República Bolivariana de Venezuela Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Educación Colegio Privado “19 de Abril” Guía de estudio de Inglés Quinto año Nº 1 Elaborado por: Profesor: Jesús Alejandro Pérez Barquisimeto, Agosto 2012 Introducción La presente guía de estudio tiene como propósito ser un material complementario a los objetivos de aprendizaje que se desarrollarán en clase a lo largo del año escolar. Debes realizar una lectura comprensiva de esta guía de estudio, participar en las actividades propuestas en la clase y realizar los ejercicios prácticos propuestos al final de la misma. Así podrás los conocimientos adquiridos y de esta manera alcanzar un dominio pleno de los objetivos propuestos. Goodluck! 3 Objetivo nro. 1 (Topicone) Conocer los pronombres personales, pronombres complementarios, pronombres posesivos y adjetivos posesivos. 5 Existen en el idioma inglés ciertos grupos de palabras conocidos como pronombres que permiten sustituir a nombres propios o sustantivos en una oración. Estos pronombres pueden ser personales, complementarios o posesivos según reemplacen a un sustantivo, formen parte del complemento de la oración o indiquen posesión de algo respectivamente. Entre los pronombres tenemos: Un pronombre personal siempre reemplaza a un antecedente (el sustantivo o nombre) en la oración. Ejemplos. Mary is so glad to have a new car. She can now go everywhere she wants. Antecedente→ Mary Pronombre personal →She The math teacher is always on time for his class. He must be there before seven o’clock every morning. Antecedente→The math teacher 7 Pronombre personal → He De igual manera, existe un grupo de adjetivos conocidos como adjetivos posesivos que son seguidos inmediatamente por un sustantivo y cumplen la función de indicar posesión o propiedad de objetos o cosas. Ejemplos. a) Helen studies French and she always gets good grades in her course. b) Peter told methathe sent youa message a few minutes ago. c) That is yourbook. d) Your parents often visit us on weekends. Así mismo, existe un grupo de expresiones conocidas como salutaciones o Farewells que podemos utilizar cuando deseamos saludar a nuestros amigos o familiares. Entre estas expresiones tenemos las siguientes: 9 10 Objetivo nro. 2 (Topictwo) Reconocer el futuro continuo como forma de expresar una actividad que estaremos realizando en forma continuada en el futuro. 11 El futuro continuo es un tiempo verbal que nos permite hablar acerca de una actividad que estaremos realizando en el futuro en un momento determinado. Este tipo de expresiones se construyen de la manera siguiente: Ejemplos: a) Sonia will be working in that factory next week. b) The Sallyses won’t be waiting for us at the airport. Prefijos Algunas veces utilizamos prefijos para formar lo opuesto a los sufijos. Algunos prefijos son: 13 Reglas para formar palabras que contienen prefijos. - Usamos im delante de palabras que comienzan con la letra p. - Usamos ir delante de palabras que comienzan con la letra r. - Usamos il delante de palabras que comienzan con la letra l. ¿Cuáles son los opuestos de estos adjetivos? Adjective opposite Adjective effective direct polite curable significant ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ legal regular logical moral correct opposite ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ El artículo indefinido. Usamos el artículo indefinido (a, an) en los siguientes casos: 1. Cuando utilizamos nombres genéricos que representan un grupo entero. En este caso, estos nombres genéricos son nombres singulares contables. Ejemplo. a) They are a funny couple. b) At first, we had a staff of 300. 2. Cuando nos referimos a cosas que no están identificadas específicamente (cosas generales). En este caso, el sustantivo es también contable y singular. Ejemplo. a) I’ve got a pencil. b) She needs a fork. El artículo definido (the). Usamos el artículo definido en los siguientes casos: 3. Cuando tanto el hablante como el oyente están pensando en la misma cosa. “The” es usado con nombres contables en singular y plural y también con nombres incontables. 14 Ejemplo. a) Please, open the window! b)I found the keys that we lost this morning. 4. Cuando nombramos algo que ya ha sido mencionado anteriormente en una conversación. Ejemplo. In New York we could see one of its tallest buildings. The building is named “Chrysler Tower”. No usamos artículo en el siguiente caso ( ϕ ): 5. Cuando hacemos generalizaciones usando nombres genéricos que son plurales contables o nombres incontables. Ejemplo. a) Parrots are too noisy pets. b) Grapesare commonly cropped in North America. c) People like to be crowded at the beach on summer. d) Many people refuse to be in darkness. 15 Objetivo nro. 3 (Topic three) Conocer los adjetivos calificativos. 17 Los adjetivos calificativos permiten asignar una característica o cualidad a las personas, objetos o cosas. Estos adjetivos se clasifican en cuatro grupos que son: los adjetivos comparativos, los adjetivos superlativos, los adjetivos de igualdad y los adjetivos de superioridad. A continuación estudiaremos cada uno de ellos. Adjetivos calificativos de inferioridad Comparativo: less + adjective + than Adjetivos calificativos de inferioridad Superlativo: theleast + adjective Ejemplo: a) My car is less expensive than yours. b) This room is less noisy than that one. c) This is the least crowdie mall in the city. d) Those are the least poison towns in our country. 19 Superioridad (adjetivos cortos) Comparativo: adjective(final –er) + than Superlativo: the + adjective (final –est) Superioridad (adjetivos largos) Comparativo: More + adjective + than Superlativo: The most + adjective Ejemplos: a) This building is taller than those ones. b) In Maracaibo the weather is hotter than in Mérida. c) Mr. Johnson is theoldest man in this meeting. asin+our adjective + as d) Lucy is the tallest girl classroom. 20 Adjetivos calificativos de igualdad as+ adjective + as Ejemplos: a) Ana is as pretty asMaría. b) Baseball is as funny as football. Existen algunas formas irregulares de los adjetivos comparativos y superlativos. Adjective good bad a few, a little much, many old Comparative better (than) worse (than) less (then) more (than) older (than) / elder 21 Superlative Thebest Theworst Theleast Themost Theoldest / theeldest Objetivo nro. 4 (Topic four) Conocer los adverbios de frecuencia y las expresiones de frecuencia. 23 Los adverbios de frecuencia son utilizados en el inglés para indicar con qué frecuencia ocurren las cosas. Recordemos que un adverbio en la oración cumple la función de ser un complemento del verbo. Posición de los adverbios de frecuencia Antes del verbo principal: I always come to class on time. Después de el verbo be: Rock music is often listened among the young people. En preguntas con el verbo be, los adverbios de frecuencia se ubican después del sujeto: Is Dorothy always very polite? En respuestas cortas, los adverbios de frecuencia se ubican después del verbo be: Yes, shealwaysis. Expresiones de frecuencia. Las expresiones de frecuencia indican con qué frecuencia ocurren los eventos y nunca se ubican en posiciones intermedias de la oración. Generalmente se ubican al final de la oración y en algunos casos al comienzo, cuando se quieren enfatizar. Algunas expresiones de frecuencia son: Every day / week / month: I go to work every day. Every other day / week: My grandfather visits me every other week. Once / twice a week / month / year: You should visit your dentist twice a year. (Every) once in a while: Once in a while I have red meat for lunch. Every so often: I must take exercise every so often. 25 Cuando queremos preguntar con qué frecuencia ocurre un evento, podemos combinar la preposición howjunto con un adjetivo o adverbio: How + adjective / adverb Podemos formar preguntas en la forma siguiente: Question word + Auxiliary+ Subject + Otherinformation? How many apples did How long does How far is you eat for lunch? it take to leave thetown? your officefrom here? Much/Many Usamos muchcon nombres que describen cosas que no pueden ser contadas. Estos sustantivos normalmente no tiene forma plural. muchsugar muchrain much coffee Usamos manycon la forma plural de sustantivos que describen objetos contables. many books manystudents manyfriends muchy manyson generalmente usados en oraciones negativas o preguntas. Ejemplos. How much sugar do you want in your coffee? How many times do you drink water in a day? 26 Objetivo nro. 5 (Topic five) Conocer los nombres contables e incontables. 27 Nombres contables (Countable nouns) Los nombres contables pueden estar en singular o en plural. My dog is hungry. My dogs are hungry. Podemos utilizar el artículo definido a / an con nombres contables. There is a cat walking over the roof. An apple is a tasteful fruit. Cuando un nombre contable está en forma singular, podemos utilizar palabras como a / the / my / this con éste. I want an orange. When is the party? Where is my pencil? I want to drink a cup of coffee. Cuando un nombre contable está en plural, lo usamos solo. I like pears. She loves cakes. Dogs are very friendly pets. People say that parrots are noisy. Podemos usar los adverbios some y any con nombres contables. I’ve got some pounds. Do you have any CDs? I’ve got a few pounds. We have read many magazines. 29 Nombres incontables (uncountable nouns) Usamos un verbo en singular después de nombres incontables. Happinness is here and now. Love is all you need. No usamos el artículo indeterminado a / an con nombres incontables. No podemos decir “a milk” o “an information”, pero podemos decir a (…) of. A bottle of milk. A piece of news. A glass of water. A package of salt. Podemos usar some y any con nombres incontables. Please, give some bread. Do you have any sugar? Podemos usar a little o much con nombres incontables. We have a little money. I don’t have much rice. 30 Objetivo nro. 6 (Topic six) Identificar las expresiones que permiten hablar acerca de hábitos pasados o presentes. 31 Es posible referirse a hábitos pasados mediante el empleo de la expresión used to. De esta manera hablamos acerca de actividades que realizábamos con frecuencia en el pasado. Be used to Esta expresión se refiere a acciones o actividades que realizamos con frecuencia en el presente. Son acciones que estamos acostumbrados a realizar. 33 Exercises 35 Exercise number one (Topic one) 1. In the following sentences you must identify the personal pronouns and their antecedents. a) The boys really like playing in the park. They always go there in the afternoon. b) Andrea didn’t enjoy her vacation in Canaima. She thinks it’s too hot there and it’s a long road to go. c) The scientists say there will be a solar eclipse soon. It could be seen here and in Europe. d) The paintings on the wall were made by a famous painter. They are really the most expensive we can find here. 2. Underline the correct alternative as in the example. a) Helen has a brother. (he’s / his ) name is Paul. b) The company’s workers told us that (their / theirs / they’re) offices are upstairs. c) Laura can’t take that coat with her. It isn’t (her / hers). d) There are many cars in this street. Our neighbors say that the red one is (they’re / theirs / they). 37 3. Practice these dialogues. A) Teacher: Did you understand what I say? Pupils: Yes, we did. Teacher: O.k. I’ll see you tomorrow. Pupils: Have a nice day Sir ! B) Mary : It was a good English class. Don’t you think so? Peter: Sure. And I think tomorrow we’ll learn a little more of it. Mary: That’s right. Good Bye Peter! Peter: Good Bye! C) John: Hello Anne! How are you ? Anne: Hello John, I’m very well thank you, and you ? John: I’m fine. Don’t you know? Next month I’ll travel to London to take a Grammar course at Oxford University! Anne: Oh good! I wish you the best ! John: Oh thank you very much! I’ll send you a post card! Anne: O.k., Good Bye I’ll see you soon! John: Good Bye! I’ll be seeing you! D) Kate : Hi Robert ! Robert: Hi Kate! What are you doing? Kate: I’m sorry, I’m late. It’s time to take a biology class. Robert: O.k. See you later! Kate: So long! 4. Write a short dialogue with some of the farewells seen below. Have a nice day! Good Bye! I’ll see you later! I’ll see you soon Bye! So long! I’ll see you again sometime! I’ll be seeing you! I’ll see you tomorrow! Good Bye and all the best! A. ______________________________________________ B._______________________________________________ A. ______________________________________________ B. ______________________________________________ A. ______________________________________________ B.______________________________________________ 38 Exercise number two (Topic two) 1. Change the following sentences using the future continuous tense. a) The boys are playing videogames in the living room. b) a lot of recognized scientists made this test. c) I work from eight o’clock to four o’clock. d) Our neighbors are cutting the grass. 2. Write the opposite of the following adjectives. You can use a dictionary if necessary. Adjective Opposite Possible Recognized Pleasant Relevant Expected Tidy Certain Kind Countable ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ 39 3. Complete the following sentences. Use indefinite article or definite article when necessary. a) This afternoon I saw _______ lady that we met last week. b) Don’t you remember this song? … “There is _____ house in New Orleans…” c) I think that you’ll need _____ map to go there. d) Peter talked with us about a new band. ______ band is formed by five musicians. e) Please, turn on ______ radio. f) This year, the team manager will give me ______ chance to compete for the championship. g) Susan says that _____ apple is sweeter than ______ orange. h) Who is more sincere ______ adult or ______ child ? i) Which is more beautiful ______ rose or _______ orchid? Exercise number three (Topic three) 1. With this set of unsorted words make sentences in which you use the qualifying adjective of inferiority. a) (one / that / short / less / pant / than / this / is). b) (that / least / we / can / expensive / is / car / the / here / found). c) (this / populous / less / than / is / town / others / the). d) (room / that / conditioner / here / is / least / the / air / noisy / this / is). 41 e) (foggy / today / less / the / is / yesterday / than / sky). 2. Change these sentences from comparative form to superlative form. Example. 1) Who is the least tall boy in this section? ________________________________________________________ 2) Who is the least fat girl in this section? 3) Mérida and Zulia. Which is the least hot state between them? _______________________________________________________ 4) Which is the least expensive phone cell in the market? _______________________________________________________ 5) What is the least grade you can obtain to pass an exam? _______________________________________________________ 6) What do you think is the least appropriate time you can come to school? _______________________________________________________ 42 3. Look at these pictures. Cube cylinder sphere Now, write short sentences using the qualifying adjectives of superiority (comparative, superlative, short adjectives and long adjectives). Key words: tall, big, small, angular. a) ________________________________________________ b) ________________________________________________ c) ________________________________________________ d) ________________________________________________ e) ________________________________________________ f) ________________________________________________ 4. Look at these circles. 43 Now you must write sentences using the qualifying adjective of equality. Key words: circle, clear, dark, big. a) ____________________________________________________ b) ____________________________________________________ c) ____________________________________________________ d) ____________________________________________________ Exercise number four (Topic four) 1. Answer these questions related to the things you do regularly. Remember to use some of these frequency adverbs: often – usually – seldom – generally – always – ever – never – hardly ever – sometimes –frequently a) What time do you usually get up? b) Do you always come to class on the bus? c) How often do you take exercise? d) Where do you go on weekends? e) Have you ever gone to the beach on vacation? f) Do you usually finish your homework on time? 44 2. Use expressions of frequency to indicate how often you do the next things: a) How often you brush your teeth? b) How often do you go to the movies? c) How often do you see your dentist? d) How often do you go to the beach? e) How often do you study English? f) How often do you eat hallacas? 3. Ad one of the frequency words to each of the following sentences. Note that these frequency words are: usually often sometimes never generally always rarely seldom a) I see John in class. ( Iusually see John in class). b) Mary is happy. ____________________________________________________ c) They study their lesson at eight. ____________________________________________________ d) William gets up early. ____________________________________________________ e) I am late for work. ____________________________________________________ f) He doesn’t make many mistakes. _____________________________________________________ 45 4. Complete the following sentences with much or many. 1) Does she spend _________ money in clothes? 2) Is there _________ oil in Venezuela? 3) How _________ time do you spend on your English every day? 4) How _________ windows are there in your classroom? 5) How _________ times a week do you go to the movies? 6) How _________ cups of coffee do you drink every day? 7) There aren’t _________ large factories in this town. 8) He doesn’t spend ________ time on his English. 9) He doesn’t drink _______ milk. 10) There aren’t _________ in that part of the country. 11) He doesn’t make _______ mistakes in spelling. 12) There isn’t ________ snow in the ground. Exercise number five (Topic five) 1. Underline the correct word in the following sentences related to countable or uncountable nouns. a) Susan always eats (a / an / the) banana after lunch. b) In our English class (the / a / an) door is always closed. c) Every afternoon I see (a / an ) airplane crossing the sky. d) It is (an / a) lovely day. e) It is (a / an) old university. f) He is (an / a) unusual man. g) It is (a / an) exception to the rule. h) You are (an / a / the) Russian. i) Your teacher is (an / a) American. j) Yesterday John bought (an / a / the) hat. 46 2. Complete these sentences with the correct definite or indefinite article, as required. If no article at all is needed, simply draw a line. a) They say that the climate of Mexico is very pleasant. b) I bought my new suit in __________ Macy’s. c) I have such ________ headache that I can hardly see. d) How do you like such ________ weather? e) I enjoy walking along ________ Fifth Avenue. f) ________ Fifth Avenue buses move very slowly. g) May I have a glass of ________ cold water? h) _________ water in this glass is not cold. i) This is one of _______ longest rivers in the world. j) Mr. Smith is ________ engineer. k) I will meet you in front of ________ Grand Central Station. l) ________ British dropped bombs all along the French coast. Exercise number six (Topic six) 1. In each of the following sentences change the verb to introduce used to. a) I walked to work. → I used to walk to work. b) I never made so many mistakes in spelling. _____________________________________________________ c) The accounting department was on the 18th floor. ___________________________________________________ d) John was a good student and worked hard. ___________________________________________________ e) I bought all my clothes in Macy’s. ____________________________________________________ f) This building was occupied by a large insurance firm. ____________________________________________________ 47 g) Mr. Smith had charge of the transportation division. _____________________________________________________ h) John played the violin. ______________________________________________________ 2. Underline the correct word. a) I (is / are / am) used to coming to class early. b) Lucy says that she (are / am / is) not used to traveling by plane. c) All the students in this class (is / are / am) used to spelling some words. d) As she lived downtown, she (were / was) used to driving in heavy traffic. e) When they started living in Rome they (was / were) not used to speaking Italian. 48 Appendix 1 Regular verbs. Pronunciation of regular verbs in past tense. The past tense of regular verbs is formed by adding –ED to the simple form of each verb. -ED is pronounced in three different forms: / ID/ / T/ / D/ First rule. Pronunciation /ID/ When the last sound of the simple form of the verb is a /t/ or a /d/, -ed is pronounced /id/ as separate syllable. Example. Repeat ---------- repeat-ed Need ------------ need-ed Invite ------------ invit-ed Divide ----------- divid-ed Sound ----------- Sound-ed Rent -------------- rent-ed Offend ----------- offend-ed Correct ---------- corret-ed Second rule. Pronunciation /T/ When the last sound of the simple form of the verb is a P,K,F,S,SS,X,SH, or CH, the –ed is pronounced /t/. A separate syllable is not heard. Example. Help ------------ help-ed Watch---------- watch-ed Finish --------- finish-ed Work ---------- work-ed Fix ----------- fix-ed Miss -------- miss-ed Laugh------ laugh-ed Like -------- lik-ed Third rule. Pronunciation /D/ In all other cases, the –ed is pronounced like a soft /d/. 49 Example. Call ---------- call-ed Play --------- play-ed Open ------- open-ed Love ------- love-ed Borrow----- borrow-ed Listen------ listen-ed Contain---- contain-ed Explain ---- explain-ed REGULAR VERBS INF. PRESENT PAST TENSE PAST PARTICIPLE GERUND To push To rain To remember To rent To repeat To resist To show To smoke To start To stay To stop To study To talk To travel To try To turn To use To visit To wait To walk To want To wash To wish To work To fill pushed rained remembered rented repeated resisted showed smoked started stayed stopped studied talked traveled tried turned used visited waited walked wanted washed wished worked filled pushing raining remembering renting repeating resisting showing smoking starting staying stopping studying talking traveling trying turning using visiting waiting walking wanting washing wishing working filling push rained remembered rented repeated resisted showed smoked started stayed stopped studied talked traveled tried turned used visited waited walked wanted washed wished worked filled 50 INF. PRESENT PAST TENSE PAST PARTICIPLE GERUND To finish To follow To help To hurry To intend To jump To learn To like To listen to To live To look To love To miss To name To need To open To order To plan To plant To play To point To practice To accept To answer To arrive To ask To belong To change To clean To climb To close To consider To cook To count To dance To dare To date To deliver finished followed helped hurried intended jumped learned liked listened to lived looked loved missed named needed opened ordered planed planted played pointed practiced accepted answered arrived asked belonged changed cleaned climbed closed considered cooked counted danced dared dated delivered finishing following helping hurrying intending jumping learning liking listening to living looking loving missing naming needing opening ordering planning planting playing pointing practicing accepting answering arriving asking belonging changing cleaning climbing closing considering cooking counting dancing daring dating delivering finished followed helped hurried intended jumped learned liked listened to lived looked loved missed named needed opened ordered planed planted played pointed practiced accepted answered arrived asked belonged changed cleaned climbed closed considered cooked counted danced dared dated delivered 51 INF. PRESENT PAST TENSE PAST PARTICIPLE GERUND To dress To end To enjoy To erase To expect dressed ended enjoyed erased expected dressing ending enjoying erasing expecting dressed ended enjoyed erased expected Appendix 2 IRREGULAR VERBS INF. PRESENT PAST TENSE PASTPARTICIPLE GERUND To be (AM-ARE-IS) was, were been being To become To begin To break To bring To build To buy To come To cut To do To dream To drink To drive To eat To fall To feel To find To fly To forget To get To give To go To grow up became began broke brought built bought came cut did dreamt drank drove ate fell felt found flew forgot got gave went grew up become begun broken brought built bought come cut done dreamt drunk driven eaten fallen felt found flown forgotten gotten given gone grown up becoming beginning broking bringing building buying coming cutting doing dreaming drinking driving eating falling feeling finding flying forgetting getting giving going growing up 52 INF. PRESENT PAST TENSE PASTPARTICIPLE GERUND To have To hear To hit To hold To hurt To keep To know To leave To lend To let To lose To meet To pay To put To read To ride To run To see To sell To send To set To shake To shoot To sing To sit To sleep To speak To stand To steal To sweep To swim To take To teach To tell To think To throw To wake up To wear had heard hit held hurt kept known left lent let lost met paid put read ridden run seen sold sent set shaken shot sung sat slept spoken stood stolen swept swum taken taught told though thrown waken up worn having hearing hitting holding hurting keeping knowing leaving lending letting losing meeting paying putting reading riding running seeing selling sending setting shaking shooting singing sitting sleeping speaking standing stealing seeping swimming taking teaching telling thinking throwing waking up wearing had heard hit held hurt kept knew left lent let lost met paid put read rode ran saw sold sent set shook shot sang sat slept spoke stood stole swept swam took taught told though threw woke up wore 53 INF. PRESENT PAST TENSE PASTPARTICIPLE GERUND To win To write won written winning writing won wrote ADJECTIVES ADJECTIVE OPPOSITE ADJECTIVE OPPOSITE accurate bad beautiful big* certain cheap clean clear cold comfortable common complete convenient cool correct dangerous dark deep dependent different difficult direct *big large lawful legal logical long messy modern inaccurate good ugly little uncertain expensive dirty unclear hot uncomfortable uncommon incomplete inconvenient warm incorrect safe light shallow independent same easy indirect small small unlawful illegal illogical short neat old-fashioned dry early east empty fair familiar fast fat first happy happy hard hard healthy healthy healthy heavy high important intelligent interesting kind large poor possible private proper rational real regular wet late west full unfair unfamiliar slow thin last sad unhappy easy soft ill sick unhealthy light low unimportant stupid boring unkind little/small rich impossible public improper irrational unreal irregular 54 ADJECTIVE OPPOSITE ADJECTIVE OPPOSITE narrow near necessary noisy normal north old old open pleasant polite wide far unnecessary quiet abnormal south new young close unpleasant impolite responsible right right rough short sour strong sure true usual visible irresponsible left wrong smooth tall sweet weak unsure untrue unusual invisible 55 Agradecimientos A Dios Todopoderoso. A mi familia. Al Doctor Jorge Alvarado y al profesor Freddy Alejos por su colaboración y valiosos aportes para la realización de este trabajo. A todos los estudiantes del Colegio 19 de Abril. Este trabajo va dedicado a ellos. 56