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Submit an Articl
e
The Thought of
Cornelius Van
Til
Lecture
Outline
John M.
Frame
I.
Why
Study
Van
Til?
A. Fra
me:
"the
most
imp
orta
nt
Chri
stian
thin
ker
sinc
e
Calv
in."
Beca
use
he
coge
ntly
argu
es
the
bibli
cal
teac
hing
that
God
is
Lord
of
all
hum
an
thou
ght
as
well
as
hum
an
life.
1.
C
o
m
p
a
r
e
K
a
n
t
,
w
h
o
m
a
d
e
a
l
l
r
e
a
l
i
t
y
c
o
n
f
o
r
m
t
o
t
h
e
h
u
m
a
n
m
i
n
d
(
i
l
l
u
s
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
t
j
e
l
l
y
j
a
r
s
)
.
2.
V
a
n
T
i
l
,
j
u
s
t
a
s
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
i
v
e
l
y
,
i
n
s
i
s
t
s
t
h
a
t
r
e
a
l
i
t
y
m
u
s
t
c
o
n
f
o
r
m
t
o
t
h
e
m
i
n
d
o
f
G
o
d
.
B. Muc
h
theol
ogic
al
insig
ht.
C. A
pow
erful
apol
ogeti
c
meth
od.
D. Van
Til's
thou
ght
requ
ires
com
preh
ensi
ve
criti
cal
anal
ysis.
1.
"
A
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
"
a
.
I
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
i
n
g
.
b
.
U
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
i
n
g
h
o
w
i
t
f
i
t
s
t
o
g
e
t
h
e
r
.
2.
"
C
r
i
t
i
c
i
s
m
"
a
.
R
e
c
o
g
n
i
z
i
n
g
t
h
a
t
V
a
n
T
i
l
i
s
a
f
a
l
l
i
b
l
e
h
u
m
a
n
b
e
i
n
g
.
b
.
S
o
r
t
i
n
g
o
u
t
t
h
e
g
o
o
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
b
a
d
,
s
o
t
h
a
t
w
e
c
a
n
b
u
i
l
d
o
n
t
h
e
g
o
o
d
.
3.
"
C
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
i
v
e
:
"
t
r
y
i
n
g
t
o
d
i
s
c
u
s
s
a
n
d
t
i
e
t
o
g
e
t
h
e
r
a
l
l
t
h
e
m
a
j
o
r
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
o
f
V
a
n
T
i
l'
s
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
.
4.
O
f
t
e
n
d
i
f
f
i
c
u
l
t
t
o
r
e
a
d
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
.
a
.
H
o
m
e
y
i
l
l
u
s
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
v
i
v
i
d
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
—
b
u
t
t
h
e
s
e
c
a
n
l
e
a
d
r
e
a
d
e
r
s
p
r
e
m
a
t
u
r
e
l
y
t
o
t
h
i
n
k
t
h
e
y
h
a
v
e
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
o
o
d
V
a
n
T
i
l
.
b
.
M
u
c
h
o
f
V
a
n
T
i
l
p
r
e
s
u
p
p
o
s
e
s
s
o
m
e
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
o
f
p
h
i
l
o
s
o
p
h
y
a
n
d
t
h
e
o
l
o
g
y
.
5.
M
a
n
y
p
u
b
l
i
s
h
e
d
i
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
a
r
e
n
o
t
a
d
e
q
u
a
t
e
.
a
.
M
a
n
y
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
s
y
m
p
a
t
h
e
t
i
c
a
n
d
u
s
e
f
u
l
,
b
u
t
n
o
t
a
n
a
l
y
t
i
c
a
l
:
R
u
s
h
d
o
o
n
y
,
P
r
a
t
t
,
M
a
r
s
t
o
n
.
b
.
S
o
m
e
a
n
a
l
y
s
e
s
u
s
e
f
u
l
,
b
u
t
n
o
t
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
:
N
o
t
a
r
o
,
N
o
r
t
h
'
s
F
o
u
n
d
a
t
i
o
n
s
(
f
o
r
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
p
a
r
t
)
.
c
.
M
a
n
y
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
s
e
e
k
t
o
d
e
b
u
n
k
,
b
u
t
d
o
n
'
t
g
e
t
i
t
r
i
g
h
t
:
B
u
s
w
e
l
l
,
D
a
a
n
e
,
M
o
n
t
g
o
m
e
r
y
,
P
i
n
n
o
c
k
,
R
o
b
b
i
n
s
,
C
r
a
m
p
t
o
n
,
S
p
r
o
u
l
,
B
e
r
k
o
u
w
e
r
,
M
c
G
r
a
t
h
.
d
.
S
o
m
e
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
a
r
e
s
y
m
p
a
t
h
e
t
i
c
,
a
n
d
o
c
c
a
s
i
o
n
a
l
l
y
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
,
b
u
t
n
o
t
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
i
v
e
:
i
.
W
e
a
v
e
r
a
n
d
L
e
w
i
s
i
n
J
e
r
u
s
a
l
e
m
a
n
d
A
t
h
e
n
s
.
(
K
n
u
d
s
e
n
'
s
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
h
o
u
l
d
p
e
r
h
a
p
s
b
e
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
i
n
t
h
i
s
l
i
s
t
,
b
u
t
I
d
o
n
'
t
f
i
n
d
i
t
v
e
r
y
u
s
e
f
u
l
.
)
i
i
.
N
o
r
t
h
,
D
o
m
i
n
i
o
n
a
n
d
C
o
m
m
o
n
G
r
a
c
e
.
i
i
i
.
B
a
h
n
s
e
n
,
V
a
n
T
i
l
'
s
A
p
o
l
o
g
e
t
i
c
.
T
h
i
s
b
o
o
k
i
s
q
u
i
t
e
t
h
o
r
o
u
g
h
i
n
i
t
s
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
(
n
o
t
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
,
f
o
r
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
p
a
r
t
)
o
f
V
a
n
T
i
l
'
s
a
p
o
l
o
g
e
t
i
c
,
b
u
t
i
t
i
s
s
k
e
t
c
h
y
i
n
d
e
a
l
i
n
g
w
i
t
h
o
t
h
e
r
a
r
e
a
s
o
f
V
a
n
T
i
l
'
s
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
.
e
.
M
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
t
h
i
n
k
e
r
s
:
H
a
l
s
e
y
,
H
o
r
n
e
r
,
K
a
r
l
b
e
r
g
,
W
h
i
t
e
,
B
a
h
n
s
e
n
(
t
o
s
o
m
e
e
x
t
e
n
t
)
,
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
n
g
a
d
u
a
l
i
t
y
i
n
V
a
n
T
i
l
'
s
o
w
n
w
o
r
k
.
i
.
V
a
n
T
i
l
w
a
s
b
o
t
h
a
c
r
e
a
t
i
v
e
s
c
h
o
l
a
r
a
n
d
a
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
l
e
a
d
e
r
.
i
i
.
H
e
o
f
t
e
n
s
a
w
t
h
e
R
e
f
o
r
m
e
d
F
a
i
t
h
a
s
a
n
t
i
t
h
e
t
i
c
a
l
t
o
o
t
h
e
r
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
a
n
i
t
y
:
R
o
m
a
n
C
a
t
h
o
l
i
c
i
s
m
,
L
u
t
h
e
r
a
n
i
s
m
,
A
r
m
i
n
i
a
n
i
s
m
.
6.
S
p
i
r
i
t
u
a
l
B
e
n
e
f
i
t
(
M
y
T
e
s
t
i
m
o
n
y
)
a
.
M
y
g
u
i
d
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
h
i
l
o
s
o
p
h
y
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
i
n
c
o
l
l
e
g
e
a
n
d
g
r
a
d
s
c
h
o
o
l
:
V
a
n
T
i
l
s
h
o
w
e
d
m
e
t
h
a
t
S
c
r
i
p
t
u
r
e
,
w
h
i
c
h
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
s
t
h
e
g
o
s
p
e
l
o
f
s
a
l
v
a
t
i
o
n
,
a
l
s
o
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
s
m
e
t
a
p
h
y
s
i
c
s
,
e
p
i
s
t
e
m
o
l
o
g
y
,
a
n
d
e
t
h
i
c
s
.
b
.
A
t
s
e
m
i
n
a
r
y
:
s
o
m
e
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
s
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
w
i
t
h
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
m
e
n
t
a
l
i
t
y
.
II.
Major
Themes
of Van
Til's
Thought
A. All
hum
an
thou
ght
and
life
gove
rned
by
pres
uppo
sitio
ns.
1.
U
l
t
i
m
a
t
e
p
r
e
s
u
p
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
s
s
e
r
v
e
a
s
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
o
f
t
r
u
t
h
a
n
d
r
i
g
h
t
.
2.
T
h
e
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
a
n
p
r
e
s
u
p
p
o
s
e
s
t
h
e
t
r
u
t
h
o
f
t
h
e
W
o
r
d
o
f
G
o
d
.
3.
T
h
e
n
o
n
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
a
n
p
r
e
s
u
p
p
o
s
e
s
t
h
a
t
G
o
d
'
s
W
o
r
d
i
s
n
o
t
t
r
u
e
;
b
u
t
h
e
c
a
n
n
o
t
p
r
e
s
u
p
p
o
s
e
t
h
a
t
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
e
n
t
l
y
,
s
o
h
e
r
e
g
u
l
a
r
l
y
d
e
p
e
n
d
s
o
n
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
a
n
p
r
e
s
u
p
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
l
i
f
e
(
"
b
o
r
r
o
w
e
d
c
a
p
i
t
a
l
"
)
.
4.
H
u
m
a
n
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
i
s
p
a
r
t
o
f
l
i
f
e
:
e
p
i
s
t
e
m
o
l
o
g
y
i
s
p
a
r
t
o
f
e
t
h
i
c
s
.
S
o
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
t
o
o
i
s
g
o
v
e
r
n
e
d
b
y
p
r
e
s
u
p
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
s
.
B. Onl
y
Chri
stian
pres
uppo
sitio
ns
yield
an
intel
ligib
le,
mea
ning
ful,
acco
unt
of
reali
ty.
("Th
e
Met
aphy
sics
of
Kno
wled
ge")
1.
G
o
d
i
s
t
h
e
c
r
e
a
t
o
r
o
f
t
h
e
w
o
r
l
d
a
n
d
o
f
t
h
e
h
u
m
a
n
m
i
n
d
,
s
o
a
l
l
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
i
s
d
u
e
t
o
h
i
m
.
H
e
i
s
t
h
e
a
u
t
h
o
r
o
f
a
l
l
t
r
u
t
h
,
w
i
s
d
o
m
,
a
n
d
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
.
2.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
t
t
h
i
n
g
a
b
o
u
t
a
n
y
f
a
c
t
i
s
i
t
s
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
t
o
G
o
d
.
T
o
d
e
n
y
t
h
a
t
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
i
n
e
v
i
t
a
b
l
y
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
e
s
d
i
s
t
o
r
t
i
o
n
.
3.
W
i
t
h
o
u
t
G
o
d
n
o
p
r
e
d
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
s
p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
:
t
h
e
r
e
i
s
n
o
w
a
y
t
o
a
t
t
a
c
h
a
p
r
e
d
i
c
a
t
e
t
o
a
s
u
b
j
e
c
t
.
a
.
F
o
r
p
r
e
d
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
y
o
u
n
e
e
d
r
e
a
l
s
u
b
j
e
c
t
s
(
p
a
r
t
i
c
u
l
a
r
s
,
f
a
c
t
s
)
,
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
i
b
l
y
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
t
o
o
n
e
a
n
o
t
h
e
r
.
b
.
R
e
a
l
p
r
e
d
i
c
a
t
e
s
(
u
n
i
v
e
r
s
a
l
s
,
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
s
,
l
a
w
s
,
l
o
g
i
c
)
u
n
i
v
e
r
s
a
l
l
y
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
b
l
e
.
N
o
c
h
a
n
c
e
.
c
.
I
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
i
b
l
e
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
h
e
m
.
d
.
A
h
u
m
a
n
m
i
n
d
c
a
p
a
b
l
e
o
f
m
a
k
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
e
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
.
e
.
E
l
s
e
,
y
o
u
c
a
n
n
o
t
a
t
t
a
c
h
p
a
r
t
i
c
u
l
a
r
s
t
o
u
n
i
v
e
r
s
a
l
s
,
f
a
c
t
s
t
o
l
o
g
i
c
.
i
.
"
T
r
y
i
n
g
t
o
p
u
t
b
e
a
d
s
o
n
a
s
t
r
i
n
g
w
i
t
h
n
o
h
o
l
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
b
e
a
d
s
.
"
i
i
.
A
"
t
u
r
n
p
i
k
e
i
n
t
h
e
s
k
y
.
"
"
S
w
o
r
d
i
n
t
h
e
s
k
y
.
"
A
n
"
e
n
g
i
n
e
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
a
n
a
i
r
p
l
a
n
e
.
"
A
"
r
e
v
o
l
v
i
n
g
d
o
o
r
i
n
a
v
o
i
d
,
m
o
v
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
n
o
w
h
e
r
e
t
o
n
o
w
h
e
r
e
.
"
"
A
r
o
c
k
i
n
a
n
e
n
d
l
e
s
s
o
c
e
a
n
.
"
i
i
i
.
A
r
i
s
t
o
t
l
e
'
s
i
n
f
i
m
a
s
p
e
c
i
e
s
:
h
o
w
d
o
y
o
u
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
z
e
w
h
a
t
i
s
m
o
s
t
p
a
r
t
i
c
u
l
a
r
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
a
n
y
t
h
i
n
g
e
l
s
e
?
N
o
u
n
i
v
e
r
s
a
l
c
a
n
a
p
p
l
y
t
o
i
t
e
n
t
i
r
e
l
y
,
l
e
t
i
t
l
o
s
e
i
t
s
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
i
t
y
.
B
u
t
t
h
e
n
t
h
e
p
a
r
t
i
c
u
l
a
r
i
s
u
n
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
t
o
a
n
y
t
h
i
n
g
e
l
s
e
,
u
n
k
n
o
w
a
b
l
e
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
i
n
e
f
f
e
c
t
,
n
o
t
h
i
n
g
.
P
u
r
e
u
n
i
t
y
c
a
n
n
o
t
b
e
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
t
o
p
u
r
e
d
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
.
e
.
"
T
h
e
o
n
e
a
n
d
t
h
e
m
a
n
y
.
"
4.
U
n
b
e
l
i
e
f
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
f
r
o
m
i
g
n
o
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
r
e
s
s
i
n
g
c
l
e
a
r
r
e
v
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
i
r
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
s
t
a
n
c
e
(
R
o
m
.
1
:
1
8
2
1
)
.
5.
D
e
n
y
i
n
g
G
o
d
l
e
a
d
s
t
o
d
i
s
t
o
r
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
e
v
e
r
y
a
r
e
a
o
f
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
a
n
d
l
i
f
e
.
6.
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
a
n
i
t
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
a
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
f
o
r
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
i
b
l
e
p
r
e
d
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
:
a
.
T
h
e
T
r
i
n
i
t
y
a
s
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
f
o
r
u
n
i
t
y
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
p
a
r
t
i
c
u
l
a
r
s
a
n
d
u
n
i
v
e
r
s
a
l
s
.
b
.
G
o
d
'
s
e
t
e
r
n
a
l
p
l
a
n
,
b
y
w
h
i
c
h
n
a
t
u
r
e
a
n
d
h
i
s
t
o
r
y
f
o
r
m
a
n
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
i
b
l
e
w
h
o
l
e
.
c
.
R
e
v
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
a
s
a
r
e
l
i
a
b
l
e
m
e
a
n
s
o
f
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
.
d
.
M
y
s
t
e
r
i
e
s
:
a
c
c
e
p
t
a
b
l
e
,
s
i
n
c
e
w
e
d
o
n
'
t
n
e
e
d
t
o
r
e
s
o
l
v
e
a
l
l
o
f
t
h
e
m
t
o
h
a
v
e
t
r
u
e
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
.
C. The
Noet
ic
Effe
cts
of
Sin
("Th
e
Ethi
cs of
Kno
wled
ge")
1.
T
h
e
u
n
b
e
l
i
e
v
e
r
k
n
o
w
s
G
o
d
,
b
u
t
s
u
p
p
r
e
s
s
e
s
t
h
i
s
t
r
u
t
h
(
R
o
m
.
1
:
1
8
3
2
)
.
2. I
n
t
e
r
m
s
o
f
h
i
s
s
y
s
t
e
m
,
h
e
s
e
e
s
e
v
e
r
y
t
h
i
n
g
w
r
o
n
g
l
y
:
y
e
l
l
o
w
g
l
a
s
s
e
s
c
e
m
e
n
t
e
d
t
o
h
i
s
f
a
c
e
.
"
A
l
l
i
s
y
e
l
l
o
w
t
o
t
h
e
j
a
u
n
d
i
c
e
d
e
y
e
.
"
"
T
h
e
m
a
n
m
a
d
e
o
f
w
a
t
e
r
t
r
y
i
n
g
t
o
c
l
i
m
b
o
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
w
a
t
e
r
o
n
a
l
a
d
d
e
r
o
f
w
a
t
e
r
.
"
3.
B
u
t
h
e
s
o
m
e
t
i
m
e
s
u
s
e
s
a
n
d
s
p
e
a
k
s
t
r
u
t
h
b
y
b
o
r
r
o
w
e
d
c
a
p
i
t
a
l
.
4.
B
e
t
w
e
e
n
a
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
e
n
t
n
o
n
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
a
n
w
o
r
l
d
v
i
e
w
a
n
d
a
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
e
n
t
l
y
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
a
n
w
o
r
l
d
v
i
e
w
,
t
h
e
r
e
i
s
a
n
t
i
t
h
e
s
i
s
.
T
h
e
w
i
s
d
o
m
o
f
t
h
e
w
o
r
l
d
,
v
e
r
s
u
s
t
h
e
w
i
s
d
o
m
o
f
G
o
d
.
L
i
k
e
a
b
u
z
z
s
a
w
s
e
t
i
n
t
h
e
w
r
o
n
g
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
.
5.
B
u
t
o
f
c
o
u
r
s
e
n
e
i
t
h
e
r
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
a
n
s
n
o
r
n
o
n
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
a
n
s
a
r
e
f
u
l
l
y
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
e
n
t
i
n
t
h
i
s
l
i
f
e
.
D. Apo
loget
ics
1.
T
h
e
"
t
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
m
e
t
h
o
d
"
a
.
P
a
r
t
s
(
i
)
t
h
e
i
s
t
i
c
p
r
o
o
f
s
(
i
i
)
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
s
o
f
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
a
n
i
t
y
b
.
A
s
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
:
t
h
a
t
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
i
s
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
i
b
l
e
a
p
a
r
t
f
r
o
m
G
o
d
,
a
n
d
t
h
u
s
m
a
y
b
e
u
s
e
d
t
o
p
r
o
v
e
G
o
d
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
a
s
s
u
m
i
n
g
h
i
m
.
2.
V
a
n
T
i
l'
s
m
e
t
h
o
d
a
.
E
v
e
n
t
h
e
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
w
e
u
s
e
i
n
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
a
n
i
t
y
i
s
u
n
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
i
b
l
e
a
p
a
r
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
r
e
s
u
p
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
o
f
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
a
n
t
h
e
i
s
m
.
N
o
"
b
r
u
t
e
f
a
c
t
s
.
"
b
.
S
i
n
c
e
t
h
e
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
a
n
r
e
v
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
i
s
a
p
r
e
s
u
p
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
,
i
t
c
a
n
n
o
t
b
e
p
r
o
v
e
d
a
s
w
e
p
r
o
v
e
o
t
h
e
r
t
h
i
n
g
s
.
c
.
T
h
e
a
r
g
u
m
e
n
t
m
u
s
t
b
e
t
r
a
n
s
c
e
n
d
e
n
t
a
l
:
i
.
S
h
o
w
t
h
e
"
i
m
p
o
s
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
r
a
r
y
:
"
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
d
e
n
i
a
l
o
f
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
a
n
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t
y
i
s
u
n
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
i
b
l
e
a
n
d
l
e
a
d
s
t
o
m
e
a
n
i
n
g
l
e
s
s
n
e
s
s
a
n
d
c
h
a
o
s
i
n
a
l
l
o
f
l
i
f
e
.
i
i
.
S
h
o
w
t
h
a
t
t
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h
r
i
s
t
i
a
n
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u
p
p
o
s
i
t
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o
n
l
e
a
d
s
t
o
a
n
i
n
t
e
l
l
g
i
b
l
e
,
m
e
a
n
i
n
g
f
u
l
v
i
e
w
o
f
r
e
a
l
i
t
y
.
i
i
i
.
I
l
l
u
s
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
:
I
c
a
n
'
t
s
e
e
t
h
e
b
e
a
m
s
u
n
d
e
r
t
h
e
f
l
o
o
r
;
b
u
t
u
n
l
e
s
s
t
h
e
b
e
a
m
s
w
e
r
e
t
h
e
r
e
,
I
c
o
u
l
d
n
'
t
w
a
l
k
o
n
i
t
.
S
o
a
d
e
q
u
a
t
e
f
l
o
o
r
i
n
g
p
r
e
s
u
p
p
o
s
e
s
b
e
a
m
s
.
d
.
U
s
e
o
f
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
:
u
s
e
f
u
l
,
b
u
t
g
o
v
e
r
n
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
a
n
p
r
e
s
u
p
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
.
e
.
C
i
r
c
u
l
a
r
i
t
y
?
Y
e
s
,
i
n
a
s
e
n
s
e
.
i
.
B
u
t
a
l
l
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
o
f
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
a
r
e
c
i
r
c
u
l
a
r
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
y
t
r
y
t
o
e
s
t
a
b
l
i
s
h
t
h
e
t
r
u
t
h
o
f
t
h
e
i
r
f
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
t
a
l
p
r
e
s
u
p
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
s
.
(
A
)
T
h
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
s
t
m
u
s
t
e
s
t
a
b
l
i
s
h
t
h
e
a
u
t
h
o
r
i
t
y
o
f
r
e
a
s
o
n
b
y
a
n
a
r
g
u
m
e
n
t
t
h
a
t
i
s
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
.
(
B
)
T
h
e
e
m
p
i
r
i
c
i
s
t
m
u
s
t
e
s
t
a
b
l
i
s
h
t
h
e
a
u
t
h
o
r
i
t
y
o
f
s
e
n
s
e
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
u
l
t
i
m
a
t
e
l
y
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
e
n
s
e
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
.
(
C
)
W
e
d
e
f
e
n
d
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
l
o
g
i
c
b
y
r
e
a
s
o
n
i
n
g
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
l
y
.
i
i
.
O
n
l
y
t
h
e
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
a
n
c
i
r
c
l
e
i
s
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
i
b
l
e
o
n
i
t
s
o
w
n
t
e
r
m
s
.
3.
V
a
n
T
i
l'
s
C
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
U
s
e
o
f
H
i
s
M
e
t
h
o
d
a
.
H
i
s
t
o
r
y
o
f
p
h
i
l
o
s
o
p
h
y
b
.
M
o
d
e
r
n
s
e
c
u
l
a
r
i
s
m
c
.
P
h
i
l
o
s
o
p
h
y
o
f
s
c
i
e
n
c
e
d
.
R
o
m
a
n
C
a
t
h
o
l
i
c
T
h
e
o
l
o
g
y
e
.
L
i
b
e
r
a
l
T
h
e
o
l
o
g
y
(
P
r
o
t
e
s
t
a
n
t
,
C
a
t
h
o
l
i
c
,
J
e
w
i
s
h
)
f
.
B
a
r
t
h
a
n
d
B
r
u
n
n
e
r
g
.
E
v
a
n
g
e
l
i
c
a
l
i
s
m
(
i
)
I
n
a
d
e
q
u
a
t
e
a
p
o
l
o
g
e
t
i
c
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
(
i
i
)
A
r
m
i
n
i
a
n
t
h
e
o
l
o
g
y
III.
Van
Til's
Life
(18951987)
A. Pare
nts
dair
y
farm
ers
in
Gro
oteg
ast,
Holl
and.
B. Fam
ily
emig
rated
to
High
land,
IN,
1905
.
C. Join
ed
Chri
stian
Refo
rme
d
Chur
ch,
went
to
CR
C
prep
scho
ol,
colle
ge,
and
one
year
at
Calv
in
The
olog
ical
Sem
inar
y.
D. Tran
sferr
ed to
Prin
ceto
n
The
olog
ical
Sem
inar
y
and
simu
ltane
ousl
y
took
doct
oral
studi
es in
phil
osop
hy at
Prin
ceto
n
Univ
ersit
y.
1.
E
a
r
n
e
d
T
h
.
M
.
i
n
1
9
2
5
,
u
n
d
e
r
s
u
p
e
r
v
i
s
i
o
n
o
f
C
a
s
p
a
r
W
i
s
t
a
r
H
o
d
g
e
.
2.
E
a
r
n
e
d
h
i
s
P
h
.
D
.
i
n
1
9
2
7
w
i
t
h
d
i
s
s
e
r
t
a
t
i
o
n
,
"
G
o
d
a
n
d
t
h
e
A
b
s
o
l
u
t
e
"
u
n
d
e
r
s
u
p
e
r
v
i
s
i
o
n
o
f
A
r
c
h
i
b
a
l
d
A
l
l
a
n
B
o
w
m
a
n
.
E. Mar
ried
Ren
a
Kloo
ster,
1925
.
The
y
had
one
son,
Earl.
F. Past
or,
Chri
stian
Refo
rme
d
Chur
ch at
Spri
ng
Lake
, MI,
1927
-29.
G. Too
k
leav
e of
abse
nce
to
teac
h
apol
ogeti
cs at
Prin
ceto
n
Sem
inar
y,
1928
-29.
H. Decl
ines
chair
of
apol
ogeti
cs.
1.
W
a
n
t
e
d
t
o
r
e
t
u
r
n
t
o
t
h
e
p
a
s
t
o
r
a
t
e
.
2.
D
i
d
n
o
t
w
a
n
t
t
o
c
o
o
p
e
r
a
t
e
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
r
e
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
P
T
S
t
o
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
"
a
l
l
p
o
i
n
t
s
o
f
v
i
e
w
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
c
h
u
r
c
h
"
i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
A
u
b
u
r
n
A
f
f
i
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
i
s
t
s
.
a
.
1
9
2
4
:
1
,
3
0
0
m
i
n
i
s
t
e
r
s
s
i
g
n
A
u
b
u
r
n
A
f
f
i
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
.
b
.
A
f
f
i
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
s
t
a
t
e
s
t
h
a
t
b
i
b
l
i
c
a
l
i
n
s
p
i
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
t
h
e
v
i
r
g
i
n
b
i
r
t
h
o
f
C
h
r
i
s
t
,
h
i
s
s
u
b
s
t
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
a
r
y
a
t
o
n
e
m
e
n
t
,
h
i
s
b
o
d
i
l
y
r
e
s
u
r
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
h
i
s
l
i
t
e
r
a
l
s
e
c
o
n
d
c
o
m
i
n
g
a
r
e
a
l
l
h
u
m
a
n
"
t
h
e
o
r
i
e
s
"
a
n
d
n
e
e
d
n
o
t
b
e
b
e
l
i
e
v
e
d
b
y
c
a
n
d
i
d
a
t
e
s
s
e
e
k
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
i
n
i
s
t
e
r
i
a
l
o
f
f
i
c
e
.
I.
We
stmi
nster
The
olog
ical
Sem
inar
y
1.
F
o
u
n
d
e
d
b
y
J
.
G
r
e
s
h
a
m
M
a
c
h
e
n
(
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
a
n
i
t
y
a
n
d
L
i
b
e
r
a
l
i
s
m
)
a
s
a
n
a
l
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
v
e
t
o
r
e
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
e
d
P
r
i
n
c
e
t
o
n
.
2.
A
f
t
e
r
r
e
p
e
a
t
e
d
u
r
g
i
n
g
s
,
V
a
n
T
i
l
j
o
i
n
e
d
t
h
e
n
e
w
f
a
c
u
l
t
y
i
n
1
9
2
9
.
3.
V
a
n
T
i
l
r
e
m
a
i
n
e
d
a
s
P
r
o
f
e
s
s
o
r
o
f
A
p
o
l
o
g
e
t
i
c
s
u
n
t
i
l
h
i
s
r
e
t
i
r
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
1
9
7
2
,
c
o
n
t
i
n
u
e
d
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
o
c
c
a
s
i
o
n
a
l
l
y
u
n
t
i
l
1
9
7
9
.
J. The
Orth
odox
Pres
byte
rian
Chur
ch
1.
M
a
c
h
e
n
w
a
s
s
u
s
p
e
n
d
e
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
m
i
n
i
s
t
r
y
f
o
r
d
i
s
o
b
e
y
i
n
g
a
G
e
n
e
r
a
l
A
s
s
e
m
b
l
y
m
a
n
d
a
t
e
t
o
r
e
s
i
g
n
f
r
o
m
a
n
i
n
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
b
o
a
r
d
h
e
h
a
d
f
o
u
n
d
e
d
t
o
s
e
n
d
o
r
t
h
o
d
o
x
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
a
r
i
e
s
a
b
r
o
a
d
.
2.
H
e
a
n
d
o
t
h
e
r
s
f
o
u
n
d
e
d
a
n
e
w
d
e
n
o
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
,
o
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
l
y
c
a
l
l
e
d
"
T
h
e
P
r
e
s
b
y
t
e
r
i
a
n
C
h
u
r
c
h
o
f
A
m
e
r
i
c
a
,
"
l
a
t
e
r
"
T
h
e
O
r
t
h
o
d
o
x
P
r
e
s
b
y
t
e
r
i
a
n
C
h
u
r
c
h
.
"
3.
O
u
t
o
f
s
y
m
p
a
t
h
y
w
i
t
h
M
a
c
h
e
n
,
V
a
n
T
i
l
l
e
f
t
t
h
e
C
R
C
t
o
j
o
i
n
t
h
e
O
P
C
,
a
n
d
r
e
m
a
i
n
e
d
t
h
e
r
e
i
n
u
n
t
i
l
h
i
s
d
e
a
t
h
.
K. The
Clar
k
Cont
rove
rsy
(to
be
disc
usse
d
later
).
IV.
Influen
ces
A. Dut
ch
theol
ogy
1.
A
t
C
a
l
v
i
n
:
S
a
m
u
e
l
V
o
l
b
e
d
a
,
L
o
u
i
s
B
e
r
k
h
o
f
.
2.
A
b
r
a
h
a
m
K
u
y
p
e
r
a
.
R
e
n
a
i
s
s
a
n
c
e
m
a
n
,
h
u
m
b
l
e
b
e
l
i
e
v
e
r
.
b
.
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
s
L
o
r
d
o
v
e
r
a
l
l
a
r
e
a
s
o
f
h
u
m
a
n
l
i
f
e
.
"
T
h
i
s
i
s
m
i
n
e
.
"
c
.
L
e
c
t
u
r
e
s
o
n
C
a
l
v
i
n
i
s
m
d
.
"
T
w
o
k
i
n
d
s
o
f
s
c
i
e
n
c
e
;
"
"
t
w
o
k
i
n
d
s
o
f
p
e
o
p
l
e
"
e
.
D
i
s
p
a
r
a
g
e
d
a
p
o
l
o
g
e
t
i
c
s
t
o
s
o
m
e
e
x
t
e
n
t
,
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
i
t
w
a
s
u
s
u
a
l
l
y
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
o
f
a
s
a
r
e
l
i
g
i
o
u
s
l
y
n
e
u
t
r
a
l
d
i
s
c
i
p
l
i
n
e
.
f
.
C
o
m
m
o
n
G
r
a
c
e
3.
H
e
r
m
a
n
B
a
v
i
n
c
k
,
g
r
e
a
t
d
o
g
m
a
t
i
c
a
n
.
4.
G
e
e
r
h
a
r
d
u
s
V
o
s
,
b
i
b
l
i
c
a
l
t
h
e
o
l
o
g
y
.
B. Am
erica
n
Pres
byte
rian
The
olog
y
1.
B
.
B
.
W
a
r
f
i
e
l
d
:
e
m
p
h
a
s
i
z
e
d
t
h
a
t
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
a
n
i
t
y
w
a
s
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
l
y
d
e
f
e
n
s
i
b
l
e
,
b
u
t
f
o
l
l
o
w
e
d
i
n
s
o
m
e
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
"
t
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
"
a
p
o
l
o
g
e
t
i
c
.
2.
W
i
l
l
i
a
m
B
r
e
n
t
o
n
G
r
e
e
n
e
:
o
n
e
o
f
V
a
n
T
i
l'
s
c
h
i
e
f
e
x
a
m
p
l
e
s
o
f
"
t
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
"
a
p
o
l
o
g
e
t
i
c
s
.
3.
J
.
G
r
e
s
h
a
m
M
a
c
h
e
n
a
.
O
f
t
e
n
f
o
l
l
o
w
e
d
t
h
e
a
p
o
l
o
g
e
t
i
c
t
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
,
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
m
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
a
n
x
i
e
t
y
.
b
.
B
u
t
h
i
g
h
l
y
a
n
t
i
t
h
e
t
i
c
a
l
:
i
.
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
a
n
i
t
y
a
n
d
L
i
b
e
r
a
l
i
s
m
.
i
i
.
T
h
e
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
o
r
t
h
o
d
o
x
y
n
e
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
f
o
r
t
h
e
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
c
o
h
e
r
e
n
c
e
.
C. Phil
osop
hical
1.
W
.
H
e
n
r
y
J
e
l
l
e
m
a
,
C
a
l
v
i
n
C
o
l
l
e
g
e
,
w
h
o
l
a
t
e
r
t
a
u
g
h
t
A
l
v
i
n
P
l
a
n
t
i
n
g
a
a
n
d
N
i
c
h
o
l
a
s
W
o
l
t
e
r
s
t
o
r
f
f
.
2.
A
.
A
.
B
o
w
m
a
n
,
P
r
i
n
c
e
t
o
n
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
(
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
i
s
t
,
l
i
k
e
B
o
r
d
e
n
B
o
w
n
e
,
E
.
S
.
B
r
i
g
h
t
m
a
n
)
.
3. I
d
e
a
l
i
s
m
a
.
B
e
r
n
a
r
d
B
o
s
a
n
q
u
e
t
:
E
n
g
l
i
s
h
I
d
e
a
l
i
s
t
w
h
o
e
m
p
h
a
s
i
z
e
d
t
h
a
t
a
l
l
h
u
m
a
n
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
d
e
p
e
n
d
s
o
n
p
r
e
s
u
p
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
s
.
b
.
J
a
m
e
s
O
r
r
:
S
c
o
t
t
i
s
h
t
h
e
o
l
o
g
i
a
n
a
p
o
l
o
g
i
s
t
w
h
o
u
s
e
s
i
d
e
a
l
i
s
t
t
r
a
n
s
c
e
n
d
e
n
t
a
l
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
i
n
T
h
e
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
a
n
V
i
e
w
o
f
G
o
d
a
n
d
t
h
e
W
o
r
l
d
.
4.
V
a
n
T
i
l
k
n
e
w
m
u
c
h
a
b
o
u
t
c
o
n
t
i
n
e
n
t
a
l
p
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
e
x
i
s
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
i
s
m
,
l
i
t
t
l
e
a
b
o
u
t
A
n
g
l
o
A
m
e
r
i
c
a
n
p
h
i
l
o
s
o
p
h
i
c
a
l
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
.
V.
Publica
tions
(not
exhausti
ve)
A. Tex
ts on
Apol
ogeti
cs
1.
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
a
n
A
p
o
l
o
g
e
t
i
c
s
,
"
u
n
p
u
b
l
i
s
h
e
d
"
s
y
l
l
a
b
u
s
.
H
e
u
s
e
d
t
h
i
s
s
y
l
l
a
b
u
s
t
o
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
e
h
i
s
a
p
o
l
o
g
e
t
i
c
t
o
f
i
r
s
t
y
e
a
r
s
e
m
i
n
a
r
i
a
n
s
.
S
t
i
l
l
p
e
r
h
a
p
s
t
h
e
b
e
s
t
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
.
2.
T
h
e
D
e
f
e
n
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
F
a
i
t
h
,
1
9
5
5
,
1
9
6
3
,
1
9
6
8
.
V
a
n
T
i
l'
s
p
u
b
l
i
s
h
e
d
e
x
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
o
f
h
i
s
m
e
t
h
o
d
.
I
n
c
l
u
d
e
s
m
u
c
h
o
f
#
1
,
w
i
t
h
a
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
t
h
a
t
i
s
s
o
m
e
t
i
m
e
s
d
i
s
t
r
a
c
t
i
n
g
.
3.
A
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
a
n
T
h
e
o
r
y
o
f
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
,
1
9
6
9
,
t
h
e
s
e
c
o
n
d
s
y
l
l
a
b
u
s
V
a
n
T
i
l
u
s
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
y
e
a
r
c
o
u
r
s
e
.
4.
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
a
n
i
t
y
a
n
d
C
o
n
f
l
i
c
t
,
s
y
l
l
a
b
u
s
(
1
9
6
2
6
9
)
,
o
n
h
i
s
t
o
r
y
o
f
a
p
o
l
o
g
e
t
i
c
s
.
U
s
e
d
i
n
h
i
s
T
h
.
M
.
l
e
v
e
l
c
o
u
r
s
e
s
.
5.
T
h
e
D
e
f
e
n
s
e
o
f
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
a
n
i
t
y
a
n
d
M
y
C
r
e
d
o
(
1
9
7
1
)
,
a
c
o
n
c
i
s
e
s
u
m
m
a
r
y
o
f
h
i
s
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
(
e
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
l
y
t
h
e
"
C
r
e
d
o
"
)
6. I
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
t
o
W
a
r
f
i
e
l
d
,
T
h
e
I
n
s
p
i
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
A
u
t
h
o
r
i
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
B
i
b
l
e
(
1
9
4
8
)
.
O
n
e
o
f
h
i
s
b
e
s
t
s
u
m
m
a
r
i
e
s
o
f
h
i
s
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
.
7.
J
e
r
u
s
a
l
e
m
a
n
d
A
t
h
e
n
s
(
1
9
7
1
)
.
F
e
s
t
s
c
h
r
i
f
t
.
S
o
m
e
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
a
r
e
c
r
i
t
i
q
u
e
s
o
f
V
a
n
T
i
l
,
a
n
d
t
o
s
o
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
V
a
n
T
i
l
r
e
p
l
i
e
s
.
8.
A
S
u
r
v
e
y
o
f
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
a
n
E
p
i
s
t
e
m
o
l
o
g
y
(
1
9
6
9
)
.
H
i
s
o
l
d
M
e
t
a
p
h
y
s
i
c
s
o
f
A
p
o
l
o
g
e
t
i
c
s
s
y
l
l
a
b
u
s
.
I
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
s
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y
o
f
p
h
i
l
o
s
o
p
h
y
,
e
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
l
y
e
p
i
s
t
e
m
o
l
o
g
y
.
9.
W
h
y
I
B
e
l
i
e
v
e
i
n
G
o
d
,
b
r
i
e
f
p
a
m
p
h
l
e
t
.
V
a
n
T
i
l
s
h
o
w
s
h
o
w
h
e
w
o
u
l
d
i
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
n
d
i
a
l
o
g
u
e
w
i
t
h
a
m
o
d
e
r
n
s
e
c
u
l
a
r
i
s
t
.
10.
T
h
e
C
a
s
e
f
o
r
C
a
l
v
i
n
i
s
m
(
1
9
6
4
)
:
c
r
i
t
i
q
u
e
o
f
t
h
e
W
e
s
t
m
i
n
s
t
e
r
P
r
e
s
s
"
c
a
s
e
"
b
o
o
k
s
o
f
H
o
r
d
e
r
n
,
d
e
W
o
l
f
,
a
n
d
C
a
r
n
e
l
l
.
M
o
s
t
l
y
C
a
r
n
e
l
l
.
11.
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
a
n
T
h
e
i
s
t
i
c
E
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
s
(
1
9
7
6
)
,
h
i
s
m
o
s
t
e
x
t
e
n
s
i
v
e
c
r
i
t
i
q
u
e
o
f
D
a
v
i
d
H
u
m
e
a
n
d
J
o
s
e
p
h
B
u
t
l
e
r
,
a
l
s
o
s
o
m
e
m
o
d
e
r
n
p
h
i
l
o
s
o
p
h
e
r
s
o
f
s
c
i
e
n
c
e
.
T
h
e
s
y
l
l
a
b
u
s
f
o
r
h
i
s
s
e
c
o
n
d
y
e
a
r
"
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
s
"
c
o
u
r
s
e
.
12.
H
e
r
m
a
n
D
o
o
y
e
w
e
e
r
d
a
n
d
R
e
f
o
r
m
e
d
A
p
o
l
o
g
e
t
i
c
s
(
1
9
7
2
,
7
4
)
.
13.
W
h
o
D
o
Y
o
u
S
a
y
T
h
a
t
I
A
m
?
(
1
9
7
5
)
.
H
i
s
t
o
r
y
o
f
p
h
i
l
o
s
o
p
h
y
,
s
c
h
o
l
a
s
t
i
c
t
h
e
o
l
o
g
y
,
m
o
d
e
r
n
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
.
B. The
olog
ical
Subj
ects
1.
C
o
m
m
o
n
G
r
a
c
e
a
n
d
t
h
e
G
o
s
p
e
l
(
1
9
7
2
)
.
2.
A
n
I
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
t
o
S
y
s
t
e
m
a
t
i
c
T
h
e
o
l
o
g
y
(
1
9
7
4
)
.
V
a
n
T
i
l
t
a
u
g
h
t
t
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
c
o
u
r
s
e
i
n
s
y
s
t
e
m
a
t
i
c
s
,
D
o
c
t
r
i
n
e
o
f
S
c
r
i
p
t
u
r
e
a
n
d
D
o
c
t
r
i
n
e
o
f
G
o
d
,
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
i
s
s
y
l
l
a
b
u
s
.
3.
"
N
a
t
u
r
e
a
n
d
S
c
r
i
p
t
u
r
e
"
i
n
S
t
o
n
e
h
o
u
s
e
a
n
d
W
o
o
l
l
e
y
,
T
h
e
I
n
f
a
l
l
i
b
l
e
W
o
r
d
.
M
a
i
n
t
a
i
n
s
t
h
a
t
b
o
t
h
n
a
t
u
r
a
l
a
n
d
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
r
e
v
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
a
r
e
n
e
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
,
a
u
t
h
o
r
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
,
c
l
e
a
r
,
a
n
d
s
u
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
.
4.
T
h
e
P
r
o
t
e
s
t
a
n
t
D
o
c
t
r
i
n
e
o
f
S
c
r
i
p
t
u
r
e
(
1
9
6
7
)
.
C. Mod
ern
The
olog
y
1.
C
h
r
i
s
t
a
n
d
t
h
e
J
e
w
s
(
1
9
6
8
)
.
M
a
r
t
i
n
B
u
b
e
r
o
n
t
h
e
b
a
c
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
o
f
P
h
i
l
o
J
u
d
a
e
u
s
.
2.
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
a
n
i
t
y
a
n
d
B
a
r
t
h
i
a
n
i
s
m
(
1
9
6
2
)
.
V
a
n
T
i
l'
s
s
e
c
o
n
d
b
o
o
k
o
n
B
a
r
t
h
.
T
i
t
l
e
d
e
r
i
v
a
t
i
v
e
o
f
M
a
c
h
e
n
'
s
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
a
n
i
t
y
a
n
d
B
a
r
t
h
i
a
n
i
s
m
.
3.
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
a
n
i
t
y
i
n
M
o
d
e
r
n
T
h
e
o
l
o
g
y
(
1
9
5
5
)
,
e
s
s
a
y
s
a
n
d
r
e
v
i
e
w
s
.
4.
T
h
e
C
o
n
f
e
s
s
i
o
n
o
f
1
9
6
7
(
1
9
6
7
)
.
E
x
p
o
s
e
s
t
h
e
B
a
r
t
h
i
a
n
i
s
m
o
f
t
h
e
n
e
w
c
o
n
f
e
s
s
i
o
n
a
d
o
p
t
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
P
r
e
s
b
y
t
e
r
i
a
n
C
h
u
r
c
h
,
U
.
S
.
A
.
5.
T
h
e
G
r
e
a
t
D
e
b
a
t
e
T
o
d
a
y
(
1
9
7
1
)
.
P
a
n
n
e
n
b
e
r
g
,
M
o
l
t
m
a
n
n
,
o
t
h
e
r
t
h
e
o
l
o
g
i
a
n
s
.
6. I
s
G
o
d
D
e
a
d
?
(
1
9
6
6
)
.
V
s
.
t
h
e
"
G
o
d
i
s
d
e
a
d
"
f
a
d
(
A
l
t
i
z
e
r
,
H
a
m
i
l
t
o
n
,
V
a
n
B
u
r
e
n
)
.
7.
T
h
e
N
e
w
E
v
a
n
g
e
l
i
c
a
l
i
s
m
(
1
9
6
0
)
.
R
a
m
m
,
G
r
a
h
a
m
,
H
e
n
r
y
.
8.
T
h
e
N
e
w
H
e
r
m
e
n
e
u
t
i
c
(
1
9
7
4
)
.
E
b
e
l
i
n
g
,
F
u
c
h
s
.
9.
T
h
e
N
e
w
M
o
d
e
r
n
i
s
m
(
1
9
4
6
)
.
V
a
n
T
i
l'
s
f
i
r
s
t
p
u
b
l
i
s
h
e
d
b
o
o
k
.
A
t
t
a
c
k
e
d
B
a
r
t
h
a
n
d
B
r
u
n
n
e
r
.
10.
T
h
e
N
e
w
S
y
n
t
h
e
s
i
s
T
h
e
o
l
o
g
y
o
f
t
h
e
N
e
t
h
e
r
l
a
n
d
s
.
11.
N
o
t
e
s
o
n
R
o
m
a
n
C
a
t
h
o
l
i
c
i
s
m
(
N
.
D
.
)
.
K
u
n
g
,
V
o
n
B
a
l
t
h
a
s
a
r
,
M
a
r
i
t
a
i
n
.
12.
T
h
e
R
e
f
o
r
m
e
d
P
a
s
t
o
r
a
n
d
M
o
d
e
r
n
T
h
o
u
g
h
t
(
1
9
7
1
)
.
K
a
n
t
,
T
i
l
l
i
c
h
,
o
t
h
e
r
s
.
13.
T
h
e
T
h
e
o
l
o
g
y
o
f
J
a
m
e
s
D
a
a
n
e
(
1
9
5
9
)
.
14.
T
h
e
T
r
i
u
m
p
h
o
f
G
r
a
c
e
(
1
9
5
8
)
.
S
c
h
l
e
i
e
r
m
a
c
h
e
r
,
R
i
t
c
h
l
,
B
a
r
t
h
.
D. Othe
r
Subj
ects
1.
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
a
n
i
t
y
a
n
d
I
d
e
a
l
i
s
m
(
1
9
5
5
)
.
E
s
s
a
y
s
a
n
d
r
e
v
i
e
w
s
.
2.
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
a
n
T
h
e
i
s
t
i
c
E
t
h
i
c
s
(
1
9
7
1
)
.
S
y
l
l
a
b
u
s
f
o
r
V
a
n
T
i
l'
s
e
t
h
i
c
s
c
o
u
r
s
e
.
3.
E
s
s
a
y
s
o
n
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
a
n
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
(
1
9
7
4
)
.
V
a
n
T
i
l
s
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
d
v
o
c
a
t
e
d
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
a
n
s
c
h
o
o
l
s
.
4.
T
h
e
G
o
d
o
f
H
o
p
e
(
1
9
7
8
)
.
H
i
s
l
a
s
t
b
o
o
k
.
S
e
r
m
o
n
s
a
n
d
a
d
d
r
e
s
s
e
s
.
5.
P
s
y
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
o
f
R
e
l
i
g
i
o
n
(
1
9
7
1
)
.
S
u
r
p
r
i
s
i
n
g
a
g
r
e
e
m
e
n
t
w
i
t
h
s
e
c
u
l
a
r
p
s
y
c
h
o
l
o
g
i
s
t
s
,
b
u
t
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
.
V. The
Metaphysic
s of
Knowledge
A. Met
aphy
sics,
Epis
temo
logy
and
Ethi
cs
1.
C
l
o
s
e
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
:
e
a
c
h
p
r
e
s
u
p
p
o
s
e
s
t
h
e
o
t
h
e
r
s
.
a
.
E
p
i
s
t
e
m
o
l
o
g
y
p
r
e
s
u
p
p
o
s
e
s
a
"
m
e
t
a
p
h
y
s
i
c
s
o
f
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
.
"
b
.
E
p
i
s
t
e
m
o
l
o
g
y
i
s
e
t
h
i
c
a
l
:
f
o
l
l
o
w
i
n
g
d
i
v
i
n
e
n
o
r
m
s
.
2.
B
u
t
w
e
s
h
o
u
l
d
d
i
s
t
i
n
g
u
i
s
h
e
t
h
i
c
s
f
r
o
m
m
e
t
a
p
h
y
s
i
c
s
(
s
i
n
f
r
o
m
f
i
n
i
t
u
d
e
)
.
a
.
S
i
n
p
r
e
s
u
p
p
o
s
e
s
m
e
t
a
p
h
y
s
i
c
s
,
a
n
d
i
t
i
s
a
n
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
m
e
t
a
p
h
y
s
i
c
s
.
b
.
B
u
t
s
i
n
i
s
n
o
t
m
e
r
e
f
i
n
i
t
u
d
e
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
r
e
m
e
d
y
i
s
n
o
t
i
n
f
i
n
i
t
u
d
e
.
3.
T
h
e
c
r
e
a
t
o
r
c
r
e
a
t
u
r
e
d
i
s
t
i
n
c
t
i
o
n
i
s
f
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
t
a
l
t
o
a
s
o
u
n
d
m
e
t
a
p
h
y
s
i
c
s
.
B. Doc
trine
of
God
1.
S
e
l
f
c
o
n
t
a
i
n
e
d
:
a
s
e
,
s
e
l
f
e
x
i
s
t
e
n
t
,
s
e
l
f
s
u
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
,
a
b
s
o
l
u
t
e
,
e
t
e
r
n
a
l
.
2.
F
u
l
l
n
e
s
s
.
a
.
H
i
s
n
a
t
u
r
e
n
o
t
d
e
r
i
v
e
d
f
r
o
m
m
e
r
e
e
m
i
n
e
n
c
e
(
a
s
c
r
i
b
i
n
g
t
o
G
o
d
m
o
r
e
t
h
a
n
t
h
e
c
r
e
a
t
i
o
n
,
i
m
p
l
y
i
n
g
t
h
a
t
h
e
i
s
a
l
a
r
g
e
r
c
r
e
a
t
i
o
n
)
.
b
.
N
o
r
f
r
o
m
m
e
r
e
n
e
g
a
t
i
o
n
(
w
h
i
c
h
l
e
a
d
s
t
o
e
m
p
t
i
n
e
s
s
)
.
c
.
R
a
t
h
e
r
,
w
e
m
u
s
t
b
e
g
i
n
f
r
o
m
G
o
d
'
s
r
e
v
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
h
i
s
n
a
t
u
r
e
.
(
i
)
S
i
m
p
l
i
c
i
t
y
:
h
i
s
a
t
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
s
a
r
e
p
e
r
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
o
n
h
i
s
w
h
o
l
e
b
e
i
n
g
.
(
i
i
)
E
m
i
n
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
n
e
g
a
t
i
o
n
h
e
l
p
u
s
a
p
p
l
y
b
i
b
l
i
c
a
l
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
s
:
a
s
o
u
r
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
o
f
s
p
a
c
e
a
n
d
t
i
m
e
h
e
l
p
u
s
t
o
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
s
o
m
e
t
h
i
n
g
o
f
G
o
d
'
s
t
r
a
n
s
c
e
n
d
e
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
,
w
h
i
c
h
w
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
S
c
r
i
p
t
u
r
e
.
d
.
A
l
l
o
f
G
o
d
'
s
a
t
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
s
a
r
e
s
e
l
f
e
x
i
s
t
e
n
t
,
s
e
l
f
s
u
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
.
3.
A
b
s
o
l
u
t
e
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
i
t
y
a
.
"
A
b
s
o
l
u
t
e
"
—
s
e
e
a
b
o
v
e
.
b
.
I
n
t
h
e
T
r
i
n
i
t
y
a
n
d
i
n
m
a
n
,
"
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
e
l
y
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
r
e
s
i
d
u
e
.
"
(
i
)
S
i
n
c
e
t
h
e
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
p
e
r
s
o
n
s
a
f
f
e
c
t
o
t
h
e
r
p
e
r
s
o
n
s
,
o
u
r
a
c
t
s
a
r
e
"
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
"
o
f
o
n
e
a
n
o
t
h
e
r
.
(
i
i
)
V
s
.
t
h
e
p
r
i
m
a
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
i
m
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
i
n
n
o
n
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
a
n
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
.
G
o
d
s
u
b
j
e
c
t
t
o
i
m
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
l
a
w
,
c
h
a
n
c
e
.
c
.
O
b
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
s
(
J
F
)
(
i
)
W
e
s
h
o
u
l
d
m
a
k
e
m
o
r
e
o
f
t
h
i
s
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
i
s
m
t
h
a
n
V
a
n
T
i
l
h
i
m
s
e
l
f
d
i
d
.
(
A
)
O
n
l
y
b
i
b
l
i
c
a
l
r
e
l
i
g
i
o
n
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
s
a
G
o
d
w
h
o
i
s
b
o
t
h
a
b
s
o
l
u
t
e
a
n
d
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
.
(
B
)
A
n
o
n
a
b
s
o
l
u
t
e
p
e
r
s
o
n
c
a
n
n
o
t
a
c
c
o
u
n
t
f
o
r
r
e
a
l
i
t
y
.
(
C
)
A
n
i
m
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
a
b
s
o
l
u
t
e
c
a
n
n
o
t
b
e
s
o
v
e
r
e
i
g
n
(
i
.
e
.
,
i
t
c
a
n
n
o
t
m
a
k
e
c
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,
m
a
n
y
a
n
d
o
n
e
.
(
B
)
T
h
e
w
o
r
l
d
i
s
m
a
d
e
i
n
h
i
s
l
i
k
e
n
e
s
s
.
(
C
)
T
h
e
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
v
i
t
y
o
f
o
n
e
a
n
d
m
a
n
y
i
n
t
h
e
w
o
r
l
d
i
s
l
i
k
e
t
h
e
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
v
i
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
e
i
n
G
o
d
;
h
e
n
c
e
t
h
e
r
e
i
s
m
y
s
t
e
r
y
.
(
D
)
V
a
n
T
i
l
'
s
"
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
"
d
o
e
s
n
o
t
g
i
v
e
u
s
p
u
r
e
u
n
i
v
e
r
s
a
l
s
o
r
p
u
r
e
p
a
r
t
i
c
u
l
a
r
s
,
o
r
t
h
e
k
i
n
d
o
f
e
x
h
a
u
s
t
i
v
e
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
s
e
w
o
u
l
d
b
r
i
n
g
u
s
.
R
a
t
h
e
r
,
i
t
c
a
l
l
s
u
s
t
o
t
r
u
s
t
t
h
a
t
h
e
h
a
s
a
p
e
r
f
e
c
t
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
i
n
g
,
b
o
t
h
o
f
h
i
m
s
e
l
f
,
a
n
d
o
f
h
i
s
w
o
r
l
d
.
5.
D
i
v
i
n
e
S
o
v
e
r
e
i
g
n
t
y
a
.
G
o
d
h
a
s
e
x
h
a
u
s
t
i
v
e
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
w
o
r
l
d
,
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
h
i
s
e
t
e
r
n
a
l
p
l
a
n
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
s
a
l
l
t
h
a
t
c
o
m
e
s
t
o
p
a
s
s
.
b
.
H
u
m
a
n
f
r
e
e
d
o
m
,
n
e
v
e
r
t
h
e
l
e
s
s
,
e
x
i
s
t
s
:
(
i
)
B
e
c
a
u
s
e
G
o
d
'
s
s
o
v
e
r
e
i
g
n
t
y
i
s
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
,
r
a
t
h
e
r
t
h
a
n
i
m
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
.
(
i
i
)
B
e
c
a
u
s
e
,
a
l
t
h
o
u
g
h
w
e
a
r
e
n
o
t
f
r
e
e
f
r
o
m
G
o
d
'
s
p
l
a
n
,
w
e
a
r
e
s
o
m
e
t
i
m
e
s
f
r
e
e
f
r
o
m
c
a
u
s
a
l
s
e
q
u
e
n
c
e
s
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
f
i
n
i
t
e
w
o
r
l
d
.
(
I
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
c
e
o
f
V
T
'
s
t
w
o
l
e
v
e
l
m
e
t
a
p
h
y
s
i
c
s
.
)
(
i
i
i
)
B
e
c
a
u
s
e
G
o
d
w
a
n
t
s
t
h
e
h
u
m
a
n
w
i
l
l
t
o
b
e
c
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
s
p
o
n
t
a
n
e
o
u
s
,
e
v
e
n
s
e
l
f
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
a
t
i
v
e
i
n
i
t
s
w
i
l
l
t
o
d
o
G
o
d
'
s
w
i
l
l
.
(
i
v
)
B
e
c
a
u
s
e
m
a
n
i
s
m
o
r
a
l
l
y
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
i
b
l
e
;
b
u
t
m
o
r
a
l
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
w
o
u
l
d
b
e
m
e
a
n
i
n
g
l
e
s
s
i
f
t
h
e
w
o
r
l
d
w
e
r
e
i
n
a
n
y
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
r
u
l
e
d
b
y
c
h
a
n
c
e
.
6.
E
v
i
l
a
.
T
h
e
n
o
n
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
a
n
c
a
n
n
o
t
d
i
s
t
i
n
g
u
i
s
h
g
o
o
d
f
r
o
m
e
v
i
l
.
b
.
T
h
e
n
o
n
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
a
n
c
a
n
o
f
f
e
r
n
o
h
o
p
e
t
h
a
t
g
o
o
d
w
i
l
l
t
r
i
u
m
p
h
.
c
.
G
o
d
d
o
e
s
n
o
t
r
e
v
e
a
l
t
o
u
s
a
l
l
h
i
s
r
e
a
s
o
n
s
f
o
r
b
r
i
n
g
i
n
g
e
v
e
n
t
s
t
o
p
a
s
s
.
d
.
G
o
d
i
s
t
h
e
"
r
e
m
o
t
e
"
c
a
u
s
e
,
r
a
t
h
e
r
t
h
a
n
t
h
e
"
p
r
o
x
i
m
a
t
e
"
c
a
u
s
e
o
f
e
v
i
l
(
C
a
l
v
i
n
)
.
J
F
:
I
t
h
i
n
k
t
h
i
s
a
n
s
w
e
r
i
s
i
n
a
d
e
q
u
a
t
e
.
C
a
l
v
i
n
h
i
m
s
e
l
f
d
i
d
n
o
t
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
t
h
i
s
d
i
s
t
i
n
c
t
i
o
n
a
s
a
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
t
o
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
o
f
e
v
i
l
,
o
n
l
y
a
s
a
h
e
l
p
t
o
d
i
s
c
u
s
s
i
n
g
i
t
.
7.
E
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
R
e
p
r
o
b
a
t
i
o
n
a
.
G
o
d
i
s
s
o
v
e
r
e
i
g
n
i
n
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
i
n
g
w
h
o
w
i
l
l
,
a
n
d
w
i
l
l
n
o
t
,
b
e
s
a
v
e
d
.
I
f
a
t
a
n
y
p
o
i
n
t
s
a
l
v
a
t
i
o
n
i
s
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
o
n
m
a
n
,
r
a
t
h
e
r
t
h
a
n
G
o
d
,
t
h
e
n
w
e
h
a
v
e
m
a
d
e
G
o
d
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
o
n
m
a
n
.
b
.
V
a
n
T
i
l
a
f
f
i
r
m
s
t
h
e
"
e
q
u
a
l
u
l
t
i
m
a
c
y
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
r
e
p
r
o
b
a
t
i
o
n
,
"
c
o
n
t
r
a
B
e
r
k
o
u
w
e
r
,
b
u
t
d
o
e
s
n
o
t
d
e
n
y
t
h
e
"
a
s
y
m
m
e
t
r
y
"
o
f
t
h
e
C
a
n
o
n
s
o
f
D
o
r
d
t
.
C. Chri
stian
Epis
temo
logy
1.
A
n
a
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
a
.
N
o
t
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
a
s
A
q
u
i
n
a
s
'
u
s
e
o
f
a
n
a
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
,
w
h
i
c
h
r
e
f
e
r
s
t
o
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
s
o
m
e
w
h
a
t
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
u
n
i
v
o
c
a
l
(
l
i
t
e
r
a
l
)
a
n
d
e
q
u
i
v
o
c
a
l
(
a
m
e
r
e
p
u
n
)
.
b
.
F
o
r
V
a
n
T
i
l
,
a
n
a
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
i
s
(
i
)
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
o
f
c
r
e
a
t
u
r
e
s
,
t
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
G
o
d
'
s
s
e
l
f
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
.
(
i
i
)
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
s
u
b
j
e
c
t
t
o
G
o
d
'
s
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
a
n
d
a
u
t
h
o
r
i
t
y
.
(
i
i
i
)
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
t
h
a
t
a
g
r
e
e
s
w
i
t
h
G
o
d
'
s
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
s
.
c
.
V
a
n
T
i
l
d
o
e
s
n
o
t
d
e
n
y
t
h
a
t
w
e
m
a
y
u
s
e
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
a
b
o
u
t
G
o
d
l
i
t
e
r
a
l
l
y
,
b
u
t
h
e
d
o
e
s
h
a
v
e
a
h
i
g
h
r
e
g
a
r
d
f
o
r
"
a
n
t
h
r
o
p
o
m
o
r
p
h
i
s
m
s
.
"
(
i
)
H
e
t
e
l
l
s
u
s
t
o
b
e
"
f
e
a
r
l
e
s
s
l
y
a
n
t
h
r
o
p
o
m
o
r
p
h
i
c
"
a
b
o
u
t
s
t
a
t
e
m
e
n
t
s
l
i
k
e
"
G
o
d
c
h
a
n
g
e
d
h
i
s
m
i
n
d
.
"
(
i
i
)
P
e
r
h
a
p
s
h
e
m
e
a
n
s
t
h
a
t
t
h
o
u
g
h
G
o
d
i
s
c
h
a
n
g
e
l
e
s
s
i
n
h
i
s
e
s
s
e
n
c
e
,
t
h
e
a
n
t
h
r
o
p
o
m
o
r
p
h
i
s
m
c
o
n
t
a
i
n
s
s
o
m
e
l
i
t
e
r
a
l
t
r
u
t
h
.
(
J
F
:
G
o
d
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
i
n
h
i
s
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
t
o
c
r
e
a
t
u
r
e
s
,
e
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
l
y
i
n
h
i
s
t
e
m
p
o
r
a
l
o
m
n
i
p
r
e
s
e
n
c
e
.
)
2.
T
h
e
C
l
a
r
k
C
o
n
t
r
o
v
e
r
s
y
a
.
I
n
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
(
i
)
I
n
t
h
e
o
l
o
g
y
g
e
n
e
r
a
l
l
y
:
t
h
e
f
a
c
t
t
h
a
t
G
o
d
c
a
n
n
o
t
b
e
e
x
h
a
u
s
t
i
v
e
l
y
k
n
o
w
n
b
y
m
a
n
.
(
i
i
)
B
u
t
i
n
t
h
e
C
l
a
r
k
c
o
n
t
r
o
v
e
r
s
y
,
t
h
e
t
e
r
m
w
a
s
u
s
e
d
(
o
r
m
i
s
u
s
e
d
)
t
o
d
e
s
c
r
i
b
e
t
h
e
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
G
o
d
'
s
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
s
a
n
d
m
a
n
'
s
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
s
.
b
.
C
l
a
r
k
'
s
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
(
i
)
G
o
d
'
s
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
s
a
r
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
m
a
n
'
s
i
n
t
h
a
t
(
A
)
H
e
k
n
o
w
s
m
o
r
e
t
r
u
t
h
s
t
h
a
n
a
n
y
c
r
e
a
t
u
r
e
.
(
B
)
H
e
k
n
o
w
s
a
l
l
t
h
e
i
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
s
a
n
d
i
m
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
e
t
r
u
t
h
s
,
w
i
t
h
a
p
r
o
p
e
r
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
c
e
o
f
e
a
c
h
.
(
C
)
H
e
k
n
o
w
s
b
y
a
n
e
t
e
r
n
a
l
i
n
t
u
i
t
i
o
n
,
u
n
l
i
k
e
a
n
y
c
r
e
a
t
u
r
e
.
(
D
)
M
a
n
k
n
o
w
s
o
n
l
y
b
y
r
e
v
e
l
a
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i
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r
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B
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b
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v
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h
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r
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r
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p
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i
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u
t
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;
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t
h
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t
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H
u
m
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(
A
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O
b
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q
u
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m
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n
w
h
e
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w
e
a
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e
.
(
B
)
B
u
t
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h
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w
h
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p
o
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t
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C
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(
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n
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i
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a
t
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l
(
A
)
D
e
s
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r
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:
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n
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l
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(
B
)
N
o
r
m
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v
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:
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r
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v
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n
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A
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u
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m
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c
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(
C
)
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o
u
c
a
n
'
t
s
a
y
e
v
e
r
y
t
h
i
n
g
a
t
o
n
c
e
.
(
C
)
S
o
"
t
h
a
t
"
a
n
d
"
w
h
a
t
"
a
r
e
m
a
t
t
e
r
s
o
f
d
e
g
r
e
e
.
VI.
The
Ethics
of
Knowle
dge
A. Bibl
ical
Data
1.
R
o
m
.
1
a
.
G
o
d
c
l
e
a
r
l
y
r
e
v
e
a
l
e
d
(
1
8
2
0
)
t
o
a
l
l
h
u
m
a
n
b
e
i
n
g
s
.
(
i
)
h
i
s
e
t
e
r
n
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
a
n
d
d
i
v
i
n
e
n
a
t
u
r
e
(
2
0
)
(
i
i
)
h
i
s
m
o
r
a
l
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
s
(
3
2
)
b
.
S
o
t
h
e
y
"
k
n
o
w
"
h
i
m
,
v
e
r
s
e
2
1
.
c
.
T
h
e
i
r
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
(
i
)
s
u
p
p
r
e
s
s
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
t
r
u
t
h
(
1
8
)
(
i
i
)
r
e
f
u
s
a
l
o
f
t
r
u
e
w
o
r
s
h
i
p
,
w
o
r
s
h
i
p
o
f
f
a
l
s
e
g
o
d
s
(
2
1
2
3
,
2
5
)
(
i
i
i
)
e
x
c
h
a
n
g
e
t
h
e
t
r
u
t
h
f
o
r
a
l
i
e
(
2
5
,
2
8
)
(
i
v
)
m
o
r
a
l
d
e
g
r
a
d
a
t
i
o
n
(
2
4
3
1
)
d
.
G
o
d
'
s
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
(
i
)
w
r
a
t
h
(
1
8
)
(
i
i
)
j
u
d
g
m
e
n
t
(
"
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
e
x
c
u
s
e
"
)
(
2
0
)
.
2.
T
h
e
u
n
b
e
l
i
e
v
e
r
'
s
i
g
n
o
r
a
n
c
e
:
1
C
o
r
.
2
:
8
,
1
2
1
4
,
1
T
h
e
s
s
.
4
:
5
8
,
A
c
t
s
3
:
7
,
1
7
:
2
3
,
3
0
,
R
o
m
.
1
0
:
3
,
E
p
h
.
4
:
1
8
,
1
P
e
t
.
1
:
4
,
3
:
5
,
1
T
i
m
.
6
:
2
0
.
a
.
H
i
s
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
s
a
r
e
f
o
o
l
i
s
h
(
M
a
t
t
.
7
:
2
6
2
7
)
,
v
a
i
n
(
R
o
m
.
1
:
2
1
)
,
s
i
n
f
u
l
(
E
p
h
.
2
:
3
)
,
f
u
t
i
l
e
(
1
C
o
r
.
3
:
2
0
)
.
H
e
i
s
b
l
i
n
d
(
2
C
o
r
.
4
:
4
,
c
f
.
M
a
t
t
.
1
5
:
1
4
,
2
3
:
1
6
2
6
,
J
o
h
n
9
:
4
0
4
1
,
1
2
:
4
0
,
R
o
m
.
1
1
:
7
,
2
5
,
2
C
o
r
.
3
:
1
4
,
E
p
h
.
4
:
1
8
,
1
J
o
h
n
2
:
1
1
)
.
b
.
S
i
n
c
e
h
e
h
a
s
n
o
f
e
a
r
o
f
G
o
d
(
R
o
m
.
3
:
1
8
)
,
h
e
h
a
s
n
o
w
i
s
d
o
m
o
r
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
(
P
s
m
.
1
1
1
:
1
0
,
P
r
o
v
.
1
:
7
,
1
C
o
r
.
3
:
1
8
2
0
)
.
c
.
S
i
n
c
e
h
e
i
s
o
f
t
h
e
w
o
r
l
d
,
h
e
s
p
e
a
k
s
o
f
t
h
e
w
o
r
l
d
,
n
o
t
o
f
G
o
d
(
1
J
o
h
n
4
:
4
5
)
.
d
.
H
e
c
a
n
n
o
t
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
t
h
e
S
p
i
r
i
t
o
f
T
r
u
t
h
(
J
o
h
n
1
4
:
1
7
)
,
s
o
h
e
c
a
n
n
o
t
d
i
s
c
e
r
n
s
p
i
r
i
t
u
a
l
t
h
i
n
g
s
(
1
C
o
r
.
2
:
1
4
)
.
H
e
c
a
n
n
o
t
s
e
e
t
h
e
k
i
n
g
d
o
m
o
f
G
o
d
(
J
o
h
n
3
:
3
)
.
e
.
T
h
e
r
e
i
s
a
n
a
n
t
i
t
h
e
s
i
s
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
u
n
b
e
l
i
e
v
i
n
g
a
n
d
b
e
l
i
e
v
i
n
g
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
(
A
c
t
s
2
6
:
1
8
,
1
C
o
r
.
1
2
,
e
s
p
.
2
:
1
4
,
3
:
1
8
2
3
,
2
C
o
r
.
5
:
7
,
6
:
1
4
1
5
,
E
p
h
.
5
:
6
1
1
,
C
o
l
.
2
:
8
;
c
o
m
p
a
r
e
P
r
o
v
e
r
b
s
)
,
a
s
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
h
e
o
l
d
a
n
d
n
e
w
l
i
f
e
(
E
p
h
.
2
:
1
1
0
,
C
o
l
.
3
:
1
1
7
)
.
f
.
S
o
G
o
d
'
s
g
r
a
c
e
i
n
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
s
n
e
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
t
o
r
e
n
e
w
u
s
u
n
t
o
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
(
J
o
h
n
3
:
3
8
,
R
o
m
.
1
2
:
2
,
1
C
o
r
.
2
:
1
2
,
E
p
h
.
4
:
2
0
2
4
,
C
o
l
.
3
:
1
0
)
.
B. Anti
thesi
s
1.
V
a
n
T
i
l
n
o
t
e
s
t
h
a
t
a
l
t
h
o
u
g
h
b
e
l
i
e
f
a
n
d
u
n
b
e
l
i
e
f
a
r
e
a
b
s
o
l
u
t
e
l
y
o
p
p
o
s
e
d
"
i
n
p
r
i
n
c
i
p
l
e
,
"
n
e
v
e
r
t
h
e
l
e
s
s
u
n
b
e
l
i
e
v
e
r
s
s
o
m
e
t
i
m
e
s
a
f
f
i
r
m
t
r
u
t
h
,
j
u
s
t
a
s
b
e
l
i
e
v
e
r
s
s
o
m
e
t
i
m
e
s
d
e
n
y
i
t
.
T
h
e
u
n
b
e
l
i
e
v
e
r
'
s
c
o
m
m
i
t
m
e
n
t
t
o
f
a
l
s
e
h
o
o
d
i
s
r
e
s
t
r
a
i
n
e
d
b
y
G
o
d
'
s
"
c
o
m
m
o
n
g
r
a
c
e
.
"
2.
S
o
V
a
n
T
i
l
a
f
f
i
r
m
s
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
u
n
b
e
l
i
e
v
e
r
'
s
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
i
s
,
i
n
f
a
c
t
,
a
"
m
i
x
t
u
r
e
"
o
f
t
r
u
t
h
a
n
d
f
a
l
s
i
t
y
,
t
h
o
u
g
h
s
o
m
e
t
i
m
e
s
h
e
d
o
e
s
n
't
t
a
k
e
f
u
l
l
a
c
c
o
u
n
t
o
f
b
o
t
h
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
.
3.
V
a
n
T
i
l
a
d
m
i
t
s
t
o
s
o
m
e
d
i
f
f
i
c
u
l
t
y
i
n
d
e
s
c
r
i
b
i
n
g
t
h
e
u
n
b
e
l
i
e
v
e
r
'
s
c
o
n
s
c
i
o
u
s
n
e
s
s
:
h
o
w
i
t
c
a
n
c
o
n
t
a
i
n
t
r
u
t
h
,
y
e
t
b
e
a
b
s
o
l
u
t
e
l
y
o
p
p
o
s
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
t
r
u
t
h
.
S
o
m
e
o
f
h
i
s
a
t
t
e
m
p
t
s
:
a
.
E
x
t
r
e
m
e
a
n
t
i
t
h
e
t
i
c
a
l
f
o
r
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
:
a
s
"
t
h
e
u
n
b
e
l
i
e
v
e
r
i
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
s
a
l
l
t
h
e
f
a
c
t
s
a
n
d
a
l
l
t
h
e
l
a
w
s
t
h
a
t
a
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
e
d
t
o
h
i
m
i
n
t
e
r
m
s
o
f
h
i
s
[
u
n
b
e
l
i
e
v
i
n
g
]
a
s
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
s
.
"
J
F
:
t
h
e
s
e
f
o
r
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
d
o
n
o
t
d
o
j
u
s
t
i
c
e
t
o
S
c
r
i
p
t
u
r
e
'
s
a
s
s
e
r
t
i
o
n
(
a
n
d
V
a
n
T
i
l
'
s
!
)
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
u
n
b
e
l
i
e
v
e
r
k
n
o
w
s
t
r
u
t
h
.
(
i
)
T
h
e
u
n
b
e
l
i
e
v
e
r
o
u
g
h
t
t
o
k
n
o
w
t
h
e
t
r
u
t
h
,
b
u
t
d
o
e
s
n
'
t
.
(
i
i
)
D
i
v
i
n
e
r
e
v
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
g
i
v
e
n
t
o
t
h
e
u
n
b
e
l
i
e
v
e
r
,
b
u
t
h
i
s
i
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
a
t
i
o
n
i
s
e
n
t
i
r
e
l
y
w
r
o
n
g
.
(
i
i
i
)
U
n
b
e
l
i
e
v
e
r
s
h
a
v
e
t
h
e
m
e
t
a
p
h
y
s
i
c
a
l
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
t
o
k
n
o
w
,
b
u
t
h
e
a
l
w
a
y
s
m
a
k
e
s
f
a
u
l
t
y
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
f
a
c
u
l
t
i
e
s
.
(
i
v
)
T
h
e
u
n
b
e
l
i
e
v
e
r
'
s
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
i
s
o
n
l
y
"
f
o
r
m
a
l
"
:
w
h
a
t
h
e
s
a
y
s
s
o
u
n
d
s
t
r
u
e
,
b
u
t
i
t
h
a
s
o
n
l
y
w
o
r
d
s
i
n
c
o
m
m
o
n
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
t
r
u
t
h
.
(
v
)
T
h
e
y
k
n
o
w
t
h
e
t
r
u
t
h
,
b
u
t
c
a
n
n
o
t
g
i
v
e
a
n
"
a
c
c
o
u
n
t
"
o
f
i
t
(
c
f
.
B
a
h
n
s
e
n
,
5
1
4
)
.
(
A
)
B
u
t
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
a
s
s
u
m
e
s
j
u
s
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
.
(
B
)
I
m
a
g
i
n
e
a
b
r
i
l
l
i
a
n
t
p
r
e
s
u
p
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
a
p
o
l
o
g
i
s
t
,
w
h
o
i
s
n
o
t
s
a
v
e
d
.
b
.
N
o
r
m
a
t
i
v
e
f
o
r
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
:
t
h
e
u
n
b
e
l
i
e
v
e
r
o
p
p
o
s
e
s
t
h
e
t
r
u
t
h
"
i
n
p
r
i
n
c
i
p
l
e
,
"
t
h
o
u
g
h
n
o
t
n
e
c
e
s
s
a
r
i
l
y
i
n
d
e
t
a
i
l
.
(
i
)
J
F
:
m
o
r
e
b
i
b
l
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
a
d
e
q
u
a
t
e
.
(
i
i
)
B
u
t
i
t
d
o
e
s
n
'
t
a
l
l
o
w
u
s
t
o
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
h
o
w
a
n
u
n
b
e
l
i
e
v
e
r
w
i
l
l
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
t
o
a
s
t
a
t
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
r
u
t
h
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c
.
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i
t
u
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l
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t
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o
n
s
:
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d
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d
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d
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t
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o
f
r
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a
l
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t
y
.
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e
c
a
n
n
o
t
e
v
e
n
d
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n
y
G
o
d
w
i
t
h
o
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t
a
f
f
i
r
m
i
n
g
h
i
m
.
(
i
)
T
h
e
s
e
f
o
r
m
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l
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t
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o
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s
a
r
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p
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t
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b
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l
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n
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c
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s
.
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i
i
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e
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t
.
(
i
i
i
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e
c
a
n
'
t
b
e
s
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t
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s
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e
d
,
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t
h
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:
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'
s
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i
)
"
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o
t
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l
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t
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a
l
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t
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S
p
r
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l
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t
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l
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r
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a
l
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i
i
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h
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a
s
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n
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r
e
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)
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o
t
a
l
w
a
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s
.
e
.
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r
a
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t
i
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)
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a
m
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x
t
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r
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i
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h
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b
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l
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d
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m
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a
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c
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p
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p
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r
,
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n
e
v
e
r
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e
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l
l
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o
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t
.
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e
c
a
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i
i
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h
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s
t
a
d
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f
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n
c
e
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n
d
e
g
r
e
e
.
B
u
t
t
h
a
t
i
s
i
n
e
v
i
t
a
b
l
e
.
4.
V
a
n
T
i
l
s
o
m
e
t
i
m
e
s
e
x
t
e
n
d
e
d
h
i
s
"
a
n
t
i
t
h
e
s
i
s
"
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
t
o
n
o
n
R
e
f
o
r
m
e
d
b
e
l
i
e
v
e
r
s
:
i
l
l
e
g
i
t
i
m
a
t
e
l
y
i
n
m
y
o
p
i
n
i
o
n
.
a
.
R
e
f
o
r
m
e
d
b
e
l
i
e
v
e
r
s
h
a
v
e
"
n
o
f
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
t
a
l
s
i
n
c
o
m
m
o
n
"
w
i
t
h
S
t
u
a
r
t
H
a
c
k
e
t
t
.
b
.
E
.
J
.
C
a
r
n
e
l
l
'
s
a
p
o
l
o
g
e
t
i
c
m
e
t
h
o
d
"
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
s
t
h
e
d
e
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
a
n
i
t
y
"
a
n
d
l
e
a
d
s
t
o
"
t
h
e
r
e
j
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
w
h
o
l
e
b
o
d
y
o
f
h
i
s
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
a
n
b
e
l
i
e
f
s
.
"
c
.
S
i
m
i
l
a
r
s
t
a
t
e
m
e
n
t
s
a
b
o
u
t
R
o
m
a
n
C
a
t
h
o
l
i
c
s
,
A
r
m
i
n
i
a
n
a
p
o
l
o
g
i
s
t
s
,
t
h
o
u
g
h
o
c
c
a
s
i
o
n
a
l
l
y
h
e
g
i
v
e
s
t
h
e
m
s
o
m
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
c
r
e
d
i
t
(
c
f
.
B
a
h
n
s
e
n
,
5
3
5
3
6
)
.
C. Com
mon
Grac
e
1.
T
a
u
g
h
t
b
y
C
a
l
v
i
n
a
n
d
K
u
y
p
e
r
,
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
d
b
y
H
e
r
m
a
n
H
o
e
k
s
e
m
a
.
V
a
n
T
i
l
s
o
u
g
h
t
t
o
f
o
r
m
u
l
a
t
e
t
h
e
d
o
c
t
r
i
n
e
i
n
a
w
a
y
t
h
a
t
e
s
c
a
p
e
d
H
o
e
k
s
e
m
a
'
s
o
b
j
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
.
2.
S
u
m
m
a
r
y
o
f
C
R
C
S
t
a
t
e
m
e
n
t
(
1
9
2
4
)
a
.
T
h
e
r
e
i
s
a
"
c
e
r
t
a
i
n
f
a
v
o
r
o
r
g
r
a
c
e
"
o
f
G
o
d
w
h
i
c
h
h
e
s
h
o
w
s
t
o
h
i
s
c
r
e
a
t
u
r
e
s
i
n
g
e
n
e
r
a
l
.
b
.
G
o
d
r
e
s
t
r
a
i
n
s
s
i
n
i
n
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
s
a
n
d
s
o
c
i
e
t
y
.
c
.
G
o
d
e
n
a
b
l
e
s
t
h
e
u
n
r
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
t
o
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
"
c
i
v
i
c
g
o
o
d
,
"
d
e
e
d
s
t
h
a
t
p
r
o
m
o
t
e
t
h
e
w
e
l
f
a
r
e
o
f
o
t
h
e
r
s
.
3.
Van
Til's
main
poin
t is
that
the
doct
rine
of
com
mon
grac
e
shou
ld be
cont
rolle
d
mor
e by
the
idea
of
the
earli
er
and
less
by
the
idea
of
the
later
.
a
.
C
o
m
m
o
n
g
r
a
c
e
i
s
e
a
r
l
i
e
r
g
r
a
c
e
:
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
i
n
u
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
g
e
n
u
i
n
e
l
o
v
e
G
o
d
h
a
d
f
o
r
t
h
e
w
h
o
l
e
h
u
m
a
n
r
a
c
e
a
t
t
h
e
i
r
c
r
e
a
t
i
o
n
.
b
.
H
o
e
k
s
e
m
a
'
s
v
i
e
w
f
o
c
u
s
e
s
e
x
c
l
u
s
i
v
e
l
y
o
n
t
h
e
l
a
t
t
e
r
:
G
o
d
c
a
n
h
a
v
e
n
o
f
a
v
o
r
t
o
t
h
e
r
e
p
r
o
b
a
t
e
,
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
t
h
e
i
r
d
e
s
t
i
n
y
i
s
d
a
m
n
a
t
i
o
n
.
c
.
V
a
n
T
i
l
'
s
i
n
s
i
g
h
t
:
t
h
e
b
e
g
i
n
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
m
i
d
d
l
e
o
f
h
i
s
t
o
r
y
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
G
o
d
'
s
g
e
n
u
i
n
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
,
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
t
h
e
e
n
d
.
4.Th
e
Free
Offe
r of
the
Gos
pel:
Van
Til
argu
es
that
it is
legit
imat
e to
prea
ch to
repr
obat
e as
well
as
elect
,
beca
use
the
gosp
el is
addr
esse
d to
a
"gen
erali
ty,"
"und
iffer
entia
ted"
until
their
actu
al
acce
ptan
ce or
rejec
tion
of
the
gosp
el.
The
y
beco
me
mor
e
and
mor
e
diffe
renti
ated
as
histo
ry
prog
resse
s,
and
in
that
proc
ess,
com
mon
grac
e
dimi
nish
es.
JF: I
disa
gree.
a
.
T
h
e
g
o
s
p
e
l
i
s
n
o
t
a
d
d
r
e
s
s
e
d
t
o
a
g
e
n
e
r
a
l
i
t
y
,
b
u
t
t
o
a
c
t
u
a
l
p
e
o
p
l
e
.
b
.
U
n
b
e
l
i
e
v
e
r
s
a
r
e
n
o
t
"
u
n
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
t
e
d
,
"
b
u
t
u
n
d
e
r
G
o
d
'
s
w
r
a
t
h
.
c
.
I
d
o
n
'
t
t
h
i
n
k
i
t
c
a
n
b
e
e
s
t
a
b
l
i
s
h
e
d
f
r
o
m
S
c
r
i
p
t
u
r
e
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
r
e
i
s
a
n
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
o
f
w
i
c
k
e
d
n
e
s
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
h
i
s
t
o
r
y
a
n
d
a
c
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
i
n
g
d
e
c
l
i
n
e
o
f
G
o
d
'
s
f
a
v
o
r
t
o
t
h
e
r
e
p
r
o
b
a
t
e
.
5.
C
r
i
t
i
c
i
s
m
s
o
f
D
a
a
n
e
,
N
o
r
t
h
:
s
e
e
F
r
a
m
e
,
C
V
T
.
D. Rati
onali
sm
and
Irrati
onali
sm
in
Unb
eliev
ing
Tho
ught
1.
R
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
s
m
:
c
l
a
i
m
t
h
a
t
a
u
t
o
n
o
m
o
u
s
h
u
m
a
n
i
s
t
h
e
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
o
n
o
f
t
r
u
t
h
.
S
o
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
a
n
i
t
y
c
a
n
n
o
t
b
e
t
r
u
e
.
2. I
r
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
s
m
:
c
l
a
i
m
t
h
a
t
s
i
n
c
e
t
h
e
b
i
b
l
i
c
a
l
G
o
d
d
o
e
s
n
't
e
x
i
s
t
,
t
h
e
r
e
c
a
n
b
e
n
o
a
b
s
o
l
u
t
e
t
r
u
t
h
.
3.
E
v
e
i
n
t
h
e
g
a
r
d
e
n
.
4.
C
o
m
p
a
r
e
e
a
r
l
i
e
r
d
i
s
c
u
s
s
i
o
n
s
o
f
t
h
i
n
k
e
r
s
w
h
o
h
a
v
e
t
r
i
e
d
t
o
f
i
n
d
a
b
s
o
l
u
t
e
s
i
n
u
n
i
v
e
r
s
a
l
s
o
r
p
a
r
t
i
c
u
l
a
r
s
,
l
a
w
s
o
r
f
a
c
t
s
.
5.
E
x
a
m
p
l
e
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y
o
f
p
h
i
l
o
s
o
p
h
y
:
A
.
M
i
l
e
s
i
a
n
n
a
t
u
r
e
p
h
i
l
o
s
o
p
h
e
r
s
:
"
a
l
l
i
s
…
"
1
.
R
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
s
m
:
m
a
k
i
n
g
a
u
n
i
v
e
r
s
a
l
s
t
a
t
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
p
r
e
s
u
m
i
n
g
t
o
d
e
n
y
t
h
e
c
r
e
a
t
o
r
c
r
e
a
t
u
r
e
d
i
s
t
i
n
c
t
i
o
n
.
2
.
I
r
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
s
m
:
r
e
d
u
c
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
i
n
d
t
o
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
.
B
.
H
e
r
a
c
l
i
t
u
s
C
.
P
a
r
m
e
n
i
d
e
s
D
.
T
h
e
S
o
p
h
i
s
t
s
.
E
.
P
l
a
t
o
:
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
s
t
i
c
i
n
o
n
e
w
o
r
l
d
,
i
r
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
s
t
i
c
i
n
t
h
e
o
t
h
e
r
.
F
.
A
r
i
s
t
o
t
l
e
:
s
i
m
i
l
a
r
l
y
.
G
.
N
e
o
p
l
a
t
o
n
i
s
m
.
H
.
A
q
u
i
n
a
s
I
.
R
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
s
t
s
a
n
d
e
m
p
i
r
i
c
i
s
t
s
J
.
K
a
n
t
K
.
S
a
r
t
r
e
,
E
x
i
s
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
i
s
m
L
.
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
A
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
M
.
M
o
d
e
r
n
i
s
m
a
n
d
p
o
s
t
m
o
d
e
r
n
i
s
m
6.
N
o
t
e
t
h
e
s
i
m
i
l
a
r
i
t
y
o
f
a
l
l
h
i
s
t
o
r
i
c
a
l
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
s
.
V
s
.
r
h
e
t
o
r
i
c
a
b
o
u
t
t
h
e
r
a
d
i
c
a
l
l
y
n
e
w
.
VII.
The
Argume
nt for
Christia
nity
A. The
"Tra
ditio
nal
Met
hod"
1.
V
a
n
T
i
l
b
e
l
i
e
v
e
s
t
h
a
t
m
o
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y
o
f
a
p
o
l
o
g
e
t
i
c
s
i
s
a
s
t
o
r
y
o
f
c
o
m
p
r
o
m
i
s
e
.
A
p
o
l
o
g
i
s
t
s
h
a
v
e
t
r
i
e
d
i
n
s
o
m
e
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
t
o
r
e
a
s
o
n
w
i
t
h
u
n
b
e
l
i
e
v
e
r
s
o
n
a
n
e
u
t
r
a
l
b
a
s
i
s
.
2.
J
F
:
H
i
s
c
r
i
t
i
q
u
e
u
n
c
o
v
e
r
s
w
e
a
k
n
e
s
s
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
a
p
o
l
o
g
e
t
i
c
t
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
.
a
.
B
u
t
h
i
s
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
d
o
e
s
n
o
t
e
s
t
a
b
l
i
s
h
t
h
e
c
r
u
c
i
a
l
p
o
i
n
t
o
f
h
i
s
c
r
i
t
i
q
u
e
:
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
t
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
s
s
u
m
e
s
r
e
a
l
i
t
y
t
o
b
e
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
i
b
l
e
a
p
a
r
t
f
r
o
m
G
o
d
.
b
.
H
e
i
g
n
o
r
e
s
w
a
y
s
o
f
i
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
e
t
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
a
r
g
u
m
e
n
t
s
a
s
a
s
p
e
c
t
s
o
f
h
i
s
o
w
n
t
r
a
n
s
c
e
n
d
e
n
t
a
l
a
p
o
l
o
g
e
t
i
c
.
3.
T
h
e
S
e
c
o
n
d
C
e
n
t
u
r
y
A
p
o
l
o
g
i
s
t
s
(
C
l
e
m
e
n
t
,
J
u
s
t
i
n
,
A
t
h
e
n
a
g
o
r
a
s
)
a
.
C
o
n
f
u
s
e
b
i
b
l
i
c
a
l
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
w
i
t
h
G
r
e
e
k
p
h
i
l
o
s
o
p
h
y
.
(
G
o
d
a
s
"
t
h
e
n
a
m
e
l
e
s
s
o
n
e
"
i
n
J
u
s
t
i
n
)
b
.
C
l
e
m
e
n
t
c
o
m
p
a
r
e
s
t
h
e
R
e
s
u
r
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
C
h
r
i
s
t
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
r
e
t
u
r
n
o
f
s
p
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
t
h
e
r
e
s
u
r
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
m
y
t
h
i
c
a
l
P
h
o
e
n
i
x
.
(
i
)
V
T
:
d
e
s
t
r
o
y
s
t
h
e
u
n
i
q
u
e
n
e
s
s
o
f
t
h
e
R
e
s
u
r
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
C
h
r
i
s
t
.
(
i
i
)
J
F
(
A
)
B
u
t
a
r
e
n
'
t
t
h
e
r
e
l
e
g
i
t
i
m
a
t
e
a
n
a
l
o
g
i
e
s
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
h
e
R
e
s
u
r
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
C
h
r
i
s
t
a
n
d
t
h
e
c
o
m
i
n
g
o
f
n
e
w
l
i
f
e
t
o
t
h
e
e
a
r
t
h
?
(
B
)
A
n
d
c
o
u
l
d
n
'
t
w
e
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
C
l
e
m
e
n
t
'
s
p
o
i
n
t
a
b
o
u
t
t
h
e
P
h
o
e
n
i
x
a
s
a
d
h
o
m
i
n
e
m
?
I
.
e
.
,
"
Y
o
u
u
n
b
e
l
i
e
v
e
r
s
g
i
v
e
c
r
e
d
e
n
c
e
t
o
t
h
e
P
h
o
e
n
i
x
m
y
t
h
,
s
o
y
o
u
h
a
v
e
n
o
r
i
g
h
t
t
o
d
e
c
l
a
r
e
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
R
e
s
u
r
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
J
e
s
u
s
i
s
i
m
p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
.
(
i
i
i
)
V
T
:
C
l
e
m
e
n
t
i
s
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
d
b
y
S
t
o
i
c
m
o
r
a
l
i
s
m
.
(
i
v
)
J
F
:
m
o
s
t
l
i
k
e
l
y
h
e
w
a
s
.
B
u
t
t
o
s
a
y
t
h
a
t
t
h
a
t
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
i
n
v
a
l
i
d
a
t
e
s
h
i
s
a
r
g
u
m
e
n
t
s
i
s
a
g
e
n
e
t
i
c
f
a
l
l
a
c
y
:
l
i
k
e
s
a
y
i
n
g
I
d
e
a
l
i
s
m
'
s
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
o
n
V
T
i
n
v
a
l
i
d
a
t
e
s
V
T
'
s
a
r
g
u
m
e
n
t
s
.
c
.
A
t
h
e
n
a
g
o
r
a
s
:
s
i
n
c
e
G
o
d
h
a
s
c
r
e
a
t
e
d
a
l
l
t
h
i
n
g
s
,
i
t
s
h
o
u
l
d
n
o
t
b
e
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
i
m
p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
t
h
a
t
G
o
d
s
h
o
u
l
d
r
a
i
s
e
t
h
e
d
e
a
d
.
(
i
)
V
T
:
b
u
t
t
h
e
G
r
e
e
k
p
h
i
l
o
s
o
p
h
e
r
s
d
i
d
n
o
t
g
r
a
n
t
t
h
a
t
G
o
d
c
r
e
a
t
e
d
a
l
l
t
h
i
n
g
s
.
(
i
i
)
J
F
:
(
A
)
W
h
y
s
h
o
u
l
d
w
e
b
e
i
n
t
i
m
i
d
a
t
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
u
n
b
e
l
i
e
v
e
r
'
s
d
e
n
i
a
l
o
f
o
u
r
p
r
e
m
i
s
e
s
?
V
T
h
i
m
s
e
l
f
i
s
n
o
t
i
n
t
i
m
i
d
a
t
e
d
b
y
t
h
a
t
.
(
B
)
W
h
y
s
h
o
u
l
d
n
'
t
w
e
r
e
a
d
A
t
h
e
n
a
g
o
r
a
s
a
s
g
i
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
s
t
e
p
i
n
t
h
e
t
r
a
n
s
c
e
n
d
e
n
t
a
l
a
r
g
u
m
e
n
t
,
n
a
m
e
l
y
s
h
o
w
i
n
g
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
r
e
s
u
r
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
i
s
c
r
e
d
i
b
l
e
g
i
v
e
n
a
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
a
n
w
o
r
l
d
v
i
e
w
?
(
C
)
S
h
o
u
l
d
h
e
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
m
o
r
e
s
o
p
h
i
s
t
i
c
a
t
e
d
?
P
e
r
h
a
p
s
,
b
u
t
w
e
d
o
n
'
t
k
n
o
w
m
u
c
h
a
b
o
u
t
h
i
s
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
a
u
d
i
e
n
c
e
.
I
n
a
n
y
c
a
s
e
,
l
a
c
k
o
f
s
o
p
h
i
s
t
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
s
n
o
t
c
o
m
p
r
o
m
i
s
e
.
(
D
)
S
h
o
u
l
d
h
e
h
a
v
e
s
p
o
k
e
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
e
s
u
p
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
a
n
t
i
t
h
e
s
i
s
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
a
n
a
n
d
n
o
n
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
a
n
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
r
e
a
s
o
n
i
n
g
?
I
d
o
n
'
t
b
e
l
i
e
v
e
t
h
a
t
m
u
s
t
b
e
d
o
n
e
i
n
e
v
e
r
y
a
p
o
l
o
g
e
t
i
c
e
n
c
o
u
n
t
e
r
,
a
n
d
V
T
h
a
s
n
'
t
p
r
o
v
e
n
t
o
m
e
t
h
a
t
i
t
w
a
s
n
e
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
i
n
A
t
h
e
n
a
g
o
r
a
s
'
s
b
o
o
k
.
4. I
r
e
n
a
e
u
s
(
d
.
a
r
o
u
n
d
2
0
0
)
a
.
V
s
.
G
n
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m
s
e
l
f
w
o
u
l
d
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
c
o
n
t
r
a
r
y
t
o
f
a
c
t
.
B
u
t
o
n
e
c
o
u
l
d
a
r
g
u
e
t
h
a
t
i
f
a
d
o
c
t
r
i
n
e
w
e
r
e
r
e
a
l
l
y
c
o
n
t
r
a
r
y
t
o
r
e
a
s
o
n
(
a
s
d
e
f
i
n
e
d
b
y
G
o
d
)
,
t
h
e
n
i
n
d
e
e
d
i
t
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
g
i
v
e
n
u
p
.
f
.
A
r
g
u
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
i
m
m
o
r
t
a
l
i
t
y
:
(
i
)
W
e
s
u
r
v
i
v
e
m
a
n
y
o
t
h
e
r
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
i
n
l
i
f
e
;
a
n
a
l
o
g
o
u
s
l
y
,
w
e
m
a
y
b
e
e
x
p
e
c
t
e
d
t
o
s
u
r
v
i
v
e
d
e
a
t
h
(
c
o
n
t
i
n
u
i
t
y
)
.
(
i
i
)
W
e
d
o
n
'
t
k
n
o
w
e
n
o
u
g
h
a
b
o
u
t
d
e
a
t
h
t
o
s
a
y
t
h
a
t
i
t
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
s
a
l
o
s
s
o
f
o
u
r
p
o
w
e
r
s
(
d
i
s
c
o
n
t
i
n
u
i
t
y
)
.
g
.
V
T
:
B
u
t
l
e
r
p
r
e
s
u
p
p
o
s
e
s
"
b
r
u
t
e
f
a
c
t
"
(
u
n
i
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
e
d
f
a
c
t
s
:
u
n
c
r
e
a
t
e
d
,
u
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d
,
u
n
k
n
o
w
n
b
y
G
o
d
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
u
n
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
i
b
l
e
)
.
(
i
)
J
F
:
V
T
g
i
v
e
s
n
o
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
i
s
.
B
u
t
l
e
r
i
s
A
r
m
i
n
i
a
n
,
b
u
t
e
v
e
n
t
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
A
r
m
i
n
i
a
n
s
b
e
l
i
e
v
e
t
h
a
t
G
o
d
f
o
r
e
k
n
o
w
s
a
n
d
p
e
r
m
i
t
s
e
v
e
r
y
t
h
i
n
g
t
h
a
t
c
o
m
e
s
t
o
p
a
s
s
.
(
i
i
)
B
u
t
l
e
r
'
s
e
p
i
s
t
e
m
o
l
o
g
y
i
s
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
,
n
o
t
t
h
e
o
r
e
t
i
c
a
l
.
H
i
s
p
r
i
n
c
i
p
l
e
o
f
d
i
s
c
o
n
t
i
n
u
i
t
y
a
f
f
i
r
m
s
h
u
m
a
n
i
g
n
o
r
a
n
c
e
,
n
o
t
t
h
e
b
r
u
t
i
s
h
n
e
s
s
o
f
f
a
c
t
s
a
s
s
u
c
h
.
h
.
V
T
:
B
u
t
l
e
r
'
s
"
p
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
"
d
e
n
i
e
s
t
h
e
c
l
a
r
i
t
y
o
f
r
e
v
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
.
J
F
:
W
e
n
e
e
d
t
o
m
a
k
e
a
c
l
e
a
r
e
r
d
i
s
t
i
n
c
t
i
o
n
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
a
r
g
u
m
e
n
t
.
(
i
)
T
h
e
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
b
i
b
l
i
c
a
l
G
o
d
i
s
c
l
e
a
r
a
n
d
w
a
r
r
a
n
t
s
c
e
r
t
a
i
n
t
y
.
(
i
i
)
O
u
r
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
a
t
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
i
n
a
r
g
u
m
e
n
t
i
s
f
a
l
l
i
b
l
e
a
n
d
m
a
y
d
e
s
e
r
v
e
t
o
b
e
a
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
o
n
l
y
a
s
p
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
.
V
T
,
i
n
d
e
e
d
,
a
d
m
i
t
t
e
d
t
h
i
s
.
(
i
i
i
)
B
u
t
l
e
r
i
s
r
i
g
h
t
t
o
s
a
y
t
h
a
t
w
e
m
u
s
t
o
f
t
e
n
m
a
k
e
d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
s
o
n
t
h
e
b
a
s
i
s
o
f
p
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
.
9.
E
d
w
a
r
d
J
.
C
a
r
n
e
l
l
(
1
9
1
9
1
9
6
7
)
.
a
.
S
p
e
a
k
s
o
f
S
c
r
i
p
t
u
r
e
a
s
a
"
p
r
e
s
u
p
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
,
"
b
u
t
a
l
s
o
a
s
a
h
y
p
o
t
h
e
s
i
s
t
o
b
e
t
e
s
t
e
d
b
y
l
o
g
i
c
,
f
a
c
t
,
a
n
d
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
.
"
B
r
i
n
g
o
n
y
o
u
r
r
e
v
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
!
L
e
t
t
h
e
m
m
a
k
e
p
e
a
c
e
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
l
a
w
o
f
c
o
n
t
r
a
d
i
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
t
h
e
f
a
c
t
s
o
f
h
i
s
t
o
r
y
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
y
w
i
l
l
d
e
s
e
r
v
e
a
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
m
a
n
'
s
a
s
s
e
n
t
.
A
c
a
r
e
f
u
l
e
x
a
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
B
i
b
l
e
r
e
v
e
a
l
s
t
h
a
t
i
t
p
a
s
s
e
s
t
h
e
s
e
s
t
r
i
n
g
e
n
t
e
x
a
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
s
s
u
m
m
a
c
u
m
l
a
u
d
e
.
"
(
i
)
V
T
:
n
e
u
t
r
a
l
i
s
t
.
C
a
r
n
e
l
l
'
s
m
e
t
h
o
d
"
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
s
t
h
e
d
e
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
a
n
i
t
y
"
a
n
d
l
e
a
d
s
t
o
"
t
h
e
r
e
j
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
w
h
o
l
e
b
o
d
y
o
f
h
i
s
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
a
n
b
e
l
i
e
f
s
.
"
(
i
i
)
J
F
:
(
A
)
N
o
t
w
r
o
n
g
i
n
e
v
e
r
y
s
e
n
s
e
t
o
t
e
s
t
S
c
r
i
p
t
u
r
e
b
y
r
e
a
s
o
n
.
V
T
h
i
m
s
e
l
f
s
a
y
s
t
h
a
t
S
c
r
i
p
t
u
r
e
"
m
e
e
t
s
e
v
e
r
y
l
e
g
i
t
i
m
a
t
e
d
e
m
a
n
d
o
f
r
e
a
s
o
n
.
"
H
e
a
g
r
e
e
s
w
i
t
h
H
o
d
g
e
t
h
a
t
r
e
a
s
o
n
m
a
y
l
e
g
i
t
i
m
a
t
e
l
y
j
u
d
g
e
r
e
v
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
.
B
u
t
h
e
r
e
h
e
a
c
c
u
s
e
s
C
a
r
n
e
l
l
o
f
K
a
n
t
i
a
n
i
s
m
f
o
r
m
a
k
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
a
s
s
e
r
t
i
o
n
.
(
B
)
B
u
t
V
T
a
d
d
s
t
h
a
t
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
a
n
s
a
n
d
n
o
n
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
a
n
s
u
s
e
r
e
a
s
o
n
i
n
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
w
a
y
s
.
C
a
r
n
e
l
l
d
o
e
s
n
o
t
m
a
k
e
t
h
a
t
d
i
s
t
i
n
c
t
i
o
n
(
t
h
o
u
g
h
I
t
h
i
n
k
h
e
w
o
u
l
d
g
r
a
n
t
i
t
)
,
a
n
d
t
h
a
t
f
a
i
l
u
r
e
w
e
a
k
e
n
s
h
i
s
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
.
B
u
t
m
u
s
t
w
e
a
l
w
a
y
s
b
r
i
n
g
u
p
t
h
a
t
i
s
s
u
e
t
o
i
n
q
u
i
r
e
r
s
?
(
C
)
"
B
r
i
n
g
o
n
y
o
u
r
r
e
v
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
…
"
c
a
n
b
e
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
e
d
l
i
k
e
B
u
t
l
e
r
'
s
"
L
e
t
r
e
a
s
o
n
b
e
k
e
p
t
t
o
.
"
(
D
)
C
a
r
n
e
l
l
'
s
e
r
r
o
r
i
s
,
p
e
r
h
a
p
s
,
m
o
r
e
a
n
e
r
r
o
r
o
f
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
t
h
a
n
o
f
s
u
b
s
t
a
n
c
e
.
(
E
)
"
R
e
q
u
i
r
e
s
t
h
e
d
e
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
a
n
i
t
y
…
"
o
v
e
r
t
h
e
t
o
p
.
B
a
c
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
t
h
e
i
r
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
,
I
s
u
p
p
o
s
e
.
10.
C
o
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
s
o
n
t
h
e
T
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
M
e
t
h
o
d
1. Through the
history of
apologetics,
Christians
have, with some
inconsistency,
honored
Scripture as
God's
infallible word,
and therefore as
the ultimate
standard of truth.
2. At the same
time, Christians
have appealed to
logic, fact, and
subjective
adequacy in
various ways to
confirm the truth
of scripture.
3. In Van Til's
view, these
appeals are not
wrong, but they
must be carried
out in a scriptural
way, in
subordination
to scripture itself.
4.
Nevertheless,
Van Til does
sometimes refer
to these appeals
as if they were in
themselves
evidence of
compromise.
He should not
have done this
without also
presenting
evidence
that these
appeals were
made on an
unscriptural
basis.
5. To show the
illegitimacy of
such an appeal,
it is not sufficient
to show that the
apologist's
language
resembles, or
is influenced by,
a non-Christian
thinker. For (a)
non-Christians
do sometimes
speak truth,
contrary to Van
Til's
"extreme antitheti
cal formulations,"
and (b)
Christians
often legitimately
use the language
of non-Christian
thinkers to
make biblical
points, as Van Til
does with the
language of
idealism.
6. It is also
important to
communicate
effectively
with our age. The
strongest
criticism of the
apologetic
tradition is that in
its zeal to
persuade nonChristians, it has
often failed to
communicate to
them the full
antithesis
between
Christian
and nonChristian
presuppositions.
7. Van Til's
observations
often address
most cogently
the questions of
communication.
Unfortunately, he
misleadingly insis
ts on presenting
these concerns
as matters of
theological subst
ance, ignoring
entirely the
dimension of
communication.
Thus his own
communication is
hindered.
8. In our
apologetic work
today, we should
not
mislead inquirers
by formulations,
however literally
true, which in
the present
cultural context
suggest an
autonomous use
of
reason. Aquinas'
s distinction
between faith
and reason,
Butler's
"Let reason be
held to...," and
Carnell's "Bring
on
your revelations..
." are examples
of such
misleading
formulations.
9.
Nevertheless, the
history of
apologetics
furnishes us with
many useful
rational tools,
including theistic
proofs, evidential
arguments,
appeals to logic,
probabilities, and
human subjectivit
y. Such appeals
do not in
themselves
violate
any biblical
principle.
10. The history
of apologetics
does not reveal
the existence of
a "traditional
method" which
uniformly
presupposes hu
man rational
autonomy and
which we must
today reject
in toto. Rather,
that history
contains both
good and bad,
including bad in
the best and
good in the
worst.
11.In judging
our
predecessors
and
contemporaries
in the field of
apologetics, we
should not
overestimate the
importance of
our own insights
at the expense
of others. Nor
should
we interpret
other writers in
the worst sense
possible, as Van
Til has
sometimes
done. Rather,
we should give
them the benefit
of the doubt, as
we would wish
others to give
that benefit to
us. "Innocent
until proven
guilty" is a valid
principle
of theological
debate, as it is
of civil law.
Review of some
"basics" about
Van Til's
argument for
Christianity:
(1) There is an
"absolutely
certain proof" of
Christian theism
(Chapter
Fourteen). Van
Til renounces
fideism, the
view that faith
must be blind or
irrational.
Fideism denies
or ignores the
clarity of
revelation,
revelation which
provides a
rational basis for
faith. Indeed,
Christian theism
is the
only rational
position to hold.
(2) All
reasoning,
including
apologetic
reasoning,
must presuppose
divine revelation.
Reasoning is
never
religiously neutral
(Chapters Seven,
Nine and Ten).
(3) Therefore,
our reasoning
must presuppose
the selfcontained, tripersonal God,
who exercises
absolute
and total rule
over the world
through
exhaustive
foreordination, cr
eation, and
providence
(Chapters Four
through Six).
(4) Our
reasoning must
take account of
the noetic
effects of sin and
common grace.
We should
reckon on the
fact that
the unbeliever's
intent is to
suppress the
truth (Chapters
Fifteen through
Seventeen). He
is not a neutral or
unbiased
inquirer.
(5) He
suppresses the
truth by
substituting
for Christiantheism a dialectic
of rationalism
and
irrationalism: the
world is
uncreated and
therefore without
meaning
and structure, a
chaos, made
somehow
intelligible by
purely
abstract logical
principles based
on the
autonomous
thought of
man (Chapters
Five, Twelve,
Fourteen, and
Seventeen).
(6) We may
freely use logical
arguments and
present evidence
s for the truth of
scripture. But we
should
not "endlessly"
(CTK, p. 293)
discuss facts and
logic
without challengi
ng the
unbeliever's
"philosophy" of
fact and
logic (Chapters
Five, Twelve,
Fourteen).
Certainly, we
should
never ourselves
appeal, as the
unbeliever does,
to "abstract logic"
or "brute fact"
(Chapters
Twenty, TwentyOne).
(7) We should
always seek to
prove Christian
theism "as
a unit." This
means, for
example, that we
should not
separate
the "that" from
the "what--"
trying to prove
that God is
without establishi
ng what God we
are talking about.
Our
argument should
never conclude
merely that a god
exists
(Chapter Ninetee
n).
(8) Our
argument should
claim absolute
certainty for
its conclusion,
never mere
"probability"
(Chapter
Twenty).
(9) We should
not produce
arguments that
purport merely to
supplement the
unbeliever's
knowledge.
Rather, we
should seek to
overturn the very
foundations of
his thinking
(Chapters Eighte
en through
Twenty-One).
Reviewing my
own responses
to these
principles:
(1) I have
suggested that
we distinguish
between
the certainty of
the evidence for
Christian theism,
which
is absolute, and
our human
arguments for
Christian
theism, which are
fallible and often
uncertain. Van Til
makes
this distinction
but ignores some
of its important
implications.
(2) and (3) I
agree with
enthusiasm.
(4) I agree, but I
resist the literal
use of Van
Til's more
extreme
formulations of
the antithesis
between
Christians and
unbelievers. His
own account of
the matter
correctly
requires us also
to take account
of true
statements made
by unbelievers.
(5) Agreed.
(6) Agreed, with
the proviso that
we be permitted
to vary our
approach
depending on the
nature of our
audience and
the specific
questions being
discussed. Not
every
apologetic confro
ntation requires
an explicit
discussion of
epistemology.
(7) There is
some truth in this
principle, but it
needs to be
qualified. We
should not
reason as if the
nature of God
is indeterminate,
or as if the nature
of God is not
clearly revealed.
Nevertheless, we
are not required
by Scripture to
prove the entire
biblical doctrine
of God in a single
syllogism.
To some extent it
is legitimate to
prove one fact
about God at
a time, with care
not to distort the
whole in
expounding the
parts.
(8) See (1)
above. It is
legitimate in
some cases,
even unavoidabl
e, to use
arguments which
claim only
probability.
(9) If we reject
the idea of
"extreme
antithesis"
(see (4)), then
we must take
account of
elements of truth
in unbelieving
thought. On that
assumption, it
follows that
one function of
apologetics is to
supplement that
truth. This is not
to deny the
importance of
"overturning the
foundations
of unbelieving
thought;" for the
elements of truth
in
unbelieving thou
ght are at
variance from its
foundational
commitment.
B. Circ
ulari
ty,
or
Spir
al
Arg
ume
nt
1.
V
a
n
T
i
l'
s
a
r
g
u
m
e
n
t
i
s
c
i
r
c
u
l
a
r
i
n
t
h
e
s
e
n
s
e
t
h
a
t
i
t
p
r
o
v
e
s
i
t
s
c
o
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
u
s
i
n
g
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
t
h
a
t
d
e
p
e
n
d
o
n
t
h
e
t
r
u
t
h
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
:
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
B
i
b
l
e
b
y
b
i
b
l
i
c
a
l
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
.
2. I
n
t
h
i
s
s
e
n
s
e
,
a
n
y
a
r
g
u
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
a
s
y
s
t
e
m
t
h
a
t
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
s
a
n
e
p
i
s
t
e
m
o
l
o
g
y
o
r
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
o
f
t
r
u
t
h
w
i
l
l
b
e
c
i
r
c
u
l
a
r
i
n
t
h
i
s
s
e
n
s
e
.
3.
D
o
e
s
t
h
e
a
r
g
u
m
e
n
t
e
n
a
b
l
e
u
s
t
o
l
e
a
r
n
a
n
y
t
h
i
n
g
n
e
w
?
a
.
I
t
s
h
o
w
s
u
s
h
o
w
t
h
e
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
o
f
b
i
b
l
i
c
a
l
t
r
u
t
h
c
o
h
e
r
e
.
b
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
o
f
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
p
r
e
m
i
s
e
s
f
r
o
m
S
c
r
i
p
t
u
r
e
a
n
d
n
a
t
u
r
e
t
o
u
s
e
i
n
t
h
e
s
e
a
r
g
u
m
e
n
t
s
g
i
v
e
s
u
s
n
e
w
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
.
S
o
V
T
p
r
e
f
e
r
s
t
o
c
a
l
l
t
h
e
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
"
s
p
i
r
a
l
"
r
a
t
h
e
r
t
h
a
n
"
c
i
r
c
u
l
a
r
.
"
4.
D
o
e
s
t
h
i
s
c
i
r
c
u
l
a
r
i
t
y
m
a
k
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
m
p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
b
e
l
i
e
v
e
r
a
n
d
u
n
b
e
l
i
e
v
e
r
?
a
.
M
o
n
t
g
o
m
e
r
y
'
s
"
S
h
a
d
o
k
s
"
a
n
d
"
G
i
b
i
s
:
"
e
a
c
h
h
a
s
h
i
s
o
w
n
B
i
b
l
e
,
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
,
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
,
H
o
l
y
S
p
i
r
i
t
,
e
t
c
.
b
.
W
e
m
a
y
a
p
p
e
a
l
t
o
f
a
c
t
s
,
a
s
M
o
n
t
g
o
m
e
r
y
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
s
,
b
u
t
n
o
t
"
b
r
u
t
e
"
o
r
"
n
e
u
t
r
a
l
"
f
a
c
t
s
.
(
i
)
B
r
o
a
d
a
n
d
n
a
r
r
o
w
c
i
r
c
l
e
s
.
(
i
i
)
S
o
o
n
e
c
o
u
l
d
e
x
p
a
n
d
t
h
e
p
a
r
a
b
l
e
t
o
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
"
S
h
a
d
o
k
f
a
c
t
s
"
a
n
d
"
G
i
b
i
f
a
c
t
s
.
"
c
.
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
a
n
i
t
y
a
n
d
u
n
b
e
l
i
e
f
a
r
e
n
o
t
p
a
r
a
l
l
e
l
i
n
t
h
e
w
a
y
M
o
n
t
g
o
m
e
r
y
'
s
t
w
o
p
a
r
t
i
e
s
a
r
e
p
a
r
a
l
l
e
l
.
I
f
t
h
e
y
w
e
r
e
,
t
h
e
y
w
o
u
l
d
n
o
t
b
e
o
p
p
o
s
e
d
,
b
u
t
w
o
u
l
d
m
e
r
e
l
y
b
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
s
e
x
p
r
e
s
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
t
h
i
n
g
.
d
.
T
h
e
u
n
b
e
l
i
e
v
e
r
k
n
o
w
s
t
h
e
t
r
u
t
h
,
a
n
d
G
o
d
c
a
n
r
e
a
c
h
h
i
m
.
T
h
e
p
a
r
a
n
o
i
d
a
n
a
l
o
g
y
.
C. Reas
onin
g by
Pres
uppo
sitio
n:
Tran
scen
dent
al
Met
hod
1.
T
r
a
n
s
c
e
n
d
e
n
t
a
l
a
r
g
u
m
e
n
t
:
a
n
a
r
g
u
m
e
n
t
e
s
t
a
b
l
i
s
h
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
o
s
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
,
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
t
y
,
a
n
d
/
o
r
m
e
a
n
i
n
g
.
2.
T
h
e
C
o
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
:
t
h
a
t
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
i
b
l
e
p
r
e
d
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
p
r
e
s
u
p
p
o
s
e
s
t
h
e
b
i
b
l
i
c
a
l
G
o
d
.
a
.
V
a
n
T
i
l
i
s
n
o
t
i
n
t
e
r
e
s
t
e
d
i
n
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
m
e
r
e
l
y
"
a
"
g
o
d
,
b
u
t
t
h
e
G
o
d
o
f
t
h
e
B
i
b
l
e
.
B
u
t
h
o
w
m
u
c
h
d
e
t
a
i
l
d
o
e
s
t
h
i
s
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
?
I
p
r
e
s
u
m
e
i
t
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
s
a
t
l
e
a
s
t
G
o
d
'
s
a
t
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
s
,
T
r
i
n
i
t
y
,
s
o
v
e
r
e
i
g
n
t
y
,
c
r
e
a
t
i
o
n
,
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
.
B
u
t
t
h
i
s
i
s
a
t
a
l
l
o
r
d
e
r
.
D
o
V
a
n
T
i
l
'
s
a
r
g
u
m
e
n
t
s
a
c
t
u
a
l
l
y
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
i
s
m
u
c
h
?
b
.
D
o
e
s
V
a
n
T
i
l
'
s
a
r
g
u
m
e
n
t
r
u
l
e
o
u
t
a
l
l
a
l
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
v
e
s
?
I
d
e
a
l
i
s
m
?
T
h
e
i
s
t
i
c
r
o
m
a
n
t
i
c
i
s
m
(
l
o
v
e
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
j
u
s
t
i
c
e
)
?
I
s
l
a
m
?
c
.
V
a
n
T
i
l
l
i
a
n
s
h
a
v
e
s
o
m
e
t
i
m
e
s
g
i
v
e
n
t
h
e
i
m
p
r
e
s
s
i
o
n
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
t
r
a
n
s
c
e
n
d
e
n
t
a
l
a
r
g
u
m
e
n
t
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
s
a
s
i
m
p
l
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
p
o
l
o
g
e
t
i
c
s
:
i
n
p
l
a
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
a
n
y
c
o
m
p
l
i
c
a
t
e
d
a
r
g
u
m
e
n
t
s
o
f
t
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
a
p
o
l
o
g
e
t
i
c
s
,
w
e
n
o
w
h
a
v
e
o
n
l
y
o
n
e
.
B
u
t
a
c
t
u
a
l
l
y
t
h
i
s
o
n
e
a
r
g
u
m
e
n
t
i
s
h
i
g
h
l
y
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
.
d
.
I
s
u
s
p
e
c
t
t
h
a
t
t
o
s
h
o
w
e
v
e
r
y
t
h
i
n
g
V
T
c
l
a
i
m
s
t
o
s
h
o
w
i
n
t
h
e
t
r
a
n
s
c
e
n
d
e
n
t
a
l
a
r
g
u
m
e
n
t
,
o
n
e
m
u
s
t
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
s
u
b
s
i
d
i
a
r
y
a
r
g
u
m
e
n
t
s
,
i
n
d
e
e
d
s
o
m
e
t
h
a
t
l
o
o
k
l
i
k
e
t
h
e
a
r
g
u
m
e
n
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
t
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
,
l
i
k
e
c
a
u
s
a
l
a
n
d
t
e
l
e
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
a
r
g
u
m
e
n
t
s
.
e
.
W
e
s
a
w
e
a
r
l
i
e
r
t
h
a
t
V
T
i
s
w
r
o
n
g
t
o
d
i
s
m
i
s
s
c
a
u
s
a
l
a
n
d
t
e
l
e
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
a
r
g
u
m
e
n
t
s
.
I
w
o
u
l
d
a
r
g
u
e
f
u
r
t
h
e
r
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
s
e
c
a
n
b
e
s
e
e
n
a
s
a
s
p
e
c
t
s
o
f
a
t
r
a
n
s
c
e
n
d
e
n
t
a
l
a
r
g
u
m
e
n
t
,
r
a
t
h
e
r
t
h
a
n
a
s
a
n
a
l
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
v
e
t
o
i
t
.
(
i
)
A
c
a
u
s
a
l
a
r
g
u
m
e
n
t
h
a
s
a
t
r
a
n
s
c
e
n
d
e
n
t
a
l
t
h
r
u
s
t
.
I
t
s
a
y
s
t
h
a
t
i
f
G
o
d
d
o
e
s
n
'
t
e
x
i
s
t
,
n
o
t
h
i
n
g
e
x
i
s
t
s
.
A
n
d
i
f
t
h
a
t
i
s
t
r
u
e
,
c
e
r
t
a
i
n
l
y
i
t
a
l
s
o
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
a
t
G
o
d
i
s
t
h
e
n
e
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
g
r
o
u
n
d
o
f
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
.
I
f
G
o
d
i
s
t
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e
s
o
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r
c
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o
f
a
l
l
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e
i
n
g
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h
e
i
s
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r
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o
f
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
a
s
w
e
l
l
.
(
i
i
)
S
i
m
i
l
a
r
l
y
,
t
e
l
e
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
o
n
t
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
a
r
g
u
m
e
n
t
s
.
f
.
S
o
t
r
a
n
s
c
e
n
d
e
n
t
a
l
a
r
g
u
m
e
n
t
s
a
r
e
n
o
t
a
s
d
i
s
t
i
n
c
t
a
s
V
T
b
e
l
i
e
v
e
s
f
r
o
m
c
a
u
s
a
l
,
t
e
l
e
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
,
a
n
d
o
t
h
e
r
s
o
r
t
s
o
f
a
r
g
u
m
e
n
t
s
.
g
.
P
e
r
h
a
p
s
i
t
i
s
b
e
s
t
t
o
s
p
e
a
k
o
f
a
t
r
a
n
s
c
e
n
d
e
n
t
a
l
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
r
g
o
a
l
,
r
a
t
h
e
r
t
h
a
n
a
t
r
a
n
s
c
e
n
d
e
n
t
a
l
a
r
g
u
m
e
n
t
.
W
e
s
e
e
k
,
b
y
m
a
n
y
k
i
n
d
s
o
f
a
r
g
u
m
e
n
t
s
,
t
o
s
h
o
w
t
h
e
c
o
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
t
h
a
t
t
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e
b
i
b
l
i
c
a
l
G
o
d
i
s
t
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r
o
u
n
d
o
f
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
.
3.
T
h
e
L
o
g
i
c
a
l
M
o
d
e
l
a
.
V
T
i
n
s
i
s
t
s
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
a
r
g
u
m
e
n
t
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
"
i
n
d
i
r
e
c
t
"
r
a
t
h
e
r
t
h
a
n
"
d
i
r
e
c
t
,
"
"
n
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
"
r
a
t
h
e
r
t
h
a
n
"
p
o
s
i
t
i
v
e
,
"
a
"
r
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
"
r
a
t
h
e
r
t
h
a
n
a
s
t
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g
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t
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r
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o
f
.
A
r
e
d
u
c
t
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o
a
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m
s
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t
s
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o
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n
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s
a
b
s
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r
d
.
b
.
B
u
t
h
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a
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y
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g
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s
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n
t
.
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o
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a
s
k
,
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s
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l
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n
'
t
a
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t
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l
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e
d
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r
e
c
t
?
c
.
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e
r
t
a
i
n
l
y
a
t
l
e
a
s
t
t
h
e
"
s
e
c
o
n
d
s
t
e
p
"
o
f
V
T
'
s
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
y
(
b
e
l
o
w
)
i
s
p
o
s
i
t
i
v
e
,
r
a
t
h
e
r
t
h
a
n
n
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
.
d
.
V
T
:
p
o
s
i
t
i
v
e
a
r
g
u
m
e
n
t
s
a
s
s
u
m
e
t
h
a
t
r
e
a
l
i
t
y
i
s
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n
t
e
l
l
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g
i
b
l
e
a
p
a
r
t
f
r
o
m
G
o
d
.
(
i
)
M
y
s
u
r
v
e
y
o
f
t
h
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y
o
f
a
p
o
l
o
g
e
t
i
c
s
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
a
t
t
h
i
s
i
s
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o
t
t
h
e
c
a
s
e
.
(
i
i
)
P
o
s
i
t
i
v
e
a
n
d
n
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
a
r
g
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m
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t
s
a
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e
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u
a
l
l
y
s
u
b
j
e
c
t
t
o
t
h
i
s
d
a
n
g
e
r
.
(
i
i
i
)
H
o
w
c
a
n
w
e
t
e
l
l
w
h
e
n
a
n
a
r
g
u
m
e
n
t
p
r
e
s
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p
p
o
s
e
s
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
r
e
a
l
i
t
y
a
p
a
r
t
f
r
o
m
G
o
d
?
M
a
y
b
e
n
o
t
f
r
o
m
a
n
y
t
h
i
n
g
i
n
t
h
e
a
r
g
u
m
e
n
t
i
t
s
e
l
f
,
b
u
t
i
n
t
h
e
h
e
a
r
t
o
f
t
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e
a
r
g
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e
r
.
V
T
s
o
m
e
t
i
m
e
s
m
i
s
t
a
k
e
s
s
p
i
r
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t
u
a
l
i
s
s
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e
s
f
o
r
m
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
o
n
e
s
.
4.
T
h
e
P
r
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
S
t
r
a
t
e
g
y
(
V
T
'
s
"
T
w
o
S
t
e
p
s
"
)
a
.
A
d
o
p
t
t
h
e
u
n
b
e
l
i
e
v
e
r
'
s
p
r
e
s
u
p
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
a
k
e
o
f
a
r
g
u
m
e
n
t
,
t
o
s
h
o
w
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
y
d
e
s
t
r
o
y
a
l
l
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
.
(
i
)
Q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
:
d
o
e
s
t
h
i
s
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
a
d
o
p
t
i
n
g
a
l
l
h
i
s
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
e
t
c
.
?
T
h
e
n
t
h
i
s
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
y
w
o
u
l
d
b
e
c
o
u
n
t
e
r
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
v
e
.
(
i
i
)
S
o
V
T
e
m
p
h
a
s
i
z
e
s
t
h
a
t
i
n
t
h
i
s
s
t
e
p
w
e
a
r
e
s
t
i
l
l
r
e
a
s
o
n
i
n
g
a
n
a
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
l
y
.
(
i
i
i
)
S
o
a
t
t
h
i
s
p
o
i
n
t
w
e
a
r
e
s
h
o
w
i
n
g
t
h
e
u
n
b
e
l
i
e
v
e
r
w
h
a
t
h
i
s
s
y
s
t
e
m
l
o
o
k
s
l
i
k
e
o
n
t
h
e
b
a
s
i
s
o
f
o
u
r
s
.
b
.
S
h
o
w
h
i
m
h
o
w
t
h
e
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
a
n
p
r
e
s
u
p
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
s
a
c
c
o
u
n
t
f
o
r
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
—
o
n
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
a
n
p
r
e
s
u
p
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
s
,
o
f
c
o
u
r
s
e
!
N
o
t
e
t
h
a
t
t
h
i
s
i
s
a
p
o
s
i
t
i
v
e
a
r
g
u
m
e
n
t
,
n
o
t
a
r
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
.
D. Prac
tical
Reso
urce
s:
How
do
you
actu
ally
argu
e
with
som
ebod
y?
(Fro
m
VT's
"arg
ume
nt
sam
ples,
"
Cha
pter
24
of
Fra
me's
CVT
.)
1.
"
E
p
i
s
t
e
m
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
l
o
a
f
e
r
s
,
"
s
k
e
p
t
i
c
s
u
n
w
i
l
l
i
n
g
t
o
t
r
u
s
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
d
i
s
c
u
s
s
i
o
n
:
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
s
e
w
e
m
a
y
h
a
v
e
t
o
b
e
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
t
o
g
i
v
e
t
e
s
t
i
m
o
n
y
.
2.
A
g
n
o
s
t
i
c
s
,
w
h
o
t
h
i
n
k
t
h
e
r
e
i
s
n
o
n
e
e
d
t
o
m
a
k
e
a
d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
a
b
o
u
t
G
o
d
.
a
.
T
h
e
y
h
a
v
e
d
e
c
i
d
e
d
a
l
r
e
a
d
y
,
m
a
k
i
n
g
a
u
n
i
v
e
r
s
a
l
n
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
s
t
a
t
e
m
e
n
t
:
f
o
r
t
h
e
m
t
h
e
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
a
n
G
o
d
d
o
e
s
n
'
t
e
x
i
s
t
,
f
o
r
i
f
h
e
d
i
d
,
h
e
w
o
u
l
d
g
o
v
e
r
n
t
h
e
i
r
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
a
n
d
l
i
f
e
.
b
.
S
o
a
g
n
o
s
t
i
c
i
s
m
i
s
t
r
a
p
p
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
s
t
i
r
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
s
t
d
i
l
e
m
m
a
.
3.
M
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
i
s
t
s
,
w
h
o
b
e
l
i
e
v
e
e
v
e
r
y
t
h
i
n
g
c
a
n
b
e
e
x
p
l
a
i
n
e
d
b
y
m
a
t
t
e
r
,
m
o
t
i
o
n
,
t
i
m
e
,
a
n
d
c
h
a
n
c
e
(
S
c
h
a
e
f
f
e
r
)
.
a
.
T
h
e
y
t
a
k
e
f
o
r
g
r
a
n
t
e
d
t
h
a
t
p
r
e
d
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
s
p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
G
o
d
.
b
.
S
o
t
h
e
i
r
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
t
y
i
s
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
i
r
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
t
y
.
c
.
F
a
c
t
s
,
l
a
w
s
,
s
u
b
j
e
c
t
s
a
r
e
"
j
u
s
t
t
h
e
r
e
,
"
n
o
t
t
h
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
o
f
a
n
y
p
l
a
n
o
r
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
o
r
d
e
r
i
n
g
.
S
o
u
n
r
e
l
i
a
b
l
e
.
d
.
N
o
w
a
y
o
f
b
r
i
n
g
i
n
g
f
a
c
t
s
a
n
d
l
a
w
s
t
o
g
e
t
h
e
r
.
4.
N
o
n
t
h
e
i
s
t
i
c
(
i
m
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
)
s
p
i
r
i
t
u
a
l
i
s
t
s
,
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
.
5. I
d
e
a
l
i
s
m
:
s
e
e
k
s
t
o
i
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
e
v
e
r
y
t
h
i
n
g
b
y
e
t
e
r
n
a
l
c
a
t
e
g
o
r
i
e
s
,
b
u
t
i
t
s
c
a
t
e
g
o
r
i
e
s
a
r
e
a
b
s
t
r
a
c
t
,
r
a
t
h
e
r
t
h
a
n
c
o
n
c
r
e
t
e
.
6.
"
W
h
y
I
B
e
l
i
e
v
e
i
n
G
o
d
.
"
7. I
s
l
a
m
,
o
t
h
e
r
n
o
n
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
a
n
r
e
l
i
g
i
o
n
s
:
s
e
e
B
a
h
n
s
e
n
,
5
2
3
-
2
4
.
8.
A
r
e
t
h
e
s
e
t
h
e
o
n
l
y
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
?
J
F
:
I
t
h
i
n
k
w
e
m
a
y
u
s
e
t
h
e
i
s
t
i
c
a
r
g
u
m
e
n
t
s
,
t
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
s
a
s
w
e
l
l
.
VIII.
Van
Til as
Critic
A. Tra
ditio
nal
Apol
ogeti
cs
(abo
ve)
B. Hist
ory
of
Phil
osop
hy
(abo
ve)
C. Karl
Bart
h
1.
C
h
r
i
s
t
a
s
G
e
s
c
h
i
c
h
t
e
.
a
.
H
i
s
t
o
r
i
e
:
t
h
e
f
a
c
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
w
o
r
l
d
a
s
t
h
e
n
e
u
t
r
a
l
h
i
s
t
o
r
i
a
n
s
e
e
s
t
h
e
m
.
(
i
)
C
h
r
i
s
t
a
p
p
e
a
r
e
d
t
o
h
i
s
d
i
s
c
i
p
l
e
s
i
n
H
i
s
t
o
r
i
e
,
f
o
l
l
o
w
i
n
g
h
i
s
d
e
a
t
h
.
(
i
i
)
B
u
t
t
h
e
t
r
u
e
,
s
a
v
i
n
g
R
e
s
u
r
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
i
s
n
o
t
t
o
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
H
i
s
t
o
r
i
e
.
b
.
G
e
s
c
h
i
c
h
t
e
:
e
v
e
n
t
s
i
n
t
h
e
i
r
t
o
t
a
l
m
e
a
n
i
n
g
,
t
h
e
r
e
a
l
e
v
e
n
t
s
.
(
i
)
G
e
s
c
h
i
c
h
t
e
h
a
s
a
h
i
s
t
o
r
i
s
c
h
a
s
p
e
c
t
,
b
u
t
i
t
i
s
f
a
r
m
o
r
e
t
h
a
n
H
i
s
t
o
r
i
e
.
(
i
i
)
R
e
v
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
i
s
G
e
s
c
h
i
c
h
t
e
.
E
v
e
n
t
s
i
n
H
i
s
t
o
r
i
e
m
e
r
e
l
y
p
o
i
n
t
t
o
r
e
v
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
.
(
i
i
i
)
S
o
G
o
d
i
s
w
h
o
l
l
y
h
i
d
d
e
n
i
n
h
i
s
r
e
v
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
,
f
r
e
e
i
n
i
t
a
n
d
f
r
o
m
i
t
.
W
e
n
e
v
e
r
p
o
s
s
e
s
s
,
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
,
m
a
n
i
p
u
l
a
t
e
r
e
v
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
.
(
i
v
)
B
u
t
i
n
C
h
r
i
s
t
a
s
G
e
s
c
h
i
c
h
t
e
,
G
o
d
i
s
w
h
o
l
l
y
r
e
v
e
a
l
e
d
(
n
o
s
e
c
r
e
t
d
e
c
r
e
e
b
e
h
i
n
d
C
h
r
i
s
t
)
.
c
.
C
h
r
i
s
t
'
s
b
e
i
n
g
i
s
h
i
s
w
o
r
k
o
f
s
a
v
i
n
g
a
l
l
m
e
n
,
=
G
e
s
c
h
i
c
h
t
e
.
(
i
)
S
o
h
e
i
s
b
o
t
h
t
h
e
e
l
e
c
t
i
n
g
G
o
d
a
n
d
t
h
e
e
l
e
c
t
m
a
n
.
(
i
i
)
I
n
G
e
s
c
h
i
c
h
t
e
,
h
e
i
s
f
r
e
e
d
f
r
o
m
t
i
m
e
.
(
A
)
I
n
h
i
m
,
G
o
d
'
s
e
t
e
r
n
a
l
p
r
e
s
e
n
c
e
e
n
t
e
r
s
t
i
m
e
,
t
o
u
c
h
e
s
i
t
e
q
u
a
l
l
y
a
t
a
l
l
p
o
i
n
t
s
.
(
B
)
H
i
s
h
u
m
i
l
i
a
t
i
o
n
i
s
e
x
a
l
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
v
i
c
e
v
e
r
s
a
.
N
o
t
e
m
p
o
r
a
l
t
r
a
n
s
i
t
i
o
n
.
(
i
i
i
)
M
a
n
i
s
w
h
a
t
h
e
t
r
u
l
y
i
s
o
n
l
y
i
n
C
h
r
i
s
t
,
s
o
h
i
s
s
a
l
v
a
t
i
o
n
i
s
a
s
s
u
r
e
d
.
(
=
u
n
i
v
e
r
s
a
l
i
s
m
?
)
S
i
n
a
n
"
i
m
p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
p
o
s
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
.
d
.
G
o
d
i
s
i
d
e
n
t
i
c
a
l
t
o
h
i
s
w
o
r
k
i
n
J
e
s
u
s
C
h
r
i
s
t
.
e
.
R
e
v
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
i
s
a
l
w
a
y
s
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
.
I
t
t
o
o
i
s
G
e
s
c
h
i
c
h
t
e
.
f
.
N
o
t
e
e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n
s
:
G
e
s
c
h
i
c
h
t
e
=
C
h
r
i
s
t
=
G
o
d
=
t
h
e
e
v
e
n
t
o
f
s
a
l
v
a
t
i
o
n
=
r
e
v
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
=
h
u
m
i
l
i
a
t
i
o
n
=
e
x
a
l
t
a
t
i
o
n
=
c
r
o
s
s
a
n
d
R
e
s
u
r
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
=
r
e
t
u
r
n
=
V
i
r
g
i
n
B
i
r
t
h
,
e
t
c
.
g
.
S
o
t
h
e
g
o
s
p
e
l
b
e
c
o
m
e
s
:
Y
o
u
a
r
e
a
l
r
e
a
d
y
i
n
C
h
r
i
s
t
.
L
i
v
e
i
n
t
h
a
n
k
f
u
l
n
e
s
s
.
2.
S
u
m
m
a
r
y
o
f
V
a
n
T
i
l'
s
C
r
i
t
i
q
u
e
1. Barth's view
of the "indirect
identity"
between revelati
on and scripture
permits human
beings to
disagree with the
teachings of
scripture,
contrary to
scripture itself.
2. Barth's
doctrine of God
is irrationalist
(or "nominalistic"
as Van Til
sometimes says):
God, for Barth,
is "wholly other,"
able to change
into the opposite
of himself. It is
also rationalistic:
God is wholly
revealed in
Christ.
3. Barth's view
of the "indirect
identity of all men
in and with God
in Christ as
Geschichte" has
pantheistic overt
ones, although
Barth seeks to
guard against
them. Same
for the doctrine of
"participation,"
although Barth
uses it to
avoid the idea of
a direct identity
between man
and God.
4. His
identification of
Christ with his
work of saving all
men has an
inescapable
universalistic
implication,
even though
Barth seeks to
avoid that by an
(irrational) appeal
to the freedom of
God.
5. Salvation
actually occurs,
not in events of
calendar time
such as the
crucifixion and
resurrection of
Jesus, but
in Geschichte, in
which temporal
distinctions do
not
exist. Calendartime history
partakes of
Geschichte as an
aspect of it and a
pointer to it; but
events in that
history do
not themselves
bring salvation.
6. To speak of
God as both
"hidden" and
"revealed"
in revelation is to
deny to
revelation any
clear content to
which human
beings are
unambiguously
subject.
7. Contrary to
Barth, Scripture
does teach that
God determines
the final destinies
of human beings
through
his eternal
decrees. To say
this is not to think
of human
destiny apart
from Christ.
Christ is both the
savior of the
elect and
the ultimate
judge of the
wicked. One
cannot state a
priori that grace
will save all
people.
8. To speak of
the "ontological
impossibility of
sin" and "sin as
chaos" (Das
Nichtige) turns
ethics into
metaphysics, the
problem of
reconciliation into
the problem of
overcoming finitu
de.
9.Barth's
gospel is
essentially
different from
that of Scripture:
Barth would
announce to men
(a
"propositional" m
essage, after all
Barth's criticisms
of
propositional rev
elation!) the fact
that they are
already in Christ,
rather than
urging them to
repent and
believe as God's
grace
removes them
from the sphere
of wrath to the
sphere of grace.
3.
A
m
o
r
e
s
y
m
p
a
t
h
e
ti
c
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
:
a
.
N
o
r
e
v
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
u
n
t
i
l
i
t
a
c
t
u
a
l
l
y
g
r
a
s
p
s
t
h
e
h
e
a
r
e
r
(
=
w
h
a
t
o
r
t
h
o
d
o
x
c
a
l
l
r
e
v
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
p
l
u
s
i
l
l
u
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
)
.
L
i
k
e
K
i
e
r
k
e
g
a
a
r
d
.
b
.
S
o
t
h
e
s
a
v
i
n
g
e
v
e
n
t
s
o
c
c
u
r
i
n
H
i
s
t
o
r
i
e
,
b
u
t
t
h
e
y
d
o
n
o
t
s
a
v
e
u
n
l
e
s
s
a
c
c
o
m
p
a
n
i
e
d
b
y
a
d
i
v
i
n
e
w
o
r
k
o
f
g
r
a
c
e
(
G
e
s
c
h
i
c
h
t
e
)
.
c
.
"
W
h
o
l
l
y
h
i
d
d
e
n
"
m
e
a
n
s
t
h
a
t
G
o
d
i
s
i
n
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
i
b
l
e
;
"
w
h
o
l
l
y
r
e
v
e
a
l
e
d
"
m
e
a
n
s
t
h
a
t
r
e
v
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
s
s
u
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
.
d
.
"
O
n
t
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
i
m
p
o
s
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
s
i
n
"
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
t
h
e
c
r
e
a
t
o
r
o
f
a
l
l
i
s
h
o
l
y
a
n
d
g
o
o
d
,
a
n
d
t
h
a
t
h
i
s
v
i
c
t
o
r
y
o
v
e
r
e
v
i
l
i
s
e
t
e
r
n
a
l
l
y
a
s
s
u
r
e
d
.
e
.
"
G
o
d
b
e
c
o
m
i
n
g
t
h
e
o
p
p
o
s
i
t
e
o
f
h
i
m
s
e
l
f
"
s
i
m
p
l
y
m
e
a
n
s
t
h
a
t
G
o
d
e
n
t
e
r
s
h
i
s
t
o
r
y
a
n
d
s
e
e
k
s
g
l
o
r
y
t
h
e
r
e
.
L
i
k
e
V
T
'
s
"
f
u
l
l
b
u
c
k
e
t
d
i
f
f
i
c
u
l
t
y
.
"
f.
R
h
e
t
o
r
i
c
a
g
a
i
n
s
t
"
p
o
s
s
e
s
s
i
n
g
"
t
h
e
W
o
r
d
o
f
G
o
d
:
v
s
.
c
o
c
k
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
o
l
o
g
y
.
B
u
t
c
a
n
y
o
u
s
o
l
v
e
t
h
a
t
s
p
i
r
i
t
u
a
l
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
b
y
a
m
e
t
a
p
h
y
s
i
c
a
l
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
?
g
.
R
e
s
u
l
t
i
n
g
o
r
t
h
o
d
o
x
c
r
i
t
i
q
u
e
o
f
B
a
r
t
h
:
(
i
)
D
e
n
i
e
s
t
h
e
o
r
t
h
o
d
o
x
v
i
e
w
o
f
b
i
b
l
i
c
a
l
a
u
t
h
o
r
i
t
y
.
(
i
i
)
D
e
n
i
e
s
p
r
e
t
e
m
p
o
r
a
l
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
r
e
p
r
o
b
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
s
.
(
i
i
i
)
D
e
n
i
e
s
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
r
e
i
s
a
t
e
m
p
o
r
a
l
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
G
o
d
'
s
w
r
a
t
h
t
o
h
i
s
g
r
a
c
e
i
n
m
a
n
'
s
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
t
o
t
h
e
p
r
e
a
c
h
e
d
W
o
r
d
.
4.
B
u
t
B
a
r
t
h
o
p
p
o
s
e
s
R
e
f
o
r
m
e
d
o
r
t
h
o
d
o
x
y
,
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
h
i
s
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
m
a
d
e
a
m
p
l
e
p
r
o
v
i
s
i
o
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
u
b
j
e
c
ti
v
e
r
e
c
e
p
ti
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
W
o
r
d
.
T
h
a
t
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
a
ti
o
n
f
a
v
o
r
s
V
a
n
T
il
'
s
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
,
r
a
t
h
e
r
t
h
a
n
t
h
e
"
m
o
r
e
s
y
m
p
a
t
h
e
ti
c
"
o
n
e
.
5.
T
h
e
r
e
i
s
a
p
o
s
s
i
b
il
it
y
t
h
a
t
B
a
r
t
h
h
i
m
s
e
lf
w
a
s
n
o
t
e
n
ti
r
e
l
y
c
l
e
a
r
i
n
h
i
s
o
w
n
m
i
n
d
.
V
T
r
a
r
e
l
y
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
s
t
h
a
t
p
o
s
s
i
b
il
it
y
i
n
t
h
e
t
h
i
n
k
e
r
s
h
e
c
ri
ti
c
i
z
e
s
.
6.
J
F
:
S
o
m
e
a
m
b
i
g
u
it
i
e
s
i
n
B
a
r
t
h
,
b
u
t
V
a
n
T
il
'
s
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
o
f
h
i
m
(
d
e
s
p
it
e
t
h
e
s
t
r
e
n
u
o
u
s
o
b
j
e
c
ti
o
n
s
o
f
B
e
r
k
o
u
w
e
r
a
n
d
o
t
h
e
r
s
)
i
s
c
e
r
t
a
i
n
l
y
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
i
b
l
e
,
a
n
d
,
m
o
s
t
li
k
e
l
y
,
ri
g
h
t.
C
e
r
t
a
i
n
l
y
,
B
a
r
t
h
i
s
n
o
t
a
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
t
o
b
e
t
r
u
s
t
e
d
.
D. Her
man
Doo
yew
eerd
1.
S
u
m
m
a
r
y
o
f
D
o
o
y
e
w
e
e
r
d
'
s
P
h
il
o
s
o
p
h
y
a
.
S
h
a
r
p
d
i
s
t
i
n
c
t
i
o
n
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
p
r
e
t
h
e
o
r
e
t
i
c
a
l
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
t
h
e
o
r
e
t
i
c
a
l
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
.
b
.
I
n
t
h
e
o
r
e
t
i
c
a
l
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
,
w
e
d
i
s
t
i
g
u
i
s
h
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
a
s
p
e
c
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
w
o
r
l
d
,
t
o
a
n
a
l
y
z
e
t
h
e
m
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
r
i
n
t
e
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
.
(
i
)
n
u
m
e
r
i
c
a
l
(
i
i
)
s
p
a
t
i
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l
(
i
i
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)
k
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t
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c
(
i
v
)
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g
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(
v
)
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v
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)
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g
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o
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v
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i
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y
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i
x
)
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x
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s
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x
i
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e
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c
(
x
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)
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e
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c
(
x
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i
)
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d
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l
(
x
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v
)
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o
r
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l
(
x
v
)
f
a
i
t
h
c
.
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t
a
t
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e
n
t
s
a
b
o
u
t
t
h
e
s
e
s
p
h
e
r
e
s
:
(
i
)
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
f
r
o
m
"
l
o
w
e
r
"
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o
"
h
i
g
h
e
r
.
"
(
i
i
)
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v
e
r
y
o
b
j
e
c
t
"
q
u
a
l
i
f
i
e
d
b
y
"
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
e
.
(
i
i
i
)
T
h
e
h
i
g
h
e
r
p
r
e
s
u
p
p
o
s
e
t
h
e
l
o
w
e
r
.
A
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
b
e
i
n
g
m
u
s
t
a
l
s
o
h
a
v
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a
l
l
t
h
e
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
i
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
p
h
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r
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s
b
e
l
o
w
t
h
e
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
.
(
i
v
)
B
u
t
e
v
e
r
y
t
h
i
n
g
p
a
r
t
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c
i
p
a
t
e
s
i
n
e
v
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r
y
s
p
h
e
r
e
a
s
s
u
b
j
e
c
t
o
r
o
b
j
e
c
t
.
(
v
)
T
h
e
r
e
a
r
e
a
n
a
l
o
g
i
e
s
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
s
p
h
e
r
e
s
:
l
o
w
e
r
a
n
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
e
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
e
r
,
h
i
g
h
e
r
r
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t
r
o
c
i
p
a
t
e
t
h
e
l
o
w
e
r
.
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o
p
h
i
l
o
s
o
p
h
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r
s
h
a
v
e
b
e
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n
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m
p
t
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d
t
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c
h
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s
p
h
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r
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n
d
a
b
s
o
l
u
t
i
z
e
i
t
a
s
a
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
e
d
e
s
c
r
i
p
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
w
o
r
l
d
(
i
d
o
l
a
t
r
y
)
.
d
.
G
r
o
u
n
d
m
o
t
i
v
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y
o
f
p
h
i
l
o
s
o
p
h
y
:
(
i
)
f
o
r
m
m
a
t
t
e
r
(
G
r
e
e
k
s
)
(
i
i
)
n
a
t
u
r
e
g
r
a
c
e
(
S
c
h
o
l
a
s
t
i
c
s
)
(
i
i
i
)
n
a
t
u
r
e
f
r
e
e
d
o
m
(
K
a
n
t
,
m
o
d
e
r
n
p
h
i
l
o
s
o
p
h
y
)
(
i
v
)
c
r
e
a
t
i
o
n
f
a
l
l
r
e
d
e
m
p
t
i
o
n
(
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
a
n
)
e
.
G
o
d
,
t
h
e
W
o
r
d
i
n
i
t
s
c
e
n
t
r
a
l
m
e
a
n
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
h
u
m
a
n
h
e
a
r
t
,
t
r
a
n
s
c
e
n
d
t
h
e
m
o
d
a
l
o
r
d
e
r
.
f.
S
c
r
i
p
t
u
r
e
a
s
a
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
l
i
n
g
u
i
s
t
i
c
o
b
j
e
c
t
,
a
d
d
r
e
s
s
e
s
o
n
l
y
t
h
e
f
a
i
t
h
a
s
p
e
c
t
o
f
r
e
a
l
i
t
y
,
t
h
o
u
g
h
i
n
i
t
s
c
e
n
t
r
a
l
m
e
a
n
i
n
g
(
c
r
e
a
t
i
o
n
f
a
l
l
r
e
d
e
m
p
t
i
o
n
)
i
t
a
d
d
r
e
s
s
e
s
a
l
l
o
f
l
i
f
e
.
I
n
i
t
s
c
e
n
t
r
a
l
m
e
a
n
i
n
g
,
i
t
h
a
s
n
o
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
.
2.
T
h
e
"
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
m
e
n
t
a
li
t
y
"
a
m
o
n
g
D
o
o
y
e
w
e
e
r
d
i
a
n
s
.
3.
J
F
:
I
n
a
d
e
q
u
a
t
e
v
i
e
w
o
f
S
c
ri
p
t
u
r
e
a
n
d
it
s
r
e
l
a
ti
o
n
t
o
h
u
m
a
n
li
f
e
.
4.
V
a
n
T
il
'
s
C
ri
ti
q
u
e
a
.
D
o
o
y
e
w
e
e
r
d
t
h
i
n
k
s
t
h
a
t
R
o
b
b
e
r
s
,
a
R
o
m
a
n
C
a
t
h
o
l
i
c
c
r
i
t
i
c
i
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
e
r
,
s
e
e
s
"
s
t
a
t
e
s
o
f
a
f
f
a
i
r
s
"
a
s
t
h
e
y
r
e
a
l
l
y
a
r
e
,
d
e
s
p
i
t
e
h
i
s
d
e
n
i
a
l
o
f
D
o
o
y
e
w
e
e
r
d
'
s
s
t
a
r
t
i
n
g
p
o
i
n
t
.
J
F
:
a
g
a
i
n
,
t
h
e
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
n
t
i
t
h
e
s
i
s
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
o
n
g
r
o
u
n
d
.
b
.
D
o
o
y
e
w
e
e
r
d
d
e
n
i
e
s
t
h
a
t
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
p
h
i
l
o
s
o
p
h
i
c
a
l
i
d
e
a
s
c
a
n
b
e
"
d
e
r
i
v
e
d
f
r
o
m
"
S
c
r
i
p
t
u
r
e
,
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
w
h
o
l
e
p
h
i
l
o
s
o
p
h
i
c
a
l
e
n
t
e
r
p
r
i
s
e
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
"
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d
b
y
"
S
c
r
i
p
t
u
r
e
.
V
T
:
w
h
a
t
i
s
t
h
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
,
p
r
e
c
i
s
e
l
y
?
IX.
Van
Til's
Success
ors
A. Wes
tmin
ster
Semi
nary
1.
R
o
b
e
r
t
D
.
K
n
u
d
s
e
n
2.
W
il
li
a
m
E
d
g
a
r
3.
V
e
r
n
P
o
y
t
h
r
e
s
s
4.
S
c
o
tt
O
li
p
h
i
n
t
5.
M
i
c
h
a
e
l
H
o
r
t
o
n
B. The
Theo
nomi
sts
1.
G
r
e
g
B
a
h
n
s
e
n
2.
M
i
c
h
a
e
l
B
u
tl
e
r
3.
K
e
n
n
e
t
h
G
e
n
t
r
y
C. Othe
rs
1.
H
e
n
r
y
K
r
a
b
b
e
n
d
a
m
2.
W
il
li
a
m
D
e
n
n
i
s
o
n
3.
R
i
c
h
a
r
d
P
r
a
tt
4.
J
o
h
n
C
.
W
h
it
c
o
m
b
5.
S
t
e
p
h
e
n
S
p
e
n
c
e
r
6.
J
a
y
A
d
a
m
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
N
o
u
t
h
e
ti
c
C
o
u
n
s
e
li
n
g
M
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
7.
D
o
o
y
e
w
e
e
r
d
i
a
n
s
8.
H
e
r
b
e
r
t
S
c
h
l
o
s
s
b
e
r
g
9.
F
r
a
n
c
i
s
S
c
h
a
e
ff
e
r
,
O
s
G
u
i
n
n
e
s
s
,
J
e
r
r
a
m
B
a
r
r
s
,
U
d
o
M
i
d
d
e
l
m
a
n
n
,
R
a
n
a
l
d
M
a
c
a
u
l
a
y
10.
A
l
v
i
n
P
l
a
n
ti
n
g
a
,
N
i
c
h
o
l
a
s
W
o
lt
e
r
s
t
o
r
ff
,
K
e
ll
y
J
a
m
e
s
C
l
a
r
k
,
"
R
e
f
o
r
m
e
d
e
p
i
s
t
e
m
o
l
o
g
y
.
"
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