study Sources E and F. How similar are these sources in what they tell us
about the Black Death??
 Uses both sources to explain similarities about belief and treatment
 May use both sources to show similar purpose behind the sources
 Uses both sources to show differences – if there are any
 Shows how sources have a different purpose – one to get people to go to heaven
by getting their sins forgiven, one to protect his people/soldiers
5.




Study Source G. Are you surprised by what it tells us about the Black Death??
Argue both sides
I am surprised because….
I am not surprised because…
Back up at least one side of the argument with information from another
source and/or your own knowledge
6.






In this period….. How far do the sources on this paper support your view?
Highlight sources that prove this is right
Make notes about who wrote one source and why they can or cannot be trusted
Highlight sources that prove this is wrong
Use 2-3 sources in each side of the argument
Make notes about who wrote one source and why they can or cannot be trusted
Write your argument and add a conclusion
32
GCSE History Revision Activity Pack 2014
Other types of question that might be asked in Paper Two
How far do these sources agree on…?
 Argue both sides
 They agree because….
 They disagree because…
 Back up at least one side of the argument with information from another
source and/or your own knowledge
Does this source prove that…?
 Argue both sides
 This source proves that….
 This source does not prove …
 Back up at least one side of the argument with information from another source
Do you trust the impressions these pictures are trying to make?
 Argue both sides
 I trust these impressions …. They prove that…. because they say…. And are
backed up by Source Z ….
 I do not trust these impressions …Source J shows that…
 Back up at least one side of the argument with information from another source
How useful is Source A in studying…
 Useful because….
 Not useful because it does not tell me about….
 Use another source to show surprised/not surprised
Have a look at GCSE bitesize for some knowledge about the Black Death
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/shp/middleages/medievaldocto
rsrev4.shtml
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/shp/middleages/medievalpubli
chealthrev1.shtml
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/shp/middleages/
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/shp/middleages/medievalsurge
ryrev1.shtml
33
GCSE History Revision Activity Pack 2014
Paper 2 June 2014: The Black Death
Answer the questions about the sources below.
REMEMBER TO ARGUE AND CROSS REFERENCE THE SOURCES
Burning barrels of tar
1 How useful is this source for a
historian studying the Black Death?
Use knowledge to explain what is
happening and why
2 How useful is this source for
studying the Black Death? Use the
source and knowledge to explain what is
happening.
Why might it lead to more deaths?
Who might have told them to do this?
4 What can you learn from this source
3 “Skeletons cannot dance so this source about what people believe caused the
is no use to a historian” How far do you Black Death?
agree with this interpretation?
5 Why would Archbishops say the Black
Death was caused by God? Think about
purpose – what would the Church want to
happen?
34
6 Why are these people whipping
themselves? Use knowledge and cross
reference to explain your answer
GCSE History Revision Activity Pack 2014
8 What is happening in this picture?
Why might they be doing this?
7 How useful is this picture about the
role of the Church in the Black Death?
What are the priests and nuns doing?
Why?
10 How far does this show similar ideas
to the people whipping themselves?
Think about causes and treatments,
similarities and differences.
9 How useful is this picture for finding
out what people believed caused the
Black Death?
11 How useful is this source for
studying the impact of the Black Death?
35
12 How useful is this source for finding
out about the impact of the Black
Death?
GCSE History Revision Activity Pack 2014
13 What does this reveal about what
people belived caused the Black Death?
14 Urine charts were first used in the Middle
Ages, but this Black Death victim is going to
bathe in urine. Are you surprised by this?
Use cross reference and knowledge
15 Spoon feeding with crushed emeralds
or rotten honey Are you surprised by
what is happening in this source?
16 How similar is this to Source 13?
Comment on beliefs about cause and treatment
17 What treatments might this Doctor
use to cure the Black Death?
18 “People in the Middle Ages only used
supernatural ideas about the Black Death”
How far do the sources agree with this?
“The authorities did nothing to stop the Black Death”. How far do the sources and
your knowledge prove this statement is right?
“Doctors made little contribution towards stopping the Black Death” How far do you
agree with this statement?
“Methods used to prevent the Black Death in the Middle Ages were completely
useless”. How far do the sources and your knowledge agree with this statement?
36