CRIME RATE TRENDS AND ISSUES IN LA CASTELLANA
C.Y. 2007 JULY 1 TO 2009 JUNE 30
A RESEARCH PROPOSAL
PRESENTED TO:
Mr. Meo J. Mallorca
FACULTY, DEPARTMENT HEAD OF CRIMINOLOGY
COLLEGE OF FISHERIES
CARLOS HILADO MEMORIAL STATE COLLEGE
ENCLARO, BINALBAGAN, NEGROS OCCIDENTAL
BY:
Antonio Omes Tobias Jr.
BSCRIMINOLOGY IV-1
February 28, 2011
ABSTRACT
A Gathering data is use to demonstrate how accurate crime rate forecasts
can be produced trends in the reported robbery, homicide, physical injury, and
theft rates for the La Castellana are modeled, using annual data for the year
2007 to 2009. The poverty ratio and unemployment rate, two variables
considered important predictors of crime in the traditional criminological literature,
fail to account for the index crime trends in this analysis. A “Criminal opportunity
perspective “is used to formulate several substantively moderate social changes
can generate rather dramatic increments in the crime rate.
The data presented here indicate the efficacy of including criminal
opportunity factors in crime rate forecasting designed to supply policy maker with
technical information relevant to organizational goal criteria.
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
La castellana is one of the municipality of Negros Occidental; it composed
of many barangay’s and it’s one of the progressive Municipalities in Negros.
Sometimes we can’t deny the fact that all cities and municipalities encountered
minor and serious problems. La Castellana police department as well as there
municipality studied about what causes crime? Is crime increasing? And how can
juvenile crime be prevented in there municipality.
Today’s criminals are frightening, because they have never learned right
from wrong; they place no value on the lives of others. But tomorrow’s super
predators are designed to be worse because they are being raised in the
fatherless families and drug, violence-ridden neighborhoods, created by today’s
criminals. La Castellana police department believe that today’s juvenile
delinquents are destined to become tomorrow’s adult felons if they will not
prevent it immediately.
Today’s adults have no concept of the relationship between their present
action and future consequences. A small proportion of juvenile criminals in La
Castellana are responsible for nearly half of all offenses committed by all
teenagers. The criminal behavior of the current population of offenders brings
about the social conditions to produce an even more deviant future breed
juvenile.
La Castellana police department is now planning how to prevent and
decrease crimes and to have criminal justice in there municipality and do their
best action to prevent more juvenile criminals in the near future,
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The crime means an unlawful acts committed with the consequences or
correspondingly or equitable penalty, trend is how frequent an action is
committed, sometimes accepted because people are victims; sometimes keep
silent while issues are reasons for crime. It seems that the world never becomes
happy and contented without even the must heinous crime that happen not only
in La Castellana but places all over the world what should be done must be that
when heinous activities are manifest the government and justice must also
equate them solve with more heinous punishment. The case of Maggie Delaheva
vs. He Rapist was a controversial one. The punishment of the assailants even
went to the president to appeal for pardon but not granted.
Today the latest crime trend and issues of Hubert Webb vs. Carmella
Vizconde it all is even more intrigues because even if Webb’s trice to acquit this
Hubert or even it the supreme court does or even if the Philippines majority will
always have their own protects to make whether it be manifest or silent, why
because at the very start 100% of the people knows that Hubert and company
are undoubtedly the assailant, by the way in the later part of the study the
researcher can provide samples or proceedings to see why there are heinous
criminals such as these and how do trends and issues affect criminals in the
process. What makes an accusation, cases weak is when witness are afraid to
testify or when they are not credible.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The researcher wants to establish in an operational term. He wants to
establish facts about the crime usually committed. The statistics of different
trends or the frequency why such crimes are being done issues that trigger the
society whether true or not and we as a whole can learn from it. The study wants
to pursue operationally, all the terms use and procedures done are located with
in this study itself. This study sought to answer the following;
a. How to establish facts about the crime usually committed?
b. What are the months when the crime decreases and increases?
c. What are the causes why people committing crime?
d. How the crimes solved and unsolved?
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1. To establish facts about the crime usually committed.
2. To determine the months when the crime decreases and increases.
3. To find-out the causes why people committing crime.
4. To determine the crimes solved and unsolved.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The relevant of the study is timely because it informs the public which
crimes are usually committed and can become an eye-opener to the public.
When trend can be measured the reader will realize that they can be able to
connect why crimes and its frequency and speed they are committed at the same
time the reader will be able to realize what the society wants whether true or not
as a whole can learn from it. As will as the best possible reasons why they are
usually committed and what crimes are specifically and popularly done, the
researcher can even recommendation about the problem.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
La Castellana may be a small municipality but its not free from crime and
additionally in today’s word where a crime can be shortly economic but one can
terrorize that they exist because mostly the best reason can be behavioral
disorder, drugs addiction or law of spiritual guidance.
The betterment of ones self depends of oneself depends largely on his or
her own personal discipline but mostly though for some specific reason. The
different crimes are theft, physical injury, murder, homicide, rape, others.
Common trends are the following;
a. Economic problem takes first place for theft.
b. Personal or behavioral disorder is primary causes of passion killing or
frustrated murders.
c. Use of treason usually lightens each scale % usually every year.
d. La Castellana has a small percentage of crime because basically people
there are spiritually oriented.
e. Theft is normally happen in La Castellana.
ISSUES;
a. Frustrated murder happens because some assailants become bored with
life.
b. Homicide happens because victims do not guard themselves visibly.
c. Heinous and light crime happens because police system is a weak
system.
d. Treason usually occurs because some people are discontented the way
the government does their functions.
e. Illegal drugs users normally exist because it is their way of escaping an
unhappy family.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Study crime rate trends and issues is the process of gathering of
documents from the place of La Castellana where the study will be conducted.
Crime rate is useful for a purpose of evaluating the effectiveness of crime
prevention measures or the relative safety of a municipality or neighborhood.
In studying crime rate trends and issues we can determine whether the
crime rate trends and issues increases or decrease in every year. It is also
important to recognize the type of crime having the highest rating of unlawful act
in recorded data.
LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The place of Respondents is residence only of La Castellana from 2007 to
2009. The data they answer are only based on research through documentation
(gathering of Documents) presented.
The total tally which they answered is only the basis of the researcher’s
results and findings. The respondents will only be limited to the record of the
municipality of La Castellana police station; will be able to find findings from the
data gathered.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
1. Crime rate is a measure of the rate of occurrence of crimes
committed in a given area and time. Most commonly, crime rate is
given as the number of crimes committed among a given number of
persons.
2. Issues a particular grouping of an organization's securities. For
Example, General Motors has a number of different issues of
Preferred stock
listed on the New York Stock Exchange.
3. Trends The relatively constant movement of a variable throughout
a period of time. The period may be short-term or long-term,
depending upon whether the trend itself is short-term or long-term.
For example, a rising market is taken to mean that prices of most
stocks are in an upward trend.
4. Murder the unlawful premeditated killing of one human being by
another.
5. Homicide the killing of a human being by another person or a
person who kills another.
6. Physical Injury A body wound or shock produced by sudden
physical injury, as from accident, injury, or impact.
7. Robbery is the crime of taking or attempting to take something of
value by force or threat of force and/or by putting the victim in fear.
8. Theft in criminal law, theft is the illegal taking of another person's
property without that person's freely-given consent.
9. Rape is the commission of unlawful sexual intercourse or unlawful
sexual intrusion. Rape laws in the United States have been revised
over the years, and they vary from state to state.
10. Crime a violation of a law in which there is injury to the public or a
member of the public and a term in jail or prison, and/or a fine as
possible penalties.
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Much confusion exists in criminological literature over rural distinction. In
most cases, theoretical distinctions by rural and sociologists have been ignored,
and criminologists have employed simple, arbitrary cutoff point to distinguish
rural from areas. In some instances, in fact, commentators have designated
entire rural areas.
American sociologists shared similar beliefs. Social Darwinists at the turn
century saw pathology in rural life itself (Wirth; Davis). Early social workers,
taking their intellectual justification from the social Darwinist, created the juvenile
court and other social service agencies (for example, hull house founded by Jane
Addams in Chicago) to try to control crime and delinquency among wayward
urbanites, many of whom were thought to be negatively influenced by life in the
municipality.
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the research design, employed the subject and
respondents of the study the data gathering procedure, data gathering
instrument.
Research design
The historical data were gathered and previous data were reviewed in
order to add or improve present study. It may be noted that a lot of tools were
used in order to come up our study. This study used to descriptive type of
research.
Descriptive research is an honest, exhaustive, intelligent researching of
facts and their meaning and implications with a reference to a given problem. It is
a systematic and refined technique of thinking and employing specialized tools,
instrument and procedures in order to obtain more adequate solutions of the
problem. This may defined as the method of studying problem whose solutions
are to be derived partly and wholly from facts.
Descriptive research aims to make contribution toward the solution of the
problem in the field of La Castellana by using of this method.
METHOD OF RESEARCH
This study on the crime rate trends and issues in La Castellana utilized the
descriptive method of research through documentation (gathering of documents).
This research is a fact finding procedure that solve classification,
measurement and evaluation. The data gathered were organized and interpreted
according to the descriptive method adopted.
This study utilized the respondent in order to determine and find-out the
existing crime rate trends and issues in La Castellana.
DATA GATHERING INSTRUMENT
To accomplish this study the researcher used the documentation
(Gathering of Documents). The researcher look back to see what has been
accomplished and with a critical eye, evaluates the results whether they are
satisfactory or not, with the end in view of making improvements. The researcher
used this as it can provide enough details into his study.
The schedule for conducting this study will be on January 14, 2011, I will
be a whole day gathering data in La Castellana under the administration of La
Castellana Law enforcement officers.
DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE
The very first step that the researcher made was to look for crime rate
trends and issues in La Castellana through internet and how we can compete
with other place. It includes some previous data which can be used as data base
for the said place for my study.
The steps of data gathering are the following;
1. Preparing questions in order to gain information’s.
2. Getting some reliable sources or some file by preparing a request
letter in order to get some files to gain more information’s.
RESPONDENT OF THE STUDY
The respondent of the study was the gathering of document in the
municipality of La Castellana from July 1, 2007 to June 30, 2009.
Schedule of Activities
The schedule for conducting of this study will be on January 14,
2011 for primary data gathering on municipality of La castellana.
January 14, 2011 ------------------------------------------ Primary data Gathering
January 21, 2011 ------------------------------------------ Consolidate data
January 26, 2011 ------------------------------------------ Analysis
February 10, 2011 ----------------------------------------- Presentation of data
February 28, 2011 ----------------------------------------- Submission of final data
TABLE 1: THE INDEX CRIME AND NON-INDEX CRIME FROM JULY 1, 2007
TO JUNE 30, 2008 IN LA CASTELLANA
MONTHS/YEAR
JUL 2007
AUG 2007
SEPT 2007
OCT 2007
NOV 2007
DEC 2007
JAN 2008
FEB 2008
MAR 2008
APR 2008
MAY 2008
JUN 2008
TOTAL
INDEX
3
3
2
4
3
3
2
2
5
7
3
2
39
NON-INDEX
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
4
1
1
17
The table 1 show that the case rates on the month of July 2007 there were
three crimes committed in the index crime, for the non-index crime rates there
was one crime committed. On the month of August there were three index crime
committed and there was two non-index crimes committed, on the month of
September there were two index crime committed and there was one non-index
crime committed. On the month of October there were four crimes recorded in
index crime and there was two crimes committed in non-index crime, on
November there was three crimes reported in index crime and one for non-index
crime, on the month of December there was three index crime committed and
there were one for non-index crime, on January 2008 there were two recorded in
index crime and there was one recorded on non-index crime. On the month of
February there were two index crime committed and one for non-index crime, on
the month of March there was five crimes reported in the index crime and one for
non-index crime, on the month of April there were seven recorded index crime
and there was four recorded on non-index crime, on May there was three index
crime committed and one for non-index crime, on the month of June there was
two index crime committed and one for non-index crime recorded, and for the
total of index crime and non-index crime from July 1, 2007 to June 30, 2008 was
fifty six sum total.
FIGURE 1: INDEX CRIME AND NON-INDEX CRIME FROM JULY 1, 2007 TO
JUNE 30, 2008 IN LA CASTELLANA
45
40
35
30
25
INDEX
20
NON-INDEX
15
10
5
L
TO
TA
ay
-0
8
M
ar
-0
8
M
Ja
n08
No
v07
Ju
l-0
7
Se
p07
0
Figure 1 show that the line graph of cases of index crime the higher crime
rates on the month is on April and the lower rates is on the month of September,
January, February, June. While in the non-index crime the higher rates was on
the month of April and the lowest rates was on the month of July, September,
November, December, January, February, March, May, June. So the line graph
shows that the case rates from the month of July 1, 2007 to June 30, 2008, the
index crime has the higher rates total than the non-index crime.
TABLE 2: MONTHLY AVERAGE OF INDEX AND NON-INDEX CRIME FROM
JULY 1, 2007 TO JUNE 30, 2008
MONTH/YEAR
JUL 2007
AUG 2007
SEPT 2007
OCT 2007
NOV 2007
DEC 2007
JAN 2008
FEB 2008
MAR 2008
APR 2008
MAY 2008
JUN 2008
TOTAL
AVERAGE MONTHLY CRIME OF
INDEX AND NON-INDEX
7.14
8.93
5.36
10.71
7.14
7.14
5.36
5.36
10.71
19.64
7.14
5.36
6.72
Table 2 shows that the average monthly crime rates of index crime and
non-index crime on July 1, 2007 to June 30, 2008, that on the month of July has
7.14 total average, August has a total average of 8.93, on the month of
September there was a total of 5.36, the total average of October there was
10.71 and in November there was 7.14 total average, December has a total
average of 7.14. on the month of January 2008 there was 5.36 total average of
crime and for February there was 5.36 total average also, on the month of March
there was 10.71 and on April there was 19.64 total average of crime and for May
there was 7.14 total average and for June has 5.36 total average of crime and for
the sum total of average from index crime and non-index crime from July 1, 2007
to June 30, 2008 has a total average of 6.72.
FIGURE 2: MONTHLY AVERAGE OF INDEX AND NON-INDEX CRIME FROM
JULY 1, 2007 TO JUNE 30, 2008
AVERAGE MONTHLY CRIME OF INDEX AND NON-INDEX
Jul-07
Aug-07
Sep-07
Oct-07
Nov-07
Dec-07
Jan-08
Feb-08
Mar-08
Apr-08
May-08
Jun-08
TOTAL
Figure 2 shows that the pie graph on average monthly crime rates of index
crime and non-index crime indicates that the index crime rates reported are
higher than the non-index crime rates reported. The crime also includes total
volume and solution.
TABLE 3: THE INDEX CRIME AND NON-INDEX CRIME FROM JULY 1, 2008
TO JUNE 30, 2009 IN LA CASTELLANA
MONTHS/YEAR
INDEX
NON-INDEX
JUL 2008
2
0
AUG 2008
3
1
SEPT 2008
2
1
OCT 2008
2
0
NOV 2008
2
1
DEC 2008
2
1
JAN 2009
2
0
FEB 2009
2
1
MAR 2009
2
0
APR 2009
4
2
MAY 2009
3
1
JUN 2009
2
0
TOTAL
27
8
The table 3 show that the case rates on the month of July 2008 there were
two crimes committed in the index crime, for the non-index crime rates there was
zero crime committed. On the month of August there were three index crime
committed and there was one non-index crimes committed, on the month of
September there were two index crime committed and there was one non-index
crime committed. On the month of October there were two crimes recorded in
index crime and there was one crimes committed in non-index crime, on
November there was two crimes reported in index crime and one for non-index
crime, on the month of December there was two index crime committed and
there were one for non-index crime, on January 2009 there were two recorded in
index crime and there was zero recorded on non-index crime. On the month of
February there were two index crime committed and one for non-index crime, on
the month of March there was two crimes reported in the index crime and zero
for non-index crime, on the month of April there were four recorded index crime
and there was two recorded on non-index crime, on May there was three index
crime committed and one for non-index crime, on the month of June there was
two index crime committed and zero for non-index crime recorded, and for the
total of index crime and non-index crime from July 1, 2008 to June 30, 2009 was
thirty five six sum total.
FIGURE 3: THE INDEX CRIME AND NON-INDEX CRIME FROM JULY 1, 2008
TO JUNE 30, 2009 IN LA CASTELLANA
30
25
20
INDEX
15
NON-INDEX
10
5
0
8
l-0
u
J
8
-0
p
Se
08
vo
N
09
na
J
M
9
-0
ar
M
9
-0
ay
TA
O
T
L
Figure 3 show that the line graph of cases of index crime the higher crime
rates on the month is on April and the lower rates is on the month of July,
September, October, and November, December, January, February, March,
June. While in the non-index crime the higher rates was on the month of April
and the lowest rates was on the month of August, September, November,
December, February, May, and zero rate are the following months: July, October,
January, March, June. So the line graph shows that the case rates from the
month of July 1, 2008 to June 30, 2009, the index crime has the higher rates total
than the non-index crime.
TABLE 4: MONTHLY AVERAGE OF INDEX AND NON-INDEX CRIME FROM
JULY 1, 2008 TO JUNE 30, 2009
MONTH/YEAR
JUL 2008
AUG 2008
SEPT 2008
OCT 2008
NOV 2008
DEC 2008
JAN 2009
FEB 2009
MAR 2009
APR 2009
MAY 2009
JUN 2009
TOTAL
AVERAGE MONTHLY CRIME OF
INDEX AND NON-INDEX
5.71
11.43
8.57
5.71
8.57
8.57
5.71
8.57
5.71
17.14
11.43
5.71
4.2
Table 4 shows that the average monthly crime rates of index crime and
non-index crime on July 1, 2008 to June 30, 2009, that on the month of July has
5.71 total average, August has a total average of 11.43, on the month of
September there was a total of 8.57, the total average of October there was 5.71
and in November there was 8.57 total average, December has a total average of
8.57, on the month of January 2009 there was 5.71 total average of crime and for
February there was 8.57 total average also, on the month of March there was
5.71 and on April there was 17.14 total average of crime and for May there was
11.43 total average and for June has 5.71 total average of crime and for the sum
total of average from index crime and non-index crime from July 1, 2008 to June
30, 2009 has a total average of 4.2.
FIGURE 4: MONTHLY AVERAGE OF INDEX AND NON-INDEX CRIME FROM
JULY 1, 2008 TO JUNE 30, 2009
AVERAGE MONTHLY CRIME OF INDEX AND NON-INDEX
Jul-08
Aug-08
Sep-08
Oct-08
Nov-08
Dec-08
Jan-09
Feb-09
Mar-09
Apr-09
May-09
Jun-09
TOTAL
Figure 4 shows that the pie graph on average monthly crime rates of index crime
and non-index crime indicates that the index crime rates reported are higher than
the non-index crime rates reported. The crime also includes total volume and
solution.
TABLE 5: NUMBER OF REPORTED CASES FROM JULY 1, 2007
TO JUNE 30, 2008 IN LA CASTELLANA
REPORTED CASES
TOTAL
MURDER
7
HOMICIDE
2
PHYSICAL INJURY
11
ROBBERY
4
THEFT
14
RAPE
1
OTHERS
17
SOLVED
0
Table 5 shows that the number of reported cases total, the number of
murder there were a total seven, two for homicide, and eleven for physical injury,
four for robbery, on theft there were fourteen reported cases, one for rape,
seventeen for others reported cases and zero for solved.
FIGURE 5: NUMBER OF REPORTED CASES FROM JULY 1, 2007
TO JUNE 30, 2008 IN LA CASTELLANA
18
16
14
MURDER
HOMICIDE
12
PHYSICAL INJURY
10
ROBBERY
THEFT
8
RAPE
6
OTHERS
SOLVED
4
2
0
TOTAL
Figure 5 shows that the bar graph indicates the higher number of reported cases
from July 1, 2007 to June 30, 2008 that the others higher and for the lowest is
rape and unsolved.
TABLE 6: NUMBER OF REPORTED CASES FROM JULY 1, 2008
TO JUNE 30, 2009 IN LA CASTELLANA
REPORTED CASES
TOTAL
MURDER
1
HOMICIDE
5
PHYSICAL INJURY
12
ROBBERY
2
THEFT
7
RAPE
0
OTHERS
8
SOLVED
0
Table 6 shows that the number of reported cases total, the number of murder
there were a total one, five for homicide, and twelve for physical injury, two for
robbery, on theft there were seven reported cases, zero for rape, eight for others
reported cases and zero for solved.
FIGURE 6: NUMBER OF REPORTED CASES FROM JULY 1, 2008
TO JUNE 30, 2009 IN LA CASTELLANA
14
12
MURDER
10
HOMICIDE
PHYSICAL INJURY
8
ROBBERY
THEFT
6
RAPE
OTHERS
4
SOLVED
2
0
TOTAL
Figure 6 shows that the bar graph indicates the higher number of reported cases
from July 1, 2008 to June 30, 2009 that the Physical in jury higher and for the
lowest is murder and zero for rape and unsolved.
CHAPTER 5
ANALYSIS
La Castellana is a 2nd class municipality in the province of Negros
Occidental, Philippines. La Castellana is politically subdivided into 13 barangays.
The Governments of the Municipality of La Castellana recognize the
seriousness of the problem and are exploring innovative policy responses at both
the national and regional levels. Civil society organizations are doing their part as
well by designing and implementing violence prevention programs targeting
youth crimes, crimes against women, and other important forms of crimes.
Much, however, remains to be done. Some of the factors that make the La
Castellana most vulnerable to crime and violence the robbery and homicide are
two important examples require a response that transcends national and even
regional boundaries. This research is offered as a contribution to the ongoing
dialogue in the region on approaches to address crime and violence. It is not
intended to provide a definitive blueprint for action, but rather is offered as a tool
to engage stakeholder’s governments, civil society organizations, citizens, and
international partners in a serious dialogue on crime and violence, based on
evidence and good practices from inside and outside the municipality.
This study describes an analysis of trends in crime in the La Castellana
during the period July 1, 2007 to June 30, 2009, using time-series analysis to
estimate relationships between recorded crime and demographic, economic and
policy developments in the community. The researcher especially interested in
the relationship between crime rates trends and issues. We use the crime rates
recorded by the police, which, because of variations in the propensity to report by
the victims and the recording policy of the police, may differ from actual crime
rates. We find the following results. The motivation effect is significant with total
theft, qualified theft, theft from shops and pickpocket theft. The opportunity effect
is significant with care thefts. The routine-activity is significant with criminal
damage. Interpretations for these findings and the problems that occur with the
time-series analysis are fully studied.
RECOMMENDATION
The researchers have used the gathered information to address crime
problems, explain them, and develop preventive measures and
recommendations:
1. In dealing with young offenders, there is a need to ensure that rehabilitation
mechanisms are available. In this regard: More and better juvenile detention
facilities are required which focus on vocational training and counseling
programmers.
There should be more organizations that focus on young offenders and
other vulnerable youth to ensure that restorative justice is carried out and that
other vulnerable young people are afforded opportunities to avoid involvement in
violence.
2. Police forces should have geo-coded crime and incident data as part of the roll
out of neighborhood policing teams. They should put in place there quarrymen’s
to use this mapped data as a key means of sharing information with the public,
including on a force website, within three years.
3. For youth violence they should undertake impact evaluations that
systematically document what works in youth violence prevention in the La
Castellana.
•
Provide skills training and internships for at-risk youth.

Create alternative opportunities for youth.

Finance programs with proven track record of success with youth violence
prevention.
•
Invest in early childhood development programs and programs targeting
children aged 4 to10.

Target specific youth-at-risk populations.
•
Apply existing laws separating incarcerated youth from adults.
•
Restrict availability of alcohol and other drugs.
CONCLUSIONS
This research is being conducted in La Castellana, the aims of the research
are broad and in many ways all-encompassing. While every effort has been
made to focus on the pertinent issues, it must be noted that gaps will remain until
further research can be conducted on specific findings raised through this report,
and others. Nevertheless it is hoped that this report will contribute significantly to
the discourse and will stimulate thinking and further research by stakeholders in
the region in the future.
This research has culled many different sources of data to present as
comprehensive a picture as possible of crime and violence in the Municipality of
La Castellana.
Most crimes are not reported, not recorded, not followed through, or not able
to be proved. There have been more reports of robberies, by being aware of
personal safety and the practice of good safety precautions, you can avoid
putting yourself in an uncomfortable situation that may lead to these incidents. It
is all about being aware of a potential problem before it happens.
The fear-of-crime rationale for gated communities would appear to be at
odds with the evidence, though more research is needed.
Authorities employ various mechanisms to regulate certain behaviors in
general. Governing or administering agencies may for example codify rules into
laws, police citizens and visitors to ensure that they comply with those laws, and
implement other policies and practices which legislators or administrators have
prescribed with the aim of discouraging or preventing crime.
Law enforcement can optimize the benefits of existing research and use them
to address issues in their own jurisdictions to make their citizens and
communities even safer.
Governments also need inter-agency governance mechanisms and incentives
to help individual agencies in the justice sector align their work with system-wide
goals. If sector-wide governance mechanisms are to succeed, their authority
must go beyond performance measurement to include real executive powers.