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Human Anatomy
Lecture 1
Human Anatomy is the study of the _________________ of the human body
 It provides the foundation for understanding physiology, which is the
_____________ of the human body
 Although this class will not look at how the parts of the body work in great detail,
we will study structural morphology, which looks at ________________ reasons
behind the structures that we will learn to identify.
Anatomical Science
 _____________ was a Greek physician who wrote one of the most influential
anatomy textbooks of all time
o He lived from about 100-200 AD
o Despite inaccuracies, information from his book was passed down for
many generation
 Andreas ________________ questioned the accuracy of earlier authors, and he
commissioned the first accurate anatomical illustrations for his 1543 book (On the
Structure of the Human Body)
o Contemporary books like Gray’s Anatomy (and your current textbook)
follow this tradition of attention to detail
 While what has been learned has often come from studying _______________
(deceased bodies), technology now makes it possible to observe the body in
multiple ways.
o Gross anatomy is the study of structures that are visible to the naked eye
 Surface anatomy is limited to ________________ structures
 Radiologic anatomy is the study of internal structures, using Xrays, etc.
o Microscopic anatomy is the study of the body under a microscope
 Histology is the study of _____________________
 Cytology is the study of cells
Levels of Human Structure
 ________________ are the smallest chemical units.
 Molecules are the chemical structures that can be put together to form
_________________
 Organelles are microscopic structures in a ________ that carry out individual
functions
 Cells are the ___________________ units of an organism that carry out all the
basic functions of life.
o Nothing smaller than a ____________ is considered alive
 A tissue is a mass of _________________ cells and cell products that form a
discrete region of an organ and performs a specific function
 An _______________ is a structure composed of two or more tissue types that
work together to perform a particular function
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An organ __________________ is a group of organs that carry out a basic
__________________ of the organism, such as circulation, respiration, or
digestion
An organism is a single, _________________ individual
General Anatomical Terminology
 Anatomical ____________________
o Conditions:
 Body is erect
 Feet are parallel to each other and flat on the floor
 Eyes directed ____________________
 Arms at the sides of body with palms turned forward and fingers
pointed down
o Why?
 It provides a precise frame of reference
 The ________________ is “above the heart” in the
anatomical position
 If the person is on his back, the _____________ is “above
the heart”
 Descriptions of the nerves, and blood vessels of the arm assume
that the arm is __________________
 Supine – (palms) face up or forward
 Prone – (palms) face down or rearward

Anatomical ___________________
o Sagittal plane
o Divides into left and right portions
 A _____________ plane divides into equal left and right halves
o Coronal (frontal) plane
o Divides into _______________ and back portions
o Transverse plane
o Divides into upper and _____________ portions

Directional Terms
o Superior = toward the _____________
o Inferior = away from the head
o Anterior = toward the _____________
o Posterior = toward the ________________
o Medial = toward the _______________
o Lateral = away from the midline of the body
o Proximal = toward the _________________ of the body
o Distal = away from the trunk of the body
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Body Regions
 Axial Region
o Head
o Cervical Region (neck)
o Trunk Region
 Thoracic region (above the diaphragm)
 Abdominal region (below the diaphragm)
 This can be divided in 4 regions, with intersecting lines through the
_________________ (belly button)
o Right upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left upper quadrant, left
lower quadrant
o This scheme is often used to describe the location of ______________
 This region could also be divided into 9 regions in a tic-tac-toe grid
 Appendicular Region
o Upper limbs (upper extremities)
 ________________ region (arm – just shoulder to elbow)
 Antebrachium (forearm)
 Carpus (wrist)
 Manus (hand)
 Digits (fingers)
o Lower limbs (lower extremities)
 Femoral region (_______________)
 Crus or crural region (leg – just knee to ankle)
 Tarsus (ankle)
 Pes (foot)
 Digits (toes)
Body Cavities and Membranes
 Spaces inside the body are called cavities of the body
o The cavities are lined with ________________ that cover organs and hold
them in place.
 These organs within the cavities are referred to as
_________________
 Dorsal body cavity
o Consists of two subdivisions
 Cranial cavity contains the _________________ (inside the
cranium)
 Vertebral cavity contains the spinal cord (inside the vertebral
column)
 Ventral body cavity
o Consists of two subdivisions
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Thoracic cavity contains the organs above the diaphragm such as
the ______________ and lungs
Abdominopelvic cavity contains the organs below the diaphragm
 The abdominal cavity (above the pelvis) contains digestive
organs, the spleen, the kidneys, and ureters
 The pelvic cavity contains the ________________ bladder
and reproductive organs
Organ Systems
 Integumentary System
o Skin, hair, and nails
o Protection, water retention, thermoregulation, cutaneous
___________________
 Skeletal System
o Bones, cartilages, ligaments
o _________________, movement, protection of viscera, blood formation
 Muscular System
o Skeletal muscles
o ___________________, stability, heat production, control of body
openings
 Nervous System
o ___________________, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia
o Rapid internal communication and coordination, sensation
 Endocrine System
o Pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, etc.
o Internal __________________ communication and coordination
 Circulatory System
o Heart, blood vessels
o Distribution of hormones, electrolytes, heat, immune cells, etc.
 Respiratory System
o Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
o Absorption of _________________, discharge of carbon dioxide, speech,
etc.
 Urinary System
o Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
o Elimination of _________________, regulation of electrolyte and acidbase balance
 Digestive System
o __________________, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach,
intestines
o Nutrient breakdown and absorption
 Reproductive System
o Testes, epididymides, spermatic ducts, seminal vesicles, penis, etc.
o Production and delivery of sperm
o ________________, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva, mammary
glands, etc.
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o Production of egg, site of fertilization and fetal development, fetal
nourishment, birth, lactation