1
Abu Ghraib Prison
Formal ISU Research Paper
Due Date: June 1, 2010
Course Code: CLN 4U1
Teacher: Mr. O’Reilly
2
Introduction:
“They will be handled not as prisoners of war, because they’re not, but as
unlawful combatants. As I understand it technically, unlawful combatants do not have
any rights under the Geneva Convention” – United States Defence Secretary Donald
Rumsfeld.i On March 20, 2003 the United States invaded the country of Iraq and a mere
three weeks later toppled the Hussein regime.ii As the U.S. proceeded to take over, the
rest of the world was cut off from Iraq, leaving many nations wondering what the United
States was hiding. It was only a year later when 279 images and 19 videos were released
in 2004 depicting American soldiers viciously abusing and humiliating Iraqi prisoners at
Abu Ghraib Prison. The photographs caused an outrage around the world, and many
organizations demanded answers and justice.
History of Abu Ghraib Prison:
Abu Ghraib Prison is located in Abu Ghraib, an Iraqi city 32km west of
Baghdad.iii It was built by British contractors in the 1960s and covers 280 acres of land
with a total of 24 guard towers.iv The area of the prison was divided up into five separate
walled compounds for different types of prisoners.v The five compounds were designed
for foreign prisoners, long sentences, short sentences, capital crimes, and “special”
crimes.vi The prisoners were kept in row-upon-row of one or two storey cellblocks
comprised of a dining room, prayer room, exercise area, and basic washing facilities.vii
The only decoration found in the drab prison cells were bizarre portraits of Saddam
Hussein and inscriptions of his “words of wisdom.”viii During Hussein’s reign Abu
Ghraib held as many as 15,000 people making the prison unbearably overcrowded with
up to 40 people in each cell.ix The prison quickly became known as a place where
3
Hussein’s government tortured and executed dissidents.x Amnesty International reports
give some idea of the scale of brutality that occurred at Abu Ghraib during Saddam
Hussein’s reign such as, the mass execution in 2001 of political prisoners.xi In addition to
executions, detainees were subjected to extreme torture including the use of electric
shocks, drills and lighted cigarettes used on the bodies of prisoners, extraction of
fingernails, beatings, mock executions, and threats to rape detainees’ relatives.xii Local
resident Yehiye Ahmed recalled the constant sound of prisoners’ screams over the prison
walls and even witnessed atrocities when he entered the compound to sell sandwiches
and cigarettes.xiii “I saw three guards beat a man to death with sticks and cables. When
they got tired, the guards would switch with other guards. I could only watch for a minute
without getting caught, but I heard the screams, and it went on for an hour.”xiv
As Saddam Hussein’s regime struggled by in 2002, Hussein declared a general
amnesty and all prisoners were released from Abu Ghraib.xv Not too long after, the
regime collapsed at the hands of the United States in April of 2003, leaving Abu Ghraib
deserted.xvi Easily accessible to pillagers, the prison was stripped of everything that
could be removed, including doors, windows, and bricks.xvii
On April 22, 2003, the U.S. Military Police took over Abu Ghraib Prison,
securing the location for their own purpose as a possible center for operations.xviii In the
months that followed, Abu Ghraib Prison was redesigned; floors were tiled, cells cleaned
and repaired, and toilets, showers, and a new medical center added.xix The Hard Site, the
American’s name for the old cellblock complex was also refurbished to the U.S.
military’s specifications; however it was not until later that its true purpose became
known.
4
Conflict:
On January 13, 2004, Specialist Joseph M. Darby, an M.P. received a CD from
Charles Graner, a member of the 372nd Military Police Company positioned at Abu
Ghraib.xx Upon looking at the CD, Darby came across several pictures of naked
detainees from the prison and immediately gave it to his superiors in the Army’s Criminal
Investigation Command.xxi The following day, the Army launched a criminal
investigation at Abu Ghraib Prison, placing Major General Antonio M. Taguba in
charge.xxii 279 photographs and 19 videos were recorded from the CD officer Graner sent
covering a three month period of detainee abuse.xxiii
Many of the problems eventually revealed at Abu Ghraib were uncovered in an
evaluation by Major General Donald Ryder.xxiv While visiting the detention center,
Ryder’s team found that human rights, health, sanitation, and security conditions were
not being sufficiently met.xxv Most military units within the prison were under-staffed
and lacked resources and basic necessities.xxvi Ryder’s team found major sanitation
problems at Abu Ghraib, including trash-strewn compounds, and flimsy tents that
provided little protection from the weather and enemy attacks.xxvii In his review, Ryder
concluded that future detention operations at the prison were not sustainable, and would
not be conducive with the long term management of detainees.xxviii His team also
revealed that the military units located at the prison did not receive the correct amount of
training to govern a prison effectively.xxix In addition to the poorly managed prison,
investigators found that multiple human rights abuses had occurred at Abu Ghraib Prison
conducted by military personnel. More than ten U.S. soldiers, mainly from the 372nd
Military Police Company, and Iraqi civilian contractors were involved in the abuse of
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more than 20 detainees.xxx Interrogation techniques similar to those used at Guantanamo
Bay were inflicted upon the prisoners, frequently involving nudity, stress positions, and
hooding and sleep deprivation.xxxi Major General Taguba reported some of the atrocities
committed at Abu Ghraib Prison’s Hard Site, such as: breaking chemical lights and
pouring phosphoric liquid on detainees, pouring cold water on naked detainees,
threatening male detainees with rape, sodomizing detainees with chemical lights and
broom sticks, and using military work dogs to frighten and intimidate prisoners with
threats of attack, and in one case actually biting a detainee.xxxii Furthermore, Taguba
found that there were gross differences between the actual number of prisoners on hand
and the official number recorded.xxxiii Prisoners held without record became known as
ghost detainees that intelligence agencies and special military units, including the CIA,
secretly interrogated for their own purposes.xxxiv One detainee, for example, received
several beatings and suffered massive injuries.xxxv Upon looking at the detainee’s
identification number, investigators discovered that he had the same number as another
prisoner.xxxvi
Among the United States own investigation at Abu Ghraib, several other
organizations were horrified by what occurred there and launched their own inquiry. The
International Committee of the Red Cross reported in February 2004 that between 70 to
90 percent of persons detained at Abu Ghraib Prison were innocent and had been arrested
by mistake.xxxvii Human Rights Watch was also involved in the efforts to help the
detainees at the prison and frequently complained to the U.S. Secretary of Defence
Donald Rumsfeld that civilians in Iraq remained in custody month after month with no
charges brought against them.xxxviii
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Major Players/Leaders:
Between October and December of 2003 a series of sadistic and blatant criminal
abuses took place at Abu Ghraib.xxxix Major General Antonio Taguba reported that the
majority of the abuses were committed by U.S. soldiers of the 372nd Military Police
Company.xl 12 soldiers were court-martialed by the United States Army for their actions
at the Hard Site in Abu Ghraib including; Staff Sergeant Ivan L. Frederick II, Specialist
Charles A. Graner, Sergeant Javal Davis, Specialist Megan Ambuhl, Specialist Sabrina
Harman, Private Lynndie England, and Private Jeremy Sivits.xli All twelve suspects
faced prosecutions based on the charges of conspiracy, dereliction of duty, cruelty to
prisoners, maltreatment, assault, and indecent acts.xlii
Army Private Lynndie England was convicted and found guilty of one count of
conspiracy, four counts of maltreating detainees and one count of committing an indecent
act.xliii England tried to plead guilty before her trial in exchange for an undisclosed
sentencing cap, but a judge threw out her plea.xliv England now faces a maximum
sentence of nine years in prison.xlv
Army Lieutenant Col. Steven Jordan, the former director of the prison’s
interrogation center was not found in any of the photographs taken in Abu Ghraib, but he
has been accused of allowing the mistreatment of prisoners to escalate.xlvi In full, Jordan
has been charged with failure to obey regulations, cruelty and maltreatment of detainees,
and dereliction of duty.xlvii However, Jordan’s lead defence Captain Samuel Spitzberg
contended that although Jordan headed the interrogation center, he spent most of his time
trying to improve the prison’s living conditions.xlviii Spitzberg won the case and Jordan
received one of the lightest sentences within the army, a reprimand.xlix
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Staff Sergeant Ivan Frederick was initially sentenced to 10 years in prison for
eight counts of prisoner abuse, but the term was reduced to eight years when Frederick
pleaded guilty.l However, as a part of Frederick’s plea he was required to cooperate in
the prosecution of other cases concerning Abu Ghraib abuses.li
Of all twelve soldiers court-martialed the longest prison term was given to
Specialist Charles Graner.lii Graner was convicted on five counts of assault, maltreatment
and conspiracy in connection with the beating and humiliation of Iraqi detainees and is
serving up to 10 years in prison.liii
Aftermath:
The United States Army and Military Intelligence Agency have found their
reputation permanently damaged because of the actions performed at Abu Ghraib
Prison.liv In attempt to redeem themselves, the United States decided in March of 2006 to
transfer the 4,500 inmates at Abu Ghraib to other prisons around the country and return
the prison to Iraqi authorities.lv The prison was reported emptied of prisoners in August,
and on September 2, 2006 Abu Ghraib was closed down and formally handed over to the
Iraqi government.lvi Three years later, in February of 2009 Iraq reopened Abu Ghraib
under the new name of Baghdad Central Prison.lvii The prison had been renovated to
include water-fountains, a freshly planted garden, and a gym complete with weights and
equipment.lviii Unlike Saddam Hussein’s Abu Ghraib Prison, Baghdad Central Prison
will not have to put 40 prisoners in a cell; each chamber has a capacity of eight people.lix
Furthermore, Baghdad Central Prison opened with 3,500 inmates in its system and can
hold up to a maximum of 15,000 prisoners.lx
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Impact on International Law:
The criminal abuses that occurred at Abu Ghraib prison violated many charters,
and international laws, but none more so than the third and fourth Geneva Conventions.
Both the third Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War and the
fourth Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War
hold that the United States is responsible for the violations that occurred at Abu Ghraib.lxi
Article 13 and 14 of the third Geneva Convention states that “prisoners of war must at all
times be humanely treated. Any unlawful act or omission by the detaining power causing
death or serious damage of a prisoner of war is prohibited. In particular, no prisoner of
war may be subjected to physical mutilation or to medical or scientific experiments of
any kind. Likewise, prisoners of war must at all times be protected, particularly against
acts of violence or intimidation. Prisoners of war are entitled in all circumstances to
respect for their persons and their honour.”lxii Furthermore, article 76 of the fourth
Geneva Convention declares that “protected persons accused of offenses shall be
detained in the occupied country, and if convicted they shall serve their sentences therein.
They shall, be separated from other detainees and shall enjoy conditions of food and
hygiene which will be sufficient to keep them in good health. They shall receive the
medical attention required by their state of health, and have the right to any spiritual
assistance.”lxiii
The United States of America was one of the first nations to sign the Geneva
Conventions in 1929 and 1949.lxiv However, instead of upholding the treaty, the U.S.
repeatedly violated it by committing monstrous acts of terror. Furthermore, the United
Nations and other countries are incapable of intervening in the United States affairs
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because they are one of the five permanent members of the Security Council (Nossal,
Legal source).lxv Had any other government proposed an intervention on behalf of the
Abu Ghraib prisoners, the U.S. would surely have vetoed down any UN action (Nossal,
Legal source).lxvi
The United States Army and Military Intelligence Agency suffered professionally
as a result of the actions committed at Abu Ghraib. As a consequence, the U.S. and
others countries have implemented new procedures to ensure detainees are not abused
and military officers are properly trained.lxvii The United States has even revised their
training and procedures manual to clearly define the extent to which guards and
interrogators can put pressure on detainees.lxviii Armies are also starting to reorganize the
way prison guards are trained and a new 55 hour training course has become mandatory
including subjects such as, ethics, values, and rules of the Geneva Convention.lxix
Controversy:
Throughout Taguba’s investigation, he came across several controversial matters
involving the United States government and Abu Ghraib Prison documents. Overall,
there was a general confusion amongst U.S. officers at the prison concerning who had
authority and could give orders. Military Intelligence was given control of the base in
November of 2003, but several soldiers testified that there was a considerable amount of
confusion over the extent of MI authority.lxx When asked why he did not inform his
chain of command about the abuse, Sergeant Javal Davis answered, “I assumed that if we
were doing things out of the ordinary or outside the guidelines, someone would have said
something. Also the [torture] wing belongs to MI and it appeared MI personnel approved
of the abuse.”lxxi However, Military Intelligence claimed they were only following the
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orders of Lieutenant General Ricardo S. Sanchez, the senior commander in Iraq.lxxii Two
memos issued by Sanchez were sent to MI based on interrogation rules and
procedures.lxxiii The memos included the approval of interrogation techniques such as,
segregation of detainees and deliberately trying to frighten them.lxxiv Sanchez instructed
interrogators to completely control the interrogation environment, including the
detainee’s food, clothing and shelter.lxxv Furthermore, when approached with the subject
of prison abuse in Abu Ghraib the United States Bush Administration was quick to
declare the abuses were conducted by a “few bad apples” who do not represent the U.S.
Army.lxxvi However, critics and the Army’s own Major General Antonio Taguba are
saying that the abuse was systemic and prison guards must have been acting on a higher
power.lxxvii Lieutenant Colonel Steven Jordan even told investigators that the
interrogation center had been put together at the direction of the White House to
consolidate information regarding terrorist activity.lxxviii
Another exceedingly controversial matter involved in the Abu Ghraib Prison case
was discovered when the Criminal Investigation Command discovered two different
forensic reports.lxxix The first report was completed June 6, 2004, in Tikrit, Iraq which
analyzed a seized laptop computer and eight CDs.lxxx 1,325 photos and 93 videos were
found containing detainee abuse from Abu Ghraib Prison.lxxxi The second report was
completed a month later in Fort Belvoir, Virginia, but 12 CDs were analyzed and only
279 photos and 19 videos were found.lxxxii It remains unclear why and how the CID
narrowed its set of forensic evidence.lxxxiii
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Primary Source:
In August of 2004, 279 photographs were found by the Criminal Investigation
Command in which American soldiers are shown beating, humiliating, and torturing Iraqi
detainees.lxxxiv The photos were taken with cameras belonging to Cpl. Charles A. Graner
Jr., Staff Sgt. Ivan Frederick II, and Spc. Sabrina Harman.lxxxv As a consequence the
images were used as primary evidence against Staff Sergeant Ivan L. Frederick II,
Specialist Charles A. Graner, Sergeant Javal Davis, Specialist Megan Ambuhl, Specialist
Sabrina Harman, Private Lynndie England, and Private Jeremy Sivits in their military
trials.
One of the most iconic images of abuse to emerge from Abu Ghraib Prison
showed a detainee perched on top of a cardboard box, with a hood on his head, a blanket
around his shoulders, and electrical wires extending from his hands.lxxxvi To the soldiers
at Abu Ghraib, the detainee was known as “Gilligan,” but according to CID documents
the prisoner was a man named Saad.lxxxvii
12
Other images of detainee abuse can be found at the following web site galleries:
http://middleeast.about.com/od/iraq/ig/Abu-Ghraib-Torture-Photos/Chip-Frederick.htm,
http://www.salon.com/news/abu_ghraib/2006/03/14/chapter_4/18.html.
Legal Source:
The legal sources I obtained for my final project were Scott Silliman, professor of
international law at Duke University and Kim Richard Nossal, professor of international
law at Queens University. In the case of whether the Abu Ghraib abuses were justified,
Mr. Silliman concluded that the violent acts committed were severe violations of
American and international law. He believes that the atrocities have left a black mark
across the United States military and that the 12 court-martialed soldiers should be held
accountable for their actions. However, in contrast to Mr. Silliman, Canadian professor
Kim Richard Nossal does not appear to disagree or agree with the statement.
Furthermore, Mr. Nossal provided outstanding information concerning the United
Nations lack of involvement in the Abu Ghraib case. Both professors’ answers to my
questions can be found on the following pages.
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Conclusion:
It has been six years since the infamous torture photographs and videos of Iraqi
prisoners were released and Abu Ghraib Prison still remains a dark hole in American
history. Twelve men and women have been court-martialed and some even face prison
sentences up to ten years, but that does not justify the abuses that occurred. The criminal
investigation on Abu Ghraib Prison taught Canadians and many other nations what the
United States is capable of and what they are willing to do to end “terrorism” in the
Middle East. Furthermore, the Abu Ghraib case has taught many people that every
human is important, no matter their race, gender, or nationality. Every human being
should be treated in the same manner.
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i
Rowland, Robin. INDEPTH: IRAQ Abu Ghraib. CBC, 6 May 2004. Web. 29 May 2010.
<http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/iraq/abughraib.html>.
ii
Microsoft ® Encarta ® Encyclopedia 2005 © 1993-2004 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
iii
A BACKGROUND OF ABU GHRAIB. CBC News, 2007. Web. 29 May 2010.
<http://www.cbc.ca/fifth/badapples/history.html>.
iv
A BACKGROUND OF ABU GHRAIB. CBC News, 2007. Web. 29 May 2010.
<http://www.cbc.ca/fifth/badapples/history.html>.
v
Asser, Martin. Abu Ghraib: Dark Stain on Iraq's Past. BBC News, 25 May 2004. Web. 29 May 2010.
<http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3747005.stm>.
vi
Asser, Martin. Abu Ghraib: Dark Stain on Iraq's Past. BBC News, 25 May 2004. Web. 29 May 2010.
<http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3747005.stm>.
vii
Asser, Martin. Abu Ghraib: Dark Stain on Iraq's Past. BBC News, 25 May 2004. Web. 29 May 2010.
<http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3747005.stm>.
viii
Asser, Martin. Abu Ghraib: Dark Stain on Iraq's Past. BBC News, 25 May 2004. Web. 29 May 2010.
<http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3747005.stm>.
ix
Asser, Martin. Abu Ghraib: Dark Stain on Iraq's Past. BBC News, 25 May 2004. Web. 29 May 2010.
<http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3747005.stm>.
x
A BACKGROUND OF ABU GHRAIB. CBC News, 2007. Web. 29 May 2010.
<http://www.cbc.ca/fifth/badapples/history.html>.
xi
Asser, Martin. Abu Ghraib: Dark Stain on Iraq's Past. BBC News, 25 May 2004. Web. 29 May 2010.
<http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3747005.stm>.
xii
Asser, Martin. Abu Ghraib: Dark Stain on Iraq's Past. BBC News, 25 May 2004. Web. 29 May 2010.
<http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3747005.stm>.
xiii
Asser, Martin. Abu Ghraib: Dark Stain on Iraq's Past. BBC News, 25 May 2004. Web. 29 May 2010.
<http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3747005.stm>.
xiv
Asser, Martin. Abu Ghraib: Dark Stain on Iraq's Past. BBC News, 25 May 2004. Web. 29 May 2010.
<http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3747005.stm>.
xv
A BACKGROUND OF ABU GHRAIB. CBC News, 2007. Web. 29 May 2010.
<http://www.cbc.ca/fifth/badapples/history.html>.
xvi
Hersh, Seymour. Annals of National Security Torture at Abu Ghraib. New Yorker, 30 Apr. 2004. Web.
29 May 2010. <http://samizdat.cc/shelf/documents/2004/05.03-hersh/hersh.pdf>.
xvii
Hersh, Seymour. Annals of National Security Torture at Abu Ghraib. New Yorker, 30 Apr. 2004. Web.
29 May 2010. <http://samizdat.cc/shelf/documents/2004/05.03-hersh/hersh.pdf>.
xviii
Asser, Martin. Abu Ghraib: Dark Stain on Iraq's Past. BBC News, 25 May 2004. Web. 29 May 2010.
<http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3747005.stm>.
xix
Hersh, Seymour. Annals of National Security Torture at Abu Ghraib. New Yorker, 30 Apr. 2004. Web.
29 May 2010. <http://samizdat.cc/shelf/documents/2004/05.03-hersh/hersh.pdf>.
xx
Hersh, Seymour. Annals of National Security Torture at Abu Ghraib. New Yorker, 30 Apr. 2004. Web.
29 May 2010. <http://samizdat.cc/shelf/documents/2004/05.03-hersh/hersh.pdf>.
xxi
Hersh, Seymour. Annals of National Security Torture at Abu Ghraib. New Yorker, 30 Apr. 2004. Web.
29 May 2010. <http://samizdat.cc/shelf/documents/2004/05.03-hersh/hersh.pdf>.
xxii
Hersh, Seymour. Annals of National Security Torture at Abu Ghraib. New Yorker, 30 Apr. 2004. Web.
29 May 2010. <http://samizdat.cc/shelf/documents/2004/05.03-hersh/hersh.pdf>.
xxiii
The Abu Ghraib Files. Salon, 14 Mar. 2006. Web. 29 May 2010.
<http://www.salon.com/news/abu_ghraib/2006/03/14/introduction>.
xxiv
Cohen, Alexander. Special Report: The Abu Ghraib Supplementary Documents. The Center for Public
Integrity, 8 Oct. 2004. Web. 29 May 2010. <http://www.publicintegrity.org/articles/entry/505>.
xxv
Cohen, Alexander. Special Report: The Abu Ghraib Supplementary Documents. The Center for Public
Integrity, 8 Oct. 2004. Web. 29 May 2010. <http://www.publicintegrity.org/articles/entry/505>.
xxvi
Cohen, Alexander. Special Report: The Abu Ghraib Supplementary Documents. The Center for Public
Integrity, 8 Oct. 2004. Web. 29 May 2010. <http://www.publicintegrity.org/articles/entry/505>.
xxvii
Cohen, Alexander. Special Report: The Abu Ghraib Supplementary Documents. The Center for Public
Integrity, 8 Oct. 2004. Web. 29 May 2010. <http://www.publicintegrity.org/articles/entry/505>.
15
xxviii
Cohen, Alexander. Special Report: The Abu Ghraib Supplementary Documents. The Center for Public
Integrity, 8 Oct. 2004. Web. 29 May 2010. <http://www.publicintegrity.org/articles/entry/505>.
xxix
Cohen, Alexander. Special Report: The Abu Ghraib Supplementary Documents. The Center for Public
Integrity, 8 Oct. 2004. Web. 29 May 2010. <http://www.publicintegrity.org/articles/entry/505>.
xxx
Cohen, Alexander. Special Report: The Abu Ghraib Supplementary Documents. The Center for Public
Integrity, 8 Oct. 2004. Web. 29 May 2010. <http://www.publicintegrity.org/articles/entry/505>.
xxxi
Chapter 1: "Standard Operating Procedure". Salon, 14 Mar. 2006. Web. 29 May 2010.
<http://www.salon.com/news/abu_ghraib/2006/03/14/chapter_1/index.html>.
xxxii
Hersh, Seymour. Annals of National Security Torture at Abu Ghraib. New Yorker, 30 Apr. 2004. Web.
29 May 2010. <http://samizdat.cc/shelf/documents/2004/05.03-hersh/hersh.pdf>.
xxxiii
Hersh, Seymour. Annals of National Security Torture at Abu Ghraib. New Yorker, 30 Apr. 2004. Web.
29 May 2010. <http://samizdat.cc/shelf/documents/2004/05.03-hersh/hersh.pdf>.
xxxiv
Cohen, Alexander. Special Report: The Abu Ghraib Supplementary Documents. The Center for Public
Integrity, 8 Oct. 2004. Web. 29 May 2010. <http://www.publicintegrity.org/articles/entry/505>.
xxxv
Cohen, Alexander. Special Report: The Abu Ghraib Supplementary Documents. The Center for Public
Integrity, 8 Oct. 2004. Web. 29 May 2010. <http://www.publicintegrity.org/articles/entry/505>.
xxxvi
Cohen, Alexander. Special Report: The Abu Ghraib Supplementary Documents. The Center for Public
Integrity, 8 Oct. 2004. Web. 29 May 2010. <http://www.publicintegrity.org/articles/entry/505>.
xxxvii
The Abu Ghraib Files. Salon, 14 Mar. 2006. Web. 29 May 2010.
<http://www.salon.com/news/abu_ghraib/2006/03/14/introduction>.
xxxviii
Hersh, Seymour. Annals of National Security Torture at Abu Ghraib. New Yorker, 30 Apr. 2004.
Web. 29 May 2010. <http://samizdat.cc/shelf/documents/2004/05.03-hersh/hersh.pdf>.
xxxix
Hersh, Seymour. Annals of National Security Torture at Abu Ghraib. New Yorker, 30 Apr. 2004. Web.
29 May 2010. <http://samizdat.cc/shelf/documents/2004/05.03-hersh/hersh.pdf>.
xl
Hersh, Seymour. Annals of National Security Torture at Abu Ghraib. New Yorker, 30 Apr. 2004. Web.
29 May 2010. <http://samizdat.cc/shelf/documents/2004/05.03-hersh/hersh.pdf>.
xli
Hersh, Seymour. Annals of National Security Torture at Abu Ghraib. New Yorker, 30 Apr. 2004. Web.
29 May 2010. <http://samizdat.cc/shelf/documents/2004/05.03-hersh/hersh.pdf>.
xlii
Hersh, Seymour. Annals of National Security Torture at Abu Ghraib. New Yorker, 30 Apr. 2004. Web.
29 May 2010. <http://samizdat.cc/shelf/documents/2004/05.03-hersh/hersh.pdf>.
xliii
Lynndie England Convicted in Abu Ghraib Trial. USA Today, 26 Sep. 2005. Web. 29 May 2010.
<http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-09-26-england_x.htm>.
xliv
Lynndie England Convicted in Abu Ghraib Trial. USA Today, 26 Sep. 2005. Web. 29 May 2010.
<http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-09-26-england_x.htm>.
xlv
Lynndie England Convicted in Abu Ghraib Trial. USA Today, 26 Sep. 2005. Web. 29 May 2010.
<http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-09-26-england_x.htm>.
xlvi
2 Charges Dropped as Abu Ghraib Trial Opens. MSNBC, 20 Aug. 2007. Web. 29 May 2010.
<http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/20363524/>.
xlvii
2 Charges Dropped as Abu Ghraib Trial Opens. MSNBC, 20 Aug. 2007. Web. 29 May 2010.
<http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/20363524/>.
xlviii
2 Charges Dropped as Abu Ghraib Trial Opens. MSNBC, 20 Aug. 2007. Web. 29 May 2010.
<http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/20363524/>.
xlix
2 Charges Dropped as Abu Ghraib Trial Opens. MSNBC, 20 Aug. 2007. Web. 29 May 2010.
<http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/20363524/>.
l
Sergeant Is Sentenced to 8 Years in Abuse Case. The New York Times, 22 Oct. 2004. Web. 29 May 2010.
<http://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/22/international/middleeast/22abuse.html>.
li
Sergeant Is Sentenced to 8 Years in Abuse Case. The New York Times, 22 Oct. 2004. Web. 29 May
2010. <http://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/22/international/middleeast/22abuse.html>.
lii
2 Charges Dropped as Abu Ghraib Trial Opens. MSNBC, 20 Aug. 2007. Web. 29 May 2010.
<http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/20363524/>.
liii
Reid, T.. Guard Convicted in the First Trial from Abu Ghraib. The Washington Post, 15 Jan. 2005. Web.
29 May 2010. <http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A9343-2005Jan14.html>.
liv
Abu Ghraib Set to Reopen as Baghdad Central Prison. The New York Times, 25 Jan. 2009. Web. 29
May 2010. <http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/25/world/africa/25iht-iraq.1.19652890.html>.
16
lv
Abu Ghraib Set to Reopen as Baghdad Central Prison. The New York Times, 25 Jan. 2009. Web. 29
May 2010. <http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/25/world/africa/25iht-iraq.1.19652890.html>.
lvi
Abu Ghraib Set to Reopen as Baghdad Central Prison. The New York Times, 25 Jan. 2009. Web. 29
May 2010. <http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/25/world/africa/25iht-iraq.1.19652890.html>.
lvii
Abu Ghraib Set to Reopen as Baghdad Central Prison. The New York Times, 25 Jan. 2009. Web. 29
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