1 UNIT IV. SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS. GRAMMAR: PASSIVE VOICE (continued). Pre-reading questions: 1. What great scientists do you know? What do you know about them? 2. What discoveries were meant to benefit humanity but were used against it? TEXT: ALBERT EINSTEIN. Albert Einstein 1 (1879-1955) was born in Ulm, in Germany but took out Swiss citizenship in 1901. Surprisingly as a child he wasn’t a remarkable student. In fact he failed his first attempt at the entry exam for Zurich Polytechnic. However two years later he passed and, after his graduation in 1900, he worked as a schoolteacher before getting a job in the Patents office in Bern. He worked there from 1902 to 1909. In 1905 he published three papers on theoretical physics and, in the same year, he obtained his PhD.2 In 1908 he became a lecturer at the University of Bern. His genius brought him respect and he went on to hold various professorships. In 1915 he published the final version of his theory of relativity. When his theories were verified four years later, he became world famous and was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1921. However, in 1933, while Einstein was visiting California, Hitler came to power. Being Jewish, Einstein decided to remain in the USA, took out American citizenship and continued his research at the Institute of Advanced Study, Princeton where he remained until death. During the First World War Einstein had been a pacifist, but prior to the Second World War, he abandoned this idea because German scientists had managed to split the atom, and an atomic bomb was now possible. He believed Hitler was a threat to world peace. He therefore persuaded President Roosevelt, in 1939, to develop a US atomic research program. Here there is a version of how Albert Einstein discovered the Law of Relativity taken from Ch. Chaplin’s Autobiography. 3 They first met in 1926, when the great scientist had been invited to California to lecture. Chaplin received a telephone call from Universal studios4, saying that Professor Einstein would like to meet him. He was thrilled and gladly 1 Albert Einstein PhD – the university degree of Doctor of Philosophy. 3 Charles Spencer Chaplin - an American actor and film director, was born in 1889 in a poor family in the London East End and at an early age became famous all over the world as a comedian. His most famous films are “A Dog’s Life”, “The Kid”, “The Gold Rush”, “City Lights”, “Modern Times” and “Limelight”. He died in 1977. 2 2 accepted the invitation. So they met at the Universal studios for lunch, Ch. Chaplin, the Professor, his wife, his secretary and his Assistant Professor. 5 Mrs. Einstein spoke English very well, in fact better than the Professor. She was extremely proud of him and frankly enjoyed being the wife of the great physicist. She did not even try to hide the fact. After lunch, while Einstein was being shown around the studio, Mrs. Einstein took Chaplin aside and whispered: “Why don’t you invite the Professor to your house? I know he will be delighted to have a nice quiet chat with just ourselves.” It was to be a small affair, and only two other friends were invited. At dinner Mrs. Einstein told Chaplin the story of the morning when the theory of relativity first came to Einstein’s mind. “The Doctor came down in his dressing gown as usual for breakfast but he hardly touched a thing. I thought something was wrong, so I asked what was troubling him. “Darling! he said, “I have a wonderful idea.” And after drinking his coffee, he went to the piano and started playing. Now and again he stopped, reached for his pencil, made a few notes, then repeated: “I’ve got a wonderful idea, a marvelous idea!” “I said: “What’s the matter with you? Why don’t you tell me what it is?” “He said: “I can’t tell you yet. I still have to work it out.” She told me he continued playing the piano and making notes for half an hour, then he went upstairs to his study, telling her that he did not want anyone to disturb him, and remained there for two weeks. “Each day I sent him up his meals,” she said, “and in the evening he walked a little for exercise6, then returned to his work again.” “At last,” she said, “he appeared looking very pale and tired. In his hand he held two sheets of paper. “That’s it!” he told me, putting the sheets of paper on the table. And that was the theory of relativity”. (Adapted) VOCABULARY discover vt 1.открывать, находить discover an island (a new continent; a new deposit of oil, coal, gold, etc); 2. обнаруживать; раскрывать discover a mistake (the truth, facts, etc) We discovered that it was too late to catch the train; discovery n открытие Phr , make a discovery сделать открытие law n 1. закон; правило Laws tell people what they must do and what they must not do. Phr observe (break) the law соблюдать (нарушать) закон 4 5 6 Universal studios, the Universal Film studios in Hollywood. Assistant Professor, (AmE) (BrE) senior lecturer - доцент exercise,(зд.) моцион In this meaning the noun is uncountable 3 2. право, юриспруденция international law, law of nations международное право; law merchant торговое право 3. право (как предмет науки) study law; a law department; a law student first adv 1. впервые, первый раз When did you first meet him (= When did you meet him for the first time)? Phr at first первое время, сначала I didn’t like the place at first; 2. первым делом, сначала First we shall have lunch and then talk. Phr first of all прежде всего, в первую очередь scientist n ученый; science n наука; scientific a научный invite vt приглашать invite sb to dinner (one’s house, a conference, the cinema, etc); He invited me to take part in the experiment. receive vt 1. получать receive a letter (an invitation, an answer; money, news, etc.); 2. принимать (кого-л.) receive a visitor (delegation, guest, etc); reception n 1. получение 2. прием, принятие Phr hold a reception устроить прием accept vt принимать, одобрять (соглашаться) accept help (money, a plan, an offer, a suggestion, an invitation; prices, etc); acceptance n принятие, одобрение; (un)acceptable a (не)приемлемый The price for the goods was acceptable to us. proud a гордый a proud man (look, etc) Phr be proud of sb (sth) He is proud of his son; pride n Phr take pride in sb, (sth) гордиться кем-л., (чем-л.) frank a искренний, откровенный, открытый a frank face (look, smile, ect.) Phr be frank with sb быть искренним (откровенным) с кем-л.; frankly adv откровенно Phr frankly speaking откровенно говоря hide vt/vi (hid, hidden) прятать(ся), скрывать(ся) hide a letter (a book; one’s feelings; the truth; a person, etc); What is he hiding from us? Where’s she hiding? whisper vt/vi шептать, говорить шепотом You don’t have to whisper, say it out loud; whisper sth in sb’s ear; whisper n шепот Phr in a whisper шепотом affair n дело; занятие Don’t discuss your personal affairs with strangers. Phr international affairs международные дела; home (domestic) affairs 4 внутренние дела; public affairs общественные дела; Ministry of Foreigh Affairs Министерство иностранных дел hardly adv 1. едва, с трудом He was so tired that he could hardly move; 2. едва ли, вряд ли; мало, редко This is hardly the truth. She hardly ever goes visiting now. touch vt 1. трогать, дотрагиваться, прикасаться He didn’t let anybody touch his books. He touched me on the shoulder (arm). She hasn’t even touched the food; 2. (рас)трогать, (раз)волновать Her sad story touched us deeply; touchy a обидчивый She is very touchy; touching a трогательный a touching story (incident, episode, etc) trouble vt/vi беспокоить(ся), тревожить(ся) What is troubling you? Don’t trouble about it; trouble n беспокойство; неприятности He is having a lot of trouble with his car. Phr be in trouble быть в беде; get into trouble попасть в беду; get sb out of trouble вызволить кого-л. из беды; give trouble причинять беспокойство reach vt/vi 1. достигать, добираться (до) reach home (school, a town, the station, etc.) The news reached them on the next day. He has reached good results. Phr reach an agreement достичь соглашения. His words reached my ears; 2. доставать, дотягиваться (до) Can you reach the ceiling? Phr reach for sth протягивать руку за чем-л. disturb vt мешать, беспокоить Don’t disturb him when he is at work. remain vi оставаться After the fire very little remained of the house. He remained unchanged (unhurt, etc). Phr It remains to be seen. Мы еще посмотрим. appear vi 1. появляться He appeared quite unexpectedly; 2. появляться, возникать Many new towns have appeared in the North of our country; 3. выходить, издаваться; появляться (в печати) When did this newspaper first appear? disappear vi исчезать; appearance n 1. появление; возникновение 2. внешность, внешний вид His appearance was very unusual. hold vt (held) 1. держать (в руках) hold a bag (a book, newspaper, cigarette, etc); 2. занимать, держать, удерживать (место, позицию) Phr hold first (second, etc) place (in sth) занимать, держать первое (второе и т.д.) место 5 (в чем-л.); 3. проводить (собрание, конференцию и т.д.) hold a meeting (conference competition, exhibition, etc), WORD COMBINATIONS show sb around/about (a factory, a place, a town, etc.) показать кому-л. завод (город и т.д.) take sb aside отвести, отозвать кого-л. в сторону be delighted (with sb/sth) восторгаться, восхищаться (кем-л./чем-л.) now and again = now and then то и дело, время от времени make/take notes делать заметки work sth out 1. решить, разрешить что-л.; 2. разработать что-л. that’s it (вот и) все; вот именно EXERCISES COMPREHENSION Ex. 1. Answer the following questions. 1. How many citizenships did Albert Einstein have during his life? What were they? 2. Was he good at school? 3. How many years did he work in the Patents office in Bern? 4. When did he become famous? 5. Why did he persuade President Roosevelt to develop a US atomic research program? 6. When did Chaplin first meet Professor Einstein? 7. What was Professor Einstein doing in California? 8. How did Chaplin learn that Professor Einstein would like to meet him? 9. Why was he so thrilled by the invitation? 10. What made Chaplin believe that Mrs. Einstein enjoyed being the wife of the great man? 11. What happened while the Professor was being shown around the studio? 12. Why were so few people invited to dinner at Chaplin’s house? 13. What story did Mrs. Einstein tell Chaplin at dinner? 14. How did Mrs. Einstein immediately know that something was troubling her husband when he came down to breakfast on the morning the theory of relativity first came to his mind? 15. Why did the Doctor only mention the fact that he had a marvelous idea? 16. Why couldn’t he tell his wife more about it? 17. Why didn’t Einstein want anyone to disturb him while he was working out the problem? 18. How long did it take the scientist to work it out? 19. How much truth was there about the discovery in the story told by Mrs. Einstein to Chaplin? Ex. 2. Find equivalents for the following phrases in the text. 6 принять какое-либо гражданство; вступительные экзамены; получить Нобелевскую премию; впервые познакомиться с кем-л.; великий ученый; читать лекции; с радостью принять приглашение; встретиться на обеде; великий физик; даже не пытаться скрывать что-л.; показать кому-л. студию; отвести кого-л. в сторону; быть в восторге; теория относительности; прийти в голову; как обычно; почти не притронуться к еде; почувствовать что-л. неладное; чудесная (великолепная) мысль; подняться наверх в кабинет; совершить моцион; наконец, выглядеть бледным и усталым; держать в руке два листа бумаги; положить что-л. на стол. Ex. 3. Is the statement true or false? If it is false, give a correct answer. 1. Albert Einstein was born in Switzerland. 2. When he was a child, he was brilliant at school. 3. He lived and worked in Bern for a long time. 4. When Hitler came to power, Einstein left for the USA. 5. Albert Einstein persuaded President Roosevelt to develop a US atomic research program. 6. Professor Einstein spoke English much better than his wife. 7. Chaplin invited to dinner with Albert Einstein only two other friends. 8. Albert Einstein had discovered his theory of relativity before he married. 9. Professor Einstein explained his theory of relativity to his wife in every detail. Ex. 4. Finish the statements choosing a phrase from those in brackets. 1. Einstein as a child (was a remarkable student; was not doing well at school). 2. His first attempt at the entry exam (was a failure; was a success). 3. After his graduation in 1900 he worked (in the Patents office in Bern; at the University of Bern; as a schoolteacher). 4. Hitler came to power when (Einstein was still a school teacher; he was awarded the Nobel Prize; he was visiting California). 5. Einstein persuaded President Roosevelt (to stop the war; to start peace talks with Hitler; to develop a US atomic research program). 6. Charles Chaplin first met Einstein (in Europe; while the Professor was visiting the Universal studios in Hollywood; when Einstein was invited to his house to dinner). 7. At dinner Mrs. Einstein told Chaplin (how she and Einstein had got married; how Einstein had discovered the theory of relativity). 7 8. When at last Professor Einstein came downstairs with his theory of relativity he looked (very pale and tired; triumphant; very pleased with himself). Ex. 5. Put questions to the words in bold type. 1. Albert Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany. 2. He took out Swiss citizenship in his mid-twenties. 3. In 1908, he became a lecturer at the University of Bern. 4. During the First World War Einstein had been a pacifist, but prior to the Second World War, he abandoned this idea. 5. He believed Hitler was a threat to world peace. 6. He persuaded President Roosevelt to develop a US atomic research program. 7. Albert Einstein was invited to California to lecture. 8. Mrs. Einstein spoke English very well. 9. There were very few people at dinner at Chaplin’s house. 10. Mrs. Einstein told Charles Chaplin at dinner how the theory of relativity had been discovered. KEY STRUCTURES AND WORD STUDY Ex. 6. Give the four forms of the following verbs. discover, hide, touch, hold, receive, invite, show, put, leave, speak, say, enter, bring, verify, split, continue Ex. 7. Insert prepositions wherever necessary. 1. “I don’t see what’s wrong … my whispering a few words … your ear?” “You mustn’t do a thing like that … other people present” 2. I don’t know yet what to do, but we shall work something … , I am sure. 3. I wonder if you could meet me … the self-service cafeteria … lunch … half an hour? I’d like to have a chat … you. 4. There hardly passes a day without the boy getting … some kind … trouble. 5. She invited us … her place promising that there would be only her family … dinner. 6. I am not surprised … all that he has so much trouble … his car; he hardly knows a thing … cars and motors. 7. If you are afraid that you may forget something, make a note … it. 8. He told us how everything had happened. But still we felt that he was hiding something … us. 9. The telephone started ringing and she reached … it without getting … … the sofa. 10. She was very proud … her son and could hardly wait to see him returning home after an absence … three years. 11. The 8 party is to be held … the biggest hall … the town; it is to be the kind … affair one remembers … the rest … his life. 12. I wonder why he hasn’t mentioned … you that … first there was a lot of trouble … the new machine. 13. I really don’t see how I can get you … … trouble. 14. Your love of excitement is going to get you … trouble some day. 15. His picture was accepted … the exhibition. Ex. 8. Change the meaning of the sentences to the opposite adding the prefix dis- to the words in bold type and making other necessary changes. 1. She was pleased with the arrangement. 2. He appeared in our town two years ago and at that time his appearance made a great noise. 3. I don’t see how you could believe her story. 4. We agree on some questions. 5. I can’t say I like the idea. 6. This is what I call an honest answer. Ex. 9. Recast the sentences, using verbs instead of nouns and phrases in bold type. Make other necessary changes. (A) 1. At the gate the car came to a stop. 2. Nobody will hear you if you speak in a whisper. 3. What’s the trouble? 4. I felt a light touch on my shoulder and turned round. 5. I hear he has published two stories in big magazines this month. That’s a nice start for a young writer. 6. For what day do they plan their return to town? 7. His pictures have been on show at the National gallery. (B) 1. Who made the discovery that lightning is electricity? 2. Who will help you with the preparations for the conference? 3. Nobody wanted you to make a quick decision. 4. Have you heard of his refusal to take part in the match yet? 5. The new bridge is the pride of the young engineer. 6. These books are on sale in the book shop at the corner. 7. We had little choice in the matter. 8. She always makes her appearance when she is least of all expected. Ex. 10. Translate the following sentences into English, using a different phrasal verb in each. work out (2), sell out, think out, hand out, help out, hear out 1. План был хорошо продуман. 2. Тетради были розданы, просмотрены и снова возвращены преподавателю. 3. Она попросила меня выслушать ее. 4. Как всегда, он надеялся, что кто-нибудь выручит его. 5. Прошло несколько дней, прежде чем было выработано решение. 6. Пока еще 9 трудно сказать, сколько времени у него уйдет на то, чтобы разработать тему. 7. Словарь был распродан менее чем за неделю. Ex. 11. Fill in the blanks with “hard” or “hardly”. 1. It ……… ever snows in this part of the country. 2. It’s a ……… question. She’ll ……… know the answer. 3. The man spoke a very strange kind of Russian. I could ……… understand him. 4. The work was too ……… for Carrie. When she left the shop in the evening she was so tired that she could ……… move. 5. What do you mean by saying that you have ……… any money left? 6. The girl was so excited that she ……… knew what she was saying. 7. The boy had had a ……… life. His parents had been killed in the war when he was ……… eight. Ex. 12. Translate the following sentences, using “keep” or “hold” according to the meaning. 1. Где он держит марки? 2. Ребенок упадет, если вы не будете держать его за руку. 3. Он всегда держит комнату в чистоте. 4. Держитесь правой стороны. 5. Он все еще держит первое место по стрельбе? 6. Вы всегда держите свое слово? 7. Как вы можете держать все эти факты в голове? 8. Он держал сигарету в руке, но не курил. 9. Не выпускайте детей на улицу, держите их дома. Сегодня сильный мороз. 10. Не держите продукты долго в холодильнике. Ex. 13. Translate the following sentences, using “receive”, “accept” or “take” according to the meaning. 1. Его приняли очень тепло. 2. Новый проект молодого архитектора был принят на конкурс. 3. Они еще не приняли никакого решения по первому вопросу. 4. Не думаю, что он принял ваши слова серьезно. 5. Недавно наш университет принимал делегацию студентов из Латинской Америки. 6. – Почему вы не хотите принять участие в экскурсии? – Я себя что-то плохо чувствую. 7. Их не приняли, так как было уже поздно, и рабочий день уже закончился. 8. – Почему не приняли вашу статью? – В ней есть ряд ошибок. Мне надо их исправить. 9. Его приняли как старого друга. 10. Они с готовностью приняли наш совет. 11. Благодарим за ваше приглашение, но мы не можем принять его. Мы уезжаем. Ex. 14. Paraphrase the following sentences according to the model. 10 Model: After he drank coffee, he went to the piano and started to play. After drinking coffee, he went to the piano and started to play. 1. After he spent a month in the mountains, he was in good form again. 2. After they thought the matter over, they took a decision. 3. After he had traveled all over the country, he sat down to writing a book. 4. They came to an agreement after they had argued for some time. 5. After he had arranged his affairs, he went on a holiday. 6. After the family moved in, they started to make preparations for a house-warming party. Ex. 15. Fill in the blanks with a suitable word. Use the correct form. disturb (2), accept, trouble n (2), hide, hold v, touch v (2), reach v (3), appear, discover (2), law, proud (2), hardly 1. The ….. of gravitation which was ….. by the English physicist Isaac Newton made a revolution in science. 2. When the news that Tutankhamen’s body had been found ….. the world, newspaper reporters ….. in large numbers in Luxor. 3. Not a sound was heard. Nothing ….. the quiet of the place . 4. When the mistake was ….. it was already too late for anything. 5. The children were not to ….. the dog, not before it was washed at least. 6. When she finished her story she repeated once again she had nothing to ….. from us and if we chose to disbelieve her, it was our own business. 7. The Professor said he would be busy in his laboratory and didn’t want anyone to ….. him there. 8. I could see the boy was having a bad time but he was too ….. to ask for help. 9. The question was rather unexpected and she ….. knew what to say. 10. The girl sitting opposite me in the compartment was ….. an open book but I clearly saw that her thoughts were somewhere else. 11. “Home at last!” we sang out happily when we felt the plane ….. the ground at the airport. 12. He readily agreed to buy a few things for me. It would be no ….. at all, he said. He would be shopping anyway. 13. The hour was getting late but no decision had been ….. yet. 14. You cannot do anything about facts, you can only ….. them. 15. As far as I can see, the only ….. with you is that it always takes you years to make up your mind. 16. He was extremely ….. that he had been chosen to open the conference. Ex. 16. Translate the following sentences into English. 1. Открытия, которые были сделаны столетия назад, продолжают играть большую роль в современной науке. 2. Когда мы обнаружили, что сбились с пути, было уже поздно. Нам пришлось развести костер и заночевать в лесу. 3. Он давно интересуется книгами о научных 11 открытиях. Не удивительно, что он знает не только имена многих ученых, но и открытия, которые они сделали. 4. Я так спешил, что оставил все деньги дома. 5. Почему бы не пригласить их поехать вместе с нами в отпуск? Я уверен, они с удовольствием согласятся. 6. Теперь уже трудно вспомнить, кому эта идея пришла в голову. 7. Боюсь, что директор не сможет вас завтра принять. Он весь день будет занят на конференции. 8. Никто не удивился, когда картину молодого художника приняли на выставку. 9. Я получил приглашение на вечер, но не смогу пойти. Я завтра уезжаю. 10. Они разговаривали шепотом, так как было уже поздно, и в доме все спали. 11. Он не проронил ни слова за весь вечер (hardly). Он был чем-то расстроен. 12. Все были глубоко тронуты его рассказом. Он говорил с чувством, и его слушали с большим интересом. 13. Я очень расстроился, когда услышал, что у него неприятности. Ты случайно не знаешь, в чем там дело? 14. Этот ребенок ужасно избалован и всегда доставляет много хлопот. 15. Когда они наконец добрались до лагеря, они чувствовали себя очень усталыми. 16. Мне бы хотелось поговорить с ним по этому вопросу сегодня. 17. Когда вы переходите улицу, посмотрите сначала налево, а дойдя до середины дороги, посмотрите направо. 18. Надеюсь, что я вам не помешаю, если я останусь здесь на несколько минут. 19. Мне не хотелось беспокоить его в такой поздний час, но у меня не было другого выхода. Мне очень нужен был его совет. 20. Его появление было для нас неожиданным. 21. План научной работы уже разработан и будет обсуждаться на следующем заседании. LANGUAGE WORK. Ex. 17. Study the use of the words. SAY TELL 1. to say sth сказать что-л., 1. to tell sb sth (about sth) говорить, сообщать кому-л. что-л. 2. to tell sb to do sth приказать, (сказать, велеть) кому-л. сделать что-л. 3. to tell a lie (the truth) . 2. to say that … сказать, что… (дополнит. придаточное предложение) 3. to say sth to sb сказать что-л. кому-л. 4. to say, “…” (вводит прямую речь) сказать: “…” 12 SPEAK TALK 1. to speak говорить; to speak English (French, etc.) говорить по-английски (по-французски, и т.д.) 2. to speak to sb about sth разговаривать, поговорить с кем-л. о чем-л. 3. to speak at a meeting выступать на собрании (заседании и т.д.) 1. to talk to sb (about sth) разговаривать, беседовать, говорить с кем-л. (о чем-л.) Ex. 18. Finish the sentences using the verbs say, tell, speak and talk. 1. What did he …? 2. He … (that) it is time to start work. 3. “Every day … ‘hello’ to your friends,” the young mother … to her little son. 4. He … me about his son. 5. I have a lot to … you. 6. He … me his name. 7. … me where you live. 8. Did he … you to translate that article? 9. Will you … slowly, please. 10. Can your sister … German? 11. Do you know Mr. Brown well? Can you … to him about John? 12. He … at the meeting for forty minutes. 13. Bill is …ing to a friend now. 14. What are they …ing about? 15. They … for two hours. Ex. 19. Translate the following sentences into English. 1. Кто сказал вам об этом? 2. Он говорит, что пора идти на работу. 3. Они проговорили два часа о планах на предстоящий отдых. 4. Сказал ли он вам свое имя? 6. Что он сказал вам? 7. Можете ли вы сказать мне, где сейчас Петр? 8. Говорите, пожалуйста, медленнее. 9. Не могли бы вы поговорить с г-ном Брауном о моей книге? 10. Г-н Грин выступал на вчерашнем собрании? 11.“О чем беседуют эти две женщины?” “Я не знаю. Они говорят на непонятном мне языке”. 12. Сколько времени вы проговорили вчера? PHRASAL VERB “LOOK” Ex. 20. Match the phrasal verb in (A) with the meaning in (B). A 1. He is very well looked after in the hospital. 2. He is looked upon as an absolute authority. 3. My Grandma looked for her glasses everywhere. 13 4. Scientists have been looking into the problem of curing cancer for many years. 5. I’ve warned you, so look out! 6. His elder brother usually looked down on his paintings. 7. When he was poor he looked forward to more prosperous times. 8. If you don’t know the word, look it up in the dictionary. B a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) consider take care of wait for something impatiently find the meaning / information try to find something investigate look with contempt be careful Ex. 21. Fill in the gaps with the proper particle of the phrasal verb look. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. I look ______ him as a close friend. We are looking ______ ______ your visit in September. Look ______ ! There’s a car coming! I’d like to look ______ the possibility of buying a new house. She’s looking ______ the children this weekend. Susan is looking ______ a place to live. The police looked _______ the crime. She’s looked _______ as a possible future PM. He’s a bit of a snob and looks _______ _______ people who do not belong to his circle. 10. An Investigation Committee was set up to look ______ the cause of the plane crash. 11. I’m looking ______ the flashlight. Have you seen it anywhere? 12. He looks ______ ______ his colleagues because he thinks he’s better than they are. 13. When my brother is away, I look ______ the cats. 14. Many Americans used to look ______ Japanese made cars. They don’t now. Ex. 22. Replace the words in italics with the phrasal verb look in its correct form. 14 after down on into out look forward to Model: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. for on/upon (as) Have you tried to find your keys? Have you looked for your keys? I want to spend this summer together with you so much! Who will take care of your dog while you are away? This politician doesn’t respect the poor. The detective promised to investigate the case of murder very carefully. We were warned to behave very cautiously. He said he had lost his passport, but he didn’t even try to find it. This scientist is considered to be a very good specialist in the field of space exploration. Ex. 23. Translate into English using the phrasal verb look. 1. Ребенка лучше положить в больницу, там за ним будет хороший уход. 2. Машина быстро приближалась, и он закричал нам: “Осторожно!” 3. Его считают непререкаемым авторитетом в этом вопросе. 4. Когда он разбогател, он стал свысока относиться к своим бедным родственникам. 5. Мы все с нетерпением ждем летних каникул. 6. Он считает, что в этот вопрос нужно вникнуть самым серьезным образом. 7. Мы не знали, где искать потерявшегося котенка. Ex. 24. Fill in the gaps with the proper prepositions or adverbs. Consult your dictionary for the other meanings of the phrasal verb “look”. Look ….. the baby while I am out. You must look ….. and make plans for the future. If you look ….. it carefully you will see the mark. Looking ….. I see now all the mistakes I made when I was younger. He had an unhappy childhood and he never looks ….. on it with any pleasure. 6. She looked ….. to see who was following her. 7. I’ve been looking ….. a cup to match the one I broke 8. Look …..! You nearly knocked my cup out of my hand. 9. Tom is looking ….. ….. his first trip abroad. (expecting with pleasure) 10. Look ….. on your way home and tell me what happened. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 15 11. Before putting any money into the business, we must look very carefully ….. the accounts. 12. My windows look ….. ….. the garden. 13. He asked me to look ….. the document and then sign it. 14. He looked ….. the book to see if he had read it before. 15. You can always look ….. her address in the directory if you have forgotten it. 16. He looked me ….. and ….. before he condescended to answer my question. 17. I’m looking ….. ….. seeing your new house. 18. You will see I am right if you look ….. the matter from my point of view. 19. He looks ….. ….. me because I spend my holidays in Bournemouth instead of going abroad. 20. If he doesn’t know the word he can look it ….. in a dictionary. POLLUTION AND THE ENVIRONMENT Important definitions People are more worried about the environment (= the air, water, and land around us) as a result of the harmful (= dangerous/damaging) effects of human activity. Some of these activities cause pollution (= dirty air, land and water) and some are destroying the environment (= damaging it so badly that soon parts will not exist). Here are some of the problems: the ozone layer: a layer of gases which stop harmful radiation from the sun reaching the earth; recent research shows that there is now a hole in parts of the ozone layer. global warming: an increase in world temperature caused by an increase in carbon dioxide. acid rain: rain that contains dangerous chemicals; this is caused by smoke from factories. The ‘greens’. Because of these problems, there are many groups of people whose aim is conservation (= the protection of natural things, e.g. plants and animals). They are often referred to as greens, e.g. ‘Greenpeace’ and ‘Friends of the Earth’. 16 Common causes of damage. smoke from factories car exhaust fumes dumping (=throwing away) industrial waste (unwanted material) in seas and rivers aerosol cans (usually called sprays). Some of these contain CFCs (= a chemical) which can damage the ozone layer. cutting down tropical rainforest (e.g. The Amazon). This increases carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. How can we help? Don’t throw away bottles, newspapers, etc. Take them to a bottle bank or newspaper bank, and then they can be recycled (= used again). Plant more trees. Don’t waste (= used badly) resources, e.g. water, gas. Try to save them. Note: a resource is a valuable possession. There are natural resources, e.g. water or gold: and human resources, e.g. knowledge and skills. The word is usually plural. Ex. 25. Fill in the gaps to form a compound noun or phrase. 1. 2. 3. 4. the ……… layer …………. rain ………… waste a bottle ………… 5. 6. 7. 8. ………….. warming …………... fumes …………. rainforests natural or human …………. Ex. 26. Complete these word-building tables. If necessary, use a dictionary to help you. -----------------------------------Noun Verb ------------------------------------waste ................ .................... to protect .................... to destoy pollution ................. damage ................. -------------------------------------- -------------------------------------Noun Adjective ------------------------------------damage .................. environment .................. harm .................. danger .................. ..................... safe ----------------------------------- 17 Ex. 27. Complete the definitions. 1. Conservation is the protection of natural things, e.g. …………….. and …………….. . 2. Acid rain is rain that contains dangerous chemicals. It is caused by …………….. . 3. The ozone layer is a layer of gases that stop dangerous radiation from the sun from reaching ……………… . 4. Global warming is an increase in world temperate caused by an increase in …………….. . 5. CFC (chlorofluorocarbon) is a chemical which …………….. . Ex. 28. If we want to look after the environment, there are certain things we should and shouldn’t do. Complete these two lists in suitable ways. We should: …………. paper, bottles and clothes. …………. tropical forests. …………. more trees. …………. water and energy. We shouldn’t: …………. paper, bottles and clothes. …………. the ozone layer. …………. water and energy. …………. tropical rainforests. Ex. 29. Are these statements true or false. 1. 2. 3. 4. CFCs protect the ozone layer. ‘Greens’ believe in conservation. A hole in the ozone layer could increase skin cancer. Cutting down tropical rainforests increases the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. 5. Plastic cannot be recycled. COMPUTERS What do people use computers for? Many people use their computers for word processing, e.g. writing letters and reports. Some business people use spreadsheets (programs used to enter and 18 arrange numbers and financial information) and databases (programs that allow you to store, look at, or change a large amount of information quickly). Some people also use graphics (the pictures and symbols a computer program can produce). Important vocabulary. More and more people are becoming computer literate (have experience working with computers and know how to use them), since many programs are so user-friendly (easy to use). If a computer works slowly, it may need more memory (space to store information). It might crash (stop working) if there is not enough memory or if it has a bug (a software problem; also a virus). Always make a back-up copy (a copy on a separate disk). Ex. 30. Complete this description of using a computer for word processing. I wrote a report on the (1) …computer… this morning. When I finished, I (2) ………….. out two copies – one for me and one for my boss. Then, without warning, my computer (3) ………….. , and unfortunately I lost the whole document. This is very unusual, because I almost always (4) …………. the data while I’m writing and then make a (5) ………… copy when I’m finished; this morning I forgot. Anyway, I gave the report to my boss, hoping she would not ask me to make any changes. She did. She thought it was too long and said it would be better if I used more (6) ………… to illustrate some of the written information. She also thought it would make the report look more attractive. I went back and rewrote most of the report when the computer was OK, only I (7) …………. part of the middle section, which was fairly repetitive, and I added extra (8) …………. as my boss advised. It did look better by the time I’d finished, and this time I remembered to (9) …………… it and make a (10) ……….. copy. Ex. 31. Work with a partner. Find out if he (she) - has a computer at home and what kind it is; - finds his (her) computer user-friendly and why; - uses it more for studying or for entertaining. THE INTERNET The Internet / the Net is a system connecting millions of computers worldwide. In order to go/get on line (become connected), you must connect 19 your computer to a modem (equipment that sends information along telephone lines to other computers).A popular use of the Internet is sending and receiving e-mail/electronic mail (letters or documents sent electronically) to or from people who are also connected to the Internet. Here is an e-mail address: billc@abcindustries.com Note: The @ is pronounced “at”, and the period is pronounced as “dot”. You can download documents and software programs on the Internet (move information from another computer to your computer). You may be able to download software (software programs to try for free and pay for later if you keep them). The World Wide Web. The World Wide Web (the WWW) is a large part of the Internet; it is a system of electronic documents linked (connected) to one another. If you are not sure where to find something on the Web, you can use a browser/search engine, a program that finds information on the WWW or helps you serf the Net/surf the Web (look at a lot of information quickly). Many businesses, and some people, have Web pages/Web sites (documents you can view on the WWW). The home page (the main page, which gives general information) is usually the first Web page you connect to at a Web site. You can click on (select) hypertext (special, highlighted words on a Web page) to link your computer to other pages or documents. Ex. 32. Write each word or phrase a different way. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. WWW the World Wide Web the Net search engine electronic mail the Web Ex. 33. Match the words on the left with the explanations on the right. 1. Web pages 2. mary@cal.edu 3. http:/www.cup.org 4. hypertext a). to transfer information from one computer to another b). documents you can view on the World Wide Web c). equipment that sends information along telephone lines d). the main page within a Web site 20 5. home page 6. to download 7. to surf the Net 8. modem e). a URL, the address for a Web site f). an e-mail address g). special words linked to documents on the Web h). to browse or look around the Internet Ex. 34. Complete the e-mail message. Message text folder inbox message 1 of 5 new Date: May 1 From: Nancy Kim nkim@netsource.com To: Bob Sanchez bobs@stateu.edu Subject: Getting online Hi, I finally got (1) …online… this morning, and this is my first (2) ……………….. message. I’m really excited! As you know, I’ve had a computer for ages, but I didn’t have a (3) ………………….. to connect to the telephone line. Now that I’ve got one, I’ll be able to surf the (4) ……………… send and receive (5) …………….. , (6) …………………. software, and do all kinds of fun things. A friend of mine has her own Web (7) ………………… , so now I have to figure out how to get on the (8) ……………………… and find it! Best, Nancy READING I ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION. The poisoning of the world’s land, air, and water is the fastest-spreading disease of civilization. It probably produces fewer headlines than wars, earthquakes and floods, but it is potentially one of history’s greatest dangers to human life on earth. If present trends continue for the next several decades our planet will become uninhabitable. Overpopulation, pollution and energy consumption have created such planet-wide problems as massive deforestation, ozone depletion, acid rains and the global warming that is believed to be caused by the greenhouse effect. The seas are in danger. They are filled with poison: industrial and nuclear waste, chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The Mediterranean is already nearly dead; the North Sea is following. The Aral sea is on the brink of extinction. If nothing is done about it, one day nothing will be able to live in the sea. 21 Every ten minutes one kind of animal, plant or insect dies out for ever. If nothing is done about it, one million species that are alive today will have become extinct in twenty years’ time. Air pollution is a very serious problem. In Cairo just breathing the air is life threatening – equivalent to smoking two packs of cigarettes a day. The same holds true for Mexico City and 600 cities of the former Soviet Union. Industrial enterprises emit tons of harmful substances. These emissions have disastrous consequences for our planet. They are the main reason for the greenhouse effect and acid rains. An even greater environmental threat are nuclear power stations. We all know how tragic the consequences of the Chernobyl disaster are. People are beginning to realize that environmental problems are not somebody else’s. They join and support various international organizations and green parties. If governments wake up to what is happening – perhaps we’ll be able to avoid the disaster that threatens the natural world and all of us with it. Ex. 35. Answer the questions. 1. What is the fastest spreading disease of civilization? 2. Why does it produce fewer headlines? 3. What will happen if the present trends continue? 4. What has been the cause of global problems? 5. Why are the seas in danger? What seas in particular are in danger? 6. What happens in the world every ten minutes? 7. What will happen if nothing is done? 8. Where is air pollution a very serious problem? 9. What causes the greenhouse effect? 10. What were the consequences of the Chernobyl disaster? 11. What makes people join green parties? 12. How can people try to prevent a catastrophe? READING II ALFRED NOBEL – A MAN OF CONTRAST Alfred Nobel, the great Swedish inventor and industrialist, was a man of many contrasts. He was the son of a bankrupt, but became a millionaire, a scientist with a love of literature, an industrialist who managed to remain an idealist. He made a fortune but lived a simple life, and although cheerful in company he was often sad in private. A lover of mankind, he never had a wife or family to love him, a patriotic son of his native land, he died alone on 22 foreign soil. He invented a new explosive, dynamite, to improve the peacetime industries of mining and road building, but saw it used as a weapon of war to kill and injure his fellow men. During his life he often felt he was useless: “Alfred Nobel,” he once wrote of himself, “ought to have been put to death by a kind doctor as soon as, with a cry, he entered life “. World-famous for his works he was never personally well known, for throughout his life he avoided publicity. “I do not see,” he once said, “that I have deserved any fame and I have no taste for it,” but since his death his name has brought fame and glory to others. He was born in Stockholm on October 21, 1833 but moved to Russia with his parents in 1842, where his father, Immanuel, made a strong position for himself in the engineering industry. Immanuel Nobel invented the landmine and made a lot of money from government orders for it during the Crimean War, but went bankrupt soon after. Most of the family returned to Sweden in 1859, where Alfred rejoined them in 1863, beginning his own study of explosives in his father’s laboratory. He had never been to school or university but had studied privately and by the time he was twenty was a skillful chemist and excellent linguist, speaking Swedish, Russian, German, French and English. Like his father, Alfred Nobel was imaginative and inventive, but he had better luck in business and showed more financial sense. He was quick to see industrial openings for his scientific inventions and build up over 80 companies in 20 different countries. Indeed his greatness lay in his outstanding ability to combine the qualities of an original scientist with those of a forward-looking industrialist. But Nobel’s main concern was never with making money or even making scientific discoveries. Seldom happy, he was always searching for a meaning to life, and from his youth had taken a serious interest in literature and philosophy. Perhaps because he could not find ordinary human love – he never married – he came to care deeply about the whole of mankind. He was always generous to the poor. “I’d rather take care of the stomachs of the living than the glory of the dead in the form of stone memorials,” he once said. His greatest wish, however, was to see an end to wars, and thus peace between nations, and he spent much time and money working for this cause until his death in Italy in 1896. His famous will, in which he left money to provide prizes for outstanding work in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology, Medicine, Literature and Peace, is a memorial to his interests and ideals. And so, the man who felt he should have died at birth is remembered and respected long after his death. Ex. 36. Are the following sentences true or false? If they are false, correct them. 23 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. When Alfred Nobel was born, his father went bankrupt. He was satisfied with his life and was always happy. He could speak five languages and he died abroad. His greatest wish was to make as many discoveries as possible. He was very well educated though he had never been to school. Ex. 37. Choose the correct ending of the sentence. 1. Alfred Nobel studied explosives a. in a school laboratory b. in his father’s lab c. in his company’s lab 2. He wrote that he ought to have been put to death by a doctor as soon as he was born, because a. he had no wife and family to love him b. he had no taste for fame c. he felt he was useless 3. He was imaginative and inventive like his father, who a. invented the landmine b. made himself rich for the rest of his life c. showed great financial sense Ex. 38. Match a part of the sentence from column A with its other part in column B: A 1) The greatest wish of the scientist was 2) A new explosive was used not only in mining and road building 3) He couldn’t find love and it made him 4) Nobel was not only an outstanding scientist 5) He was often sad in private 6) Nobel left his money 7) The scientist took interest in literature and philosophy Ex. 39. Answer the questions. B a) care deeply about the whole mankind b) to provide prizes for outstanding work in science c) though cheerful in company d) but also as a weapon of war e) because he was searching for a meaning in life f) to see an end to wars g) but he had also luck in business 24 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Why is Alfred Nobel remembered and respected long after his death? How long did Nobel live in Russia? What kind of education did he get? What languages did he speak? Why did he come to care deeply about the whole of mankind? What were his political views? What is the best memorial to his deeds? READING III THE WILL “…the whole of my remaining estate shall be dealt with in the following way: the capital shall be safely invested to form a fund. The interest on this fund shall be distributed annually in the form of prizes to those who, during the previous year shall have done work of the greatest use to mankind. The said interest shall be divided into 5 parts and distributed as follows: one part to the person who shall have made the most important discovery or invention within the field of Physics; one part to the person who shall have made the most important chemical discovery or improvement; one part to the person who shall have made the most important discovery within the field of Physiology or Medicine; one part to the person who shall have produced within the field of Literature the most outstanding work of an idealistic tendency; and one part to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for brotherhood between nations, for the abolition or reduction of permanent armies and for the organization and encouragement of peace conferences. The prizes for physics and chemistry shall be awarded by the Swedish Academy of Sciences, that for medical works by the Caroline Institute in Stockholm, that for literature by the Academy in Stockholm, and that for workers for peace by a committee of five people to be elected by the Norwegian Parliament. It is my firm wish that in awarding the prizes no consideration whatever shall be given to the nationality of the candidates, but that the most worthy shall receive the prize, whether he be a Scandinavian or not.” Paris, November 27, 1895 How a Nobel prizewinner is chosen. 1. The Nobel Committees send invitations to hundreds of scientists and scholars around the world, asking them to suggest names for the Nobel prizes in the coming year. 2. The names are sent in by February 1. 25 3. Each committee, with the help of specially appointed experts, discuss the names suggested, and makes out a short list to present to the prizeawarding institution. A vote is taken for the final choice. 4. The names of the prizewinners are announced in October or November. 5. The prizes are awarded on December 10. The Peace Prize is presented at Oslo University, the others at a ceremony in Stockholm. The King of Sweden presents a diploma, a medal and a cheque to each prizewinner and there is a ceremonial dinner afterwards in the City Hall. Each Nobel prizewinner is expected to give a “Nobel lecture”. Ex. 40. Answer the questions. 1. Where are the Nobel prizes drawn from? 2. How many prizes were provided for in the will? (How many are there today?) 3. Who can be awarded a Nobel prize? 4. Who suggests names for the Nobel prizes? 5. How often are they awarded? 6. By what date should the names be sent in? 7. Who makes the final choice? How is it made? 8. When are the names of the prizewinners announced? 9. When and where are the prizes awarded? 10. What is every prizewinner expected to give? Ex. 41. Here are some facts about the Nobel prizewinners of different years. Do you know any other names? Find facts about their outstanding achievements. Year Name Prize in… 1911 Marie Curie Chemistry 1962 Francis Crick, Medicine James Watson, Maurice Wilkins 1965 Mikhail Sholokhov Literature 1990 Harry M. Markowitz, Merton H. Miller, William F. Sharpe Economics What for? Discovery of radium Discovery of the DNA structure Artistic power and integrity of the description of a difficult phase in the life of the Russian people in the epic of the Don Pioneering work in the theory of financial economics 26 2005 International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and Mohamed ElBaradei 2010 Andre Geim, Konstantin Novoselov Peace Physics Efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way Groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene READING IV PLUNGING INTO THE UNKNOWN CERN is a French acronym of the European centre for Nuclear Research. It began operating in 1954 just outside Geneva on the French border and began building its first accelerator, though at the time nuclear science and atomic weapons were linked in the public mind and Switzerland was alarmed that the presence of the laboratory would compromise Swiss neutrality. So in the mid-1960s, Geneva refused CERN’s application to build the world’s first proton collider, arguing lack of space. As a result the laboratory turned to France, now the location for most of its major installations. Since then relationships with Geneva have warmed and for good material reasons. CERN’s status as the world’s foremost nuclear physics laboratory and winner of three Nobel prizes for its scientists has been not only a source of prestige for Switzerland but a big money-spinner for Swiss industry, from precision engineering to office supplies. CERN is also the largest international organization in Geneva after the United Nations with an annual budget of SFr 1.3bn and 2,000 employees. In addition it plays temporary host to 7,000 scientists from more than 80 countries. The majority are from CERN’s 20 European members, but more than 700 are from Russia and nearly 600 from the US with others from Japan, India and Pakistan. And, while the best known of CERN’s inventions – the worldwide web and detectors now used in medical imaging – were made universally available, others have formed the basis for company start-ups, often Genevabased, by ex-CERN scientists that have advanced the city’s high-tech reputation. For the moment CERN’s pre-eminence in particle physics research seems assured with the opening of the world’s most powerful atom-smashing machine; the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). 27 The LHC aims to identify the most fundamental building blocks of our world by reproducing conditions that existed a few million millionths of a second after the Big Bang. It does this by whipping zillions of particles around a 27km circle at about the speed of light, crashing them into each other and observing the results. But studying tiny particles requires giant structures. To generate energy levels equivalent to the heat of hundreds of thousands of suns the LHC uses superconducting magnets operating at temperatures close to absolute zero, colder than outer space. The experiments themselves are housed in structures as big as office blocks in vast underground caverns. The biggest of them, Atlas, has a detector 20 metres high whose innermost sensors contain about 10bn transistors – nearly as many as the number of stars in the Milky Way. And to process and store the data resulting from these experiments, equivalent to a 20km pile of CD-roms every year and far beyond the capacities of any supercomputer, CERN is in the forefront of developing Grid technology that will link tens of thousands of computers in high-energy physics laboratories all over the globe. The LHC, which will cost more than $3bn, saved cash by using the existing circular tunnel that was built for its predecessor, the Large Electron Positron (LEP) collider. Even then, cost overruns forced cuts in other experiments and belt-tightening all round. However, most particle physicists expect the next machine – another electron positron collider – to be straight rather than circular, to produce even higher energy levels. Scientists at CERN are working on new linear electronpositron collider technology that would generate the required energy levels with shorter tunnels, making it possible to build them there. But a decision on what should follow the LHC must wait until the early results of the LHC experiments are known. Among the first discoveries will, scientists hope, be the elusive Higgs Boson or “God particle” that under the so-called Standard Model of nuclear physics gives particles mass. “If the Higgs Boson exists, the LHC will definitely find it”, says CERN’s director-general. “And if it doesn’t, it will discover other things. With the LHC, we plunge into the unknown.” (from the Financial Times) Ex. 42. Discuss the answers to the following questions. 1. What is CERN? Where is it? When did it begin operating? 2. What worried the Swiss in the mid-60s? What about now? 3. Who works in CERN? 28 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. What proves CERN’s eminence in the world of physics? What is the LHC? For what purpose was it built? How big is it? What places CERN in the forefront of Grid technology? How much money was spent on the LHC? Are physicists at CERN making any further plans? GRAMMAR. PASSIVE VOICE (continued) CONTINUOUS FORMS is / are being + done was / were 1. There are only two Continuous Passive forms: the Present Continuous Passive and Past Continuous Passive. Active Passive Present Continuous We are discussing the plan. The plan is being discussed Past Continuous We were discussing the plan The plan was being discussed when he came. when he came. 2. The Future Continuous exists only in the ACTIVE VOICE. There are two variants of translation of sentences that require Future Continuous: План будет обсуждаться в десять часов. The plan will be discussed at ten o’clock. (Future Indefinite Passive) They will be discussing the plan at ten o’clock. (Future Continuous Active) 3. The Present and Past Continuous passive are used according to the same rules as Present and Past Continuous active. 4. The formation of the Present Continuous passive and Past Continuous passive : to be (in the Present / Past Continuous) + Participle II . 29 На стол (сейчас) накрывают. В семь часов накрывали на стол. The table is being laid. The table was being laid at seven. PERFECT FORMS has / have had will have been + done 1. The Present Perfect passive, Past Perfect passive and Future Perfect passive are used according to the same rules as Present, Past and Future Perfect active. Active Passive Present Perfect We have drawn up the plan. The plan has been drawn up. Past Perfect We had drawn up the plan The plan had been drawn up by that time. by that time. Future Perfect By the end of the month we shall By the end of the month the plan have drawn up the plan. will have been drawn up. 2. The Perfect passive forms are used according to the same rules as the Perfect active forms.* 3. The formation of Perfect passive forms: to be (in the Present, Past or Future Perfect) + Participle II. Nothing has been done yet. The book had been published by January. Еще ничего не сделано. К январю книга была опубликована. The house will have been built by К концу года дом построят. the end of the year. *NOTE: The Perfect Continuous active forms do not have corresponding passive forms. There are two variants of translating sentences that require such forms, e.g. 30 План обсуждается уже в течение часа. → a) The plan has been discussed for an hour now. (Present Perfect passive) b) They have been discussing the plan for an hour now. (Present Perfect Continuous active) Ex. 43. Supply the missing part of the verb in the Continuous passive forms. 1. He could not do a thing when he knew he …….. being watched. 2. He didn’t show much interest when earlier theories on the subject ……. being discussed. 3. Close the door please, little Jane …… being washed. 4. The boys waited while the car was ….. cleaned. 5. His speech is …… translated for the foreign guests. 6. What do you feel when your favourite record is being …… . 7. The award is …… presented by an eminent scientist. 8. At the time nobody knew that the plane passengers …… being held hostage by the hijackers. Ex. 44. Change the sentences into the passive voice. Model: Somebody’s watching us. We’re being watched. 1. Someone’s following us. 2. Some men are pulling down the house. 3. Another car’s overtaking us. 4. Someone’s looking after the children. 5. Two policemen are questioning the man. 6. A man’s feeding the tigers. 7. Nobody’s using the car today. 8. Nobody’s guarding the prisoner. 9. Is anybody making the tea? 10. Is anyone using this room? 11. Keep your head down. Somebody is shooting at us. Ex. 45. (I). Match a sentence in A with two continuations in B. A B a) they’re putting up coloured lights in the High Street. b) people are taking her out to nightclubs. 2. Miss World is being given V.I.P. c) they’re taking out all the old treatment: fireplaces. d) they’re sending most students home at 5 o’clock. 1. Their flat is completely modernized: 31 3. The war’s suffering: causing terrible e) they’re fitting a new exhaust pipe. f) they’re holding evening classes by gas light. 4. My car’s still at the garage: g) troops are destroying the crops. h) they’re tapping their telephone. 5. The college has been without i) they’re tightening the brakes. electricity for a week now: j) they’re selling Christmas trees in all the shops. 6. Christmas is coming: k) they’re watching the house from across the street. l) everyone’s buying her bouquets of roses. 7. The family next door is being m)the invading army is burning down closely watched. all the villages. n) they’re putting in central heating. 1. ………… 5. ………… 2. ………… 3. …………. 6. ………… 7. …………. 4. …………. (II). Read them out changing the sentences into the passive voice. Model: Their flat is being completely modernized: all the old fireplaces are being taken out and central heating is being put in. Ex. 46. Complete the following sentences using the Past Continuous passive. Model: When I came to this town three years ago, this bridge across the Volga still … (build). When I came to this town three years ago, this bridge across the Volga was still being built. 1. I haven’t been to the show but I was present when the best photos … (choose). 2. When I left the University I didn’t know yet the marks the students had got because their papers … (look) through. 3. When I was a worker at this factory this work still … (do) by hand. 4. Just this very question … (discuss) when I joined in the conversation. 5. He entered the hall in the dark and didn’t understand at first what film … (show). 6. She had the feeling 32 that she … (watch). 7. I wasn’t surprised that he … (listen) to with such interest. He is a very good lecturer. 8. He was disturbed by the noise coming from the room next to his. He was sure that some experiments … (make) there. 9. When she entered the class-room, the last student … (examine). Ex. 47. Use the verbs in bold type in the passive voice. Make all the necessary changes. 1. They are making a new experiment in their laboratory now. 2. He was sure that somebody was following him. 3. Everybody is still laughing at his jokes. 4. We couldn’t give him the program, we were still working it out. 5. Are they still painting the fence? 6. What are they selling in this little shop? Look at the queue! 7. What happened? Why was a crowd of people pushing the car? 8. She felt they were looking at her. 9. They are serving dinner right now. 10. I didn’t know that they were demolishing the entire block. 11. They are repairing my piano at the moment. 12. The Dean is examining the students of Group 8 in Room 305 now. Ex. 48. Rewrite the following passage in the passive. The Government made an important decision last night. They will ban all cars from the centre of town as pollution is seriously affecting people’s health. They will allow only bicycles and buses to enter the town centre. They are making plans for a new environmental police force. After all, they must do something before it is too late. Ex. 49. Translate into English using the Passive Voice (continuous forms). 1. Его слушали с таким интересом, что никто не заметил, как я вошел. 2. Что строится на той стороне реки? 3. Я долго не мог понять, почему над ним смеялись. 4. У него было такое чувство, что за ним кто-то идет. 5. Дети знали, что за ними наблюдают. 6. Что объясняли группе, когда вы присоединились к ним? 7. Не входите без приглашения, в зале обсуждается очень важный вопрос. 8. – Что там так жарко (heatedly) обсуждают? – По-моему, вчерашний фильм. 9. Поторопитесь, вас ждут. 10. Их новая модель сейчас проходит тестирование. (to test) Ex. 50. Supply the missing part of the verb in the Perfect passive forms. 1. A lot of houses ….. been built in our town this year. 2. Don’t close the window. It has just ….. opened. 3. The next morning when I came out, I saw that the streets ….. been washed out by rain. 4. I didn’t know that he hadn’t ……. invited. 5. The construction of the bridge will …….. been finished 33 before winter comes. 6. His parents ……. been married five years when he was born. 7. How long has this stadium …… built? 8. He went away last year and he …… not …… heard of ever since. 9. I wondered why he hadn’t ……. taught any foreign language. 10. The Queen …… not been seen since last July. Ex. 51. Express surprise at the request / question using the passive voice in your response. Model 1: - Please, fetch some chairs. - But they have just (already) been brought. 1. Please, choose the pictures for the show. 2. Please, send him a fax. 3. Will you buy some bread, please? 4. Please, give them the instructions. 5. Will you be sending them an invitation? 6. Could you show your method to the young specialist? 7. Please, return all the books to the library. 8. When will you start making the sandwiches for the cocktail party? 9. Will you wake him up, please? 10. Please, open the window in the bedroom. Model 2: - Are you going to send for the doctor? - Why, he has just (already) been sent for. 1. Are they going to tell him about the incident? 2. Are you going to invite them to the party? 3. Is he going to pay for the tickets? 4. Is anybody going to speak to the Dean about the matter? 5. Is she going to send this dressing gown to the cleaner’s? 6. Are you going to call for a taxi? Ex. 52. Open the brackets using the Perfect passive forms. 1. He was sure that his mistake never … (discover). 2. She didn’t follow the advice she … (give). 3. When she returned, the subject of the conversation already … (change). 4. … everybody … (send) an invitation? 5. I didn’t know that the letter … (lose). 6. He said he had never been there but he often … (tell) about this place. 7. All the books from the library … (return) by the end of term. 8. … the invitation … (refuse or accept)? 9. It always … (know) as a most wonderful place for a holiday. 10. There are books that … (not read) for years. 11. When we came to the cinema, all the seats … (sell). 12. I never … (speak to) like that before. 13. The house was dark and damp inside like any other building which … (not live in). 14. When my parents were born, television … (not invent) yet. 34 Ex. 53. Use the verbs in bold type in the passive voice. Make all the necessary changes. 1. My boss has promised me a four-day holiday. 2. She had written the answers to all the questions long before the end of the lesson. 3. They have always listened to these lectures with interest. 4. She has thrown away all this year’s newspapers. 5. They have always laughed at his jokes. 6. They have known this fact for years. 7. She said that they hadn’t invited him. 8. They will have finished the work by tonight. 9. Someone has made a complaint. 10. He knew that some historian had described this period but he didn’t remember his name. 11. I wondered where they had hidden the key. 12. He wondered why they had posted the letter unstamped. 13. No one has lived in this house for the last hundred years. 14. He left two years ago and we haven’t heard from him ever since. 15. Have they told him about the changes in the timetable? 16. We forgot that we had left the lights on. 17. The snow will have covered the mountains by Christmas. Ex. 54. Rewrite the text in the passive voice. Use the Perfect forms to indicate the recent changes. Belcombe used to be an unspoilt village on the south coast of England, but you wouldn’t recognize it now. They’ve developed it as a tourist resort – and they’ve completely destroyed its old atmosphere. They’ve pulled down the picturesque old cottages by the harbor, and they’ve built a hideous luxury hotel there instead. They’ve widened and resurfaced all the old cobbled streets, and they’ve cut down the trees in the village square, and put a car park there. Even the old village shop isn’t there any more – they’ve turned it into one of those awful cafes where everything seems to be made of plastic, and they’ve put a big sign outside saying ‘Ye Olde Tea Shoppe’. Ex. 55. Translate into English using the Perfect passive forms. 1. Колумб умер, не зная, что им был открыт новый континент. 2. Приглашение не было принято, так как оно было получено слишком поздно. 3. Было обсуждено только три вопроса, когда мы услышали звонок. 4. Эта комната всегда была предназначена (использовалась) для гостей. 5. Они заблудились потому, что им не показали дорогу. 6. Ему всегда давали молоко перед сном. 7. Ее только что увезли в больницу. 8. Эти фильмы отличаются от тех, которые нам показывали до сих пор. 9. Ему сказали, что музей закрыли неделей раньше и что он будет открыт к юбилею писателя. 10. Думаю, через неделю его уже повысят в должности. (to promote) 35 *** Ex. 56. Make the following sentences passive. 1. Police use trained dogs to find drugs. 2. Nurses give the patients their medicine every morning. 3. A lifeguard rescued the drowning boy. 4. An electrician is repairing our water heater. 5. A defense lawyer will represent you. 6. They clean the rooms daily. 7. Customs officers searched their suitcases. 8. A gas leak had caused the explosion. 9. An eyewitness gave the police a full report. 10. The government has increased the tax on cigarettes. 11. They are going to launch the product in May. 12. The glazier will have replaced the window by tomorrow. 13. The bill includes service. 14. People don’t use this road very often. 15. They cancelled all flights because of fog. 16. They are building a new ring-road round the city. 17. I didn’t realize that somebody was recording our conversation. 18. They have changed the date of the meeting. 19. Brian told me that somebody had attacked and robbed him in the street. Ex. 57. Complete the situation making a passive sentence from the words in brackets. Model: That church looks very old. (when / it / build?) → When was it built? - Is Margaret popular? - Yes. (she / like / by everybody) → She is liked by everybody. 1. This is a very popular television show. (every week / it / watch / by millions of people) 2. What happens to the cars produced in this factory? (most of them / export?) 3. – Was there any trouble at the demonstration? – Yes. (about 20 people / arrest) 4. There is no longer military service in Britain. – Really? (when / it / abolish?) 5. Did anybody call an ambulance to the scene of the accident? – Yes. (but nobody / injure / so it / not / need) 6. – Last night someone broke into our house. – Oh, dear. (anything / take?) 7. Mr Kelly can’t use his office at the moment. (it / redecorate) 8. George didn’t have his car yesterday. (it / service / at the garage) 9. Where’s my bicycle? It’s gone! (it / steal!) 10. The people next door disappeared six months ago. (they / not / see / since then) 11. This room looks different. (it / paint / since I was last here?) 12. A tree was lying across the road. (it / blow / down in the storm) Ex. 58. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct passive form. Last weekend a new leisure centre ……. (open) in the town of Halden. The centre ……. (believe) to be the largest in Europe and it ……. (hope) that 36 it ……. (visit) by over 40,000 people a month. The centre ….… (plan) for over ten years, but it ……. (only / make) possible by a large government grant. Unfortunately, it ……. (not / finish) yet, but it ….… (think) that it …..… (complete) by next month. The centre includes an Olympic-size swimming pool and fifty tennis courts which ….… (can / book) by phone. The gym ……. (claim) to be the most modern in the country. The equipment ….… (buy) in Germany and training ….… (provide) by five top instructors. Entrance fees are cheap because half the cost ….… (pay) by the local council, so many local people will be able to afford them. Ex. 59. Complete the text by putting the verbs into the correct active or passive form. STUDENT HACKERS ARRESTED Four high school computer hackers ……. (arrest) yesterday and face charges of theft and fraud. It ….… (believe) that the four boys, aged between 16 and 18, ……. (use) a complex Internet scheme to steal computer equipment. The boys, whose names ….… (not / release) yet, ….… (break) into the local Internet server and ……. (steal) credit card numbers, which they used to go on a giant online shopping trip. Altogether, they ….… (order) £20,000 worth of computer equipment before they ……. (catch). The equipment ……. (deliver) to vacant homes in the area, where it could ……. (pick up) after school. When the boys ……. (ask) why they …….. (carry) out such an elaborate scheme, they said they ……. (surprise) at how easy it was. Ex. 60. Rewrite the following passages in the passive. (A) My parents own the best restaurant in our town. Last weekend my father dismissed the head waiter as he had stolen some stock from the cellar. My father is going to hire a new waiter as he is doing all the work by himself at the moment. He asked me to help serve the food. However, I mixed up all the orders and the customers made several complaints. I’m sure my father will never ask me to help him again! (B) James Fitt witnessed a horrific plane crash last night. The fire brigade fought the wreckage fire while the ambulance men were rescuing surviving passengers. Ambulances took all the survivors to hospital. No one knows yet what caused the plane crash. Newspapers and TV reporters have already interviewed many of the survivors. The Civil Aviation Authority has launched a full investigation. Probably someone put a bomb on board the aircraft. They 37 hope that the aircraft’s ‘black box’ will provide the vital information but they haven’t found it yet. They are continuing the search. Ex. 61. (I) Rewrite the newspaper headlines in complete sentences in the passive voice. Model: DEMONSTRATIONS AGAINST POLL TAX HELD LAST SUNDAY Demonstrations against the Poll Tax were held last Sunday. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. MISSING PAINTING NOT YET RECOVERED £1,000,000 BEING RAISED FOR HOMELESS IN L.A. MEXICO CITY TO BE HIT BY HURRICANE TOMORROW CHILD RESCUED FROM QUICKSAND YESTERDAY SCHOOLS TRY OUT LAPTOPS IN CLASSROOMS TV CAMERAS INSTALLED IN CITY PARKS ALL-DAY STRIKE TO BE HELD BY ELECTRICITY WORKERS HOSPITALS TEST ROBOT SURGEONS LEAKING ROOF FIXED BY BUILDERS (II) Think of a headline for a current event and develop it into a news story. ADVERBS of degree (=how much) positive OK negative extremely very rather fairly slightly fairly rather very extremely incredibly pretty quite a bit quite pretty incredibly absolutely absolutely I. Fairly and pretty are synonymous with quite and rather. Quite means (a) fairly, or to some degree, e.g. He is quite clever. (b) completely, e.g. She is quite exhausted. I don’t quite agree with you. Rather is more formal than the other words and often describes a negative situation, e.g. We had rather bad weather. The food was rather expensive. For a positive situation, rather often indicates that something is better than we expected, e.g. 38 Her cooking is rather good actually. (I didn’t expect that, so it was a very nice surprise.) Quite is used before a/an, rather is used before or after a /an. Fairly and pretty are used after a/an, e.g. She’s quite a good teacher. It was rather a hot day. It was a rather hot day. She is a fairly / pretty good skier. Incredibly, absolutely, pretty and a bit are informal and mostly used in spoken English; absolutely modifies limit adjectives describing extreme qualities (amazing, disgusting, gorgeous, filthy, etc.), a bit is mostly used before negative adjectives, or adjectives with a negative prefix, e.g. The food was pretty good. (= nearly ‘very’ good). That Ferrari is incredibly expensive. It was an absolutely fascinating experience. The hotel was a bit disappointing, actually. I thought she looked a bit unhappy. Almost (=nearly) It’s almost/nearly five o’clock. (= it is probably about 4.57) I almost/nearly lost the match. Hardly + a positive often has the same meaning as almost + a negative. I hardly had anything to eat for lunch. (= I had almost nothing) She could hardly walk after her operation. (= she almost couldn’t walk). II. +++ with adjectives, just, absolutely, adverbs or verbs totally, awfully, terribly, really, simply I’m terribly sorry, Sir. She simply adores him. with adjectives or very, extremely adverbs She’s very rude and extremely impolite. ++ quite, rather It’s quite / rather late. We’d better go. + a little, a bit It looks a bit strange. Can you wait a bit / a little? pretty, fairly I’m pretty / fairly sure he’s lying. slightly She’s slightly overweight. 39 with verbs or very much, comparative form much / a lot I very much appreciate your help. I feel a lot/much better now. rather It’s rather warmer today than yesterday. He rather enjoys travelling. not … much He isn’t much taller than me. Ex. 62. Fill in quite or rather. A: B: A: B: A. I found that book a ………. boring one. Oh, really? I thought it had ……….. a good plot. Oh, come on! The ending was ………… improbable, don’t you think? No, not at all. In fact, I think the whole book was ……….. perfect. Well, if you ask me, you’ve got ……….. strange taste in books. Ex. 63. Respond to these sentences using ‘rather’ to show surprise. (You can also add ‘actually’ at the end of the sentence). 1. A: Was it a boring evening? B: No, it …………………………. 2. A: Were the children very noisy? B: No, they ……………………….. 3. A: I’ve heard it’s a very dirty town. Is that true? B: No, it ……………………………. 4. A: Was the weather awful? B: No, it ……………………………. Ex. 64. Fill in quite, rather, pretty or fairly. I took my dog Spot for a walk even though it was ……. cold outside. He’s …….. a lively dog and he likes going for a run ……… often. The park was ……… full considering the bad weather, but it’s a ……… big park and we had ……… enough space. Suddenly the dog ran off and I had to chase him for ……… a long time. I’m a ………. good runner, but he’d gone ……… a long way and, when I eventually caught him, I was ………. exhausted! Ex. 65. Change the underlined adverbs to make the first two sentences slightly more positive, and the last three sentences slightly more negative. 1. I thought they were very good. 40 2. 3. 4. 5. He’s been getting quite good marks in the exams. John said the flat was very small. They said it was fairly boring. The clothes were very expensive. Ex. 66. Fill in the gaps with suitable adverbs of degree. I’m …………. (+ + +) sorry, Sir, but the manager is ………… (+ + +) busy at the moment. He has ………….. (+ + +) many customers to attend to. I would ………. (+++) appreciate it if you could just sit here and wait ………… (+). I’m ………….. (+ +) sure he’ll be available soon. Don’t worry, you won’t have to wait ………….. (+) longer. Ex. 67. Replace the underlined adverb with a different adverb that has the same meaning. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. She attends conferences quite often now. I can barely remember the first house we lived in. There were almost fifty people there, you know. I thought it was a bit disappointing, didn’t you? I’m afraid I’m extremely busy next week. ARTICLE with nouns denoting title, rank or occupation I. No article is used when proper names are modified by words denoting a title or rank, e.g. Queen Elizabeth II (of the United Kingdom), Prince Charles, Lady Diana Spencer, Sir Paul McCartney, Ambassador Ivanov, Professor Higgins, Colonel Pickering, President Bush, Doctor Brown, etc. Note that all these words are spelt with capital letters. II. When used predicatively, i.e. after the verb to be / to become, without a proper name after them, they can be used (a) with the indefinite article a/an to mean that the person belongs to a group / class, e.g. She became a princess. He is a doctor at our hospital; (b) without any article to indicate a unique post / position, that can be taken by one person at a certain period of time, e.g. He was _chairman at the meeting. Who is _President now? III. In all other cases these words are used like common class nouns, e.g. At the ball he met a (beautiful) lady. The lady became his sweetheart. He wanted to be an ambassador. The ambassador has just left. 41 IV. When modified by an of-phrase these words are used with the definite article the, e.g. the Duke of York, the chairman of the British Rail, the Ambassador of France (or the French ambassador), the president of the association. Ex. 68. Insert articles where necessary. 1. George Washington was … president of the USA, he was … president from 1789 to 1797. 2. He studied nights to become … doctor and finally rose to be … president of … Medical Association. 3. She is … major. So you’d better address her as … Major Brown. 4. … Doctor Smith is in charge of this laboratory. 5. “Who will be … chairman at Monday’s conference?” – “… Professor Smith agreed to be … chairman”. 6. He is … President of … Academy of Sciences. 7. What did … prime minister say in the interview about it? 8. Who is going to be … next British prime minister? 9. … Prince Charles was given … title of … Prince of Wales by his mother in 1969. 10. Who is … Ambassador of … Russian Federation to … United Nations? 11. During the last ten years she has been … professor of our university. 12. Meet … Professor Archer, my colleague. 13. Did … professor speak about … coming examination? 14. It’s difficult to be … ambassador. 15. … Princess Margharet, … younger sister of … Queen Elizabeth II, married … photographer, Anthony Armstrong-Jones, who later became … Lord Snowdon. Ex. 69. Translate into English using the proper articles where necessary. 1. О. Ю. Шмидт был руководителем (head) экспедиции на легендарном “Челюскине”. 2. Отец Д. И. Менделеева был директором гимназии в Тобольске. 3. Авраам Линкольн был президентом США с 1861 по 1865 год. 4. Вы когда-нибудь слышали о новом методе профессора Николаева? 5. Кто был президентом Российской Федерации в 2003? 6. Посол Иванов выступил с речью на заседании Совета Безопасности ООН. 7. Кто имел встречу с послом Греции? – Министр иностранных дел. 8. Капитан Форд, капитан корабля, был на мостике, когда корабль входил в порт. 9. За доктором Смитом уже послали, он будет через полчаса. 10. Академик Алферов возглавлял Международный комитет по присуждению премии «Глобальная энергия». 11. Король Испании Хуан Карлос (Juan Carlos) и королева Дании Маргрета (Margrethe) являются праправнуками королевы Виктории. 12. Профессор очень занят. Не беспокойте его. 13. Я помню его еще простым врачом, а сейчас он уже 42 президент Академии медицинских наук. 14. Посол Смирнов возглавлял нашу делегацию на переговорах. TENSE AND VOICE REVISION Ex. 70. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct passive form. a) There is an old castle in Norwich which …………. (believe) to ……….. (haunt). It ……………. (call) North Castle and it ………….. (say) that ghosts can …………... (see) there at night. The castle ………….. (build) 400 years ago and …………… (own) by two old ladies who ……………. (believe) to be witches. One day, long ago, they both disappeared and they ……………….. (never/see) again. In 1985 the castle …………….. (buy) by a businessman and ……………….. (convert) into a luxurious hotel. The castle ………….. (visit) by quite a few guests every year and special groups ……………. (organise) to watch for ghosts. It has been a long time since any ghosts ……………… (see), but one night a trick …………. (play) on some visitors by a local couple, who dressed up as the two “witches”. They ……………… (see) by a guest, who said she …………… (frighten) almost to death. The couple apologized the next day, and ……………… (tell) never to visit the castle again, certainly not in the middle of the night dressed up as witches. b) Professor Higgins, who …………….. (award) a major science prize last month, ……………… (invite) to take part in a conference which ………………. (hold) in London last week. He ………………. (meet) at the airport by a driver who, unfortunately, …………….. (give) the name of the wrong hotel to take the professor to. A large reception ……………. (organise) for the professor, and at least 200 eminent scientists ……………. (invite) to meet him that evening. The poor professor, however, …………… (leave) at a small hotel in a rather bad area, and when he asked to speak to the Head of the Conference he …………. (tell) to try somewhere else because he ………….. (not hear of) there. Luckily, later that evening, the driver ………… (send) to the hotel where the reception ……………… (hold), and when he …………. (ask) what he had done with the professor, everyone realized that a mistake ……………. (make). The professor says that if he …………… (ever/send) another invitation to a conference, he hopes it ……………….. (organise) more efficiently. 43 WRITING. DEFINING THINGS (RELATIVE CLAUSES) Ex. 71. Study the rules concerning relative clauses. The defined word is a person The defined word is a thing This man is our lecturer. He is talking to Peter now. (a) The man who / that is talking to Peter is our lecturer. I met some people. They know my brother. (b) I met some people who / that know my brother. The river is polluted. It flows through town. (a) The river which / that flows through town is polluted. objective (the defined word is the object of the clause) possessive nominative (the defined word is the subject of the clause) Case Do all the exercises. They are on page 10. (b) Do all the exercises which/that are on page 10. The lecturer was as boring That tree is very old. Its as usual this morning. I roots look like crooked always forget his name. claws. (c) The lecturer whose name I (c) That tree, the roots of always forget was as boring which / whose roots look as usual this morning. like crooked claws, (with roots like crooked claws) is very old. I met a man. He was friendly. (d) The man (whom/that) I met was friendly. I share a room with this student. He is very noisy. (e)The student with whom I share a room (formal) / (who/that) I share a room with (informal) is very noisy. I bought some books. They were expensive. (d) The books (which/that) I bought were expensive. I am sitting on a chair. It is hard. (e) The chair on which I am sitting (formal) / (which/that) I am sitting on (informal) is hard. This is the box. I used to keep my diary in it / here. (f) This is the box where I used to keep my diary. 44 Ex. 72. Choose the correct form of the verb. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. The students who is / are in my class come from many countries. The student who is / are talking to the teacher is from France. I talked to the men who was / were sitting next to me. Do you know the people that lives / live in that house? Biographies are books which tells / tell the stories of people’s lives. A book that tells / tell the story of a person’s life is called a biography. The woman that was / were sitting in front of me at the movie was wearing a big hat. 8. The people who was / were queuing to get into the theatre were cold and wet. 9. There are two students in my class who speaks / speak Portuguese. 10. The heart of education is in a culture’s literature. People who reads / read gain not only knowledge but also pleasure. A person who does / do not read is no better than a person who cannot read. Ex. 73. Make up sentences joining columns A and B. A 1. An Englishman is a man 2. A pilot is a person (a) (b) 3. A coin is a piece of metal 4. A botanist is a scientist (c) (d) 5. An insomniac is somebody 6. A revolutionary is someone (e) (f) 7. A square is a geometric figure 8. A passport is a special paper 9. A puzzle is a problem 10. A generator is a machine 11. A jack-of-all-trades is someone 12. An expert can be defined as a person (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l) B who has trouble sleeping. who seeks to overthrow the government. who flies an airplane. that permits a citizen to travel in other countries. whose parents are English. that has four equal sides and four right angles. that produces electricity. who has many skills. who studies plants. that is difficult to solve. who has special knowledge in one area. that is used as money. Ex. 74. Complete the definitions in your own words. Consult your dictionary if necessary. 45 1. A philatelist is someone … 2. A school is an institution … 3. An economist is a person … 4. A cucumber is a vegetable … 5. A bartender is a person … 6. A spendthrift is someone … 7. A wallet is a small folding case … 8. Cake is a dessert … 9. An encyclopaedia is a book … 10.A miser is someone … 11. A still life is a picture … 12. A physician is a … Ex. 75. Combine the sentences into one sentence with a relative clause (there can be variants). Model: The man called the police. His car was stolen. The man whose car was stolen called the police. 1. I have a friend. Her brother is a police officer. 2. The will was made last week. Its beneficiary is Mr Simpson’s nephew. 3. The man is famous. His picture is in the newspapers. 4. I have a neighbour. His dog barks all day long. 5. He was afraid of that tree. Its branches used to tap on the window in the wind. 6. The professor gives hard tests. I’m taking her course. 7. I like the people. We stayed at their house. 8. The boy wants to be a violinist. His mother is a famous musician. 9. The man is very proud. Both of his sons are sport champions. 10. We have suffered a default. Its possibility was discussed last December. Ex. 76. Fill the gaps with the words from the box adding prepositions if necessary. Discuss the possible variants. who whom that whose which where 1. I like the people with ……. I work. 2. Have you seen the film ……. is on at the Fox Theatre? 3. A stenographer is a person ……. can write shorthand. 4. The hotel ……. we stayed had a wonderful view of the sea. 5. Do you know the woman …….. Michael is engaged to? 6. I have a friend …….. father is a famous artist. 7. The camera …….. I bought has a zoom lens. 8. Students …….. have part-time jobs have to budget their time very carefully. 9. The person to ………. you should send your application is the Director of Admissions. 10. That’s Tom Jenkins. He’s the boy …….. parents live in Switzerland. 11. She liked the present …….. I gave her for her birthday. 12. A microscope is an instrument …….. makes very small objects appear larger. 13. The firm …….. he worked soon went bankrupt. 14. He bought three jackets all of …….. were exactly the same style. 46 Ex. 77. Combine the two sentences into one using relative clauses. Mind the different variants. Model: The show was interesting. We went to it. The show to which we went was interesting. The show which/that we went to was interesting. The show we went to was interesting. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. (formal) (informal) The company pays me a fair salary. I work for this company. The man is over there. I told you about him. I want to tell you about the party. I went to it last night. The picture is beautiful. Tom is looking at it. I enjoyed the music. We listened to it after dinner. The department has most employees. He is in charge of it. We liked the family. We were staying with them. Ex. 78. Use your ideas to complete the sentences logically. 1. My friend knows a man who … 2. I have a friend whose … 3. I returned the book that … 4. I took the manuscript … were all yellow. 5. The job … was very challenging. 6. The person to whom … 7. There was a revolt in the prison where … 8. Some of the things … disappeared. 9. The examination which … was the most difficult. 10. I was able to find the book … *** Ex. 79. Write a short profile of a famous scientist / a scientist from your country / a Nobel-prize winner. Describe in brief one of his inventions / discoveries. (What is it? When was it invented / discovered? How was it invented / discovered? How does it help people? Where is it used?)