Musculoskeletal system part 1.
1. Name the axial and limb bones and their main joints.
Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint; scapular,
clavicle/acromium, humorous (acromioclavicular joint between clavicle and acromium)
Elbow joint,
humorus, radius, ulna
Radiocarpal joint (wrist)
carpus, radius, ulna
Hip Joint
pelvis, femur
Knee
Femur, patella, tibia, fibula
Talocrural joint
tibia, fibula, tarsus, calcaneous
2. Describe the classification of bones
Skeletal system;
Axial skeleton --> cranium, neck, trunk
Appendicular skeleton --> limbs and pectoral and pelvic girdles
Long bones; are tubular
Short bones; are cuboidal and found in ankle and wrist
Flat bones; protective functions ie. Bones of skull (cranium).
Irregular bones; bones of face eg. zygomatic arch
Sesamoid bones; Patella or kneecap, develop in certain tendons i.e. Where tendons
cross end of ling bones in limbs.
3. Name the surface features of bones
Capitulum; Small round articular head ie. capitulum of the humorous.
Condyle; rounded knuckle like articular area often in pair’s i.e. lateral and medial femoral
condyles
Crest; ridge of bone i.e. iliac crest
Epicondyle; eminence superior to a condyle
Facet; Smooth flat area usually covered with cartilage where a bone articulates i.e.
superior costal facet on body of vertebra for attachment to ribs
Foramen; passage through a bone i.e. vertebral foramen
Fossa; hollow or depressed area
Groove; elongated depression or furrow
Groove; elongated depression or funicular i.e. radial groove of the humorous
Head; large round articular end i.e. head of the humorous
Line; linear elevation i.e. soleal line of the tibia
Malleoulus; rounded process
Notch; indentation at the edge of a bone
Protuberance; projection of bone i.e. external occipital protuberance
Spine; thorn like process
Spinous process; projection spine like part
Trochanter; large blunt elevation
Trochlea; process that acts like a pulley i.e. the trochlea of the humorous
Tubercle; Small raised eminence
Tuberosity; large rounded elevation i.e. ischial tuberosity.
4. Name bones of the skull
Frontal, occipital, parietal, zygomatic, temporal. Ethmoid, sphenoid, nasal, maxilla,
mandible.
5. Describe development and growth of bone.
Bone formation
Cells called osteoblasts form new bone.
There are two types of bone formation; Endochondral ossification and intra-membranous
ossification. In Endochondral ossification the bone infiltrates a cartilage model of the final
structure. Most bones are formed in this way. eg the femur and humerus. Endochondrial
ossification begins in the 6th to 8th week of development, is commences at the primary
centre. blood vessels begin at periosteal bud (central). Picture
In Intramembranous ossification the bone develops directly on or within fibrous CT
membranes, e.g. the skull ribs and sternum.
6. Blood supply of bone; avascular necrosis,
More than 1 nutrient artery/bone, that arise from independent branches of adjacent
arteries outside periosteum, pass-through compact bone through "nutrient foramina". The
nutrient artery divides in the medullary cavity into longitudinal branches that proceed
towards each end. Supplying bone marrow, spongy bone, and deep compact bone.
However, small branches from periosteal arteries are responsible for nourishment of most
compact bone. "blood reaches osteocytes in compact bone by haversian systems
(microscopic canals). Ends of long bones are supplied by metaphyseal and epiphyseal
arteries that arise from arteries that supply joints. Veins accompany arteries through the
nutrient foramina.