HIST 460
Chapter 5
1
Texas Cities:
1850:
1860:
Galveston (5,000; largest), San Antonio, Houston, New Braunfels, Marshall, Austin
San Antonio (8,000; largest)
Persistence of Slavery: 1. profitable, 2. capital, 3. white supremacy
Slave society: 1. Christianity, 2. family structure, 3. resistance
Mexican Americans
Forces contributing to inequality
1.
Racial prejudice
2.
Whites need for pliable inexpensive labor force
Cart War; 1857; arrieros, Nueces, Rio Grande, Brownsville, Juan Nepomuceno Cortina;
1859
Resentments
1.
2.
3.
Racism
Use of courts to take land from Mexican Americans
Anglo-Americans replacing Mexican American leaders
Cortina War; 1860
American Indians
Frontier forts; 1849; Major Robert Simpson Neighbors
Brazos Reservation; 1854; Nortenos, Tawakonis, Wacos, Tonkawas
Clear Ford Reservation; 1854; Comanches
Captain John S. "Rip" Ford; Battle at the Canadian River; 1858
Problems with the reservation system
1.
2.
Many Indians did not want to be restricted to a reservation.
Whites blamed "reservation Indians" for depravations and coveted their land.
Indians forced to move to Oklahoma in 1859
Reasons for optimism in the 1840s
1.
2.
3.
4.
Statehood
James Pinckney Henderson governor
Sam Houston senator
Manifest Destiny
Compromise of 1850
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Slave trade ended in Washington, D.C.
Stronger fugitive slave law
Territories from Mexico organized without a ban on slavery
California a free state
Texas compensated for giving up land claims
HIST 460
Chapter 5
Influences on Texans’ Transition from Jacksonian Nationalists to Secessionists
1.
2.
3.
4.
Reaction to the Whig party
Reaction to the Know-Nothing party
Increasing influence of Lower-South Culture
Reaction to the Republican party
Whig party
1.
2.
3.
4.
Economic expansion
Internal improvements
Banks
Loyalty to the Union
Why Texas Democrats opposed the Whigs
1.
2
3.
Whigs opposed the annexation of Texas
Whigs opposed Texas’s territorial claims
Northern Whigs opposed slavery
Know-Nothing Party
1.
2.
3.
4.
A secret fraternal organization that became a political party.
Nativist, anti-Catholic
Pro-Union
Distrust of Democrats
Texans attracted to the Know-Nothings
1.
2.
3.
4.
Persons in commercial centers of East Texas
Planters, lawyers, and merchants attracted by the idea of state banks and federally
financed internal improvements
Those who benefited financially from the federal military presence in West Texas.
Unionists
Both Whig and Know-Nothing parties divide between North and South on the issue of slavery.
Deep-South Democrats
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Defended slavery
Championed white supremacy
Advocated states' rights
Endorsed the Knights of the Golden Circle
Condemned the Republican party
Steps to Secession
1.
2.
3.
4.
People's Convention (January 28, 1861)
Ratification referendum (February 23, 1861)
People's Convention declared secession
Houston removed from governorship
2
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Chapter 5
Why some southern states seceded
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Some northerners blamed a Slave Power conspiracy
Some southerners blamed a Republican conspiracy to destroy southern culture
Abolitionists denunciation of slavery as immoral and southern defense of slavery as a
positive good
The constitutional issue of states rights
Incompatibility of southern and northern economic systems
Conflicts over religion, immigration, and cultural conformity
Issues of special influence on Texas
1.
2.
3.
Increasing profitability of slavery
Racial prejudice and fear
Increased connection to the Lower South
Why Texans voted for secession
1.
2.
3.
Feared the policies of Republicans
Considered allegiance to the South as the only defense against abolitionism
Felt that secession was the only way to uphold a slave society
Why German-populated counties opposed secession
1.
2.
Wanted continued federal military protection from Indians
Cultural bias against slavery
Civil War
San Antonio; February 16, 1861
Brazos Island and Fort Brown; Matamoros
New Mexico: Lieutenant Colonel John R. Baylor, Fort Bliss, El Paso, July 1861, Henry Hopkins
Sibley, November 1861, Colonel Tom Green, Valverde
Texas coast: John Bankhead Magruder, 1862, Galveston, Sabine Pass, September 1863,
Lieutenant Richard W. Dowing, Nathaniel P. Banks, Brownsville, November 1863, Rip Ford,
1864, Matamoros, Union attack 1865
68,500 to 90,00 fought in the Confederate army; 24,000 died, Terry's Texas Rangers, Ross's
Texas Brigade, Lawrence Sullivan "Sul" Ross, Hood's Texas Brigade; Albert Sidney Johnston
Relations with the national (Richmond) government
1.
2.
3.
Marshall conference; 1862; Francis R. Lubbock
Trans-Missippi Military Department; Edmund Kirby Smith
Marshall conference; 1863
3
HIST 460
Chapter 5
4
Opposition to the War
North Texas
Why opposition
1.
2.
3.
4.
Absence of slavery
Dependence on trade with Oklahoma
Fear of Indian and Union attacks
Influence of anti-secessionists
Peace Party; Cooke County; 1862; protest secession, resist taxation and the draft; rumors of
support for a Union invasion
Unionist Democrats: Jackson-Houston faction, former Know-Nothings who revered the Union
Ethnic groups who opposed the war: Blacks, German Americans, Mexican Americans
Repression of dissent
German Americans; Union Loyal League; Battle of Nueces, 1862
Gainesville, Cooke County, Peace Party