CHAPTER 1
Chemical Foundations
1. It is estimated that uranium is relatively common in the earth’s crust, occurring in
amounts of 4 g/metric ton. A metric ton is 1000 kg. At this concentration, what mass of
uranium is present in 1.0 mg of the earth’s crust?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
ANS:
4 nanograms
4 micrograms
4 milligrams
4  10–5 g
4 centigrams
a)
4 nanograms
PAGE: 1.3,6
2. In 1928, 1.0 g of a new element was isolated from 660 kg of the ore molybdenite. The
percent by mass of this element in the ore was:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
1.5%
6.6%
1.0%
1.5 10–4%
3.5 10–3%
ANS: d)
1.5 10–4%
PAGE: 1.3,6
3. Which of the following metric relationships is incorrect?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
1 microliter = 10–6 liters
1 gram = 103 kilograms
103 milliliters = 1 liter
1 gram = 102 centigrams
10 decimeters = 1 meter
ANS: b)
1 gram = 103 kilograms
PAGE: 1.3
4. Which of the following is an example of a quantitative observation?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
The piece of metal is longer than the piece of wood
Solution 1 is much darker than solution 2.
The liquid in beaker A is blue.
The temperature of the liquid is 60°C.
At least two of these (a-d) are quantitative observations.
ANS: d)
The temperature of the liquid is 60°C.
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1
PAGE: 1.2
CHAPTER 1
Chemical Foundations
5. A quantitative observation
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
ANS:
contains a number and a unit.
does not contain a number.
always makes a comparison.
must be obtained through experimentation.
none of these
a)
contains a number and a unit.
PAGE: 1.3
6. Generally observed behavior which can be formulated into a statement, sometimes
mathematical in nature, is called a(n)
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
observation.
measurement.
theory.
natural law.
experiment.
ANS: d)
natural law.
PAGE: 1.2
7. The statement “The total mass of materials is not affected by a chemical change in those
materials” is called a(n)
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
observation.
measurement.
theory.
natural law.
experiment.
ANS: d)
natural law.
PAGE: 1.2
8. What is the measure of resistance an object has to a change in its state of motion?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
ANS:
mass
weight
volume
length
none of these
a)
mass
PAGE: 1.3
9. Express 0.00560 in exponential notation.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
ANS:
5.60 103
5.6 10-3
5.60 10-3
5.60
none of these
c)
5.60 10-3
PAGE: 1.5
2
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CHAPTER 1
Chemical Foundations
10. A titration was performed to find the concentration of hydrochloric acid with the
following results:
Trial
Molarity
1
1.25 ± 0.01
2
1.24 ± 0.01
3
1.26 ± 0.01
The actual concentration of HCl was determined to be 1.000 M; the results of the
titration are:
a) both accurate and precise.
b)
c)
d)
e)
ANS:
accurate but imprecise.
precise but inaccurate.
both inaccurate and imprecise.
accuracy and precision are impossible to determine with the available
information.
c)
precise but inaccurate
PAGE: 1.4
11. Which of the following is the least probable concerning five measurements taken in the
lab?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
The measurements are accurate and precise.
The measurements are accurate but not precise.
The measurements are precise but not accurate.
The measurements are neither accurate nor precise.
All of these are equally probable.
ANS: b)
The measurements are accurate but not precise.
PAGE: 1.4
12. We generally report a measurement by recording all of the certain digits plus ____
uncertain digit(s).
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
no
one
two
three
four
ANS: b)
one
PAGE: 1.4
13. The amount of uncertainty in a measured quantity is determined by:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
ANS:
both the skill of the observer and the limitations of the measuring instrument.
neither the skill of the observer nor the limitations of the measuring instrument.
the limitations of the measuring instrument only.
the skill of the observer only.
none of these
a)
both the skill of the observer and the limitations of the
measuring instrument.
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PAGE: 1.4
CHAPTER 1
Chemical Foundations
14. A scientist obtains the number 0.045006700 on a calculator. If this number actually has
four (4) significant figures, how should it be written?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
0.4567
0.4501
0.045
0.04500
0.04501
ANS:
e)
0.04501
PAGE: 1.5
15. How many significant figures are there in the number 3.1400?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
ANS:
1
2
3
4
5
e)
5
PAGE: 1.5
16. A piece of indium with a mass of 16.6 g is submerged in 46.3 cm3 of water in a
graduated cylinder. The water level increases to 48.6 cm3. The correct value for the
density of indium from these data is:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
7.217 g/cm3
7.2 g/cm3
0.14 g/cm3
0.138 g/cm3
more than 0.1 g/cm3 away from any of these values.
ANS: b)
7.2 g/cm3
PAGE: 1.5,8
17. Express 165,000 in exponential notation.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
1.65000  105
1.65  105
1.6500  10–5
1.65  10–5
165 103
ANS: b)
1.65  105
PAGE: 1.5
4
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CHAPTER 1
Chemical Foundations
18. A metric unit for length is
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
gram.
milliliter.
yard.
kilometer.
pound.
ANS: d)
kilometer.
PAGE: 1.3
19. One kilogram contains this many grams:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
100
1000
10
1/10
1/1000
ANS: b)
1000
PAGE: 1.3
20. Using the rules of significant figures, calculate the following:
6.167 + 83
5.10
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
17.5
18
17
20
17.48
ANS:
c)
17
PAGE: 1.5
21. Using the rules of significant figures, calculate the following: 4.0021 – 0.004
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
3.998
4
3.9981
4.00
4.0
ANS:
a)
3.998
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PAGE: 1.5
5
CHAPTER 1
Chemical Foundations
22. How many significant figures are there in the number 0.04560700?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
ANS:
4
5
7
8
9
c)
7
PAGE: 1.5
23. Convert 5687.4 g to mg.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
ANS:
5.6874 mg
56.784 mg
568.74 mg
5.6874 x 103 mg
5.6874 x 106 mg
e)
5.6874 x 106 mg
PAGE: 1.3
24. Express the volume 245 cm3 in liters.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
245 L
24.5 L
2.45 L
0.245 L
0.0245 L
ANS: d)
0.245 L
PAGE: 1.3
25. The mass of 24 kg equals
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
ANS:
0.024 g
0.24 g
240 g
2400 g
2.4 x 104 g
e)
2.4 x 104 g
PAGE: 1.3
26. Convert 0.6571 m to mm.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
ANS:
657.1 mm
6.571 x 10-3 mm
6.571 x 10-4 mm
0.06571 mm
none of these
a)
657.1 mm
PAGE: 1.3
6
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CHAPTER 1
Chemical Foundations
27. One second contains this many picoseconds.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
1  1012
1  10–12
1  10–9
1  109
1  1015
ANS:
a)
1  1012
PAGE: 1.3
28. 100 seconds contain this many nanoseconds.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
1  107
1  1011
1  1010
1  1012
1  108
ANS: b)
1  1011
PAGE: 1.3
29. How many significant figures are there in the number 0.0006042?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
7
3
8
4
0
ANS: d)
4
PAGE: 1.5
30. The degree of agreement among several measurements of the same quantity is called
__________. It reflects the reproducibility of a given type of measurement.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
ANS:
accuracy
error
precision
significance
certainty
c)
precision
PAGE: 1.4
31. The agreement of a particular value with the true value is called
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
ANS:
accuracy.
error.
precision.
significance.
certainty.
a)
accuracy.
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PAGE: 1.4
7
CHAPTER 1
Chemical Foundations
32. Convert 4301 mL to qts. (1 L = 1.06 qt)
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
ANS:
4559 qts
4.058 qts
4058  10–3 qts
4058 qts
4.559 qts
e)
4.559 qts
PAGE: 1.6
33. Convert 16.8 lb to g. (1 lb = 453.6 g)
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
ANS:
762.0 g
3.70  104 g
76.2 g
7621 g
7620 g
e)
7620 g
PAGE: 1.6
34. Convert 761 mi to km. (1 m = 1.094 yds, 1 mi = 1760 yds)
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
ANS:
832 km
1470 km
1.22  109 km
696 km
1220 km
e)
1220 km
PAGE: 1.6
35. Convert 0.092 ft3 to L. (2.54 cm = 1 in., 1 L = 1 dm3)
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
26 L
2.6 L
3.2  10–3 L
1.8 L
0.40 L
ANS: b)
2.6 L
PAGE: 1.6
36. Convert 6.0 kg to lb. (1 kg = 2.205 lb)
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
ANS:
13 lbs
1.3 lbs
2.7 lbs
10. lbs
13.23 lbs
a)
13 lbs
PAGE: 1.5,1.6
8
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CHAPTER 1
Chemical Foundations
37. 423 Kelvin equals
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
150. F
273. F
696. F
150. C
696. C
ANS: d)
150. C
PAGE: 1.7
38. The melting point of lead is 327°C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?
(TF = TC  (9°F/5°C) + 32°F)
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
620.6°F
600°F
895°F
621°F
547°F
ANS: d)
621°F
PAGE: 1.5,1.7
39. The state of matter for an object that has a definite volume but not a definite shape is
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
solid state.
liquid state.
gaseous state.
elemental state.
mixed state.
ANS: b)
liquid state.
PAGE: 1.9
40. Manganese makes up 1.3  10–4 percent by mass of the elements found in a normal
healthy body. How many grams of manganese would be found in the body of a person
weighing 183 lb? (2.2 lb = 1.0 kg)
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
1100 g
0.11 g
11 g
0.24 g
none of these is correct
ANS: b)
0.11 g
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PAGE: 1.6
9
CHAPTER 1
Chemical Foundations
41. In 1928, rhenium cost $10,000/kg. It now costs $40/troy ounce. What is the present cost
of a gram of rhenium? (1 troy ounce = 31.10 g)
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
less than $1.00
between $1.00 and $10
between $10 and $50
between $50 and $100
over $100
ANS: b)
between $1.00 and $10
PAGE: 1.6
42. You measure water in two containers: a 10-mL graduated cylinder with marks at every
mL, and a 1-mL pipet marked at every 0.1 mL. If you have some water in each of the
containers, and add them together, to what decimal place could you measure the total?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
0.01 mL
0.1 mL
1 mL
10 mL
none of these
ANS: b)
0.1 mL
PAGE: 1.4,5
43. What data would you need to estimate the money you would spend on gas to drive
your car from Los Angeles to Chicago? Provide a sample calculation.
ANS: average price per gallon of gasoline, average MPG of the car,
mileage of trip
PAGE: 1.6
44. In a recent accident some drums of uranium hexafluoride were lost in the English
Channel. The melting point of uranium hexafluoride is 64.5°C. What is the melting point
of uranium hexafluoride on the Fahrenheit scale? (TF = TC  (9°F/5°C) + 32°F)
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
1.35°F
82.3°F
116°F
122°F
148°F
ANS:
e)
148°F
PAGE: 1.7
10
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CHAPTER 1
Chemical Foundations
45. In a recent accident, some drums of uranium hexafluoride were lost in the English
Channel, which is known for its cold water (about 17°C). The melting point of uranium
hexafluoride is 148°F. In what physical state is the uranium hexafluoride in these
drums? (TF = TC  (9°F/5°C) + 32°F)
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
ANS:
solid
liquid
gas
a mixture of solid and liquid
not enough information
a)
solid
PAGE: 1.7,9
46. The melting point of indium is 156.2°C. At 323°F, what is the physical state of indium?
(TF = TC  (9°F/5°C) + 32°F)
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
solid
liquid
gas
not enough information
At 323°F, the indium is partially solid and partially liquid; there is an equilibrium
between the two states.
ANS: d)
not enough information
PAGE: 1.7,9
47. Convert: -40.0 C = ____ F. (TF = TC  (9°F/5°C) + 32°F)
ANS: -40.0 F
PAGE: 1.7
48. The calibration points for the linear Reaumur scale are the usual melting point of ice and
boiling point of water, which are assigned the values 0°R and 80°R, respectively. The
normal body temperature of humans is 98.6°F. What is this temperature in °R?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
37.0
28.0
29.0
29.6
none of these
ANS: d)
29.6
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PAGE: 1.7
11
CHAPTER 1
Chemical Foundations
49. A monolayer containing 3.20  10–6 g of oleic acid has an area of 20.0 cm2. The density of
oleic acid is 0.895 g/mL. What is the thickness of the monolayer (the length of an oleic
acid molecule)?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
2.86 10–6 cm
3.58 10–6 cm
5.59 10–6 cm
1.79 10–7 cm
1.43 10–7 cm
ANS: d)
1.79 10–7 cm
PAGE: 1.8
50. The density of gasoline is 0.7025 g/mL at 20°C. When gasoline is added to water:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
ANS:
it will float on top.
it will sink to the bottom.
it will mix so you can’t see it.
the mixture will improve the running of the motor.
none of these things will happen.
a)
it will float on top.
PAGE: 1.8
51. The density of a liquid is determined by successively weighing 25, 50, 75, 100, and
125 mL of the liquid in a 250-mL beaker. If volume of liquid is plotted along the
horizontal axis, and total mass of beaker plus liquid is plotted on the vertical axis:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
the x, or horizontal, intercept is the negative value of the weight of the beaker.
the y, or vertical, intercept is the weight of the empty beaker.
the slope of the line is 1.0.
the line will pass through the origin.
the slope of the line is independent of the identity of the liquid.
ANS: b)
the y, or vertical, intercept is the weight of the empty
beaker.
PAGE: 1.8
52. The density of a liquid is determined by successively weighing 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125
mL of the liquid in a 250-mL beaker. Plot volume of liquid along the horizontal axis, and
total mass of beaker plus liquid on the vertical axis. Which of the following is true?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
The plot should be rather linear because the slope measures the density of a
liquid.
The plot should be curved upward because the slope measures the density of a
liquid.
The plot should be curved upward because the mass of the liquid is higher in
successive trials.
The plot should be linear because the mass of the beaker stays constant.
none of these
12
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CHAPTER 1
ANS:
a)
Chemical Foundations
The plot should be rather linear because the slope
measures the density of a liquid.
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13
PAGE: 1.8
CHAPTER 1
Chemical Foundations
53. All physical changes are accompanied by chemical changes.
ANS: False
PAGE: 1.9
54. The boiling of water is a
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
physical change because the water merely disappears.
physical change because the gaseous water is chemically the same as the liquid.
chemical change because heat is needed for the process to occur.
chemical change because a gas (steam) is given off.
chemical and physical damage.
ANS: b)
physical change because the gaseous water is chemically
the same as the liquid.
PAGE: 1.9
55. A freighter carrying a cargo of uranium hexafluoride sank in the English Channel in late
August 1984. The cargo of uranium hexafluoride weighed 2.25  108 kg and was
contained in 30 drums, each having a volume of 1.62  106 L. What is the density
(g/mL) of uranium hexafluoride?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
1.39 g/mL
4.63 g/mL
1.39 g/mL
46.3 g/mL
41.7 g/mL
ANS: b)
4.63 g/mL
PAGE: 1.8
56. The state of matter for an object that has both definite volume and definite shape is
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
ANS:
solid state.
liquid state.
gaseous state.
elemental state.
mixed state.
a)
solid state.
PAGE: 1.9
57. _________ are substances with constant composition that can be broken down into
elements by chemical processes.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
ANS:
Solutions
Mixtures
Compounds
Quarks
Heterogeneous mixtures
c)
Compounds
PAGE: 1.9
14
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CHAPTER 1
Chemical Foundations
58. A method of separation that employs a system with two phases of matter, a mobile
phase and a stationary phase, is called
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
filtration.
chromatography.
distillation.
vaporization.
homogenization.
ANS: b)
chromatography.
PAGE: 1.9
59. A solution is also called a
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
ANS:
homogeneous mixture.
heterogeneous mixture.
pure mixture.
compound.
distilled mixture.
a)
homogeneous mixture.
PAGE: 1.9
60. An example of a pure substance is
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
ANS:
elements.
compounds.
pure water.
carbon dioxide.
all of these
e)
all of these
PAGE: 1.9
61. Which of the following is not a unit in the SI system?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
ANS:
ampere
candela
Kelvin
meter
calorie
e)
calorie
PAGE: 1.3
62. What are the components of the scientific method?
ANS: See Sec. 1.2 of Zumdahl, Chemistry.
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15
PAGE: 1.2
CHAPTER 1
Chemical Foundations
63. Garfield (weighing 24 lbs) took a flight to the moon on the space shuttle. As usual he
stuffed himself with lasagna during the entire flight and napped when he wasn’t eating.
Much to his delight when he got to the moon he found he weighed only 6 lbs. He
immediately proclaimed a quick weight loss diet. Explain the fallacy in his reasoning.
Assume gravity on the moon to be about 1/6 that of Earth.
ANS: See Sec. 1.2 of Zumdahl, Chemistry.
PAGE: 1.2
64. Contrast the terms precision and accuracy.
ANS: See Sec. 1.4 of Zumdahl, Chemistry.
PAGE: 1.4
65. A 20.0-mL sample of glycerol has a mass of 25.2 grams. What is the mass of a 53-mL
sample of glycerol?
ANS: (25.2 g/20.0 mL) (53 mL) = 66.8 g = 67 g to 2 sig. figs.
PAGE: 1.6
66. A 20.0-mL sample of glycerol has a mass of 25.2 grams. What is the density of glycerol
in ounces/quart? (1.00 ounce = 28.4 grams, and 1.00 liter = 1.06 quarts)
ANS: (25.2 g/20.0 mL) (103 mL/1 L) (1 L/1.06 qt) (1 oz/28.4 g) =
41.9 oz/qt
PAGE: 1.6,8
67. Suppose that you purchased a water bed that has dimensions 2.55 m  2.53 dm  230
cm. What mass of water does this bed contain?
ANS: 1.48  106 g
PAGE: 1.8
68. On a new temperature scale (Z), water boils at 120.0 Z and freezes at 40.0 Z.
Calculate the normal human body temperature using this temperature scale. On the
Celsius scale, normal human body temperature is 37 C, and water boils at 100.0 C and
freezes at 0.00 C.
ANS: 69.6 Z
PAGE: 1.7
69. On a new temperature scale (Y), water boils at 155.0 Y and freezes at 0.00 Y.
Calculate the normal human body temperature using this temperature scale. On the
Fahrenheit scale, normal human body temperature is 98.6 F, and water boils at 212.0 F
and freezes at 32.0 F.
ANS: 57.3 Y
PAGE: 1.7
16
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CHAPTER 1
Chemical Foundations
70. As warm water sits in a cool room, you measure the temperature change. Which of the
following is true?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
ANS:
The temperature change is bigger if you are measuring in °F.
The temperature change is bigger if you are measuring in °C.
The temperature change will be the same regardless of the scale you use.
Answer a or b is correct, depending on the difference in temperature between the
water and the room.
none of these
a)
The temperature change is bigger if you are measuring in °F.
PAGE: 1.7
71. Explain the main differences between a compound and a mixture.
ANS: See Sec. 1.9 of Zumdahl, Chemistry.
PAGE: 1.9
72. Color changes always indicate a chemical change.
ANS: False
PAGE: 1.9
73. Explain how Archimedes might have used the concept of density to determine whether
the king’s crown was pure gold. (density of gold = 19.32 g/cm3)
ANS: See Sec. 1.8 of Zumdahl, Chemistry.
PAGE: 1.8
74. Give three physical methods used by chemists to separate mixtures and identify the
type of mixture best suited for each process.
ANS: See Sec. 1.9 of Zumdahl, Chemistry.
PAGE: 1.9
75. Name three methods for the separation of mixtures.
ANS: See Sec. 1.9 of Zumdahl, Chemistry.
PAGE: 1.9
76. A chemical theory that has been known for a long time becomes a law.
ANS: False
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PAGE: 1.2
17