Bacteria/Fungus
Habitat
Biosafet
y Level
Mode of
Transmission
Virulence Factors
Disease/Infections
Precautions
to be taken
Agrobacterium
tumefaciens
ATCC 33970
 Soil borne
 1
 Not known to
cause human
infections
 Not known to
cause human
infections
 Plant pathogen.
 Not known to
cause human
infections
 Refer to
SRC
Biology
Research
Laboratory
Rules and
Regulations
Alcaligenes
eutrophus
ATCC 17699
 Found in soils and
water
 1
 Not known to
cause human
infections
 Not known to
cause human
infections
 Not know to cause
human infections
Aspergillus niger
Carolina
 Ubiquitous in
nature. Commonly
found as
saprophyte
growing on dead
leaves and other
decaying
vegetation.
 1
 Contact and
airborne.
 The spores
are
widespread.
 Allergen,
 Mycotoxins
 Opportunistic
pathogen.
 Allergen may
cause
hypersensitivity
reactions to
asthmatic patients.
 Massive inhalation
of the spores by
normal person may
lead to an acute
self-limiting
pneumonitis.
Citrobacter freundii
ATCC 8090
 Normal human
Gastrointestinal
flora
 Environment (soil,
water, sewage),
 1
 Endogenous
or person-toperson
spread.
 Endotoxins (Low
Virulence)
 Nosocomial
infections of UTI,
blood and several
other normally
sterile sites.
 Normal person
with open –wound
to be exposed to
contaminated
sources may lead
to an infection.
food
Escherichia coli
MM294
 Normal bowel flora
of human and
other animals
 1
 Endogenous
or person-toperson
spread.
 Endotoxin (Low
Virulence)
 Nosocomial
infections of UTI,
blood and several
other normally
sterile sites.
 Normal person
with open –wound
to be exposed to
contaminated
sources may lead
to an infection.
Enterobacter
cloacae
ATCC 23355
 Normal human
Gastrointestinal
flora
 1
 Endogenous
or person-toperson
spread.
 Endotoxin (Low
Virulence)
 Nosocomial
infections of UTI,
blood and several
other normally
sterile sites.
 Normal person
with open –wound
to be exposed to
contaminated
sources may lead
to an infection
 1
 Rarely
implicated in
infections.
 Extremely low
virulence
 Usually considered
contaminants
 Rarely implicated
Micrococcus luteus  Normal flora of
ATCC 4698
human skin,
derivative
mucosa and
oropharynx
as cause of human
infections.
Pectobacterium
carotovorum
ATCC 25270
 Plant pathogen
 1
 BacteriocinBacterial soft
rot
 Rare opportunistic
human pathogen
 Plant pathogen
and rare
opportunistic
human pathogen.
Providencia stuartii
ATCC 35031
 Normal human
Gastrointestinal
flora
 1
 Endogenous
or person-toperson
spread
 Endotoxins
 Nosocomial
infections of UTI,
blood and several
other normally
sterile sites.
 Normal person
with open –wound
to be exposed to
contaminated
sources may lead
to an infection.
Pseudomonas
fluorescencs
ATCC 948
 Environmental(soil
and water), not
part of normal
human flora
 1
 Exposure to
contaminated
sources
 Infection usually
requires patient
with underlying
disease or openwound to be
exposed to
contaminated
medical devices or
sources.
 Uncommon cause
of infection, have
been associated
with bacteremia,
UTI, wound
infections and
respiratory tract
infections.
Pseudomonas
putida
ATCC 31800
 Environmental(soil
and water), not
part of normal
 1
 Exposure to
contaminated
sources
 Infection usually
requires patient
with underlying
 Uncommon cause
of infection, have
been associated
human flora
disease or openwound to be
exposed to
contaminated
medical devices or
sources.
with bacteremia,
UTI, wound
infections and
respiratory tract
infections.
Pseudomonas sp.
(ATCC 55702)
 Environmental(soil
and water), not
part of normal
human flora
 1
 Exposure to
contaminated
sources
 Infection usually
requires patient
with underlying
disease or openwound to be
exposed to
contaminated
medical devices or
substances.
 Uncommon cause
of infection, have
been associated
with bacteremia,
UTI, wound
infections and
respiratory tract
infections.
Serratia
marcescens
Carolina
 Normal human
Gastrointestinal
flora.
 Environment (soil,
water, sewage),
food
 1
 Endogenous
 Endotoxins
 Nosocomial
infections of UTI,
blood and several
other normally
sterile sites when
skin is injured.
Saccharomyces
cerevisiae
(Wine yeast)
Carolina
 On the surface of
fruits.
 1
 Not known to
cause human
infections
 Not known to
cause human
infections
 Not known to
cause human
infections
Saccharomycopsis
fibuligera
ATCC 9947
 Cereal products
and Grains
 1
 Starchsplitting
enzymes
 Not known to
cause human
infections
 Not known to
cause human
infections
Saccharophagus
degradans
ATCC 43961
 Marine bacterium
 1
 Plant cell wall
degrading
enzymes
 Not known to
cause human
infections
 Not known to
cause human
infections
Staphylococcus
epidermidis
ATCC 12228
 Normal flora of
human skin,
mucous
membranes.
 1
 Endogenous
Zymomonas
mobilis
ATCC 29191
 Isolated from
alcoholic
beverages.
 1
 Not known to
cause human
infections
 Production of
 Usually normal
exopolysaccharide
flora of human skin
:slime: or biofilm
and mucous
enhances
membranes. Most
organism adhesion
common infections
and provides
include nosocomial
mechanical barrier
bacteremia
to antibiotics and
associated with
host defense
medical devices or
mechanisms.
gain access to
sterile sites.
 Not known to
 Not known to
cause human
cause human
infections
infections
CDC/NIH Guidelines (1999) Biosafety Level 1 (BSL 1): Well characterized agents not consistently known to cause disease in
healthy adult humans of minimal potential hazard to laboratory personnel and the environment.
References:
1. Betty A. Forbes; Daniel F. Saham; Alice S. Weissfeld. Diagnostic Microbiology, 3rd Edition.
2. Bergey’s manual of determinative Bacteriology, Nineth Edition
3. John I. Pitt; Alisa D. Hocking, Fungi and Food Spoilage. 3rd Edition
4. Microbe Wiki