Chapter 8:

Describe factorial designs using a standardized notation system (2 x 2, 3 x 5, etc.).

Place data accurately into a factorial matrix and calculate row and column means.

Understand what is meant by a main effect

Understand what is meant by an interaction effect

Identify the varieties of factorials that correspond to the single-factor designs of Chapter 7
(independent groups, matched groups, nonequivalent groups, repeated measures).

Identify a mixed design
Chapter 9:

Understand the origins of correlational research in the work of Francis Galton and recognize the
significance of Cronbach’s “two disciplines” address.

Distinguish between positive and negative correlations

Understand the coefficient of determination (r2) and interpret its meaning.

Understand how a regression analysis accomplishes the goal of prediction.

Understand the third variable problem and how such variables can be evaluated and controlled
through a partial correlation procedure.
Chapter 10:

Understand why applied psychology has always been an important element in American
psychology.

Identify the design and ethical problems associated with applied research

Identify the defining feature of a quasi-experimental design

Describe the features of a nonequivalent control group design

Understand why matching nonequivalent groups on pretest scores can introduce a regression
effect.

Understand the features of interrupted time series designs

Explain why most archival research is quasi-experimental.

Describe the advantages and limitations of archival research.
Chapter 11:

Describe examples of classic studies in psychology’s history, all using single individuals or a
small number of participants, with the additional subjects used for the purpose of replication (e.g.,
Dresslar, Thorndike).

Understand the practical reasons for doing small N research.

Understand the essential components of any single-subject design.

Understand the logic of an A-B-A-B withdrawal design.

Understand the logic of a multiple baseline design and describe three varieties of the multiple
baseline procedure.

Understand the logic of a changing criterion design and relate it to the operant concept of
shaping.

Understand the criticisms that have been directed at small N designs in the operant tradition.

Understand the essential features of case study research and describe the strengths and
limitations of this research approach.
Chapter 12:

Distinguish between naturalistic and participant observation methods.

Understand the problems that can occur in observational research (control, bias, reactivity, and
ethics) and how researchers address those problems.

Explain why sampling issues are more relevant for survey research than for most other research
in psychology.

Distinguish between probability and nonprobability sampling.

Describe three varieties of probability sampling and know when each is used.

Understand approaches to survey research and their advantages and disadvantages.

Articulate the principles of good survey construction.

Explain the problems (e.g., social desirability bias, item wording) that can make it difficult to
interpret survey data.