Human Biology Student Outline – Mitosis and Apoptosis
Mitosis and Apoptosis in Metazoan Development
Readings: Human Biology, pp. 364-367 & 385-389
Reserve: Cell Suicide in Health and Disease,
Scientific American, Dec. 1996.
1.
Introduction
A.
B.
C.
Animal Types
i.
Protozoa
ii.
Metazoa
Metazoan Organization
i.
Cells
ii.
Tissues
iv.
Organs
v.
Organ Systems
vi.
Organism
Metazoan Developmental Process
i.
Fertilization  Zygote
ii.
Zygote  Embryo
iii.
Embryonic Development
a.
Processes required for Development to Occur
Process
Developmental Stage
Cleavage

Morula
Morphogenesis

Blastula
Differentiation

Gasturla
Growth

Size Increase
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
Neurula
Human Biology Student Outline – Mitosis and Apoptosis
2.
Introduction to the Cell Cycle
A.
B.
C.
Functions of Cell Division
•
Growth
•
Replace Tissues
•
Wound Healing
•
Fight Infection
•
Maintain Surface to Volume Ratio
Terms
i.
Chromatin
ii.
Diploid Number – 46
iii.
Haploid Number - 23
DNA Forms
i.
Chromatin
ii.
Chromosomes
a.
Unduplicated
b.
Duplicated
•
Sister Chromatids
•
Centromere
•
Centrioles in Centrosomes
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Human Biology Student Outline – Mitosis and Apoptosis
3.
Stages of the Cell Cycle
A.
Interphase
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Human Biology Student Outline – Mitosis and Apoptosis
B.
Interphase Stages
i.
G1
ii.
S
iii.
G2
iv.
a.
Chromosomes condense
b.
Nuclear Envelope Disappears
c.
Spindle Forms
Cells that do not Divide
a.
C.
Cell Division
i.
ii.
4.
G0
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
Mitosis (nuclear division – not cell division) and Cytokinesis
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Human Biology Student Outline – Mitosis and Apoptosis
A.
Prophase
i.
Early Prophase
•
•
•
ii.
Late Prophase
•
•
C.
D.
Centrioles Migrate
Nuclear Envelope Fragments
Chromosomes Visible
Spindle Forms between the moving centrosomes
Centromeres attach to spindle fibers
Metaphase
i.
Early Metaphase
ii.
Late Metaphase
Anaphase
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Human Biology Student Outline – Mitosis and Apoptosis
•
E.
Cytokinesis Begins
Telophase
i.
Spindle Disappears
ii.
New Nuclear Envelopes Forms
iii.
Chromatin Forms Again.
iv.
Cytokinesis Continues
•
5.
Cleavage Furrow
Mitotic Control
A.
Why is Control Important
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Human Biology Student Outline – Mitosis and Apoptosis
•
B.
6.
Non-random
*
Uncontrolled Mitosis
*
Too Little Mitosis
Means of Control
i.
Crowding
ii.
Hormones
iii.
Growth Factors
Apoptosis (Programmed Cell Death)
A.
Compare and Contrast Necrosis and Apoptosis
i.
Necrosis
a.
b.
ii.
Causes
•
Mechanical Injury
•
Ischemia
•
Toxic Chemical Exposure
Results
•
Swelling of Cells
•
Cell Rupture
•
Inflammation
Apoptosis (Programmed Cell Death)
a.
Characteristics
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Human Biology Student Outline – Mitosis and Apoptosis
B.
•
Genetically Controlled Process
•
Neat and Tidy Process
•
Inflammation Never Occurs
•
Cells Play an Active Role in Their Death
Initiation of Apoptosis
i.
For Proper Development
a.
Tadpole Development
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Human Biology Student Outline – Mitosis and Apoptosis
ii.
iii.
C.
b.
Human Hand Development
c.
At the Start of Menstruation
d.
Immunological Development
e.
Nervous System Development
Removal of Damaged Cells
a.
Prevent Cancer Development
b.
Prevent Developmental Birth Defects
Removal of virally Infected Cells
Characteristics of the Apoptotic Process
i.
Shrinkage of Cell
ii.
Activation of Caspase Cascade of Reactions
a.
D.
Caspases
iii.
Bleb Production
iv.
Phagocytosis
Initiation of Apoptosis
i.
Intrinsic Factors
a.
Causes
•
Increased Levels of Toxins and/or Oxidants
•
Damaged DNA (that can not be repaired)
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Human Biology Student Outline – Mitosis and Apoptosis
ii.
Extrinsic Factors
a.
E.
When Apoptosis Fails to Work
i.
ii.
7.
“Death Receptors”
Apoptosis and Viral Infections
a.
Human Papaloma Virus  Cervical Cancer
b.
Epstein-Barr Virus  Mononucleosis  Lyphomas
Apoptosis and Cancers
a.
Some Leukemia
b.
Melanoma (Skin Cancer [worst])
Conclusion – Mitosis and Apoptosis are equally important for proper
human development and maintenance. And precise homeostatic
controls govern both processes. An upset in either one may result in
a state of disease and death.
A.
Balance
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Human Biology Student Outline – Mitosis and Apoptosis
B.
Development
C.
Maintenance of Health
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