POSTERS (Session 1)
P01
LANDSLIDES: SOME OBSERVATION FROM SABAH
Ismail Abd Rahim
Natural Disasters Research Unit, Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan
UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
Phone: 088 320000 (5734/5999)
arismail@ums.edu.my
Landslide is part of natural process for the nature to achieve equilibrium condition and also
known as mass wasting, mass movement or slope failure. Landslide is a hazardous phenomenon in
term of properties damages but a disastrous for loss of lives. There are some landslide observations
that were taken in Sabah.
Characteristics
Early sign or warning – Undulating condition of jalan Kiau-Taburi a year before 25 April 2012
(Photo 1a) is an important sign of the largest landslide in Malaysia that was destroy four houses and
others properties on 9 May 2012 (Photo 1b). Second is curved coconut trunk in Kampung Terusan,
Lahad Datu (Photo 2a). Early morning on 18 February 2011, two bodies were buried by debris slump
deposit in the palm oil and coconut plantation (Photo 2b). Curved coconut trunk is a sign of creeping
mass movement.
Repeated - Landslides have been happened three times within five years in kampung Mesilau,
Kundasang. The rock unit is unconsolidated Pinosuk Gravel of Pleistocene age. The first landslide
happened in 2008 (Photo 3a) then followed by disastrous landslide with one death in 16 July 2013
(Photo 3b). The latest was happened in 15 Nov 2013 which was damaging a concrete bridge at the
same spot (Photo 3c).
Types
a.
Planar failure - Landslide is control by structures such as bedding, joint or others discontinuity
planes in Crocker Formation. Parallelism between bedding plane with slope face will contribute
to the formation of planar failure such as in Bambo Café (Photo 4).
b.
Wedge failure - Intersections of joint with other joint or with bedding planes contribute to wedge
failure in Telipok-Salut Bypass (Photo 5).
c.
Circular failure - Unconsolidated gravel deposits and thick shale bed are examples of
lithological controls of landslides. Pleistocene Pinosuk Gravel in Kampung Mesilau, Kundasang
is a gravelly rock unit that contributes to circular failure (Photo 6). Shale unit of Temburung is
easily to form circular failure especially when weathered (Photo 7).
d.
Complex failure - Combination of two or more failures contribute to the formation of complex
failure in Tinompok of Tamparuli-Ranau Road (Photo 8).
e.
Creep failure - Landslide scarp in SMK Kundasang had been continued deepening to 10 inch
within nine years (Photo 9a & 9b). The movement is very slow but continually and known as
creeping type.
July 2015
157
National Geoscience Conference
Perdana Hotel, Kota Bharu ♣ 31 July – 1 August 2015
f.
Debris flow – Occurrence of weathered rock material on slope surface and filling loose material
in the valley together with continue heavy raining has causing debris flow in Kg. Bungalio,
Tamparuli (Photo 10a & 10b).
g.
Embankment failure - Embankment failure is an anthropogenic landslide and caused by improper
drainage or stream design such as in kampung Timpoluon of Penampang-Tambunan road (Photo
11).
REFERENCES
Department of Environment (DOE). 1990. Planning Policy Guidance: Development on Unstable
Land. PPG 14, London.
Hoek, E. & Bray, J. W. 1981. Rock Slope Engineering. 3 rd edition. Institution of Mining and
Metallurgy, London, 358p.
and processes. In Schuster, R. L. & Krizek, R. J. (Eds).
Special Report 176: Landslides: Analysis and Control. Transportation and Road
Varnes, D. J. 1978. Slope movement types
Research Board, National Academy of Science, Washington D. C., pp. 11-33.
158
Geological Society of Malaysia
POSTERS (Session 1)
P02
GEOPARK TASIK KENYIR: KEISTIMEWAAN DAN CADANGAN
MEMBANGUNKAN GEOPARK KEBANGSAAN
Che Aziz Ali1, Hamlee Ismail2, Razaidi Shah A. Kadir 2& Norzuhairil Zubir2
1Program
2Jabatan
Geologi, FST, UKM Bangi
Mineral dan Geosains, Kuala Terengganu
Tasik Kenyir dan sekitarnya dibentuk oleh berbagai jenis batuan berusia dari Paleozoik Akhir
Hingga Mesozoik Akhir menerbitakan kepelbagaian geologi yang sangat tinggi merangkumi
kepelbagaian batuan, mineral, fosil, struktur dan landskap. Batuan sedimen klastik yang terdiri
daripada batu pasir masif berlapis tebal dengan sedikit lodak dan syal berlapis nipis berserta dengan
unit-unit batu kapur mendapan laut cetek membentuk jujukan batuan yang tertabur paling meluas dari
timur ke barat menganjur dari utara hingga ke selatan. Jujukan batuan ini membentuk berbagai
landskap berpemandangan indah dengan nilai estetik dan rekreasi yang tinggi. Unit batu kapur yang
membentuk Bukit Biwah dan Bukit Taat pula mencirikan topografi karst yang indah dan unik. Guagua batu kapur serta mendapan gua yang cantik merupakan sumber warisan bernilai tinggi disamping
menjadi tapak arkeologi yang berkepentingan rantau. Satu unit batuan sedimen termuda berusia JuraKapur merupakan jujukan sedimen daratan. Unit ini batuan ini membentuk Plateau Gunung Gagau
yang terletak di penjuru pertemuan tiga negeri iaitu Terengganu, Pahang dan Kelantan telah terbukti
mengandungi kesan dan fosil reptilia kuno. Batuan igneous pula dominannya dibentuk oleh igneus
rejahan diwakili oleh granit Kapal yang dipotong oleh beberapa siri telerang dolerit yang berusia
Mesozoik Akhir hingga Kainozoik. Komposisi batuan igneus rejahan yang berbagai mempunyai nilai
ekonomi yang tinggi dan dolerit juga menjadi bahan asas batuan yang digunakan untuk membuat batu
bersurat yang bernilai sejarah sangat tinggi untuk negeri Terengganu. Penenggelaman kawasan tasik
oleh air setelah empangan siap dibina telah menerbitkan berbagai jenis landskap tasik dan pulau yang
indah dan unik. Ianya telah menjadi tarikan pelancongan dan rekreasi semenjak ianya dibuka hingga
hari ini. Berdasarkan kepelbagaian geologi yang tinggi serta nilai warisan yang sangat signifikan
maka dicadangan kawasan tersebut dilakukan pemeliharaan secara terkamir dan dibangunkan secara
lestari menjadi geopark kebangsaan pertama di negeri Terengganu.
July 2015
159
National Geoscience Conference
Perdana Hotel, Kota Bharu ♣ 31 July – 1 August 2015
P03
INVENTORI GUA-GUA BATU KAPUR DI MERAPOH SEBAGAI SUMBER
WARISAN GEOLOGI MALAYSIA
Mohd Rozi Umor1, Young Daud Nordin Ali2, JUwairiyah Ho Abdullah2, Sayzlina
Bahari3, Hamzah Mohamad1, Mohd Shafeea Leman1, Kamal Roslan Mohamed1, Che
Aziz Ali1 & Azman A. Ghani4
1
Program Geologi, Pusat Pengajian Sains Sekitaran dan Sumber Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi, Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 BANGI, SELANGOR
2YD
3Jabatan
4
Planners Sdn Bhd, SHAH ALAM, SELANGOR
Pembangunan Bandar dan Desa, KUANTAN, PAHANG
Jabatan Geologi, Fakulti Sains, Universiti Malaya, 50603 KUALA LUMPUR
umor@ukm.edu.my atau mohdroziumor@gmail.com
Daerah Merapoh kaya dengan bukit-bukit batu kapur yang mempunyai formasi gua-gua yang
menarik dan masih mengekalkan keindahan semulajadi. Ia menjadi tarikan kepada pelancong
terutamanya kepada peneroka gua-gua batu kapur untuk menjelajahi keindahan fitur semulajadi di
dalam gua. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk membuat inventori gua-gua yang terdapat di sekitar Merapoh
bagi mengenalpasti nilai-nilai warisan sama ada dari segi saintifik atau intrinsik, estetik, rekreasi atau
budaya yang ada di dalam setiap gua. Terdapat 23 buah gua yang telah dikenalpasti di sekitar
Merapoh dan diberikan penamaan mengikut penduduk setempat sebagai Gua Tagang, Gua Kopek,
Gua Bekong, Gua Layang, Gua Katak, Gua Air Mata Dayang, Gua Rimau, Gua Seribu Cerita, Gua
Kalong, Gua Jibok dan Kompleks Gua Teluk Gunung, Gua Batu Bulat, Gua Lima, Gua Gajah
Sendeng, Gua Luk Tangga, Gua Goyang, Gua Gunting, Gua Padang Kawad, Gua Kambing, Gua
Gagak, Gua Panjang, Gua Lagi Panjang, Gua Gajah dan Gua Peningat. Kesemua gua ini mempunyai
nilai-nilai warisan yang tertentu untuk diketengahkan contohnya Gua Seribu Cerita dan Gua Lima
yang mempunyai nilai warisan budaya kerana mempunyai lukisan zaman dahulu yang menceritakan
kehidupan penduduk setempat. Begitu juga dengan Gua Rimau dan Gua Panjang yang mempunyai
nilai warisan estetik dan intrinsik yang tinggi dengan keunikan batuan dan tekstur yang menarik
secara semulajadi. Kajian ini telah dapat menyenaraikan gua-gua dan keunikan secara umum, namun
pencirian dan pemetaan secara terperinci setiap gua belum dilakukan. Apatah lagi untuk membuat
pengelasan, penilaian dan pentarafan gua-gua ini sebagai satu geotapak. Namun begitu, terdapat
kumpulan yang sering melakukan ekspedisi penerokaan gua yang telah mengelaskan gua-gua di
sekitar Merapoh ini kepada tiga jenis gua, iaitu gua “showcase”, gua cabaran “adventure” dan Gua
Sejarah. Oleh itu, satu kajian yang lebih terperinci dan bersistematik perlu dilakukan bagi
mengungkil keistimewaan gua-gua di sekitar Merapoh untuk maklumat umum dan mencetus idea
kepada pembangunan sebuah lagi geotaman di Semenanjung Malaysia.
Kata kunci : Gua Batu Kapur, Merapoh
160
Geological Society of Malaysia
POSTERS (Session 1)
P04
ANALISIS KESTABILAN CERUN BATUAN DI KM 93.5 (UTARA)
LEBUHRAYA PANTAI TIMUR, LANCHANG, PAHANG
Norazliza Kamaruszaman1, Abdul Ghani Rafek2, Goh Thian Lai1, Norbert Simon1,
Azimah Hussin1 dan Lee Khai Ern3.
1Program
Geologi, Pusat Pengajian Sains Sekitaran & Sumber Alam, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600
Bangi, Selangor.
2
Jabatan Geosains, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS,Bandar Seri Iskandar, 31750 Tronoh, Perak Darul
Ridzuan.
3Institut
Alam Sekitar dan Pembangunan (LESTARI),Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor.
1ghanirafekabdul@yahoo.com
2gohthianlai@ukm.edu.my
Kegagalan cerun lazim berlaku pada potongan jasad batuan di Malaysia. Potongan ini dilakukan
untuk pembinaan lebuhraya. Kebanyakan cerun tidak dinilai kestabilannya selepas pembinaan
tersebut. Oleh itu, satu analisis kestabilan cerun dilakukan pada cerun potongan batuan di Km 93.5
(Utara) Lebuhraya Pantai Timur, Lanchang, Pahang. Tujuan utama kajian ini ialah menentukan
ragam kegagalan untuk tiga cerun di kawasan tersebut. Daripada survei ketakselanjaran cerun 1, set
kekar utama cerun 1 ialah J1 (056o/62o), J2 (040o/69o), J3 (227o/35o), J4 (315o/27o), J5 (225o/75o), J6
(171o/60o), J7 (321o/83o) dan J8 (357o/72o). Set kekar utama cerun 2 ialah J1 (042 o/80o), J2 (017o/62o),
J3 (332o/37o), J4 (169o/41o), J5 (224o/75o), dan J6 (150o/74o). Set kekar utama cerun 3 ialah J1
(077o/80o), J2 (042o/70o), J3 (123o/30o), J4 (0o/30o), J5 (310o/82o), dan J6 (171o/70o). Daripada
analisis kinematik, didapati cerun 1 mempunyai tiga jenis ragam kegagalan baji, kegagalan satah dan
kegagalan terbalikan. Cerun 2 adalah stabil tetapi masih mempunyai keupayaan untuk mengalami
kegagalan. Cerun 3 pula mempunyai dua jenis ragam kegagalan iaitu kegagalan satah dan kegagalan
baji. Berdasarkan ragam kegagalan yang telah dikenalpasti, diharap hasil ini boleh dipakai guna oleh
pihak berkenaan untuk menjalankan mitigasi dan langkah-langkah penebatan.
Kata kunci: kegagalan cerun batuan, potongan batuan, analisis kestabilan cerun, ragam
kegagalan, batuan igneus.
July 2015
161
National Geoscience Conference
Perdana Hotel, Kota Bharu ♣ 31 July – 1 August 2015
P05
STABILITY OF FORMER QUARRY CUT SLOPE FOR PROPERTIES
DEVELOPMENT: CASE STUDY AT PALM WALK, BANDAR SUNGAI LONG,
KAJANG, SELANGOR
Nurshazren F.1,*,Hamzah H.2, Tajul A. J.3, & Nor Shahida S.4
1, 2, 4
Program Geoasains, Fakulti Sains Bumi, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan Kampus Jeli, Kelantan
3 Program
Geologi, Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor
*Corresponding author: ereen_90@yahoo.com
1.0 INTRODUCTION
This study presents the results of rock stability assessment report which was done at ex-quarry
site located in Bandar Sungai Long. The discontinuity data gathered were analyzed and results are
presented according to each domain. The discontinuity sets in the rock slopes were grouped into 5
sets (J1, J2, J3, J4 and J5). This finding is acceptable for mode of rock slope instability in the granite.
However, rock slope which same to the granite formation is more appropriate to divide the joint sets
into 6 sets considering all the influential joint sets presence in the rock mass (Jamaluddin, 2010;
Jamaluddin & Shuib, 2003, 2004). The potential mode of failure of coarse grained granite can either
be one or combination of the following modes of failure such as circular, planar, wedge or toppling
(Hoek & Bray, 1981). The identified and predicted elements of instabilities of slope were indicated in
the photomosaic of the slope faces.
2.0 METHOD OF STUDY
The unstable elements that indicated in the report were checked and verified using mosaic
photograph of the cut slopes were taken to the field. Photolineament also was carried out by using
Google Earth’s image to recognize the major structural/ geological features that influence the overall
stability of the slopes. The data were then analyzed separately using DIPS software and its finding is
used to select suitable rock slope protection.
3.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Unstable elements at quarry slope face
From this study, various instabilities at former quarry slope face can identified. Potential for
rock fall Effects of bulk and uncontrolled blasting for rock excavation are evident from the highly
rough and jagged surface with numerous overhanging, protruding, loose blocks, often which are
bounded by dilated joints, fractures and numerous rock overbreaks and underbreaks (Figures 1 and
Figure 2). Fragmented rock mass are also common. The loose, unstable blocks are variable in size
and shapes.
Figure 3 shows the slope of Domain A is dissected by at least 6 sets of joints. Result of
kinematic stability analysis (Figure 3.0) proposes that the rock slope is very likely to undergo wedge,
planar and toppling failures. The intersections of J1x J5, J1x J6, J4x J6, and J5x J6 are resulted for the
potential wedges. Planar failure is also admissible due to the daylighting J1 and J6 joint sets. This
mode of failure is possible if the slope is steeper than 75 o or the slope face is subvertical or where the
cavity presents due to over blasting effect of the past quarry operation. Besides, the similar condition
also applies to the predicted toppling failure which is only possible if there is overhanging or
subvertical rock faces.
162
Geological Society of Malaysia
POSTERS (Session 1)
While for Figure 4 below indicates the slope of Domain B is also dissected by at least 6 sets
of joints. This slope is divided into 2 section, namely Section I (slope face orientation: 225/88) and
Section II (slope face orientation: 165/89). Results of the kinematic stability analysis for Section I
(Figure 4.0) suggest that the slope has a slight potential for planar and wedge failures.
The potential planar sliding is recognized to the presence of the daylighting J1 and J2 joint sets.
J1 joint set is not likely to induce large scale planar sliding because its dip is almost subvertical (86).
The planar sliding occurs when the dip angle for J2 joint set must be greater than the actual friction
angle of the discontinuity planes. It is important to assume 36 o friction angle in this analysis because
the friction angle along the discontinuity in fresh granite may range up to 40 o- 44o (Latjai & Gadi,
1989). Wedge failures is also permissible in extreme conditions because to the intersections of J2xJ3
and/or J2xJ6 lie slightly beyond the critical envelope (Shaded red).
For Section II Slope, results of analysis (Figure 4.0) suggest that the slope is potentially unstable
and undergo to wedge and toppling failures. It is possible for toppling failure if the rock face is sub
vertical or with overhanging faces due to the steeply dipping in opposing direction J4 joint set. While
for the wedges, the intersection of J1xJ6 and J1xJ3 are considered unstable, and intersections of
J6xJ2 and J6xJ3 are slightly stable because the lines of intersection lie beyond the critical envelope
(shaded red). These findings identified 3 possible modes of failure which are planar, toppling and
wedge in Domain B.
Figure 5 below shows the discontinuities in Domain C can also be suitably grouped into 6 sets
of joints. Results of the kinematic stability analysis (Figure 5.0) indicate that the slope has a potential
for planar, toppling and wedge failures. Planar failure is attributed to the daylighting J1 and J2 joint
sets. It is almost similar to the case of the predicted planar failures in Section I of Domain C; only J2
joint set may cause large scale sliding, while J1 joint sets only cause small scale planar sliding. The
intersection of J4x J1 is acceptable for wedge failure and the potential toppling failure is attributed to
the steeply dipping J6 joint set. Both predicted wedge and toppling failures are generally localized
and small-scale in nature.
4.0 CONCLUSION
From this study it can be concluded that slope at ex-quarry is proved as unstable with multiple
potential failures. Hence, further study for slope protection and stabilization measures is important
and required to prevent risks of rock failures in the project site.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The
authors
would
like
to
gratefully
acknowledgment
R/RAGS/A08.00/01037A/001/2015/000206 for supports the financial of research study.
to
REFERENCES
Hoek, E. & Bray, W.J., (1981). Rock Slope Engineering 3 rd ed. Inst. Mining & Metallurgy, London.
358p.
Latjai, E. Z. & Gadi, A. M., (1989). Friction on a granite to granite interface. Rock Mechanics &
Rock Engineering, 22, p.25-49.
Jamaluddin, T. A., (2010). Geological Mapping for Rock Slope Failure Investigation and Design of
Remediation Works at Km14.6, Silk Highway, Kajang Selangor Darul Ehsan. 2 nd April 2010.
33p.
Jamaluddin, T. A., & Shuib, M. K., (2004). Geological studies for the proposed cut slope at the
construction site of low cost Apartments on the 32.16 acres Government Land, Off Jalan Kuari,
Cheras Baru, Mukim Ampang, Daerah Hulu Langat, Selangor Darul Ehsan. Jan 2004.
July 2015
163
National Geoscience Conference
Perdana Hotel, Kota Bharu ♣ 31 July – 1 August 2015
P06
KAJIAN PENILAIAN KESTABILAN MUKA CERUN DAN PENENTUAN ZON
SELAMAT BUKIT BATU KAPUR
BUKIT CHUPING, MATA AYER, PERLIS
Muhammad Mustadza Mazni1, Badrol Mohamad2, Wan Salmi Wan Harun3 & Hairani
Sham Manas4
1,2,3Mineral
and Geoscience Department Malaysia, Kedah/Perlis/P.Pinang,
Jln Perak Off Seberang Jalan Putra, 05150 Alor Setar,
Kedah Darul Aman, Malaysia
4Technical
Services Division,
Mineral and Geoscience Department Malaysia
Jln Sultan Azlan Shah, 31400, Ipoh,
Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
mustadza@jmg.gov.my, badrol@jmg.gov.my, salmiwan@gmail.com dan hairani@jmg.gov.my
Bukit Chuping, Mata Ayer, Perlis terdiri daripada Formasi Chuping (Jones, 1978) yang berusia
Permian (~250 juta tahun) hingga Trias (~210 juta tahun) telah membentuk morfologi kars bukit batu
kapur dengan ketinggian sekitar 270 meter. Kawasan kajian adalah terletak di sekitar kedudukan
koordinat 6°29′34.36″N, 100°15′48.81″E iaitu kira-kira 15 km dari Bandar Kangar, Perlis. Selain itu,
pada 14 Oktober 2000 yang lepas telah berlaku peristiwa sejarah bencana geologi iaitu kejadian
lubang benam besar di sekitar Kem Askar Oran, Mata Ayer, Perlis yang berhampiran dengan
kawasan kajian. Oleh itu, dibawah peruntukan Rancangan Malaysia Ke-10 (RMKe-10) pihak Jabatan
Mineral Dan Geosains Malaysia (JMG) Kedah/Perlis/Pulau Pinang telah menjalankan kajian susulan
pada tahun 2014 selepas kajian pertama yang dijalankan pada tahun 2000 bertujuan untuk
mendapatkan maklumat semasa dan cadangan pemajuan masa depan disekitar kawasan Bukit
Chuping kepada pihak berkuasa tempatan (PBT). Kajian ini meliputi pengkelasan muka cerun dengan
kaedah analisis stereonet/kinematik dan penentuan zon selamat (zon penampan) bukit batu kapur
mengikut garis panduan JMG (Pembangunan Kawasan Bukit Batu Kapur, 2003) sedia ada. Manakala
kajian geofizik (mikrograviti) sekitar kawasan Sekolah Kebangsaan Chuping turut dijalankan. Hasil
kajian mendapati muka cerun A, B dan C berada dalam kategori tebing bahaya tinggi. Manakala
muka cerun D merupakan tebing bahaya sangat tinggi. Keputusan kajian geofizik (mikrograviti)
menunjukkan terdapat enam (6) zon yang mempunyai nilai graviti yang rendah khususnya sekitar
kawasan tapak Sekolah Kebangsaan Chuping yang ditafsirkan berpotensi untuk kejadian lubang
benam.Walaubagaimanapun, kajian geomekanik jasad batuan perlu dijalankan untuk mendapatkan
parameter-parameter yang diperlukan bagi mengelaskan jasad batu kapur dan pengaruh pencirian
satah ketakselanjaran terhadap kestabilan cerun bukit batu kapur ini seterusnya mencadangkan
kaedah mitigasi yang perlu dijalankan. Lubang gerudi juga perlu dibuat di kawasan yang mempunyai
kaviti untuk mendapatkan gambaran yang lebih jelas profil sub-permukaan tapak kajian. Maklumatmaklumat ini boleh digunapakai dalam perancangan pembangunan masa hadapan di kawasan ini.
Bukit Chuping, Mata Ayer, Perlis consist of Chuping Formation (Jones, 1978) with the Permian
(~ 250 million years old) to Triassic (~ 210 million years old) which formed the karst morphology of
limestone hills at 270 meters height. The study area is around the coordinates of 6 ° 29'34.36 "N, 100
° 15'48.81" E. It is about 15 km from the Kangar Town, Perlis. On date October 14th 2000 marked a
164
Geological Society of Malaysia
POSTERS (Session 1)
historical, geological disasters where a large sinkholes occurred near Oran Army Camp, Mata Ayer,
Perlis which is located close to the study area. Thus, under The Tenth Malaysian Plan (RMKe-10)
The Minerals And Geoscience Department Malaysia (JMG) Kedah / Perlis / Penang has initiated a
follow-up study in year 2014 in order after the first study on year 2000 for current information and
the for proposing future development proposal of the area for local authorities (PBT). The study was
classify slope faces via stereonet/kinematic analysis and determine safety zone (buffer zone) within
the limestone hill according to the JMG guidelines (Demarcation of Safety Zones in the Vicinity of
Limestone Hills, 2003) and geophysics study (microgravity) at Sekolah Kebangsaan Chuping area.
The results showed that the slope faces A, B and C are in high hazard cliff category. While the slope
face D in very high hazard cliff category. Geophysics (microgravity) study result indicated the
existence of six (6) zones of low gravity values, particularly at Sekolah Kebangsaan Chuping area
which were interpreted as areas prone to collapse sinkholes. However, a study of rock mass
geomechanics needs to be carried out to obtain any parameters for limestone body classification and
planar discontinuity of limestone hills slope stability characterization, hence the mitigation measures
proposal. Drilling method should also be done at any cavities in order to get clearer subsurface
profiles in the study area. This information also can be used in the future planning of development
area.
July 2015
165
National Geoscience Conference
Perdana Hotel, Kota Bharu ♣ 31 July – 1 August 2015
P07
SOME MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BRICK DEVELOPED FROM
DRINKING WATER SLUDGE (DWS) AND ADMIXTURE OF RICE HUSK
ASH (RHA)
Z. A. Rahman*, M. M. Noradin, S. A. Rahim, W. M. R. Idris & T. Lihan
Pusat Pengajian Sains Sekitran dan Sumber Alam
Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi, UKM 43600 Bangi Selangor DE
*Corr. Author: fahmirina@gmail.com
Introduction
The need for the economic building material for construction of infrastructures is paramount
nowadays. Construction sector has been rapidly growing since the past two decades that has led to the
high demand for building material especially brick. As demand for material has increased, the cost
for construction becomes higher while the raw material gets limited. It is common to use mixture of
clay, sand, lime and cement as main ingredients in preparing conventional bricks. Approximately 2
billion tonnes of cement were produced worldwide and its production line end up with emission of
CO2 and others greenhouse gasses (Ling & Teo 2011). In addition, manufacturing of cement and
brick is associated with high usage of thermal and electrical energy (Madurwar et al. 2012).
Therefore, finding alternative materials for production of brick is sensible. Many attempts have been
made to re-utilize industrial wastes in order to produce raw materials for building construction
(Kumar 2000; Kadir & Mohajerani 2011; Koukouzas et al. 2011) and to improve mechanical
conditions of problematic soil such as peat and swelling clays (Kolias et al. 2005; Al Mukhtar et al.
2012; McCarthy et al. 2012-siti solehah). The abundant amount of wastes such as sludge from
drinking water treatment plant (DWS) and rice husk ash (RHA) can be alternative materials for brick
production.
The increase in number of DWS corresponds to poor quality of raw water and high demand of
clean water (Twort et al. 2005). In Portugal, 66,000 tonnes of sludge were produced annually
(Boaventura et al. 2000) while 34,494 tonnes were reported in Republic of Czechoslovakia (Miroslav
2008). In Malaysia, the amount of DWS is represented by 5,500 tonnes daily (SPAN 2013). The
DWS is commonly channeled to dehydration lagoon before disposal in landfill. However, due to tight
regulation imposed by landfill operator, the sludge has been dumped within the vicinity compound of
the water treatment plant. Since this material has been underutilized, the space for disposal will be
limited in the future as well other related environmental problems issues e.g. soil and water
contamination.
Rice husk ash (RHA) is an agricultural by product from the burning of rice husk. It represents
25% of the weight of husk and the remaining major of 75% are organic volatile matter (Koteswara et
al 2012). It contains high silica more than 80-85% and can be reactive as pozzolans (amorphous
silica) to substitute the function of cement (Chindaprasirt et al. 2007). In this study, RHA was added
to DWS brick to examine the influence of RHA on the mechanical characteristic of the treated brick.
The paper aimed to present some of the mechanical characteristics of brick developed from
mixture of drinking water sludge (DWS) and rice husk ash (RHA) as admixture. The brick samples
were initially dried for 21 days (curing) before testing for mechanical characterizations.
166
Geological Society of Malaysia
POSTERS (Session 1)
Materials Used
The main raw material used in this study was the sludge from the water treatment plant (DWS).
This material initially was partially dehydrated and further drying was imposed. The aggregates were
manually crushed and sieve (2 mm). The admixture material used was rice husk ash (RHA) that was
collected from Bernas milling rice plant at Tanjong Karang Selangor. Its physical appearances are
black and flaky in shape. The summary of the physical and chemical characteristics of DWS and
RHA is shown in Table 1. Particle distribution analysis on DWS is shown in Figure 1.
Preparation of Brick Samples
The standard size of brick was used for preparing the brick samples. The dimensions of the
mould are 215 mm x 102.5 mm x 65 mm (MS 76: 1972). Samples were left overnight in the mould
before were extracted out for further drying. Four differences admixture of RHA were used to
examine the effect of RHA on mechanical characteristics: 0, 5, 10 and 20%. Each proportion of RHA
consisted of 6 bricks totaling up to 24 bricks for the mechanical testing. The brick samples were
allowed to dry under room temperature up to 21 days for curing prior to testing. Figure 2 shows the
samples of brick that used in this study.
Testing Programs
Four mechanical characteristics were performed namely dimensional tolerance, density, water
absorption and unconfined compressive strength (UCS). The tests for water absorption and
compressive strength were generally accordance to BS 3921: British Standard Specifications for Clay
Bricks (1985) while for density test was performed with reference to the AS/NSS 4456.8:1997.
Dimensional Tolerance
The change in dimension of brick samples were illustrated in the percentage of volume change
of samples. The initial volume of brick sample is 1.44 106 mm3 based on the volume of mould.
After curing period of 21 days, the change in volume apparently increased at 5 and 10% of RHA
contents but as further addition of RHA content, the volume change slightly dropped from 18.7% to
18.4% (Figure 3).
Density
The density for the brick samples showed a decrease trend with the increase in amount of RHA
contents. The density values of the brick samples decreased from 1.63 gcm-3 (0 % RHA) to 1.21 gcm3
when the RHA content was 20 % in brick sample (Figure 4). The drop is probably as the result of
the inclusion of RHA of low Gs value (2.23) in the brick samples that causing overall decrease in the
density of the brick (Demir 2008).
Water Absorption
The water absorption values for bricks also decreased with the increased in RHA contents. A
significant change happened when 5% RHA was introduced in the brick sample (Figure 5). After
further increased in RHA content from 10 % and 20 %, the changes in water absorption values were
small from 40.42 % (10% RHA) to 31.48 % (20% RHA).
Compressive Strength
The UCS tests indicated that the brick samples improved in their compressive strength with the
increase in RHA contents. The values of strength increased from 0.213 MNm-2 at RHA content of
0% up to 0.0366 Mnm-2 at 20% of RHA content. The increment in strength was indicated by linear
increase of the plot as shown in Figure 6.
Conclusions
The results indicated that the potential usage of waste from drinking water treatment for
production of bricks. The effects of RHA addition as admixture in controlling the mechanical
characteristics are significant especially in dimension tolerance, water absorption and compressive
July 2015
167
National Geoscience Conference
Perdana Hotel, Kota Bharu ♣ 31 July – 1 August 2015
strength. A further study is needed to establish the contribution of temperature in improvement the
compressive strength as it still below the standard.
References
Al-Mukhtar, M., Khattab, S. & Alcover, J-F. 2012. Microstructure and geotechnical properties of
lime-treated expansive clayey soil from Oman. Building and Environment 40(5): 681-687
Boaventura, R. a. R., Duarte, A. a. S. & Almeida, M. F. 2000. Aluminum recovery from water
treatment sludge. International Conference Water Supply and Water Quality p1-4.
British Standards Institution. 1985. British Standard Specification for Clay Bricks. London, BS 3921
168
Geological Society of Malaysia
POSTERS (Session 1)
P08
PRODUCING A GEOMORPHOLOGY MAP FROM LIDAR
Habibah Hanan bt Mat Yusoff
LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) is a state-of-art technology that can produce high
resolution bare earth image. Its ability to filter ground covers such as trees and building contributes
significantly in observing the geological structures and geomorphological signatures especially in
tropical country. The objective of this study is to generate a geomorphology map by identifying the
geological and geomorphological structures from LIDAR images. LIDAR datasets were processed,
georectified, interpreted and verified. The expected result is a geomorphology map, which consists of
landforms such as drainage, floodplain, streams, hills and valleys. The map also includes geological
structures such as faults, triangular facets, horst and graben. Consequently, identifying these features
and presenting in a geomorphology map will help in understanding the geological hazards process
such as earthquakes and landslides.
July 2015
169
National Geoscience Conference
Perdana Hotel, Kota Bharu ♣ 31 July – 1 August 2015
P09
PEMETAAN GEOMORFOLOGI DAN LANDSKAP DI BAHAGIAN SELATAN
PULAU LANGKAWI, KEDAH.
GEOMORPHOLOGICAL MAPPING AND LANDSCAPE IN THE SOUTHERN
PART OF LANGKAWI ISLAND, KEDAH.
Najiatun Najla Mohamad, Che Aziz Ali, Kamal Roslan Mohammed & Norbet Simon
Program Geologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi.
Kajian ini melibatkan pemetaan geomorfologi dan pencirian landskap di bahagian selatan Pulau
Langkawi, Kedah. Secara umumnya, kawasan kajian ini terdiri daripada batuan Formasi
Machinchang, Formasi Setul, Formasi Singa, Formasi Chuping, granit, dan aluvium. Objektif utama
kajian ini untuk memetakan unit geomorfologi kawasan kajian. Kajian ini cuba memahami hubungan
antara unit geomorfologi dengan perbezaan litologi dan struktur yang terbentuk, serta memahami
proses geomorfologi yang bertindak ke atas pelbagai unit batuan. Aspek geologi, topografi, saliran,
lineamen dan proses geomorfologi dititikberatkan bagi mencapai objektif yang dirancang. Peta
topografi berdasarkan ketinggian dan kecerunan telah dihasilkan untuk memperlihatkan gambaran
awal bentuk muka bumi dan telah membahagikan kawasan kepada tiga teren iaitu teren mendatar
hingga kecerunan landai, teren sederhana curam hingga curam dan teren amat curam. Seterusnya,
peta pola saliran dilakukan dan didapati lima jenis pola saliran iaitu pola selari, pola jejala, pola
menghilang, pola mencapah dan pola reranting terbentuk. Peta tertib saliran dilakukan dan tertib satu
hingga tertib lima berjaya diplotkan. Berdasarkan data tertib saliran tersebut, telah dilakukan analisis
geomorfometri bagi memperlihatkan pengaruh struktur terhadap setiap lembangan. Pemetaan
geomorfologi dilakukan menggunakan tafsiran morfogenesis yang mengkelaskan kawasan kajian
kepada lima asalan iaitu asalan denudasi, kars, struktur, samudera dan fluvial. Setiap asalan
morfogenesis ini mempunyai sub-sub unit dengan cirian khusus yang disurih melalui bantuan
fotograf udara. Pemetaan ini dikukuhkan lagi dengan data dan perkaitan antara lima aspek di atas.
Hasilnya sebanyak enam belas sub-unit geomorfologi berjaya dipetakan bermula asalan denudasi
iaitu; sub-unit denudasi landai hingga sederhana curam (D1), denudasi perbukitan sederhana curam
hingga curam (D2), denudasi pergunungan (D3), asalan fluvial; teres fluvial (F6), asalan struktur;
kuesta (S6), hogback (S7), kubah (S10), asalan samudera; pesisir pantai (M3), pamah pasang surut
tanpa tumbuhan (M8), pamah pasang surut bertumbuhan (M9), teres samudera (M11), dan asalan
kars; penara kars (K1), perbukitan kars (K2), zon bintang kars (K4), zon kon kars (K6) dan dataran
aluvium kars (K7). Terakhir, banjaran Machinchang, morfologi kars dan landskap pantai dikenalpasti
sebagai pencirian landskap yang menarik dan berpotensi menjadi pusat geopelancongan.
This study involved geomorphological mapping and landscape characterization in the southern
part of the Langkawi Island, Kedah. In general, the geology of this study area comprises
Machinchang Formation, Setul Formation, Singa Formation, Chuping Formation, granite, and
alluvium. The main objective is to produce a geomorphological mapping of the study area. This study
attempts to understand the relationship between variation geomorphological units with different
lithology and structure, and to understand the geomorphological processes act upon the various
lithological units. Aspects of geology, topography, drainage, lineament and geomorphological
process were given special attention to achieve the objectives. Topographic maps based on height
and slope gradient were produced to show the general classification of the area, and had divided into
three, horizontal to ramps, moderate to steep and extremely steep terrain. Next, drainage pattern
map was done and five types of drainage pattern obtained. They are parallel, radial, disappears,
170
Geological Society of Malaysia
POSTERS (Session 1)
dendritic and rectangular pattern. Drainage order map of the area plotted order one to five. The data
were used for geomorfometry analysis to show the structural influence towards drainage basins.
Geomorphological mapping is done using morphogenesis interpretation that classifies the area into
five genetic unit; denudation, structure, marine, fluvial and karst units. Each genetic morphogenesis
has sub-units with a special mark traced by the help of aerial photographs. The mapping was further
strengthened by data and relationship between five aspects above. The result is sixteen sub-units
successfully plotted start with origin of denudation; denudation of horizontal to moderate steep
ramps (D1), denudation of moderate to steep hills (D2), denudation of very steep mountain (D3),
fluvial origin; fluvial terraces (F6), structural origin; cuesta (S6), hogback (S7), dome structure
(S10), marine origin; coastal (M3), lowland tidal without plants (M8), lowland tidal with plants
(M9), marine terraces (M11), karst origin; karst plateau (K1), karst hills (K2), star karst zone (K4),
cone karst zone (K6) and karst alluvial plains (K7). Finally, Machinchang range, morphology of
karst and coastal landscape characterize as special landscapes and have potential become a geotourism.
July 2015
171
National Geoscience Conference
Perdana Hotel, Kota Bharu ♣ 31 July – 1 August 2015
P10
PEMETAAN GEOMORFOLOGI PULAU DAYANG BUNTING DAN PULAU
TUBA, LANGKAWI, KEDAH
GEOMORPHOLOGICAL MAPPING OF PULAU DAYANG BUNTING AND
PULAU TUBA, LANGKAWI, KEDAH
Nurul Fahana Binti Zawri , Che Aziz Ali, Kamal Roslan Mohammed and Nobert
Simon
Program Geologi, Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi, 43600 Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Kajian melibatkan pemetaan geomorfologi di Pulau Dayang Bunting dan Pulau Tuba yang
terletak di bahagian selatan Kepulauan Langkawi. Geologi kawasan kajian melibatkan Formasi Setul,
Formasi Singa, Formasi Chuping, Granit dan endapan kuartener. Objektif utama kajian adalah untuk
membuat pemetaan geomorfologi yang melibatkan analisis terhadap topografi, saliran, teren dan
morfogenesis. Topografi kawasan kajian dibahagikan kepada tiga yang terdiri daripada tebing curam,
topografi tinggi dan topografi tanah rendah. Tafsiran terhadap pola saliran di kawasan kajian juga
turut dilakukan bagi melihat perkaitan pola saliran yang terbentuk dengan litologi kawasan, dimana
terdapat lima pola saliran iaitu reranting, jejari, subselari, menghilang dan bermeander. Analisis
kecerunan teren turut dikaji dengan merujuk kepada pengelasan yang dibuat oleh Van Zuidam
(1985), kawasan kajian telah dikelaskan kepada tiga unit teren berdasarkan kepada darjah kecerunan
sama ada sebagai teren mendatar dengan sedikit kecerunan, teren berkecerunan sederhana dan teren
amat curam. Pemetaan lineamen berdasarkan imej satelit RadarSAT merupakan satu kaedah yang
digunakan untuk melihat perkaitan antara litologi, struktur dan morfologi yang terbentuk kerana peta
lineamen dapat memberi maklumat mengenai struktur geologi sesuatu kawasan. Analisis terhadap
fotograf udara telah dibuat dan terdapat 4 unit asalan utama yang berjaya ditafsir iaitu asalan kars,
asalan denudasi, asalan samudera dan asalan fluvial. Hasil daripada kesemua analisis sebuah peta
morfogenesis telah dihasilkan.
This study involves geomorphological mapping in Pulau Dayang Bunting and Pulau Tuba,
which are located in the southern part of Langkawi archipelago. Geology of the study area comprises
Setul Formation, Singa Formation, Chuping Formation, Granite and quaternary sediments. The main
objective is to make geomorphological mapping which involves an analysis of the topography,
drainage, terrain and morphogenesis. The topography of the study area is divided into three consisted
of a steep cliff, high topographic area and low land topographic area. Interpretation of the drainage
patterns were carried out to see the relation of drainage pattern formed with the lithology, where there
are five drainage pattern of the stems, radial, sub-parallel, disappeared and meandering. With
reference to the terrain classification made by Van Zuidam (1985), the study area was classified into
three main terrain units based on the degree of slope as either horizontally with a slight slope terrain,
moderate terrain slope and very steep terrain. Lineament study was conducted based on RadarSAT to
identify the control of lineament in lithology, geological structure and how its related to the
morphology formed in the study area. Based on the analysis of the aerial photograph there are 4 main
units that had been deciphered which are karst origin, denudation origin, ocean origin and fluvial
origin. The results of all the analyzes have
172
Geological Society of Malaysia
POSTERS (Session 1)
NOTES
July 2015
173
National Geoscience Conference
Perdana Hotel, Kota Bharu ♣ 31 July – 1 August 2015
P11
APLIKASI GIS DALAM PEMULIHARAAN SUMBER WARISAN GEOLOGI
Muzaffar Yusry1, Norbert Simon2 dan Tanot Unjah1
1Institut
Alam Sekitar dan Pembangunan (LESTARI) Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor
2Program
Geologi, Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor
muzaffaryusry@siswa.ukm.edu.my
Kertas ini meneliti perkembangan pengunaan Sistem Maklumat Geografi (GIS) dalam kajian
berkaitan pemuliharaan sumber warisan geologi. Sebahagian besar kajian yang telah dilakukan lebih
kepada penyimpanan data geotapak dalam bentuk informasi pencirian yang disesuaikan dengan
kemampuan GIS untuk mengumpul, menyimpan, mengolah, menganalisis dan memaparkan data
secara ruangan dan bukan ruangan. Pendekatan lebih mendalam dalam konteks pemuliharaan sumber
warisan geologi dilihat dari segi penyimpanan dan pengolahan maklumat pengurusan geotapak.
Selain daripada pemprosesan pendigitan sempadan, pentafsiran imej satelit/foto udara dan
penambahan kriteria yang melibatkan pelan perancangan tanah akan dilihat lebih lanjut.
Pembangunan pangkalan data GIS dalam hal ini bukan sahaja untuk digunakan oleh para pakar
geosains malah oleh pihak pelaksana dan perancang dalam membangunkan kawasan dengan lebih
lestari/mampan.
Keywords: GIS, geologi pemuliharaan, warisan geologi
Pengenalan
Pemetaan sumber warisan geologi merupakan satu inisiatif baru, prinsipnya memberi fokus
kepada pendekatan teknik pemetaan, aspek penyelarasan dan pengurusan, dan pembangunan sumber
manusia (Ibrahim Komoo, et al., 2001). Kemampuan Sistem Maklumat Geografi (GIS) dalam aspek
mengumpul, menyimpan, mengolah, menganalisis dan memaparkan semula data lokasi ruangan dan
bukan ruangan (Kang, 2008) boleh menjadi platform bagi menghasilkan satu mekanisma
penyelarasan dan pengurusan yang berkesan terhadap pemuliharaan sumber warisan geologi.
Penjanaan data ruangan dan bukan ruangan juga menjadi kelebihan dalam proses pengenalpastian dan
pencirian sumber warisan geologi bagi lokasi tertentu. Pembangunan pangkalan data menggunakan
sistem maklumat berkomputer ini juga dilihat mampu menyediakan satu sistem maklumat bagi
mengendalikan dan menganalisis data yang banyak dan cekap untuk tujuan pemantauan dan
pengurusan kawasan geotapak.
Konsep
Sistem maklumat berkomputer ini mempunyai tiga komponen asas dan berkemampuan untuk
mengendali, menganalisis dan mengoperasikan kepelbagaian data ruangan dan bukan ruangan
(Ruslan & Noresah, 1998). Konsep pemetaan (Rajah 1) yang akan dijalankan mengabungkan antara
komponen GIS dan sumber warisan geologi bagi mengoperasikan sistem dengan berkesan dalam
menghasilkan data ruangan dan bukan ruangan.
Kaedah
Ibrahim Komoo (2000), membahagikan nilai warisan bagi sumber geologi dan landskap kepada
empat komponen utama iaitu nilai saintifik, nilai estetik, nilai rekreasi dan nilai budaya bagi
memudahkan proses pengenalpastian geotapak yang berpotensi sebagai sumber yang bernilai
174
Geological Society of Malaysia
POSTERS (Session 1)
warisan. Kaedah pemetaan GIS yang akan dilakukan adalah untuk menentukan pencirian sempadan
(Rajah 2) nilai saintifik geotapak dan menghasilkan rangka kerja bagi sumber warisan geologi.
Keputusan & Perbincangan
Pemetaan menggunakan teknologi GIS menjadi alat yang penting khususnya bagi pengurusan
sesuatu kawasan/wilayah serta bertindak sebagai alat komunikasi yang berkesan dalam penyebaran
ilmu pengetahuan terutamanya bagi meningkatkan kesedaran umum tentang pemuliharaan sumber
warisan geologi di Malaysia. Keupayaan GIS dalam mengumpul, menyimpan, mengolah,
menganalisis dan memaparkan semula data ruangan dan bukan ruangan membantu dalam
pembangunan kriteria, pencirian dan pengurusan kawasan pemuliharaan geotapak dengan lebih
berkesan. Penghasilan peta dan analisis yang dijalankan terhadap kawasan pemuliharaan sumber
geologi boleh digunapakai dalam menyediakan pelan perancangan pembangunan sama ada
diperingkat tempatan mahupun kebangsaan
Rujukan
Ibrahim Komoo, 2000. Conservation geology: A multidisciplinary approach in utilization of earth
resources without destruction. In: Ibrahim Komoo and Tjia, H.D. (ed.) Resource Development
for Conservation and Nature Tourism. Geological Heritage of Malaysia. Bangi: LESTARI UKM
Ibrahim Komoo.,Yunus Abd Razak.,Saim Suratman.,Mohd Shafeea Leman.,Kamal Roslan
Mohamed.,& Basir Jasin. 2001. Program pemetaan sumber warisan geologi Malaysia. Dalam
Ibrahim Komoo.,H.D.Tjia & Mohd Shafeea Leman (eds). Warisan Geologi Malaysia-Pemetaan
geowarisan dan pencirian geotapak. 3-15. Institut Alam Sekitar & Pembangunan
(LESTARI),Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Kang. T.C. 2008. Introduction to Geography Information System. ( 4th Ed ):New York: McGrawHill.
Ruslan Rainis & Noresah Mohd Shariff. 1998. Sistem Maklumat Geografi. Kuala lumpur: Dewan
Bahasa dan Pustaka.
July 2015
175
National Geoscience Conference
Perdana Hotel, Kota Bharu ♣ 31 July – 1 August 2015
P12
THE TIMELINE OF EVOLUTION AND DIVERSIFICATION OF TREE
SHREWS IN THE INDO-MALAYAN REGION
Jayaraj Vijaya Kumaran1,2,*, Ahmad Sofiman Othman2, Shahrul Anuar Mohd Sah2,
Seri Intan Mokhtar3
1Faculty
2School
3Faculty
of Earth Science, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan
of Biological Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia
of Agro Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan
Fossil records are integral part of many evolutionary studies nowadays as these records
combined with genetic data can be used to estimate speciation events. The timeline of diversification
of Scandentia previously determined by Roberts et al. (2011) indicated that the diversification of tree
shrews occurred during the Miocene period and continued right up to the late Pliocene period.
However the current diversity of tree shrews may be underestimated, as widespread species such as
T. glis, T. belangeri, T. minor and A. ellioti may probably have divergent populations that have yet to
be discovered. Here we present a re-analysis of evolutionary time line for tree shrews (Scandentia), a
group of mammals endemic to the Indo-Malayan region. 12S gene sequences of tree shrews and other
selected taxa of mammals were downloaded from NCBI (Genebank) and an additional 2 species of
tree shrews newly discovered in Peninsular Malaysia was included in a Bayesian Markov Chain
Monte Carlo (MCMC) analysis implemented in BEASTv2. A total of 5 fossil records 2 tree shrews,
primates and ancestral clade of Euarchonta was used as the calibration point for branch splitting
events. The first calibration was based on Tupaia miocena at 18 Mya (Mein and Ginsburg 1997),
which was the oldest known Tupaia and the fossil record for Eodendrogale (from the Middle Eocene,
37.2 mya; Tong 1988) was then used for calibration for the Most Recent Common Ancestor
(MRCA) of all Scandentia. Primate fossil records were also used as additional calibration points with
reference to Timetree of Life database (Hedges et al. 2006). Our analysis indicates that there were 2
major speciation events that happened during the Miocene and Pliocene period that shaped the
diversity of tree shrews known today. Our analysis also indicates there may probably be more species
to be discovered given the possibility that the period of Pleistocene may also play a role in the
diversification of tree shrews in the Indo-Malayan region. The separation of the additional T. glis
phylogroup (provisionally named as T. glis phylogroup Sumatra) from the T. glis phylogroups of
Peninsular Malaysia is estimated to be 3.06 mya in the Pliocene epoch. If the "out of Borneo theory"
(Roberts et al. 2011) was invoked, the route of colonization of the common ancestor of T. glis and T.
belangeri to the mainland of Peninsular Malaysia would be from Sumatra to Peninsular Malaysia up
to southern Thailand. The colonization of T. glis and T. javanica in to Java from Sumatra would have
happened after 2.4 mya as there was no mammals in Java prior to that period. This may likely
happened due to secondary contact i.e connection of land bridges between these two major islands
(Meijard 2004). The results highlights the importance accurate dating of fossil records in determining
the species splitting events in the evolution of mammals.
Keywords: Fossil records, Scandentia, genetic analysis
References
Hedges, S. B., & Kumar, S. (eds.). (2009). The Timetree Of Life. Oxford University Press.
176
Geological Society of Malaysia
POSTERS (Session 1)
Meijaard, E., 2004. Solving mammalian riddles: a reconstruction of the tertiary and quaternary
distribution of mammals and their palaeoenvironments in island South-East Asia. School of
Archaeology And Anthropology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia, p.
349.
Mein, P., & Ginsburg, L. (1997). Les mammifčres du gisement miocčne inférieur de li mae long,
thaïlande: systématique, biostratigraphie et paléoenvironnement. Geodiversitas, 19(4), 783-844.
Roberts, T. E., Lanier, H. C., Sargis, E. J., & Olson, l. E. (2011). Molecular phylogeny of treeshrews
(Mammalia: Scandentia) and the timescale of diversification in Southeast Asia. Molecular
Phylogenetics and Evolution, 60(3), 358-372.
Tong, Y. (1988). Fossil tree shrews from the Eocene Hetaoyuan Formation of Xichuan,
Henan. Vertebrata palasiatica, 26, 214-220.
July 2015
177
National Geoscience Conference
Perdana Hotel, Kota Bharu ♣ 31 July – 1 August 2015
P13
DETERMINATION OF INORGANIC ARSENIC IN SURFACE WATERS,
SOILS AND PLANTS FROM MALDON, AUSTRALIA
Khawar Sultan1 and Kim Dowling2
1,2School
of Marine and Environment Sciences, University Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 K. Terengganu,
Malaysia.
2School
of Science and Engineering, Federation University, Mount Helen, Victoria 3353, Australia.
Arsenic concentrations in surface water, plant and soil (< 2 mm fraction) samples collected from
six different sites in Maldon (Victoria, Australia) are reported. The study area is affected by mining
activities and the area is arsenic enriched due to geogenic processes. Concentrations in excess of 1000
mg/kg of arsenic were recorded in topsoils (0 ~ 10 cm) and more than 51% of soil samples reported
concentrations >500 mg/kg. Concentrations of As both in soils and surface waters exceeded the
ANZECC (2000) permissible limits. Total arsenic concentrations in all soil samples were higher than
those found at non-contaminated sites, specifically the State Battery location recorded elevated levels
of As (up to 3265 mg/kg). The arsenic was bioavailable as indicated by plant concentrations in the
range ~ 0.18-6.9 mg/kg of As (dry mass) with variations depending on site location and plant species.
The Maldon mining district has been mined for gold since 1853 and as a result waste rock and
tailings, rich in sulphides, cover a substantial area including the town itself. Oxidation of these
sulphides results in mobilisation of As and other heavy metals into runoff which drains into local
tributaries and water bodies and might contaminate the groundwater. A wide range of pH (3.8 ~ 8.3)
and Eh (-286 ~ +396 mV) values have been measured in surface waters. Total dissolved inorganic As
in surface water was observed to be as high as 11.5 mg/l in mine drainage waters and possible
adsorption on to Fe oxides preventing extreme mobility. This work focused on the identification of
localized contamination of As and its possible mobility and bioavailability.
Keywords: Arsenic, Soil, Contamination, Mobility, Surface water, Mine, Australia.
1. Introduction
Arsenic is ubiquitous and in addition to its natural occurrence is added to the environment
through the use of organometallic compounds, pesticides and mining operations which can pose a
threat to the environment (Smedley and Kinniburgh, 2002; Sultan, 2006). Arsenic is widely
distributed in biological systems and its toxic effects on plants and animals (Koch et al., 2000)) have
been found in contaminated environments. Elevated levels of As have been reported in children
living in areas near a smelter and cattle which were located 10 km from the source (Crecelius et al.,
1974). Through enrichment of As in soils and its uptake by vegetation it can find its way through the
food chain, and chronic health effects are likely to happen as has been observed in various countries
across the world. Due to chronic toxicity of arsenic, WHO has lowered the drinking water standard to
10 µg/L. The Commission of European Community is aiming at a standard in the range of 2-20 µg/l.
In Australia, the permissible level is 7 µg/l (ANZECC, 2000). This study reports arsenic
concentrations in soil, surface water and plants in the Maldon area. The significance of the study is
the identification of As contaminated sites and the assessment of As mobility between these media.
178
Geological Society of Malaysia
POSTERS (Session 1)
2. Study area
The study area is located in Maldon, about 120 km NW of Melbourne, Victoria. The site
includes extensive underground mining remnants and the relics of the historical mining industry can
be seen as a chimney, a battery, waste dumps and other disrupted surfaces of mine workings. There
are only a few perennial streams in the area, but localised small-scale depressions fill with water
during the wet season. Average annual temperatures range between 6°C in winter and 18°C in
summer. Average annual rainfall is around 600 mm.
3. Summary of Results:
The arsenic levels of 104 soil samples ranged from less than 24 mg/kg to as high as 3265
mg/kg. About 25% of the samples had concentrations less than 150 mg/kg of As, 27% samples had
As between 150 to 500 mg/kg and 15% of samples contained more than 1000 mg/kg of As.
The oxidation of arsenopyrite and other arsenic minerals through weathering under prevailing
environmental conditions has released arsenic into the water and soil. Former gold mining activities
led to the high arsenic contamination in surface waters. Under both oxidative and reductive
conditions, the mobility of arsenic in surface waters is observed in this study. Under the acidic to
near-neutral and aerobic conditions, As was found to be adsorbed by oxide minerals as the arsenate
form, thereby preventing the occurrence of extremely high levels of contamination. In prevailing
conditions, as pH increases, especially in highly alkaline environment with pH > 8.5, arsenic
desorption could occur causing widespread toxicity problems. Plants growing on contaminated soils
are being affected by high levels of As occurring in the soils and the bioavailability of As should be
studied at other contaminated sites in the area. This study has indicated that arsenic content of plants
reflects, in part, the degree of soil contamination.
References:
ANZECC. (2000). Australian Guidelines for Water Quality Monitoring and Reporting. Australian
and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council, Canberra.
Crecelius, E.A., Johnson, J.C., M.D., M.P.H., and Hofer, G.C. (1974). Contamination of soils near a
copper smelter by arsenic, antimony and lead. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 3: 337-342.
Koch, I., Wang, L., Ollson, C. O., Cullen, W.R., and Reimer, K. J. (2000). The Predominance of
Inorganic Arsenic Species in Plants from Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada.
Environmental Science and Technology, 34:22-26.
Smedley, P.L., Kinniburgh, D.G. (2002). A review of the source, behaviour and distribution of
arsenic in natural waters. Applied Geochemistry, 17: 517-568.
Sultan, K. (2006). Distribution of Arsenic and Heavy Metals in Soils and Surface Waters in Central
Victoria (Ballarat, Creswick and Maldon). PhD Thesis. School of Science and Engineering,
University of Ballarat, Victoria, Australia.
July 2015
179
National Geoscience Conference
Perdana Hotel, Kota Bharu ♣ 31 July – 1 August 2015
P14
GEOCHEMISTRY AND PROVENANCE OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS AT
SENTONG, LOJING, GUA MUSANG, KELANTAN
Hafzan Eva Mansor1, Wan Eva Malini Azman1, Dony Adriansyah Nazaruddin1,
Muhammad Muqtada Ali Khan1
Geology Program, Faculty of Earth Science, University Malaysia Kelantan (Jeli Campus), Locked Bag No. 100,
17600 Jeli, Kelantan.
Corresponding Author: hafzan.eva@umk.edu.my
The Gua Musang Formation (aged Permian to Triassic) in the study area is lithologically
consists of fine to coarse-grained sandstone, limestone, brecciated limestone, mudstone, shale, marble
and chert. Two sandstones and two mudstones sample were collected for determining their
petrography and geochemical characteristics in order to evaluate their provenance. The sandstones
and mudstone grains are angular to subangular, moderately to poorly sorted, and low sphericity.
Petrographically, all samples have high quartz/feldspar ratio where the percentage of monocrystalline
and polycrystalline quartz is 44.03 to 51.60%, feldspar (3.10 to 3.81%), and rock fragments (44.66 to
52.15%). All the modal composition data of sandstone, mudstone and shale were recalculated as
volumetric proportions of fragments and plotted in Q-F-L and Qm-F-Lt ternary diagrams where the
samples data plotted in the recycled orogenic (quartzose recycled) provenance field. This indicates
that the provenance of the particular lithological units were due to upfolding or upfaulting of
sedimentary or metasedimentary terranes, allowing detritus from these rocks to recycled to associated
basins. Besides, the composition of the studied samples depends upon the distribution pattern of
major elements. Several major elements found in samples are SiO2, Na2O, Al2O3, MgO, P2O5, SO3, F,
Cl, K2O, CaO, TiO2, MnO, Fe2O3, ZnO, Ga2O3, Rb2O, SrO, Y2O3, ZrO2, CuO, BaO, CeO2, and ThO2.
All samples are mainly composed of SiO2 (up to 56.732%), indicating moderate rich of silica
(quartz). The Index of Compositional Variability (ICV) of fine-grained sandstone and shale is >1
(1.392 and 1.576 respectively), and <1 for coarse-grained and mudstone (0.119 and 0.117
respectively), The Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) is used to infer the degree of weathering of
source rock. CIA values for shale is 65%, fine-grained sandstone (55%), coarse-grained sandstone
(90%), and mudstone (80%), thus indicate the sedimentary rocks underwent intense chemical
weathering of sediments, long transportation, and presence of minerals rich in compositionally
mature alumina. Low K2O/Al2O3 ratios (0.0977 to 0.210) in samples suggest some reduction of
feldspar in source area.
Keywords: Gua Musang Formation, provenance, recycled orogenic, Index of Compositional
Variability (ICV), Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA)
180
Geological Society of Malaysia
POSTERS (Session 1)
P15
EVALUATION OF CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SURFACE
WATER RESOURCES IN FLOOD AFFECTED AREA
Siti Hajar Ya’acob, Nor Sayzwani Sukri, Farah Khaliz Kedri, Rozidaini Mohd Ghazi,
Nik Raihan Nik Yusoff & Aweng A/L Eh Rak
Sustainable Science Program, Faculty of Earth Science, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan,
Flood event that occurred in mid-December 2014 in East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia has
driven attention from the public nationwide. Apart from loss and damage of properties and
belongings, the massive flood event has introduced environmental disturbances on surface water
resources in such flood affected area. A study has been conducted to measure physical and chemical
composition of Galas River and Pergau River prior to identification the flood impact towards
environmental deterioration in surrounding area. Samples that have been collected were analyzed insitu using YSI portable instrument and also in laboratory for acid digestion and heavy metals analysis
using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Results showed that range of temperature ( 0C), DO
(mg/L), Ec (µs/cm), TDS (mg/L), turbidity (NTU), pH and salinity were 25.05-26.65, 1.51-5.85,
0.032-0.054, 0.022-0.035, 23.2-76.4, 3.46-7.31 and 0.01-0.02 respectively. The results from this
study could be used as primary database to evaluate the status of water quality of the respective river
after the massive flood.
Keyword: flood, river, heavy metals, AAS
July 2015
181
National Geoscience Conference
Perdana Hotel, Kota Bharu ♣ 31 July – 1 August 2015
P16
OLISTOSTROM DALAM KARAK, PAHANG SEBAHAGIAN DARIPADA ZON
SUTURA BENTONG RAUB
Mohd Shafeea Leman* dan Muhammad Fareez Thaer
Pusat Pengajian Sains Sekitaran dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
Kawasan kajian terletak di sekitar Pekan Karak, iaitu di dalam daerah Bentong, Pahang dari
longitud 101°58'08.3"T hingga 102°05'37.6"T dan latitud 3°23'42.0"N hingga 3°28'39.0"N dengan
keluasan hampir 50 km persegi. Objektif kajian adalah untuk menafsir geologi kawasan sekitar Karak
daripada segi aspek usia, sekitaran pengendapan, dan korelasi semua unit batuan. Secara umumnya,
litologi dominan di kawasan ini terdiri daripada syis, konglomerat, syal, batu pasir, batu lodak, rijang,
batu kapur dan tuf. Fasies yang dapat dikenalpasti adalah fasies argilit, fasies konglomerat berklasta,
fasies rijang, fasies batu pasir bertuf, fasies batu pasir konvolut, fasies batu lodak berlaminasi,dan
fasies batu kapur bermikrit. Sekutuan fasies kawasan kajian terdiri daripada sekutuan fasies turbidit
kaya pasir dan lumpur yang dominan, sekutuan fasies rijang, batu kapur, dan konglomerat. Asalan
batuan fasies turbidit kaya pasir dan lumpur adalah enapan di sekitaran laut dalam Unit batuan
mempamerkan ciri jujukan Bouma (Ta,Tb,Tc,Td, dan Te). Sekutuan fasies rijang yang terdiri
daripada blok rijang dengan fosil Pseudoalbaillella scalparata sp.? berusia Perm Awal (Tahap
Sakmarian) yang merupakan enapan sekitaran laut dalam. Sekutuan fasies batu kapur mikrit yang
tiada fosil merupakan sebahagian daripada enapan sekitaran laut cetek hingga jendul benua. Sekutuan
fasies konglomerat di kawasan ini mempamerkan batu konglomerat berklasta butiran dan sokongan
matrik. Fasies selang lapis batu pasir,batu lodak, dan syal merupakan protolitos bagi syis di kawasan
kajian. Berdasarkan fosil flora Taeniopteris sp. dan Cordaites sp. yang ditemui dalam syal dapat
ditafsirkan sekitaran pengenapannya sebagai sekitaran kipas alluvium. Tafsiran unit rijang,
konglomerat, dan batu kapur adalah sebagai blok di dalam unit batuan pasir, syal berkarbon dan batu
lumpur. Secara analoginya, batuan protolitos bagi syis telah terbentuk sebelum usia Perm Awal (Silur
hingga Devon Awal), diikuti unit rijang, batu kapur, dan konglomerat yang terenap semasa Perm
Awal. Unit batu pasir, syal, dan batu lumpur berturbidit telah dienapkan pada masa Pasca Perm Awal
(Perm Akhir – Trias Tengah). Dua sistem tegasan telah dikenalpasti hasil mampatan (σ1) dari arah
barat laut – tenggara dan barat daya - timur laut. Struktur yang terhasil akibat daripada tegasan yang
dikenakan adalah sesar songsang. Berdasarkan daripada penemuan matrik batuan yang berturbidit,
jumpaan fosil, radiolaria yang berusia Perm awal (Tahap Sakmarian), dan pelbagai bongkah fasies
berbeza yang terenap di dalam matriks, dapat disimpulkan bahawa kawasan kajian, merupakan
sebahagian daripada Zon Sutura Bentong Raub iaitu bongkah – bongkah olistostrom, dan
mencadangkan bahawa batuan di kawasan kajian sesuai sebagai satu Kompleks, bukan sebagai
Formasi atau Kumpulan.
Rujukan
Ishiga, H. 1986. Late Carboniferous and Permian radiolarian biostratigraphy of southwest Japan.
Journal of Geoscience, Osaka City University 29: 89-100
Jaafar Ahmad 1976. Geology and mineral resources of the Karak and Temerloh areas, Pahang.
Geological Survey of Malaysia District Memoir 15: 127 pp.
Kamal Roslan Mohamed 1989. Stratigrafi Batuan Trias di Zon Tengah Semenanjung Malaysia.
Laporan Teknik FSFG, 3, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia : 87-98
182
Geological Society of Malaysia
POSTERS (Session 2)
Metcalfe, I. 1999. The Palaeo-Tethys in East Asia. Geological Society of Malaysia Bulletin 43: 131 –
143
Metcalfe, I. 2000. The Bentong-Raub suture zone. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 18: 691-712
Metcalfe, I. & Chakraborty, K. R. 1994. A stratigraphic log of Semantan Formation along part of the
Mentakab- Temerloh Bypass, Pahang. Geological Society of Malaysia Bulletin 55: 37 – 46
Richardson, J. A. 1950. The geology and mineral resources of the neighbourhood of the
neighbourhood of Chegar Perah and Merapoh, Pahang. Geological Survey Department,
Federation of Malaya, Memoir, 4 (new series): 162pp.
Scrivenor, J. B. 1931. The Geology of Malaya. Macmillan andCo. Ltd., London: 217pp.
Shu, Y. K. 1989. Geology and mineral resources of the Kuala Kelawang area, Jelebu, Negeri
Sembilan. Geological Survey of Malaysia District Memoir 20: 208p.
Tjia, H. D. 1987. Olistostrome in the Bentong area, Pahang. Geological Society of Malaysia Warta
Geologi 13, 105-111.
July 2015
183
National Geoscience Conference
Perdana Hotel, Kota Bharu ♣ 31 July – 1 August 2015
P17
GEOCHEMISTRY SEDIMENT CORE OF KEMAMAN RIVER ESTUARY,
TERENGGANU, EAST COAST PENINSULAR MALAYSIA
Nik Hani Shahira Bt Nik Shirajuddin, Hasrizal B Shaari and Khawar Sultan
School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu,21030 Kuala Terengganu,
Terengganu,Malaysia
This study reports elemental concentration and physical properties of core sediment (~200cm)
from Kemaman River Estuary, Terengganu, East Coast Peninsular Malaysia. This work focus on
understanding depositional environment in a tropical estuarine setting by investigating grain size
characteristic and selected elemental (K, Na, Ca, Mg, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cd) concentrations using
Flame-Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (F-AAS). Samples were sectioned (interval thickness ~2 cm)
which produced 100 samples. Concentrations of Na, Mg, Pb and K showed a trend of increasing with
depth, and concentrations of Cu decrease with depth. However, the concentrations of Ca, Zn and Cd
did not show a systematic change of concentration along the core depth. At the depth of 80 cm to 100
cm all metals showed a change of concentration which indicated a significant change of estuarine
depositional environment. This observation can be explained by possibility of high moosoon flooding
and/or sea level changes. Index of geoaccumulation (Igeo) were used to differentiate the typical metal
sources. The major elements (K, Na, Ca and Mg) in the sediment originated from terrigenous sources
meanwhile the trace element (Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cd) originated from anthropogenic sources.
The average of total organic carbon (TOC) is 1.4% and showed the cyclic trend of increasing
and decreasing values. The percentage of organic carbon (%) also showed a strong correlation (r =
0.582; n=100) with specific surface area (m2/g). Most of the samples were silt dominated (~55.74%)
and therefore were classified as silty loam. Morphology of grain shape pointed to angular to subangular shape. Generally, sediment was found to be poorly sorted and skewness was observed to be
symmetrical to very coarse skewed. The deposited sediments in the core sample seem to be
dominantly riverine in origin as compared to marine inputs. This worked is important to report
changes of depositional environment of the recent past in a tropical estuarine environment.
Keywords: core sediment, estuary, elements, grain size, total organic carbon (TOC)
184
Geological Society of Malaysia
POSTERS (Session 2)
P18
CHANGES IN BEACH PROFILES AND SEDIMENTS DURING THE
NORTHEAST MONSOON BETWEEN KG. NIPAH AND KG. REKANG,
BACHOK, KELANTAN
Elanni Md Affandi
Department of Geology, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur
The Kelantan coast is strongly influenced by the Northeast Monsoon which blows from
November to March and results in stretches of eroded beaches which affect local villages. The study
area extends along the Bachok District coasts over some 5.2 km from Kg. Nipah in the north to Kg.
Kuala Rekang in the south. The main aims of the research project are to compare well established
beach profiles in terms of volumetric changes before and after a single season of the Northeast
Monsoon, as well as study the beach sediments present in the different times. Field and laboratory
methods used in this study include beach profiling in the field at 3 different dates as well as the
collection and analyses of beach sediments by dry sieving.
The research project thus intended to understand the progressive influence of the Northeast
Monsoon on the study area in terms of whether erosional or depositional processes occurred from the
changes in beach profiles. The results from plots of third moments show that fine sand in the study
area is mostly from beach sediments while medium sand at some sites originates from sand
replenishment source. A southward directed littoral drift during the Northeast monsoon appears to be
present in the study area with sites of erosion in the northern stations (Kg. Nipah –Kg. Pantai Bharu)
while there is accretion of sediment at the southern stations (Kg. Melawi- Kg. Kuala Rekang).
Nevertheless, results from the volumetric analysis of beach profiles show slight contradiction
with inconsistent trend of beach profile changes.
The occurrence of southward littoral drift along the shoreline is evident through the fining
southward pattern of the mean grain size of the sand. Furthermore, the samples from the southern
stations seem to be more rounded due to the rapid abrasion of grains carried by longshore drift from
the northwestward direction. Sand samples collected during end monsoon shows a significantly well
sorted texture, positive skewness and better degree of sphericity towards inland, which could be
explained by the high wave velocity. These characteristics constrain the probable provenance which
is determined as mostly beach sand or inland dunes (refer to Figure 1).
The prediction that this stretch of coastline is only subjected to erosion of beach sediments
during this period could not be proven since the analysis of volumetric calculations of beach profile
implies both process of accretion and deposition occur along this short coastal segment (refer to
Table 1). The process of erosion and deposition occurs concurrently whereby when one segment up
north is eroded away, these sediments will be carried downsouth and deposited there once the wind
waves and littoral transport loses its energy. Nonetheless, the rate of littoral drift is small compared to
other coastline where the major factors include the wind waves, wind and fluctuations of tide. The
study tells us that the pattern of erosion and deposition is variable along the station.
In terms of location, deposition predominates along Station 2 to Station 5 (Kg. Rhu Muda tp Kg.
Pantai Bharu) when measured during post monsoon.The highest volume of sediment accumulated in
terms of beach profile change between post monsoon and end monsoon season is +32.94735m 3
measured at Station 5, Kg. Pantai Bharu. While erosion occurs at Station 10, Kg.Nipah and Kg.
Rhu Muda with sediment change as much as - 46.2 m3 and -23.7532 m3 respectively.
July 2015
185
National Geoscience Conference
Perdana Hotel, Kota Bharu ♣ 31 July – 1 August 2015
Basically, we can assume the pre monsoon beach profiles represent the latest topology
influenced by the preceeding southwest monsoon which occurred from May to September.
Erosional features are more common along the northern stations compared to the southern stations.
Steeper profiles represent rapid erosion and coarser sediments usually brought by the storm waves
during the monsoonal period. Furthermore, there is no evidence of backshore retreat or erosion to
imply that the sediment accumulation near the foreshore originated from those zone, hence they are
probably coming from offshore. Despite this, there is no spatial trend that can be deduced from the
volumetric changes.
REFERENCES
Bosch, J.H.A. (1986). Young Quaternary Sediments in the Coastal Plain of Kelantan,Peninsular
Malaysia, Geol. Sur. Mal. Quat, Geol, Sect No. QG/2 42.
Friedman, G. M. (1961). Distinction between dune, beach, and river sands from their textural
characteristics. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 31(4), 514-529.
Friedman, G. M. (1967). Dynamic processes and statistical parameters compared for size frequency
distribution of beach and river sands. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 37(2).
Friedman, G. M., & Johnson, K.G. (1982). Exercises in sedimentology. New York: John Wiley&
Sons.
Friedman, G. M., & Sanders, J. E. (1978). Principles of sedimentology (Vol. 8). New York:
JohnWiley & Sons.
Glenn S. Visher. (1969). Grain Size Distributions and Depositional Processes. SEPM Journal
OfSedimentary Research, Vol. 39. doi:10.1306/74d71d9d-2b21-11d7-8648000102c1865d
Husain, M. L., Yaakob, R., & Saad, S. (1995). Beach Erosion Variabiltiy during a Northeast
Monsoon: The Kuala Setiu Coastline, Terengganu, Malaysia. Pertanika Journal of Science &
Technology, 3(2), 337-348.
Koopmans, B.N., 1972. Sedimentation in the Kelantan delta (Malaysia). Sedimentary Geol., 7:65-84.
McLaren, P. (1981). An interpretation of trends in grain size measures. Journal of Sedimentary
Research, 51(2).
Moiola, R. J., & Weiser, D. (1968). Textural parameters; an evaluation. Journal of Sedimentary
Research, 38(1), 45-53.
Nossin, J. J. (1964). Beach ridges on the east coast of Malaya. Journal of Tropical Geography, 18,
111-117.
Ooi, C. A., & Sasekumar, A. (1996, October). Coastal erosion management in Malaysia.
In Proceedings of the 13th Annual Seminar: Impact of Development and Pollution on the Coastal
Zone in Malaysia. Malaysian Society of Marine Sciences, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia (pp. 112).
Raj, J., Yusoff, I., & Abdullah, W. H. (2007). Past, present and future coastal changes at the Kuala
Kemasin estuary, Kelantan State. Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull., 53. pp 75-80.
Raj. J.K. (1982). Net directions and rates of present-day beach sediment transport by littoral drift
along the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull., 15. pp 57-82.
Teh, T. S., & Shamsul Bahrin, T. (1995). Failure of the Pengkalan Datu Breakwater in Kelantan:
Some lessons learned. Malaysian Journal of Tropical Geography, 26(2), 159-167.
186
Geological Society of Malaysia
POSTERS (Session 2)
Teh, T.S., (1993). Potential Impacts of Sea Level Rise on Permatang Coasts of Peninsula Malaysia.
Malaysia Journal of Tropical Geography, 24, 41-55.
Teh, T.S., (September, 1989). The Permatang System in Peninsula Malaysia: An overview. Paper
presented at International Symposium on Coastal Evaluation, Management and Exploration in
Southeast Asia, Ipoh, Malaysia.
Tjia, H.D. 1970. Monsoon-control of the Eastern Shoreline of Malaya. Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull., 3.
pp. 9-15.
Visher, G. S. (1969). Grain size distributions and depositional processes. Journal of Sedimentary
Research, 39(3).
Wong, P. P. (1981). Beach change on a monsoon coast, Peninsular Malaysia. Geol. Soc. Malaysia
Bull., 14, pp. 47-59.
July 2015
187
National Geoscience Conference
Perdana Hotel, Kota Bharu ♣ 31 July – 1 August 2015
P19
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF BUKIT BUNUH IMPACT CRATER USING
TRANSIENT ELECTROMAGNETIC METHOD
Khairul Arifin Mohd Noh1, Muhammad Hasif Syazwan Shamsul1, Mohd Mokhtar
Saidin3, Mohd, Nawawi Mohd Nordin4, Zuhar Zahir Tuan Harith5
1Faculty
of Geosciences and Petroleum Engineering Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS
khairula.nmoh@petronas.com.my
hasifsyazwan@gmail.com
3Centre
for Archaeological Research Malaysia Universiti Sains Malaysia mmokh@usm.my
4School
5School
of Physics Universiti Sains Malaysia mnawawi@usm.my
of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure, and Sustainability Heriot Watt University Malaysia
z.harith@hw.ac.uk
Bukit Bunuh is believed to be a site of a complex impact crater which occurred during the
Quaternary age. According to Ferriere (2012), the presence of an impact crater is proven by
diagnostic shock metamorphism features both on macroscopic and microscopic level such as shatter
cones, planar deformation features, etc. Although various studies have been done to prove the
existence of an impact crater at Bukit Bunuh, few have discussed the geomorphology of the crater by
combining both a geological and geophysical approach to the matter with exceptions to Khairul
Arifin et. Al (2010), Samsudin et. A l. (2012), Hamzah et. Al. (2012), Saad et. Al.(2012). Hence, this
study is to provide understanding of the fracture patterns surrounding the granitic bedrock of the
expected central uplift (Bukit Bunuh) of crater.
The fieldwork was carried out through combination of structural geology assessment and
Transient Electromagnetic (TEM) survey (Figure 1).The TEM method proved to be a
desirable method for fracture detection as the moisture in-filled fractures would provide an anomaly
high conductivity reading compared to the surroundings. A total of six survey lines were done in the
Bukit Bunuh area with length of 1 to 2 kilometers and a skin depth of average 15 meters with the
target depth being from about 7-40 meters.
Four lines were done surrounding the impact crater and two lines through the central uplift
caused by the impact. This is done to cover the conductivity patterns inside and surrounding the
impact crater. Meanwhile for structural geology approach, a rose diagram was constructed (Figure
3a) using
149 readings of strike and dip collected from six different outcrops surrounding the impact
crater.From the two assessments, a rose diagram and conductivity map was produced respectively to
be correlated and accurately deduce the stress and strain force regime.
The combination of the geological and geophysical approach was a sound choice as it
allowed both data sets to be correlated and thus enhance the accuracy of the interpretation made.From
the 2D TEM results (Figure 2), it can be inferred that the fracture zones are more intense approaching
the central uplift as it has the closest proximity to the impact center which generates the highest force
causing the most prominent fractures. While, the survey lines further away from the impact crater
exhibited a lower concentration of fractures compared the line closest to the impact crater. The profile
188
Geological Society of Malaysia
POSTERS (Session 2)
conductivity sections were correlated with core logging data collected by the Mineralogical and
Geoscience Department of Perak in 2010.
Based on Palacky (1987) subsurface conductivity depends on porosity of subsurface material,
degree of saturation, concentration of dissolved electrolytes in pore fluids and particle size. Thus
based on the 2D sections, the fallen granitic boulders possibly from the Bintang and Main Range
have very low porosity display a very low conductivity of 8-12mS/m. There is also a rapid inflow of
sediments from the Bintang Range and the Main Range described as alluvium infill with a
conductivity value of 80-200 mS/m. Due to the smaller particle size of possibly of silt and sand, the
conductivity is naturally higher than that of the fallen granitic boulders. Comparing the nonimpacted granite (1500-1700 mS/m) to the impacted granite(2300-5300 mS/m), the large difference
is due to the high concentration of fracture due to the proximity of the impact of the latter
compared to the former which may be due to effects of weathering. The multiple fractures allow
meteoric water to seep into the fractures that rapidly increases conductance while the nonimpacted granite weathering process may also cause this but to a lesser extent explaining the higher
resistivity compared to the impacted granite.
In regards to the correlation between rose diagram and conductivity contour map at 20 m depth
slice (Figure 3), the results dictate the low conductivity in a NE-SW direction is probably caused by
the central uplift from compressional forces, sigma 1 (δ1) and the high conductivity at a NW-SE
direction is probably caused by extensional force, sigma 3 (δ3) fractures on the bedrock.
Consequently, this suggest that the central uplift would be a product of compression causing the
lower conductivity anomaly while the fractured bedrock would be a product of extensional forces
which would give a higher conductivity anomaly since these fractures would be in-filled by fluids.
REFERENCES
Ferrière L. 2012. Definitive criteria for meteorite impact (2 pages abstract). International conference
on Archaeogeology of meteorite impact at Bukit Bunuh area, Lenggong, Perak. Penang,
Malaysia.
Hamzah, U., Samsudin, A. R., Saidin, M., Ariffin, M. H., Rahmad, S., Roslan, N. A., & Sahibul
Karamah, M. S. (2012). Morphology of Bukit Bunuh Crater: Geophysical resistivity
(VES) evidences. International Conference on Bukit Bunuh (ICBB 2012) Extended Abstract,
22-23.
Khairul Arifin, M. N., Nawawi, M. N. M., Saidin, M., Mohammad Shaffwan, M. S., Mohammad
Firdaus, A., & Mohd Hanis, M. (2010). Magnetic gradiometer survey at Bukit Bunuh, Perak:
Preliminary study on unrevealed meteorite impact crater. AIP Conference Proceedings, 1250,
185-188.
Palacky, G.V. (1987), Resistivity characteristics of geologic targets, in Electromagnetic Methods in
Applied Geophysics, Vol 1, Theory, 1351
Saad, R., Saidin, M., Nordiana, M. M. , Ismail, N. A., Ismail, N. E. H., Bery, A. A., & Mohamad , E.
T. (2011). Subsurface study using 2-D resistivity imaging method for meteorite impact crater at
Bukit Bunuh, Perak. Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 16, 1507-1513.
Samsudin, A. R., Saidin, M., Harun, A. R., Ariffin, M. H., Hamzah, U., & Sahibul Karamah, M. S.
(2012). Morphology of Bukit Bunuh Crater: Geophysical gravity evidences. International
Conference on Bukit Bunuh (ICBB 2012) Extended Abstract, 19-21
July 2015
189
National Geoscience Conference
Perdana Hotel, Kota Bharu ♣ 31 July – 1 August 2015
P20
SECOND GOLD BELT DEPOSIT IN TERSANG, PAHANG OF PENINSULAR
MALAYSIA
Ahmad Fauzan Yusoff and Jasmi Hafiz Abdul Aziz
Department of Geology, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur
The Tersang area is located in the northwestern part of Pahang, approximately 14 km north of
Raub town. This area is bounded approximately by latitudes 3 o 53’ N to 4 o 02’ N and by longitudes
101 o 47’E to 101 o 53’E (Figure 1.1). The gold samples has been taken from Tersang Hill Mine and
noticed to be a primary gold. This study was determined by using Plane Polarize Light (PPL), BSE
images, EPMA EDS scan and EPMA X – ray map.
The Tersang Hill Mine is located on part of a north-south trending ridge where underlain by
weathered interbeds of arenaceous and argillaceous rocks. The arenaceous rock is fine grained
tuffaceous sandstone while the argillaceous rock is laminated shale. The bedding at Tersang Hill
Mine generally trend between 070 o and 100 o, while the dip is steep, mainly to the south.
The type of gold mineralization occurs in the Tersang Hill Mine are sheeted quartz veins and
stockwork system. The quartz veins in the area generally trend from 070 o to 140o , where the
thickness is more than 1 m thick for all major veins and 20 to 100 cm for the majority veins. Majority
of the veins are dipping from 50o to 70o to the north and northeast, while some are dipping 40 o to 60o
the southwest. The major veins are generally persistent over a distance of 50 m, although the
majorities extend laterally between 10 and 50 m.
The brecciated wall rock in the veins and the displacement of veins by latter veins indicate the
presence of fault and joints process even the sense of movement is not clear. Mineralization fluid is
provided by these fractures and when the temperature drops, the deposition of gold occurred.
The quartz – gold bearing veins occur as thin veins and stringers which branch from quartz sulphide
veins.
Study on petrographic show the gold is angular to sub – angular roundness and discoidal to sub
– prismoidal sphericity (Figure 1.2). Gold in the quartz veins are mainly associated with pyrite
(FeS2), chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), cinnabar (HgS), iron oxides (Fe,O), cassiterite (SnO 2), ilmenite
(FeTiO3), rutile (TiO2), arsenopyrite (FeAsS), monazite [(Ce, La, Nd, Th) PO 4], zircon (ZrSiO4),
associated silicates (Si,Al,O) and valentinite Sb2O3. Occurrence of valentinite is reported for the first
time in this area. The valentinite grains occur at the interstitial spaces in iron oxides and quartz, and
this occurrence is confirmed by the EPMA X-ray map. In general, the gold occurs is fine grains and
aggregates, and as fine dissemination within, and infilling fracture and interstices of quartz veins.
The variable quantities of Ag, Pb, Sb, Te, Cu, Ad, Fe and Si that found together with gold
indicate of variation in this area. Data from EPMA quantities show the primary gold composition in
the Tersang Hill Mine ranges from 87.97 wt% to 98.70 wt%. These gold samples also show that there
are three model fineness values for primary gold in this area, namely, 979, 961 and 882 where it is
quite high in gold composition. This modal fineness values suggest at least three different episodes of
gold mineralization which could be related to the three vein directions.
190
Geological Society of Malaysia
POSTERS (Session 2)
EPMA quantitative analysis shows nine elements where found associated in gold composition.
These elements are gold (Au), silver (Ag), lead (Pb), antimony (Sb), tellurium (Te), copper (Cu),
aluminium (Al), iron (Fe) and silica (Si) (Table 1). The high concentrations among the others are gold
(Au) and silver (Ag). The highest concentration for gold (Au) and silver (Au) are 98.70 wt% and
11.91 wt% respectively. While the lowest concentration for gold (Au) and silver (Au) are 87.97 wt %
and 1.10 wt %. The rest of elements have concentration range from .22 wt% to 0.10 wt % and also
have 0.00 wt % of elements at certain part of particular area where the sample is taken. Although the
very least of concentration among the others sample is tellurium (Te)
References:
Khoo, S.C., 1988. Geology and Mineralization of the Cheroh –Tersang area, Pahang Darul Makmur.
Unpubl. Bsc. Hons. Thesis, Univ. of Malaya, 98 p.
Lee, A.K., Khong Y., and Ong, W.H., 1986. Gold Mineralization and Prospects in North
Pahang Darul Makmur, Peninsular Malaysia. Unpubl. Report for Geol. Surv. Of Malaysia,7 – 9.
Wan Fuad Wan Hassan and Heru Sigit Purwanto, 2002. Type deposits of Primary gold mineralization
in the Central Belt of Peninsular Malaysia. Bull of the Geol. Soc. of Malaysia, 45, 111 –
115.
Teh, G.H., 2000. Research and Industrial Applications of the Electron Probe X-ray
Microanalyzer (EPMA) in Malaysia. In: Proceedings ACXRI 2000 (Asian Conference and Xrays and Related Technique in Research and Industry), 20 – 22 November 2000.
July 2015
191
National Geoscience Conference
Perdana Hotel, Kota Bharu ♣ 31 July – 1 August 2015
P21
SEISMIC STRATIGRAPHIC INTERPRETATION AND FACIES ANALYSIS OF
THE OFFSHORE SOUTHERN GIPPSLAND BASIN, AUSTRALIA
Fatin Fariha Mohd Wafa
Department of Geology, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur
Seismic stratigraphic and facies analysis was performed in the Offshore Southern Gippsland
Basin, Australia. This study was performed to understand the depositional environment of the study
area through seismic sequence and facies analysis approach. Twenty 2D seismic data was used to
conduct this study. The seismic data were analyzed to extract structural and stratigraphic information.
Firstly, fault interpretation was done in order understand the signatures of the structural elements.
Horizon interpretation came next by applying seismic sequence analysis. After a seismic sequence
was defined, seismic facies analysis was carried out within the sequence in order to classify the
seismic reflections based on its reflection parameters. The parameters reflect geological information
that aids in understanding the depositional environment.
Through fault interpretation, the direction of extension of the E-W trending basin and the
direction to the depocenter of the basin are known – SSW-NNE and NNE respectively. Through
seismic sequence analysis, two seismic sequence boundaries, SB1 and SB2 were identified. SB1 is
the upper boundary while SB2 is the lower boundary. SB1 was recognized on the seismic data by
truncation and onlap of the overlying seismic reflectors, while SB2 was recognized by downlap of
overlying inclined seismic reflectors. Erosional truncation on SB1 is believed to be due to canyoning
based on its external geometry and magnitude in length. The sequence boundaries were relatively
easy to be identified as they have high impedence. This high impedence might be due to carbonate
alteration due to canyoning.
With reference to previous studies, SB1 might be Top of Angler Subgroup and SB2 the Mid
Miocene Marker while the sequence within SB1 and SB2 is believed to be the Angler Subgroup, a
subgroup within the calcareous Seaspray Group. Faulting rarely extends above the sequence,
suggesting it is deposited post-rift. Faulting also would usually follow the trend of pre-existing faults
which is W-E to WSW-ENE, suggesting it is formed due to subsidence and propagate from preexisting faults.
From both time structure maps, it was observed the surface of SB1 is dipping at a low angle
towards SB2 and the thickness gradually thins out in the NE direction. This suggest the sequence
thins out from a shallower area to a deeper area. Also, based on the external form of the sequence, it
is interpreted to be deposited in a ramp-like setting with a distally steepened margin. The dipping of
upper reflectors towards SB2 might be due to in-place carbonate production.
Through seismic sequence and facies analysis, a seismic facies map was produced which aid in
understanding the depositional environment. Three types of seismic facies labeled A, B and C was
distinguished based on its reflection parameters. The parameters include reflection configuration,
continuity, amplitude and frequency. It was discovered that the facies changes laterally and thins out
from SW to NE following the direction to the deeper part of the basin. The interpretation of these
facies’ parameters showed that these facies changes from inner shelf, to middle shelf, to outer shelf
environment, concluding a shelf environment. It is revealed that at a certain point of time, the basin
has experienced carbonate progradation after rifting regressed in a ramp setting with a distally
steepened margin.
192
Geological Society of Malaysia
POSTERS (Session 2)
REFERENCES
Bernecker, T., Partridge, A.D., 2001. Emperor and Golden Beach Subgroups: the onset of Late
Cretaceous Sedimentation in the Gippsland Basin, SE Australia. In: Hill, K.C. and Bernecker, T
(eds), Eastern Australasian Basins Symposium, A Refocused Energy Perspective for the Future.
Petroleum Exploration Society of Australia, Special Publication, 391–402.
Department of Industry Tourism and Resources, Australian Government, 2007. Release of
AustralianOffshore Petroleum Exploration Areas: Areas V07-01, V07-2 and V07-3, Gippsland
Basin.
Feary, D.A., Loutit, T.S., 1998. Cool-water carbonate facies pattern and diagenesis – the key to the
Gippsland Basin ‘velocity problem’. APPEA Journal 38 (1), 137-46
Holdgate, G.R., Wallace, M.W., Daniels, J., Gallagher, S.J., Keene, J.B., Smith, A.J., 2000. Controls
on Seaspray Group Sonic Velocities in the Gippsland Basin – A Multidisciplinary Approach to
the Canyon 'Seismic Velocity Problem'. APPEA Journal, 40(1), 295-313.
James, N.P., Christopher, C., 1991. Carbonate shelf edge off southern Australia: a prograding openplatform margin. Geology, 19(10), 1005-1008.
James, N.P., 1997. Cool-water carbonates (No. 56). SEPM Society for Sedimentary.
Liang, L., Hale, D., Maučec, M., 2010. Estimating Fault Displacements in Seismic Images.
Proceedings of Society of Exploration Geophysicists 2010 Annual Meeting.
Mitchum Jr, R.M., Vail, P.R., Sangree, J.B., 1977. Seismic Stratigraphy and Global Changes of Sea
Level, Part 6: Stratigraphic Interpretation of Seismic Reflection Patterns in Depositional
Sequences. Seismic Stratigraphy-Applications to Hydrocarbon Exploration, 117-133.
Partridge, A.D., 1999. Late Cretaceous to Tertiary geological evolution of the Gippsland Basin,
Victoria. PhD thesis, La Trobe University. Bundoora, Victoria, 439p (unpublished).
Posamentier, H.W., Jervey, M.T., Vail, P.R., 1988. Eustatic controls on clastic deposition I –
conceptual framework in Wilgus, C.K., Hastings, B.S., Kendall, C.G.St.C., Posamentier, H.W.,
Ross, C.A. and Van Wagoner, L.C., (eds). Sea-level changes: an integrated approach SEPM
Special Publications 42. 109-124
Rahmanian, V.D., Moore, P.S., Mudge, W.J., Spring, D.E., 1990. Sequence stratigraphy and the
habitat of hydrocarbons, Gippsland Basin. In: Brooks, J. (editor), Classic Petroleum Provinces,
Geological Society Special Publication No. 50, 525–541.
Smith, G.C., 1988. Oil and gas. In: Douglas, J.G. and Ferguson, J.A. (eds), Geology of Victoria.
Geological Society of Australia Special Publication 5, 514–531.
Vail, P.R., 1987. Seismic stratigraphy interpretation using sequence stratigraphy: Part 1: Seismic
stratigraphy interpretation procedure.
July 2015
193
National Geoscience Conference
Perdana Hotel, Kota Bharu ♣ 31 July – 1 August 2015
P22
DEEP WATER CHANNEL FILL, CHANNEL LEVEE DEPOSITS AND
POSSIBLE CONTOURITES IN A SUBMARINE FAN COMPLEX: THE
PALAEOGENE BELAGA FORMATION, SIBU, SARAWAK.
Galih Yudha Kuswandaru, Meor Hakif Amir Hassan, Nur Iskandar Taib
Geology Department, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur
gyk18@live.com
Introduction
This study focuses on deep water sediments of Palaeocene-Lower Eocene, the Pelagus Member,
Belaga Formationr, which have previously been interpreted as being deposited in a discharge area
associated with a submarine fan system (Zainol et al., 2007). These sediments have been strongly
deformed by the Eocene Sarawak Orogeny, creating a complex accretionary prism (Hutchison, 2005).
Within the Pelagus Member, thick sandstone beds and heteroliths are common, and were interpreted
to be deposited in unchannelized submarine fan lobes, based on the absence of channel geometries
(Zainol et al., 2007). However, new exposures and a detailed facies analysis presented here provide
an alternate view.
Methodology
This study was conducted using standard facies analysis methods. Sedimentary sections were
divided into facies based on lithology, grain size and sedimentary structures. Larger scale facies
associations were constructed in order to interpret depositional environments.
Facies and facies associations
Facies description
Five facies are identified in the Pelagus Member, Belaga Formation exposed around Sibu; 1)
Thick sandstone facies, which is characterised by 40-300 cm thick of coarse to fine grained, tabular
sandstone beds, commonly displaying erosional bases with a concave-upward profile. The beds
display normal grading and elongated and rounded mudclasts are common. Bed forms are tabular and
concave upwards. Beds are commonly amalgamated and represented by Bouma (1962) Ta-c/d
divisions. 2) Medium-bedded, structured sandstone facies, characterised by 15-30 thick of medium to
fine grained, tabular sandstone beds , generally showing normal grading. Abrupt change in grain size
is common but rarely show sharp erosional bases. Bidirectional ripple orientations are observed. The
facies is commonly compsed of and Bouma Ta/b-d/e divisions. 3) Heterolithic interbedded sandstone
and mudstone. The bed thickness is between 10-15 cm and the sand is characterised by tabular, fine
grained sandstone beds with sharp bases and comprising Bouma Tb-d divisions. 4) Heterolithic thin very thin sandstone. The sand is characterised by 1-10 cm-thick, tabular, fine grained sandstone beds
with sharp bases and and composed of Bouma Tb/c-d divisions. 5) Mudstone (lenticular bedding) is
characterised by 10-100 cm thick bedded mudstone interbedded with very thin sandstone beds (<1
cm), laminae and lenses,.
Facies associations
Three facies association are identified in this study; 1) Channel fill facies association is
composed of facies 1 and 3. facies 1 forms amalgamated stacks up to 4 m thick. The amalgamated
stack fines upward and displays a wedge-shaped bed geometry. Facies 3 is intercalated between the
amalgamated sandstone. 2) Channel levee facies association comprises facies 2,3, and 4. This facies
194
Geological Society of Malaysia
POSTERS (Session 2)
association forms up to 15 m thick, thinning upward successions of alternating, dm- to m-thick
intervals of facies 2,3 and 4. Facies 2 and 4 form most of the facies association, while facies 3 is rare.
3)Basinal plain facies association is composed of facies 1,2,4 and 5. Facies 2,4 and 5 commonly
form stacks up to 15 m thick . The sandstone bed share relatively thinner compared to the other
facies associations and is dominated by facies 5. Facies 1 is rare and its bed thickness is typically less
than 30 cm.
Facies interpretation
Based on the each facies description, facies 1 was deposited by high energy and high turbidity
currents or debris flows. Wedge-shaped beds may indicate confined environments (channelised)
while tabular beds formed in unconfined environments. Facies 2 was deposited by moderately high
energy and moderately erosive, low density turbidity currents, probably representing channel
overspill. Bidirectional ripple orientations indicate the beds might have been influenced by deep
water bottom currents (contourites). Facies 3 was deposited from very low energy, non-erosive and
low density turbidity currents. The thin beds may indicate that it was deposited quite a distance from
the channel margin. Facies 4 is interpreted to be likely deposited from dilute, fine grained
overspilling turbidity currents. Heterolithic beds associated with levee channels was probably formed
by periodic effective and ineffective turbidity flows, which bypassed the channel bends and
transported the sediments downward the slope of channel levees. Facies 5 likely deposited from
pelagic or hemipelagic deposits, with the presence of thin sandstone layers representing deposition
from the end-tail of long-lived high density turbidity currents.
Conclusion
A detailed facies analysis of the (Palaeocene-Lower Eocene) Pelagus Member, Belaga
Formation, exposed around Sibu was conducted. Five facies and three facies associations were
identified. The facies associations are interpreted as representing channel fill, channel levee and
basinal plain deposits associated with a deep water submarine fan complex.
References
Bouma, A.H., 1962, Sedimentology of Some Flysch Deposits; A Graphic Approach to Facies
Interpretation: Amsterdam, Elsevier, 168p.
Hutchison, C, S. (2005) Geology of North-West Borneo, Sarawak, Brunei and Sabah. Pp. 11-76
Zainol, A.A.B., Madon, M., Abdul Jalil, M., (2007) Deep-marine sedimentary facies in the Belaga
Formation (Cretaceous-Eocene), Sarawak: Observations from new outcrops in the Sibu and
Tatau areas. Geological Society of Malaysia, Bulletin 53, pp. 35-45.
July 2015
195
National Geoscience Conference
Perdana Hotel, Kota Bharu ♣ 31 July – 1 August 2015
P23
MINERALIZATION AND GOLD GEOCHEMISTRY IN VOLCANIC MASSIVE
SULPHIDE OF BUKIT BOTOL NEAR TASIK CHINI, PAHANG
Dita Elisa and Jasmi Hafiz Abdul Aziz
Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur,
The study area is located in Bukit Botol near Tasik Chini, Pahang by latitudes 2 29’ N to 3 24’
N and by longitudes 102 50’ E to 103 04’ E which is approximately 40 km west of Kuantan, the
capital of Pahang. The objective of this project is to identify the potential gold deposit in the Bukit
Botol which was selected because of arcuate outcrops of weathered skarn also was investigated by
stream geochemistry, geophysical surveys and finally by drilling. This project was done with several
methods such as sampling, sample analysis by Back Scattered Electron (BSE) images from the
EPMA, petrography analysis and interpretation.
The study area underlain by a complex (folded) Carboniferous-Permian lithology of
sedimentary rocks and metasedimentary rock which is part of the Mersing Group. Major lithologies
consists of quartzite, tuffaceous sandstone, siltstone, shale and mudstone. Barite also found in Bukit
Botol which is filled a steeply dipping fault zone 3.5 m wide at Bukit Botol (Figure 1). The barite
occurrences had a spatial relationship to residual manganese deposits. Barite continued to be
produced from the Tasek Chini are, not from a vein deposit, but from a stratiform deposit, associated
with the base metals.
Bukit Botol is known as the iron-barite-massive sulphide mineralization and has been reported
to have the characteristics of a Kuroko-type massive sulphide deposit. They are commonly high grade
of sulphide and can be very large. The facies that can be found here are epignetic facies with
stockwork veining, stratiform syngenetic proximal facies and stratiform syngenetic distal facies.
The temperature for gold mineralization in the central belt ranges from about 150 to 350 C, with
formation depth 100 – 700 m. Gold samples for this study are in the vicinity of Bukit Botol (primary
gold). Gold is present in quartz veins in associated with volcanic intrusion and sulphide mineral also
with Barite. The mineralization is structurally controlled and more dominant in the central part of
massive sulphide outcrop. Abundant quartz veins cross cut this epigenetic facies. The epigenetic
stockwork veining facies comprises mainly of massive pyrite with minor amount of chalcopyrite and
sphalerite. On the top of the stockwork veining facies, the stratiform syngenetic proximal facies is
found. Generally this facies comprises of pyrite and chalcopyrite.
The size of gold grains generally range from about 5 ųm to 10 ųm. BSE images show gold
grains in this range are deposited either in a groove in barite or infilling the cavities in quartz. Gold
grains that are very fine in size are found in cooler parts of the ore body in association with quartz
(SiO2), pyrite (FeS2) and barite (BaSO4), in particular along fractures and mineral boundaries (Figure
2). Gold is also associated with cassiterite (SnO2), chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), pyrrhotite (Fe1-xS),
sphalerite (ZnS) and galena (PbS). From the EPMA interpretation, gold also was seen to be
associated with silver and silver sulphides such as argentite (Ag2S), stromeyerite (AgCuS), matildite
(AgBiS2) and aquilarite (Ag4SeS), in different portions of the outcrop. Stromeyerite and matildite are
found infilling fractures in pyrite. Gold is also associated with cassiterite (SnO 2), chalcopyrite
(CuFeS2), pyrrhotite (Fe1-xS), sphalerite (ZnS) and galena (PbS).
EPMA data of the gold show that the ranging from 96.98 wt% to 97.79 wt%. Meanwhile, the
fineness values range from 974 to 980. As a primary gold, they show angular to subangular roundness
196
Geological Society of Malaysia
POSTERS (Session 2)
and subdiscoidal to subprismoidal sphericity. This shows that the Tasik Chini gold does not show any
appreciable variation in gold (Au) composition and fineness values, thus reflecting the constant
Au/Ag content of mineralizing fluids.
References:
Shahrul Amin Ahmad, 1989. Geology and mineralization of Bukit Ketaya and Bukit Botol, Tasik
Chini Area, Pahang Darul Makmur. Unpubl. BSc. Hons. Thesis, Univ. of Malaya, 186 p.
Teoh, S.K., 1974. Geology, Mineralization and Geochemical Studies of Tasek Chini Area, South
Central Pahang. Unpubl. BSc. Hons. Thesis, Univ. of Malaya, 150 p.
Hosking, K.F.G. (1973). Primary mineral deposits. In: Gobbett, D.J & Hutchison, C.S (eds). Geology
of the Malay Peninsula. Wiley-Interscience, New York, 335-390
July 2015
197
National Geoscience Conference
Perdana Hotel, Kota Bharu ♣ 31 July – 1 August 2015
P24
VELOCITY DISPERSION ANALYSIS OF SHALLOW CRUSTAL
STRUCTURES NORTH OF BUKIT BUNUH, LENGGONG, PERAK
Sarah Binti Muhammad Termizi
Petroleum Geoscience, Geoscience and Petroleum Engineering Department,Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS.
drirsarah17@gmail.com
In the Earth there is no such perfectly elastic medium. In an elastic medium, wave particles that
travel through the medium could be distorted due to velocity dispersion and attenuation. Velocity
dispersion is highly depends on several factors. The factors could be: porosity, fractures, fluid
mobility and also the scale of heterogeneities. In 2012, number of core samples was taken from Bukit
Bunuh, Lenggong, Perak to measure the velocity P- waves and S-waves of the cores in the laboratory.
One seismic reflection line was acquired in the outcrop back in May 2014. From the previous final
year project shows ‘hockey-stick’ effect once applied the specific velocity ranges obtained in the
laboratory for granite in velocity analysis for deep area. A series of experiments will be conducted to
determine the velocity variation of granite formation at West of Bukit Bunuh over as wide a
frequency range as possible. This project will cover two aspects; the geological structure of Bukit
Bunuh as well as the geophysical aspect whereby seismic data processing is the main focus in this
project. The experiments that will be conducted fall into two categories: (1)Reflection survey
measurement (10-250Hz) with dominant frequency 35Hz and (2)Laboratory measurement (300900kHz) with dominant frequency of 700kHz. Difference ranges of frequencies applied in both
field and laboratory measurement are the main reason for velocity dispersion. Further analysis of the
velocity dispersion will show that the laboratory velocity measurement cannot be directly applied
to the reflection seismic data during the velocity picking since both experiment were acquired by
using different frequency range. The application of the velocity obtained in laboratory to the
reflection data will show the hockey-stick effect instead of flattening the layers in gathers.
198
Geological Society of Malaysia
POSTERS (Session 2)
P25
MONODIEXODINA SHIPTONI AND PSEUDOFUSULINA SP. FROM THE
UPPERMOST KUBANG PASU FORMATION AT BUKIT TUNGKU LEMBU,
BESERI, PERLIS.
Nur Nadwa Syahirah Ai Zamruddin, Meor Hakif Amir Hassan
Geology Department, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur.
Petrographic study of a fossil-rich bed from the Lower Permian, the Uppermost Kubang Pasu
Formation at Bukit Tungku Lembu lead to the discovery of two fusuline taxa; Monodiexodina
shiptoni (Figure 1) and Pseudofusulina sp. (Figure 2). The fusulinids were found in a calcareous
sandstone bed containing abundant skeletal grains, including fusulinid tests, crinoids ossicles,
bryozoans and brachiopod shell fragments. The exposed bedding plane displays giant symmetrical
ripple marks, with wavelengths up to 1.6 meter.
Monodiexodina shiptoni is similar to M. sutchanica in having a very elongated fusiform shell
with conspicuous axial fillings, but can be distinguished from the latter by the more gradually
expanding volutions. This species can be easily differentiated from M. kattaensis and M. wanneri in
the Southern Transitional Zone by having a more elongated fusiform shell.
Pseudofusulina sp. also is one of the abundant taxon in this study. It has a less elongated shell
and less regularly fluted septa. The studied specimens are closer to the genus Pseudofusulina rather
than Monodiexodina sp. The Pseudofusulina found at Bukit Tungku Lembu are characterised by a
subcylindrical shell with 5–7, gradually expanding volutions, with shorter shell, but there are some
Pseudofusulina sp. that has larger and more elongated shells. The septa are seemingly regularly fluted
except the central part of the Pseudofusulina shell where a tunnel is clearly observed. Axial fillings
are moderately developed in areas close to the axial regions. The age of the Pseudofusulina is in
Early Permian (Yakhtashian to Bolorian).
Both Monodiexodina and Pseudofusulina were found together in crowded manner with sandy
sediments and their shells being often aligned unidirectionally. This mode of occurrence strongly
suggests that it was adapted to shallow-marine, high-energy environments which would probably be
essentially maintained by the acquisition of highly elongated fusiform or subcylindrical shells with
well-developed polar torsion. This morphological feature is adapted to increase septal pores per unit
area in polar region, thus increasing possibility to develop more pseudopodia on both sides.
M. shiptoni is known from South East Pamir, Karakorum, Tibet, West Thailand and Peninsular
Malaysia. All of them are parts of the Cimmerian continent located at the Southern Transitional Zone.
The age of Monodiexodina shiptoni is Bolorian (Kungurian) and Kubergandian (Roadian). This
province probably represented a shallow shelf of Tethys. The genus is not found in other parts of
Gondwana such as in the Himalayan terrane or in Australia and this suggests that M. shiptoni was a
warm-water fauna.
The Monodiexodina-bearing locality in Western Peninsular Malaysia also geotectonically
belongs to the Sibumasu Block of the eastern Cimmerian continent. Thus, the Uppermost Kubang
Pasu Formation and the Chuping Limestone broadly correspond lithostratigraphically to the Kaeng
Krachan Group and the Ratburi Limestone in peninsular and West Thailand respectively. Based on
the Monodiexodina shiptoni and Pseudofusulina sp. found at the Bukit Tungku Lembu ripple mark
bed, the Uppermost Kubang Pasu Formation is dated as Kungurian. This suggests that the Uppermost
Kubang Pasu Formation represents warm climate deposition during the Early Permian (Kungurian).
July 2015
199
National Geoscience Conference
Perdana Hotel, Kota Bharu ♣ 31 July – 1 August 2015
References.
Ueno, K., Charoentitirat, T., (2011). Carboniferous and Permian. In: Ridd, M.F., Barber, A.J., Crow,
M.J. (Eds.), The Geology of Thailand. The Geological Society of London, 136.
Ueno, K., Arita, M., Meno, S., Sardsud, A., and Saesaengseerung, D. (2015). An Early Permian
fusuline fauna from southernmost Peninsular Thailand: Discovery of Early Permian warming
spikes in the peri-Gondwanan Sibumasu Block. Journal Of Asian Earth Sciences, 104, 185-196.
doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2014.10.030
Ueno, K. (2003). The Permian fusulinoidean faunas of the Sibumasu and Baoshan blocks: Their
implications for the paleogeographic and paleoclimatologic reconstruction of the Cimmerian
Continent. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 193(1), 1-24.
Ueno, K. (2006). The Permian antitropical fusulinoidean genus Monodiexodina: distribution,
taxonomy, paleobiogeography and paleoecology. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 26(3), 380404.
Fujikawa, M., Ueno, K., Sardsud, A., Saengsrichan, W., Kamata, Y., & Hisada, K. I. (2005). Early
Permian ammonoids from the Kaeng Krachan Group of the Phatthalung-Hat Yai area, southern
peninsular Thailand. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 24(6), 739-752.
Ingavat, R., Douglass, R. C. (1981). Fusuline fossils from Thailand, Part XIV. The fusulinid genus
Monodiexodina from Northwest Thailand. In: Kobayashi, T., Toriyama, R., Hashimoto, W.
(Eds.), Geology and Palaeontology of Southeast Asia, 22.
Jin, Y. G., Wardlaw, B. R., Glenister, B. F., Kotlyar, G. V. (1997). Permian chronostratigraphic
subdivisions. 20, 10–15.
Basir, J. and Zaiton, H. (2001). Some radiolarians from the bedded chert of the Kubang Pasu
Formation. Proceeding Geological Society of Malaysia Annual Conference, 111-114.
Basir, J. (1991). Significance of Monodiexodina (Fusulininacea) in geology of Peninsular Malaysia.
Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia, 29, 171–181.
Basir, J., Koay, L. T. (1990). Permian fusulinids from Bukit Wang Pisang, Perlis. Sains Malaysiana,
19, 35–44.
Basir, J., Zaiton, H. and Siti Norhajar Hassan. (2003). Black siliceous deposits in Peninsular
Malaysia: Their occurrence and significance. Geological Society of Malaysia Bulletin, 46, 149154.
Basir, J., and Zaiton, H. (2011). Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian) radiolarians from Peninsular
Malaysia and their significance. Geological Society of Malaysia Bulletin, 57, 47-54.
200
Geological Society of Malaysia
POSTERS (Session 2)
P26
TRACE FOSSILS STUDY AT UPPERMOST KUBANG PASU FORMATION,
BESERI, PERLIS.
Nur Nadwa Syahirah Ai Zamruddin, Meor Hakif Amir Hassan
Geology Department, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur
Bukit Tungku Lembu is part of the Uppermost Kubang Pasu Formation, which consists of
siliciclastic sediments, deposited in coarsening upward sequence and a forming progradational
parasequences. The depositional environment of Bukit Tungku Lembu is categorized as Upper
Offshore (FA 1), Distal Lower Shoreface (FA 2) and Proximal Lower Shoreface (FA 3), based on the
facies association.
The Upper Offshore Facies Association (FA 1) consists of suspension deposits of mudstone
with thin layer of sandstone, displaying Hummocky Cross Stratification structure, indicate the
influence of storm- and wave-influenced. The accumulations of the sandstone become thicker at
Distal Lower Shoreface (FA 2) and Proximal Lower Shoreface (FA 3), where the FA 3 consists of
thicker and massive sandstone layer compared to FA 2. The sandstone consists of HCS with finegrained sediments and dominated with storm environment while the ‘mega-ripples’ that formed at in
the sediments is dominated by the coarse grain sediment, about 2-3 mm.
Thirteen ichnotaxa were identified from rocks of the study area, which are Areniicolites isp.,
Aulichnites isp., Asterosoma isp.,Treptichnus isp., P. heberti isp., P. tubularis isp., P. sulcatus isp., P.
alternates isp., Skolithos isp., P. montanus isp., P. beverleyensis isp., Taphrhelminthopsis isp and
Ophiomorpha? isp. Those ichnotaxa can be grouped into Cruziana and Skolithos Ichnofacies, The
Cruziana ichnofacies consists of horizontal, inclined and vertical burrow which associated with low
energy levels in deeper, low energy and quiet water. For the Skolithos ichnofacies, it consists of
vertical burrow or tube dwelling organism and associated with shallow marine environment with
clean, well sorted nearshore sand with high current of energy and wave.
Detailed ichnofacies association can be made at Bukit Tungku Lembu based on the Facies
Association, where the FA 1 is associated with archetypal Cruziana ichnofacies, FA 2 is proximal
Cruziana ichnofacies and FA 3 is distal Skolithos icnofacies.
For FA 1 of Bukit Tungku Lembu or the offshore complex, it is typically dominated by
fairweather conditions and is characterised by archetypal Cruziana ichnofacies. This is correlated to
the predominance of deposit feeding structures with subordinate grazing, foraging and very rare
suspension feeding structures. This is associated with the Paleophycus, Skolithos, Thalassinoides and
Taphrhelminthopsis that are present at Bukit Tungku Lembu.
For the Distal lower Shoreface (FA 2), it is associated with the Proximal Cruziana Ichnofacies,
which consists of deposit-feeding and dwellings structure, as well as the grazing structures. Proximal
Cruziana Ichnofacies is associated with both Skolithos and Cruziana Ichnofacies as it located
between moderate to high energy environment. The Cruziana interpreted as low energy environment
with horizontal burrow, usually reflecting muddy sandstone, silty sandstone, and sandy siltstone
substrates. The Skolithos is associated with vertical burrow, indicate the high energy current
environment for dwelling burrow and escape structures throughout the sandstone sequence. This
ichnofacies are associated with the Planolites, Palaeophycus, Treptichnus, Arenicolites, Skolithos,
Asterosoma, Aulichnites, and Ophiomorpha? isp. ichnotaxa assemblages.
July 2015
201
National Geoscience Conference
Perdana Hotel, Kota Bharu ♣ 31 July – 1 August 2015
Lastly, for FA 3, the Distal Skolithos Ichnofacies is accumulated and formed vertical burrow,
indicate the escaping structure of organism during high energy environment. The HCS bed on FA 3
indicates that the area is experienced the storm depositional environment. The Arenicolites isp. and
Skolithos isp. are the assemblages of ichnotaxa that can be found at the Proximal Lower Shoreface of
Bukit Tungku Lembu.
From the ichnotaxa, the ichnofacies assemblages can be determined and give a direct relation
between both of them. The evidence of the sedimentary structure and facies assemblages will reflect
to the current energy of the area and can be relate back to the depositional area.
References.
Bromley, R. G. (1996). Trace Fossils: Biology, Taphonomy and Applications. Chapman and Hall,
London 2, 361.
Bromley, R. G. and Asgaard, U. (1979). Triassic freshwater ichnocoenosis from Carlsberg Fjord, East
Greenland. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 28, 39-80. doi:10.1016/00310182(79)90112-3
Buatois, L. A., Gingras, M. K., MacEachern, J., Mangano, M. G., Zonneveld, J. P., Pemberton, S. G.,
Netto, R. G., and Martin, A. (2005). Colonization of brackish-water systems through time:
evidence from the trace-fossil record. Palaios 20, 321–347.
Frey, R. W. and S. G. Pemberton. (1985). Biogenic structures in outcrops and cores. I. Approaches to
ichnology: Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 33, 72-115.
Frey, R.W. (1990). Trace fossils and hummocky cross-stratification, Upper Cretaceous of Utah:
Palaios, 5, 203-218.
Ishii, K., Kato, M., Nakamura, K., Nogami, Y. (1972). Permian brachiopods from Bukit Tungku
Lembu, Perlis. Journal of Geosciences, Osaka City University 15, 65-76.
Jones, C. R. (1973). The Siluro-Devonian graptolite faunas of the Malay Peninsula. Overseas
Geology and Mineral Resources 44, 25.
Jones, C. R. (1981). The geology and mineral resources of Perlis, north Kedah and the Langkawi
Islands. Geological Survey of Malaysia District Memoir 17, 1-257.
Jones, C. R., Gobbett, D. J., and Kobayashi, T. (1966). Summary of fossil record in Malaya and
Singapore 1900-1965.
Lee, C. P. (2009). Palaeozoic Stratigraphy. In: Hutchison, C, R., Tan, D.N.K. (Eds.), Geology of
Peninsular Malaysia. University of Malaya and Geological Society of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur,
55–86.
Meor, H., Aung, A., Becker, R., Abdul Rahman, N., Ng, T., Ghani, A., and Shuib, M. (2014).
Stratigraphy and palaeoenvironmental evolution of the mid- to upper Palaeozoic succession in
Northwest Peninsular Malaysia. Journal Of Asian Earth Sciences, 83, 60-79.
doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2014.01.016
Meor, H., Yeow, B. S., Lee, C. P., Abdul Rahman, A. H., (2013). Facies analysis of the uppermost
Kubang Pasu Formation, Perlis: A wave- and storm-influenced coastal depositional system.
Sains Malaysiana 42(8), 1091-1100.
Meor, H., and Lee, C. P. (2005). The Devonian–Lower Carboniferous succession in Northwest
Peninsular
Malaysia. Journal
Of
Asian
Earth
Sciences, 24(6),
719-738.
doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2004.09.005
202
Geological Society of Malaysia
POSTERS (Session 2)
Meor, H., and Lee, C. P. (2002). Stratigraphy of the Jentik Formation, the transitional sequence from
the Setul Limestone to the Kubang Pasu Formation at Guar Sanai, Guar Jentik, Beseri, Perlis-a
preliminary study. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia 45, 171-178
Miller, M. F., Hasiotis, S. T., Babcock, L. E., Isbell, J. L., Collinson, J. W. (2001). Tetrapod and large
burrows of uncertain origin in Triassic high paleolatitude floodplain deposits, Antarctica. Palaios
16, 218–232.
Miller, M. F., Smail, S. E. (1997). A semiquantitative method for evaluating bioturbation on bedding
planes. Palaios 12, 391–396.
Miller, S. A. (1889). North American Geology and Paleontology for the Use of Amateurs, Students
and Scientists: Cincinnati. Western Methodist Book Concern, Ohio. 664.
Minter, N. J., Braddy, S. J., Davis, R. B. (2007). Between a rock and a hard place: arthropod
trackways and ichnotaxonomy. Lethaia 40, 365–375.
Pemberton, S. G. and Frey, R. W. (1982). Trace fossil nomenclature and the Planolites–Palaeophycus
dilemma. Journal of Paleontology, 56, 843-881
Pemberton, S. G. and R. W. Frey. (1984). Ichnology of storm-influenced shallow marine sequence:
Cardium Formation (Upper Cretaceous) at Seebe, Alberta: in D.F. Stott and D.L. Glass eds., The
Mesozoic of Middle North America. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, 9, 281-304.
Pemberton, S. G., and MacEachern, J. A. (1995). The sequence stratigraphic significance of trace
fossils: examples from the Cretaceous foreland basin of Alberta, Canada.
Rindsberg, A. K. and Kopaska-Merkel, D. C. (2005). Treptichnus and Arenicolites from the Steven
C. Minkin Paleozoic footprint site (Langsettian, Alabama, USA). Pennsylvanian Footprints in
the Black Warrior Basin of Alabama: Alabama Paleontological Society Monograph, (1), 121141.
Saunders, T. and S. G. Pemberton. (1986). Trace fossils and sedimentology of the Appaloosa
Sandstone: Bearpaw-Horseshoe Canyon Formation transition, Dorothy, Alberta: Canadian
Society of Petroleum Geologists Field Trip Guide Book, 117.
Schlirf, M. (2000). Upper Jurassic trace fossils from the Boulonnais (northern France) sediments.
Science 224, 872–874.
Seilacher, A. (1967). Bathymetry of trace fossils. Marine Geology 5, 413–428.
Seilacher, A. (1984). Sedimentary structures tentatively attributed to seismic events. Marine
Geology, 55(1), 1-12.
Seilacher, A. (2007). Trace Fossil Analysis. Springer, Berlin. 226.
Stanley, D. C. A., Pickerill, R. K. (1994). Planolites costriannulatus isp. from the late Ordovician
Georgian Bay Formation of southern Ontario, eastern Canada. Ichnos 3
Uchman, A. (1995). Taxonomy and palaeoecology of flysch trace fossils: the Marnoso arenacea
formation and associated facies (Miocene, Northern Apennines, Italy). Beringeria, 15, 3-115.
doi:10.1016/0031-0182(81)90053-5
Uchman, A. (2005). Treptichnus-like traces made by insect larvae (Diptera: Chironomidae,
Tipulidae). Pennsylvanian footprints in the Black Warrior Basin of Alabama. Alabama
Paleontological Society Monograph, 1, 143–146.
July 2015
203
National Geoscience Conference
Perdana Hotel, Kota Bharu ♣ 31 July – 1 August 2015
Walker, R. G. and Plint, A. G. (1992). Wave- and storm-dominated shallow marine systems. In
Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change, edited by Walker, R. G. and James, N. P (Eds).
Geological Association of Canada, St. John’s. pp. 219-238.
204
Geological Society of Malaysia
POSTERS (Session 2)
P27
DELINEATION OF GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL ZONES USING SURFACE
INDICATORS: A CASE STUDY FROM TELAGA BIJIH AND AYER LANAS
AREA, TANAH MERAH, KELANTAN
Muhammad Nadzmi Bin Abdul Ghofur and Mohammad Muqtada Ali Khan
Program Geoscience, Faculty of Earth Science, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Campus Jeli, Locked Bag No.
100, 17600 Jeli, Kelantan.
Corresponding Author: nadzmighofur@gmail.com
Identifying potential zones for groundwater exploration in hard rock terrain is a challenging
task. In such situations topographic, hydrogeological and geomorphological features provide useful
clues for the selection of suitable sites. The study area lies between latitude 5˚ 45’ 10.508’’ N and 5˚
47’ 53.309’’ N and longitude 101˚ 56’ 29.001’’ E and 101˚ 59’ 12.249’’ E. In hard rock terrains,
groundwater is predominantly confined to secondary porosity developed due to weathering,
fracturing, faulting, etc., and all these controlling aspects are highly variable and change sharply even
within very short distances, contributing to near-surface aquifer. Most of the hard rocks in the area
can be classified as crystalline igneous and metamorphic rocks. These hard rocks are devoid of any
significant primary porosity and primary permeability from groundwater exploration point of view.
However, due to weathering and deformation of the consolidated rcoks, fractures have developed on
the outcrops which promote the seepage of water and mark the area very prospective for further
groundwater investigations. Moreover, hydraulic properties of these rocks are mainly controlled by
fractures, thus are also referred as fractured rocks. These fractures serve as conduits for seepage and
lateral groundwater movement.
The present research is focussed on the surface investigations for delineation of groundwater
potential zones using geological mapping and Geographical Information System (GIS) in and around
Telaga Bijih Area, Tanah Merah, Kelantan. Initially based on the satellite imageries, topographical,
geomorphological and hydrogeological inferences, promising zones were demarcated in hard rock
areas of and around Telaga Bijih village. For this purpose, the essential thematic layers such as
lineament density, lithology, drainage density, and slope density were generated using Geographic
Information System (GIS) application to produce groundwater potential zonation map. The final map
of groundwater potential shows the potential zones in the study area. Based on
hydrogeomorphological, geological and lineament mapping, the study area has qualitatively been
categorized into five conditions and it is found that the most promising groundwater zones having
high potentiality are situated near to the lineament zones in study area.
References
B.B.S. Singhal, (1996). Nature of Hard Rock Aquifers: Hydrogeological Uncertainties and
Ambiquites, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee 247 667, India.
Bhattacharya A and Reddy FR., (1991), Hydro-geomorphological mapping for groundwater
prospects in India using IRS imagery. How to meet the demand on drinking water. In Remote
Sensing in Asia and Oceanic-Enviromental change and monitoring (ed. Shunji Murai). Asian
association of Remote Sensing Tokyo, Japan.
July 2015
205
National Geoscience Conference
Perdana Hotel, Kota Bharu ♣ 31 July – 1 August 2015
Chatterjee, R.S. and Bhattacharya, A.K., (1995). Delineation of the Drainage Pattern of a Coal Basin
Related Interference Using Satellite Remote Sensing Techniques. Asia PAcific Remote Sensing
J, 1: 107-114.
Clark, C.D. and Wilson C.,“Spatial analysis of lineaments, computers and Geosciences”. V.20,
P.1237-1258, 1994.
Cobbing, E.J., Pitfield, P.E.J., Darbyshire, D.P.F. & Mallick, D.I.J., (1992). The granites of the south
- East Asian tin belt. British Geological Surveys Overseas Memoir, 10, Her MAjesty's Stationery
Office, London. pp. 369.
Gupta, R. P., “Remote Sensing Geology”. 2nd ed. Springer, Berlin, Germany,pp. 460-477,2003.
206
Geological Society of Malaysia
POSTERS (Session 2)
P28
IMPACT OF RECENT FLOOD ON SOIL PROPERTIES
Nurul Akma Binti Jamaludin1, Zakia Khanam2 and Irshad Ul Haq Bhat1*
1Faculty
2Faculty
of Earth Science, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, 17600, Jeli, Kelantan Malaysia
of Agro Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, 17600, Jeli Kelantan, Malaysia
*Corresponding author: irshad@umk.edu.my
Floods are common natural disaster in Malaysia, particularly in Kelantan. Almost every year
Kelantan faces flood, but in December 2014 it gave a great change to the topography and
demography of soil. The heavy flood had hit Gua Musang and Dabong, Kelantan to huge extent. It
was not a normal flood; it was a ‘mud’ flood as the river contained high content of soil washed from
the upper stream. Thus, the objectives of this study were to assess the physical properties (water
content and particle size) and to evaluate the chemical properties (pH, mineral composition and
cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the soil deposited on river banks of Sungai Galas. Therefore, the
data generated was analysed properly and documented as a new data after 2014 flood. The generated
data is useful to researcher and other organization in order to set a starting point of new data, which
elaborates the effects of 2014 flood on deposited soil properties. The soil samples obtained at
different point sources were dried and grinded before passing through 2mm sieve to be tested for
moisture content and Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), mineral composition, particle size,
respectively. The higher water content was found in the samples. The in situ pH of the samples was
found to be in the range 5-6 corroborating to slight acidic in nature and the reason for such pH is
needed to be studied in detail. Soil pH is crucial as it affects the physical, chemical and biological
properties of the soil. The properties of soil are very important to analyze the soil stability and are
serious matters of concern in order to prevent further damage to the land and also their adjacent water
bodies. Thus, this study was to find out the impact of extreme 2014 floods on physical and chemical
properties of soil.
July 2015
207
National Geoscience Conference
Perdana Hotel, Kota Bharu ♣ 31 July – 1 August 2015
P29
MICROFACIES ANALYSIS AND DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT OF KG.
MERAPOH LAMA, MERAPOH, PAHANG, MALAYSIA
Abdul Qadir and Hafzan Eva Mansoor
Geoscience Programme, Faculty of Earth Science, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan (UMK) Jeli Campus, Locked
Bag No. 100, 17600 Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia.
Email: qadir.samsul@gmail.com, hafzan.eva@umk.edu.my
The Gua Musang Formation of the Kg. Merapoh Lama, Pahang is of Permian – Triassic age.
The area is lithologically consisting of greyish to dark limestone, shale, siltstone and sandstone. Field
mapping has been carried-out in first phase at seven localities and sampling for microfacies analysis
at Gua Lima, Gua Gunting, Gua Tanggang and Gua Bekong. Petrography and microfossil analysis
were carried out to identify the ornament of each facies microscopically; fossil assemblages
recognized include foraminifers, bivalve, crinoids and skeletal fragments. The present study involves
preparation of 14 thin section slides from the siliciclastic and carbonate rocks representing the
sedimentary facies of the area. Based on the field data, the rocks of study area were divided into five
lithofacies; these are lime mudstone lithofacies, wackstone lithofacies, packstone lithofacies, very
fine sandstone lithofacies and shale lithofacies. From microfacies analysis of the greyish – dark
limestone samples, six microfacies types were identified based on Dunham (1962) classification
scheme – (MF1) bioturbated wackstone microfacies containing 20 percent micrite, 40 percent sparite
and 40 percent of particles, and an identified microfossil is foraminifers species Deckerella sp. and
Tricites sp.), (MF2) wackstone microfacies consisting of 25 percent micrite, 5 percent sparite and 70
percent of particles), (MF3) bioturbated packstone microfacies containing 20 percent micrite, 10
percent sparite and 70 percent of particles), (MF4) biomudstone microfacies containing 50 percent
micrite, 10 percent sparite and 40 percent of particles), (MF5) lime mudstone and (MF6) laminated
lime mudstone consisting of 70 percent micrite, 20 percent sparite and 10 percent of particles). Each
microfacies point to a particular mode of depositional environment and were interpreted as: MF1 and
MF2 represent elongate shoals to tidal bars area, MF3 represent an intertidal to inner barrier, MF4
signify as representative of an open platform of lagoonal environment. MF5 represent as tidal flat and
lastly MF6 as upper intertidal to supratidal.
Keywords: Microfacies, Merapoh Lama, Pahnag, Malaysia
208
Geological Society of Malaysia
POSTERS (Session 3)
P30
AVIFAUNA BIODIVERSITY STUDY AT SUGA
Ramli Mohd Osman
Mineral Research Centre, Minerals and Geoscience Department Malaysia
Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah, 31400 Ipoh
ramli.osman@jmg.gov.my
The richness of bird species is an indicator of the success of a reforestation project.
Reforestation project of the granite ex-quarry at Batu Undan in mukim Lumut, Manjung, Perak is a
joint project between PPM-JMG/FRIM/BMG-NRE. Preliminary physical characterisation and
biological diversity studies of the natural vegetation at the ex-quarry had been carried out. Following
this, the study of avifauna biodiversity in the disturbed lowland rain forest habitat of the ex-quarry
will be carried out. However, the avifauna biodiversity study needs to be compared with different
habitats. Stesen Ujian Galian (SUGA) in Malim Nawar, Perak was chosen for the habitat comparison.
SUGA is a freshwater swamp habitat. The study of avifauna biodiversity in SUGA will also generate
an inventory of bird species found in this habitat. SUGA has a high richness of birds, of 38 species
and a distribution density of 4.15/ha. The Shannon’s diversity index is high with a value of 3.00,
while the equitability is very high with a value of 0.82. Due to the richness and high diversity of bird
species and a very high degree of evenness, it is suggested that SUGA should be turned into a bird
park.
July 2015
209
National Geoscience Conference
Perdana Hotel, Kota Bharu ♣ 31 July – 1 August 2015
P31
APPLICATION OF X-RAY DIFRACTION TECHNIQUE (XRD) IN
GEOARCHAELOGICAL STUDY: CASE STUDY FROM ARCHAELOGY SITE
AT SUNGAI BATU, KEDAH
Hamzah Mohamad1, Ahmad Fadly Jusoh, Mokhtar Saidin & Izzati Hazlina Marudin
Centre for Global Archaelogical Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Pulau Pinang
1hbm@usm.my
X-ray diffraction technique (XRD) has been utilized in suggesting the production temperature in
the making of bricks and roofing tiles from the ruin of ancient buildings at an archaeology site in
Sungai Batu, Kedah. The instrument used is a fully automated D-8 Advance diffractometer (Bruker,
Germany), equipped with 4th edition DIFFRAC.eva and PDF-2 data files. The original clayey soil,
bricks and roofing tiles were analyzed using the following experimental conditions: Radiation, CuKα;
wavelength, 1.54060Å; 2ϴ scanning range, 5° - 7°; 2ϴ scanning speed, 0.02°/sec; voltage, 40kV and
current, 40mA. Table 1 shows the constituent minerals of original clayey soils (5), bricks (6) and
roofing tiles (5) from the study area. Fig. 1 shows the diffraction patterns of the representative
materials shown in Table 1. The prominent mineral of clayey soil is (kaolinite + quartz), with or
without montmorrilonite and calcilite. Low-quartz is always present in bricks, with or without
montmorrilonite. The major mineral in the roofing tiles is quartz, with or without cristobalite (a high
temperature silica mineral), and mullite (a high temperature aluminum silicate mineral). The concept
of similarity in mineral composition has been adopted to give insight into the source material of the
Sungai Batu bricks and roofing tiles. Apart from quartz, which is constantly occurs in the clayey soil,
bricks and roofing tiles, the occurrences of montmorrilonite-18A and 22A are other indicators of
similarity. Montmorrilonite occurs in clayey soil [1B(T), 3A(T) and 3B(T)], in bricks [1B(B), 2B(B)
and 3A(B)] and in the roofing tiles [(3A(G)] --- which, together with the occurrence of quartz
suggests that the clayey soils are the source material for the bricks and the roofing tiles. Under
thermal treatment in air at atmospheric pressure, kaolinite will undergo a series of structural
transformations. Heating at 100°C to 550°C will remove any remaining liquid water, and possibly
some amount of crystal water. Endothermic dehydration starts to affect the kaolin at 550°C to 600°C,
producing disordered metakaolin. Metakaolin is a complex amorphous SiO2-Al2O3 material
(Al2Si2O7); in which case diffraction peaks will no longer appear. Further heating to 925°C - 950 °C
converts metakaolin to an aluminium-silicon spinel (Si3Al4O12). The spinel transforms to platelet
mullite (3Al2O3.2SiO2) and high temperature polymorphic silica cristobalite (SiO 2). Finally, at
1400°C mullite, a structurally high strength and heat resistance needle-like mineral appears (see Fig.
2). Fig. 3 shows the P-T stability field of cristobalite. In the study area, kaolinite-1A occurs in all
clayey soil samples but none of the bricks samples show the occurrence of this mineral. It is
suggested that kaolinite has already transform to amorphous metakaolin within the bricks. With the
absence of spinel and/or mullite in the bricks, it is suggested that the production temperature for
Sungai Batu bricks is between 550°C and 925°C. It is obvious that the production temperature for
Sungai Batu roofing tiles is above 925°C, possibly above 1400°C due to the occurrences of mullite
and cristobalite (see Fig. 2 and Fig. 3).
Reference
210
Geological Society of Malaysia
POSTERS (Session 3)
Caspar, M. J . 2001. Thermal transformation in kaolinite clay minerals. In Carty, W.M. (ed.)
Ceramics Engineering & Science Proceedings: Materials & Equipment and Whitewares 22(2):
149-158.
Mokhtar Saidin, Jaffrey Abdullah, Jalil Osman & Azman Abdullah. 2011. Issues and problems of
previous study in Bujang Valley and the discovery of Sungai Batu. In Chia, S. & Andaya, B.
(eds.) Bujang Valley and Early Civilization in Southeast Asia. Pulau Pinang: USM Publisher.
Zuliskandar Ramli, Nik Hassan Shuhaimi Nik Abd. Rahman, Adnan Jusoh & Mohd Zobir Hussien.
2012. Compositional analysis on Ancient bricks from Candi Sungai Mas (Site32/34), Bujang
Valley, Kedah. American Jurnal of Applied Sciences 9(2):196-201.
July 2015
211
National Geoscience Conference
Perdana Hotel, Kota Bharu ♣ 31 July – 1 August 2015
P32
Some Properties of Ultrabasic Soil from Bukit Tambun, Kelantan
Barat, Kelantan
1,2
Sahibin Abd Rahim,1Wan Mohd Razi Idris, 1Zulfahmi Ali Rahman, 1Tukimat Lihan
& 1Nurul Naqirah Abdul Shukor
1School
of Environmental and Natural Resources Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, The Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia.
2Center
for Tropical Climate Change Study (IKLIM), Climate Change Institute, UKM
haiyan@ukm.edu.my
Physico-chemical and some properties of ultrabasic soil from Bukit Tambun, Kelantan Barat
was studied. Soil physical determined were particle size distributions, true and bulk density, organic
matter content and porosity percentage, whereas chemical properties analysed were soil pH, electrical
conductivity, available nutrient and total Ni, Cr, Fe and Mn content. Result on soil physical analysis
showed that soil texture for the study areas are clay. True density values ranged from 2.51 to 2.62
g/cm3, whereas bulk density ranged from 0.61 to 1.02 g/cm3. Calculated porosity were between 61.10
to 72.60%. Chemical analysis results showed that soil in the study area are acidic with pH between
5.15 to 5.63. Soil organic matter contents were moderate at 5.20 to 7.60%. The electrical conductivity
values ranged from 0.67–1.14 mS/cm. For available nutrient content (K, Mg, P) low values were
recorded for P (8.74-20.25 mg/kg), Mg (11.80-27.20 mg/kg) and K (32.4143.50 mg/kg). Heavy
metals, Ni highest value at 1497 mg/kg was recorded in KB3 and the lowest value was 559 mg/kg
recorded in KB2. Highest value of Cr was from KB4 area with value 2845 mg/kg and the lowest
value was from KB6 with values of 1398 mg/kg. The Fe concentration was high in all areas under
study with values ranged from 766355 mg/kg for KB7 areas to 144525 mg/kg for KB1 areas. Mn
concentration also ranged from low to high concentration with the lowest being in KB2 at 659 mg/kg
with the highest from KB5 area with values at 2299 mg/kg.
Keywords: Physico- chemical, ultrabasic soil, heavy metals, nutrient
INTRODUCTION
Ultrabasic soil has a low silica (SiO2) contents of less than 45%. Serpentine mineral including
talc, olivine, pyroxene and amphibole exist in fine size fraction (< 2 mm). Ultrabasic soil is less
fertile land with near neutral pH (5 – 6.5) and contains low organic. The presence of this type of soils
has created numbers of abnormality in the growth of surrounding plants because this soil developed
from ophiolite rocks which are typically high in heavy metals content. The most important
characteristic of this soil is its infertility, low important nutrient and organic matter contents and high
in magnesium contents which creates imbalance in nutrient contents. Ultrabasic soils in the tropical
areas are more weathered than ultrabasic soil in other areas in the world. Sahibin et al. (2008) shows
the total Ni, Co, Mn and Fe bioavailability in ultrabasic soil is higher than schist-mica soil at Kuala
Pilah, Negeri Sembilan. Ultrabasic soil is unsuitable growing media for most of the plant due to
various deficiencies like low N, P, K content, low organic matter content, low cation capacity
exchange, low water holding capacity and low Ca:Mg ratio, besides high in heavy metal such as Ni,
Cr, and Co. Low N, P, K content is due to slow nutrient cycle (Burt et al. 2001). Low Ca:Mg ratio
and high heavy metal content are inherited from serpentinite from materials that are rich in Mg and
heavy metals (Robert & Proctor 1992: Burt et al. 2001). Ultrabasic soil areas in Peninsular Malaysia
212
Geological Society of Malaysia
POSTERS (Session 3)
are sparsely distributed in the state of Negeri Sembilan, Pahang and Kelantan. This study describe the
physico-chemical characteristics of ultrabasic soil in Bukit Tambun, Kelantan Barat.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Ultrabasic soil from Bukit Tambun, Kelantan Barat located at longitude 101º36’E to 101º37’E
and latitude 4º43’U to 4º45’U at an altitude of 614 m above sea level was studied. Twenty one soil
samples from seven sampling stations (KB1, KB2, KB3, KB4, KB5, KB6 & KB76) within the
ultrabasic area were collected using stainless steel auger. Each sampling stations contain three soil
replicates. About 1 kg of top soil (0-20cm) samples were collected and transported to the laboratory
for soil physico-chemical analysis. Soils were air dried and crushed to pass 63 µm sieves. These soil
samples are ready for analysis. Soil physical properties determined are particle size distribution, true
density, bulk density and organic matter content. Chemical properties determined are soil pH,
electrical conductivities, available nutrient, cation capacity exchange and total heavy metal content.
Soil particle sizes were determined by pipette method with dry sieve (Abdullah 1966). Organic matter
content was determined by loss on ignition technique (Avery & Bascomb 1982). True and bulk
densities were determined using picnometer and waxing method, respectively. Soil pH was
determined in soil:water ration of 1:2.5 (Metson 1956). Soil electrical conductivity was determined
from saturated CaSO4.2H2O extract (Massey & Windsor 1967). Cation exchange capacity was
determined using summation method (Mclean 1965). Available phosphorus, K and Mg was extracted
using double acid (Ammonium acetate-acetic acid mixture). Phosphate contents was determined
using UV-Visible Spectrophotometer v 4.55, whereas K and Mg were determined directly from the
solution using ICP-MS. Total heavy metal contents were extracted using wet digestion method
(AOAC 1995) and determined by ICP-MS .
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Soil chemical analysis results of the study areas found that the soils are acidic to slightly acidic,
with pH ranging from 5.15 to 5.63. Soil organic matter contents are ranged from 5.20 to 7.60%. Soil
electric conductivities are low with values between 0.67 to 1.14 mS/cm. Electrical conductivity
values of studied area are at index under 2. According to Massey and Windsor (1967), conductivity
values of less than index 2 does not damage plants.
Soil particle size distribution of study areas analysis found that dominant sizes are tends to fine
fraction which is clay with range from 69-79%. Soil textures are clay. In Paramanathan (2000) the
topsoil of Sg. Mas Series soil which is an ultrabasic soil, contained 30% silt, 27% clay and 43% sand.
The clay content is considered low by him. The reason being the clay dispersion is insufficient during
determination. According to him, the actual clay content is estimated to be more than 65%. In this
study the clay content in five of the sampling location recorded clay contents of more than 69%. The
true density range from 2.51 to 2.62 g/cm3, whereas bulk density ranged from 0.61 to 1.02 g/cm 3.
Calculated porosity ranged from 61.10 to 72.60%.
For available nutrient content (P, K and Mg), values of available P, K and Mg are low, which
range from 8.74 to 20.25 mg/kg, 27.68 to 43.50 mg/kg and 11.80 to 27.20 mg/kg, respectively.
Cation capacity exchange values for study area are very low with values between 0.36 to 1.01
meq/100g. Exchangeable cation concentration sequence is Mg2+>Na+>K+>Ca+. Total heavy metal
concentration is high with range from 559 to 1497 mg/kg for Ni, 1398 to 2845 mg/kg for Cr, 66355
to 144525 mg/kg for Fe and 659 to 7441 mg/kg for Mn. High Ni and Cr content in ultrabasic soils
was also recorded in previous study by other researcher (Sahibin et al. 2009; Roslaili et al. 2015)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors wish to acknowledge UKM for the award of grant FRGS/2/2013/STWN01/UKM/01/2 and AP-2013-4 used to carry out this project. Thanks are due to School of
July 2015
213
National Geoscience Conference
Perdana Hotel, Kota Bharu ♣ 31 July – 1 August 2015
Environmental Science and Natural Resources, Faculty of Science and Technology, National
University of Malaysia for the use of facilities in completion of this research project.
REFERENCES
Abdullah H.H. 1966. A study of development of podzol profiles in Dovey forest. Tesis Ph.D
Aberystwyth . University of Wales
AOAC (1995). AOAC. Official method of analysis. 15th Ed. William, S. (ED). Association of Official
Chemist, Virginia.
Avery, B.W. & Bascomb,C.L. 1982. Soil Survey Laboratory Methods. Soil Survey Technical
Monograph No. 6. Harpenden.
Brower, J. E. & Zar, J.H. 1977. Field and laboratory methods for general ecology. Wm. C. Brown
Co. Publishers. Dubuque, Iowa
Burt, R., Fillmore, M., Wilson, M.A., Gross, E.R., Langridge, R.W. & Lammers, D.A. 2001. Soil
properties of selected pedons on ultramafic rocks in Klamath mountains. Oregon. Commun. Soil
Sci. Plant Anal. 32:2145-2175
Massey, D. M., and Windsor, G. W. 1967. Rep. Glasshouse Crops Res. 72
McLean, E.O. 1965. Aluminium. In: C.A. Black (ed), Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2, Agron. 9,
ASA, Madison, WI, 978-998.
Metson A. J. 1956. Methods of chemical analysis for soil survey samples. Bull. N.Z. Dept. Scient.
Ind. Res. No. 12.
Paramanathan, S. (2000). Soils in Malaysia. Their Characteristics and Identification, Volume I.
Akademi Sains Malaysia.
Roberts, B.A.& Proctor, J. 1992 The ecology of areas with serpentinized rocks. Dordecht: Kluwer
Academic Publisher
Roslaili Abdul Aziz, Sahibin Abd Rahim, 2,Ismail Sahid,,Wan Mohd Razi Idris and Md. Atiqur
Rahman Bhuiyan (2015). Determination of Heavy Metals Uptake in Soil and Paddy Plants.
American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 15 (2): 161-164, 2015.
Sahibin Abd. Rahim, Tukimat Lihan, Zulfahami Ali Rahman, Wan Mohd. Razi Idris, Barzani Gasim,
H. A. Jumaat & H.K. Low. 2008. Pengambilan logam berat oleh Terung Pipit (Solanum torvum)
dalam tanih ultrabes di Kuala Pilah,Negeri
Sembilan. Sains Malaysiana 37(4): 323-330.
Sahibin Abd. Rahim, Wan Mohd. Razi Idris, Zulfahmi Ali Rahman, Kadderi Md. Desa, Tukimat
Lihan, Azman Hashim, Sharilnizam Yusof & Low Hew Kuan (2009). Kandungan Logam Berat
Terpilih dalam Tanih Ultrabes dan Mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia) dari Kuala Pilah, Negeri
Sembilan, Malaysia (Selected Heavy Metal Content in Ultrabasic Soil and Mengkudu (Morinda
citrifolia) from Kuala Pilah, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia). Sains Malaysiana 38(5)(2009): 637–
644
214
Geological Society of Malaysia
POSTERS (Session 3)
P33
PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE CRETACEOUS FISH FAUNA FROM
PAHANG, PENINSULAR MALAYSIA
Teng Yu He1*, Masatoshi Sone1, Ren Hirayama2, Toshifumi Komatsu3, Masataka
Yoshida4
1Department
2School
of Geology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
of International Liberal Studies, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan;
3Faculty
4Graduate
of Science, Kumamoto University, Japan;
School of Science, the University of Tokyo, Japan.
yuhe_e@hotmail.com
Mesozoic non-marine sediments, the so-called Jurassic–Cretaceous red beds, are widely
distributed in Peninsular Malaysia. Recently, an assemblage of isolated fossilised fish teeth was
discovered from the Cretaceous red beds of Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia. A total of six taxa were
identified; that is, three genera of cartilaginous fish (Heteroptychodus, Isanodus, and Hybodus) and
three forms of bony fishb(Lepidotes, Caturus?, and one indeterminate actinopterygian form).
Elsewhere, the species of Heteroptychodus and Isanodus have previously been found in
brackish/fresh water sediments of the Early Cretaceous, suggesting a non-marine origin of the present
fish fauna, although Caturus is common in marginal nearshore environments of Jurassic (–early
Cretaceous). This fossil record provides a paleo-geographical implication as it appears similar to the
Early Cretaceous fresh-water faunas of the Khorat Group in Thailand, most closely to that of the Sao
Khua Formation.
July 2015
215
National Geoscience Conference
Perdana Hotel, Kota Bharu ♣ 31 July – 1 August 2015
P34
POSSIBLE DINOSAUR FOSSILS FROM THE UPPER JURASSIC – LOWER
CRETACEOUS GAGAU GROUP FF TERENGGANU, MALAYSIA
Dony Adriansyah Nazaruddin1*, Mat Niza Abdul Rahman2, Muhammad Hussein
Jamaluddin2, Hamid Ariffin2, Hamlee Ismail3, Hamzah Hussin1, Mohd Shafeea
Leman4, Kamal Roslan Mohamed4, Ashahadi Dzulkafli4
1Geoscience
Programme, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, UMK Jeli Campus, Locked
Bag No. 100, 17600 Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia
2Services
and Technical Division, Department of Minerals and Geoscience Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah,
Peti Surat 1015, 30820 Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
3Department
of Minerals and Geoscience Malaysia Terengganu, Lot PT3102K, Jalan Sultan Sulaiman, 20000
Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
4Geology
Programme, School of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources, Faculty of Science and
Technology, National University of Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
*Corresponding author’s e-mail: dony@umk.edu.my
A scientific expedition called “The Mount Gagau Expedition 2014: Tracking Dinosaurs” carried
out by Department of Minerals and Geoscience Malaysia and Malaysian Geological Heritage Group
in October 2014 has led to the discovery of some possible dinosaur fossils including some teeth and
footprints. These remains have been discovered from the Upper Jurassic – Lower Cretaceous
continental formation of the Gagau Group along the Cicir River in Mount Gagau area, in the
upstream of Terengganu, Malaysia (Figure 1). Desk study was carried out by reviewing some
literatures related to the topic and the study area.
The Cicir River is one of the streams in the eastern part of Mount Gagau area (Figure 2). The
river flows from the upstream area (near the peak of the Mount Gagau) to the north, turn to the east
and meet the Pak Chau River (another stream in the area) and ends to the Kenyir Lake, in the state of
Terengganu. The Cicir River exposes the Jurassic-Cretaceous sedimentary rocks along its valley. The
Mount Gagau area is located in the Eastern Belt of Peninsular Malaysia and composed of three units
of rocks (Rishworth, 1974; Figure 3), i.e. the Permian sedimentary rocks (shale, mudstone, sandstone,
conglomerate, siltstone, limestone, tuff, and lava), the Triassic intrusions (adomellite, granite,
granodiorite, and minor tonalite), and the Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous Gagau Group (Badong
Conglomerate, Gagau eruptive rocks, and Lotong Sandstone).
The Lotong Sandstone is the only Jurassic – Cretaceous rocks that is exposed in the study area
(the Cicir River site). Based on the observation in an outcrop in the study area (Figure 4), the Lotong
Sandstone is represented by the dark red pebbly sandstone with pebbles of mainly quartz and cherty
materials. The thickness of this sandstone ranges from less than 1 metre until more than 1 metre. The
layer shows a coarsening-upward sequence and dips around 300 – 800 to the north. The top of this
unit is the erosional surface (unconformity) and overlain by the soils with sandstone boulders
(colluvial deposits). The extensive top soils with plants cover this outcrop.
The identification of dinosaur fossils begins by matching them with the known, previous
discovered dinosaur fossils. This paper reports the discovery of all those remains.
216
Geological Society of Malaysia
POSTERS (Session 3)
Teeth
Two possible dinosaur tooth remains, one is interpreted as an isolated tooth (body fossil) and
another one is a mould of tooth (trace fossil), have been found in two different localities in the study
area. These possible teeth are the unusual clasts in the pebbly (or conglomeratic) sandstones which
have different shape with other more rounded, common clasts. The first specimen is a 2 cm long and
0.9 cm wide, white, and sharply pointed tooth crown (the portion of a tooth above the gumline) with
damaged parts and the tooth root is broken off. Meanwhile, the second specimen is a mould of about
3 cm long and 0.8 cm wide and comprises the crown and root parts. These Gagau specimens (Figure
5) are identified as teeth of herbivorous Ornithopod (Iguanodon) based on the similarity with some
other Ornithopod (Iguanodon) teeth previously found in other countries or regions.
Footprints
Some various dinosaur footprints have been discovered from this Upper Jurassic – Lower
Cretaceous Lotong Sandstone in four sandstone boulders in some localities along the Cicir River
valley in Mount Gagau area. The first footprints are two impressions, probably a right-foot and a leftfoot pair, preserved close each other on the upper surface of a sandstone boulder in the river (at the
elevation of 815 m). One of the footprints, in the right side, is well-preserved, observable clearly, and
is located just right below another print which is poorly preserved. The general shape of the print
depression is semi-circular with the rounded and U-shaped posterior end (the heel part) with three
short, rounded to subrounded (blunt) edges of the digit marks, which are the right, middle, and left
toes with broader interdigital angles. The maximum length of these footprints is 20 cm, the maximum
width is 25 cm, and the maximum depth is 6 cm. In the well-preserved footprint, the feature and
boundary are distinct where the digits and heel can be determined easily, however, the claw
impressions are not visible. These broad footprints can be referred as the hind feet of Iguanodon
(Figure 6).
Several unpatterned (irregular) and overlapping Therapod prints are preserved as impressions on
the upper surface of a sandstone boulder in the riverside (at the elevation of 818 m; Figure 7). Some
others have also been exposed on the upper surface of a very large and high sandstone boulder in the
river valley (at the elevation of 847 m; Figure 8). These Therapod footprints have three small,
narrow, and sharply pointed digits forming the V-shaped posterior ends and all digits are pointing
outwards. The middle digit is the longest and only a little bit longer than two other digits (the right
and left toes). The digits will end with sharp and slender claw marks. The average length of these
footprints is 13 cm and their average width is 10 cm.
Another trace fossil record is a few large, elongated, and rounded to subrounded footprints
which were also discovered on the upper surface of a large sandstone boulder in the Cicir River
valley, the locality which is close to that of the discovery of Iguanodon footprints. Traces with the
diameter ranging from 10 – 25 cm are possibly recognized as Sauropod footprints by their lobeshaped (or circular) impressions (Figure 9). The crawl marks are not observable. These marks have
the maximum depth of approximately 5 cm, indicating that the feet of the trackmakers sank not
deeply into the sediment (sand substrate). Based on the size of the traces, it can be interpreted that the
bigger lobes are probably from the adult and bigger Sauropods, meanwhile the smaller ones are
probably from the younger and smaller Sauropods.
References
Braziunas, T. (2008). Gel 100: dinosaur. North Seattle Community College.
http://facweb.northseattle.edu/tbraziunas/gel100tb3/gel100tb3_css/assignments/questions3.htm
(Accessed on 27 January 2015).
Lucas, S.G. (2007). Dinosaurs: the textbook, 5th Ed. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 304 p.
July 2015
217
National Geoscience Conference
Perdana Hotel, Kota Bharu ♣ 31 July – 1 August 2015
Ricardo, A., Rui, C., and Octavio, M. (2011). Evolutionary major trends of Ornithopod dinosaurs
teeth. In: Calvo, J., Porfiri, J., Riga, B.G., and Dos Santos, D. Paleontologia y dinosaurios desde
America Latina. EDIUNC, p.25-31.
Rishworth, D.E.H. (1974). The Upper Mesozoic terrigenous Gagau Group of Peninsular Malaysia.
Geological Survey of Malaysia, Volume 1 of Special Paper, 1, 78 p.
218
Geological Society of Malaysia
POSTERS (Session 3)
P35
USING GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM TO ESTIMATE
VULNERABLE URBAN SETTLEMENTS TO FLOOD HAZARD IN KOTA
BHARU
Arham Muchtar Achmad Bahar, Muqtada Ali Khan
Faculty of Earth Science, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan
arham@umk.edu.my
An extreme flooding has occurred on a broad scale and catastrophic impact throughout the
Kelantan State, particularly in towns and city the end of December 2014 The impact of this flooding
has paralyzed all aspects of life. These disasters directly affect most of the population, causing
damage to homes, infrastructure and public service networks (supply, water, electricity, telephone) as
well as the disruption of commercial activities and services. For events of 2014, economic losses
have been estimated at around 200 million dollars. Problems related to flooding have greatly
increased, and there is a need for an effective modeling to understand the problem and mitigate its
disastrous effects especially in Kota Bharu. The objective of these research is to to identify and
characterize the flood zones in Kota Bharu and to assess the flood exposure and flood susceptibility
in Kota Bharu. This paper seeks to demonstrate a method to more accurately estimated urban
settlements vulnerable to hazard by using suitable indicators for identifying vulnerability to flooding,
especially in densely developed cities, and to characterize at-risk populations based on measures
physical and environment vulnerability. This study discuss two methods that employ Geographical
Information science to assess Flood hazard analysis method to understand the likeliflood of flood
occurences. The two methodsl show the vulnerability of the city due to flood hazards.
This methods can serve as a model to helps other municipalities to estimate vulnerability to
hazards, tailored to the specific conditions and characteristics of their locales. While this study ,
focused on the flood threat, the models can estimate vulnerability and exposure to other types of
hazards such as earthquake, extreme weather events, and technological disasters.
The physical characteristics of flood have been investigated such as onset of flood, time of peak,
flood recession, duration, magnitude and extent. Flood hydrograph responded particularly to the
seasonal pattern of rainfall. The probability of flood hazard classified as Low, Medium and High base
on depth. Flood vulnerability of landuse, settlement and infrastructure had been analysed base on
flood exposure by using GIS. This methods can serve as a model to helps other municipalities to
estimate vulnerability to hazards, tailored to the specific conditions and characteristics of their
locales. While this study , focused on the flood threat, the models can estimate vulnerability and
exposure to other types of hazards such as earthquake, extreme weather events, and technological
disasters.
Keywords : Flood Hazard, Gepgraphical Information Systems, Flood Risk, Flood
Vulnerability, Settlement
July 2015
219
National Geoscience Conference
Perdana Hotel, Kota Bharu ♣ 31 July – 1 August 2015
P36
GEOSPATIAL ANALYSIS OF THE EX-MINING LAND OF MELAKA
Ramli Mohd Osman1 and Lam Chee Siong2
1Mineral
Research Centre, Minerals and Geoscience Department Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah, 31400 Ipoh
2Bahagian
Pemetaan Topografi Semenanjung, Jabatan Ukur dan Pemetaan Malaysia (JUPEM), Tingkat Bawah,
Bangunan CAMS, Jalan Semarak, 50578 Kuala Lumpur
ramli.osman@jmg.gov.my
To carry out geospatial information studies of the ex-mining land and to propose the most
suitable development of the idle ex-mining land of Melaka, geospatial analyses were conducted on
the current land-use, ex-mining land, lithology, location of mines and quarries, and the availability of
metallic and industrial mineral resources for each of the 3 districts in the state. The paper discusses
the result of these studies. The largest extend of ex-mining land in Melaka was in 1975, i.e. 761 ha.
However, the ex-mining land has been developed and digital data obtained from Department of
Agriculture (DOA) in 2000 shows that the total ex-mining land area in Melaka covers only 367 ha or
0.22% of the state of Melaka (165,606 ha). Geospatial analysis also shows that there are 74.5 ha of
idle ex-mining land, which has the potential to be developed, in Melaka. Jasin has 4 idle ex-mining
land areas with the largest acreage, 72.6 ha. This is followed by Alor Gajah that has 2 idle ex-mining
land areas totaling 1.9 ha. The proposed development of these idle ex-mining land is discussed.
Keywords: geospatial analysis, ex-mining land, land-use, lithology, mines and quarries
220
Geological Society of Malaysia
POSTERS (Session 3)
P37
GEOSPATIAL ANALYSIS OF THE EX-MINING LAND OF NEGERI
SEMBILAN
Ramli Mohd Osman1, Mohd Redzuan Abd Rahim2 & Siearra Celastra Sarina Ramli3
1Mineral
2
Research Centre, Minerals and Geoscience Department Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah, 31400 Ipoh
Cawangan Geodata 3, Aras 8, MaCGDI, Wisma Sumber Asli, 25 Persiaran
Perdana, Presint 4, 62574 W. P. Putrajaya
3University
of Western Australia, Faculty of Engineering,
Computing and Mathematics, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009
To carry out geospatial information studies of the ex-mining land and to propose the most
suitable development of the idle ex-mining land of Negeri Sembilan, geospatial analyses were
conducted on the current land-use, ex-mining land, lithology, location of mines and quarries, and the
availability of metallic and industrial mineral resources for each of the 7 districts in the state. The
paper discusses the result of these studies. The largest extend of ex-mining land in Negeri Sembilan
was in 1970, i.e. 2,082 ha. It is of interest to note that not much development of the ex-mining land
has taken place since then. Digital data obtained from Department of Agriculture (DOA) in 2000
shows that the total ex-mining land area in Negeri Sembilan covers 2,038 ha or 0.31% of the state of
Negeri Sembilan (666,451 ha). Geospatial analysis also showed that there are 156.7 ha of idle exmining land, which has the potential to be developed, in Negeri Sembilan. Seremban has 2 idle exmining land areas with the largest acreage. This is followed by Jelebu that has 4 idle ex-mining land
area and Port Dickson that has 1 idle ex-mining land area. The proposed development of these idle
ex-mining land is discussed.
Keywords: geospatial analysis, ex-mining land, land-use, lithology, mines and quarries
July 2015
221
National Geoscience Conference
Perdana Hotel, Kota Bharu ♣ 31 July – 1 August 2015
P38
KAJIAN SIFAT FIZIKO-KIMIA TANAH ULTRABES DI KAWASAN RANAU,
SABAH
Nabila Mohd Salleh*, Hennie Fitria W. Soehady E. & Baba Musta
Program Geologi, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam
Universiti Malaysia Sabah 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah
nabila.msalleh@gmail.com
Kajian ini dijalankan untuk menentukan sifat fiziko-kimia bagi tanah ultrabes di kawasan
Ranau, Sabah. Batuan ultrabes di kawasan Ranau merupakan sebahagian daripada kompleks ofiolit,
iaitu batuan dasar yang berusia Jurasik-Kapur. Batuan ini diwakili oleh peridotit terserpentinit yang
banyak tersingkap di sepanjang jalan utama Kota Kinabalu-Sandakan. Tanah ultrabes atau tanah
lateritik terbentuk hasil daripada luluhawa batuan ultrabes. Tanah ultrabes mudah dikenalpasti di
lapangan melalui warna gelap atau kemerahan disebabkan oleh kandungan besi oksidanya yang
tinggi.
Tanah ultrabes adalah berbutiran halus dan biasanya mengandungi tanah bersaiz lempung dan
lodak yang lebih tinggi berbanding pasir (Sahibin et. al., 2012). Roberts (1980) dan Vithanage et. al.
(2014) pula mendapati terdapat tanah ultrabes berbutiran kasar dengan peratusan pasir yang tinggi
berbanding lodak dan lempung. Tanah ultrabes yang berbutiran lebih kasar disebabkan oleh
kehadiran konkresi besi di dalam tanah Tan & Eng (2004).
Kapasiti untuk menyimpan air dalam tanah ultrabes adalah rendah (Sahibin et. al., 2012;
Vithanage et. al., 2014), tetapi analisis makmal biasanya memberikan nilai peratusan kandungan
kelembapan yang tinggi disebabkan oleh kandungan lempung yang banyak menyerap atau memegang
air di dalam tanah. Tanah ultrabes juga bersifat asid lemah menghampiri neutral (Proctor, 2003) dan
mengandungi bahan organik yang rendah.
Ciri keplastikan tanah ultrabes pula adalah tinggi kerana nilai had plastik dan had cecair yang
tinggi. Selain itu, kandungan lempung yang tinggi juga menyumbang kepada keplastikan tanah yang
tinggi (Tan & Eng, 2004). Nilai graviti tentu berjulat di antara 2.7 hingga 3.6, bergantung kepada
jenis mineral di dalam tanah.
Sifat fiziko-kimia tanah ultrabes di kawasan Ranau telah dianalisis menggunakan kaedah
makmal berdasarkan kepada Piawaian British BS 1377 : 1990. Analisis makmal merangkumi
kandungan kelembapan, bahan organik tanah, nilai pH, pengelasan saiz butiran, graviti tentu,
pemadatan dan had-had Atterberg. Persampelan telah dijalankan di kawasan cerun berhampiran
Kampung Libang Tanah Merah (S1), Kompleks Sukan Ranau (S2) dan Jalan Kompleks Sukan Ranau
(S3) (Rajah 1).
Ringkasan bagi analisis sifat-fiziko kimia ditunjukkan pada Jadual 1. Hasil analisis telah
mendapati sampel tanah ultrabes adalah bersifat asid lemah dengan kandungan kelembapan yang
rendah dan kandungan bahan organik yang tinggi. Analisis taburan saiz butiran menunjukkan semua
sampel tanah dikelaskan sebagai lempung berpasir dan berlodak. Analisis Had Atterberg
menunjukkan sampel terdiri daripada lodak dengan keplastikan tinggi dan sangat tinggi. Sifat fizikal
ini dipengaruhi oleh jenis mineral yang terkandung dalam tanah ultrabes seperti goethite, gibbsite,
kaolinit dan magnetit (Twaiq et. al., 2003).
222
Geological Society of Malaysia
POSTERS (Session 3)
Analisis pemadatan pula memberikan nilai ketumpatan kering yang rendah dan kelembapan
optima yang tinggi. Menurut (Tan & Eng, 2004), analisis pemadatan pada tanah butiran halus secara
amnya akan memberikan nilai ketumpatan yang rendah dan kelembapan optima yang tinggi manakala
bagi tanah yang berbutiran kasar pula, nilai ketumpatan yang diperoleh adalah lebih tinggi dan
kelembapan optima lebih rendah.
RUJUKAN
British Standard BS 1377 : 1990. Methods of test For Civil Engineering Purposes, British Standard
Institution, London.
Proctor, J. 2003. Vegetation and soil and plant chemistry on ultramafic rocks in the tropical Far East.
Perspectives in Plant Ecology,Evolution and Systematics (6):105–124
Roberts, B. A. 1980. Some chemical and physical properties of serpentine soils from western
Newfoundland. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 60 : 231-240.
Sahibin, A. R., Wan, M. R. I., Zulfahmi, A. R., Tukimat, L. & Nurul, N. A. S. 2012. PhysicoChemical Properties of Ultrabasic Soil from Petaseh, Negeri Sembilan. National Geoscience
Conference Proceeding : 69-71.
Tan B. K. & Eng B. K. 2004. Physico-Chemical Properties of Serpentinite Soils in The Kuala Pilah
Area, Negeri Sembilan. Geological Society of Malaysia Bulletin 48 : 37-40.
Twaiq, O., Hamzah M., Mohamad M. T., Anizan I., Baba M. & Mohd R. U. 2003. The economic
potential of ultrabasic soils in the vicinity of Ranau, Sabah. Geological Society of Malaysia
Bulletin 46 : 243-246.
Vithanage, M., Rajapaksha, A. U., Oze, C., Rajakaruna, N. & Dissanayake, C. B. 2014. Metal release
from serpentine soils in Sri Lanka. Environmental Monitoring Assessment, Springer
International Publishing Switzerland 186 (6) : 3415-3429.
July 2015
223
National Geoscience Conference
Perdana Hotel, Kota Bharu ♣ 31 July – 1 August 2015
P39
EOCENE FORAMINIFERA FROM THE SUANG PAI QUARRY, KUDAT,
SABAH
1
1Geology
Junaidi Asis*, 2Basir Jasin, and 1Sanudin Tahir
Programme, Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota
Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
2No.
22 Jalan 2/4F, Section 2, 43650 Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
junaidiasis@gmail.com/junaidi@ums.edu.my
Introduction
The study area is located at the Suang Pai Quarry at the northern tip of Borneo, Kudat Peninsula
in Sabah. The geology of study area is part of the deformed complex and fragmented of Cretaceous
Ophiolites sequence (Kudat Complex) and Tertiary sediments. The oldest rock is the Early
Cretaceous ophiolite sequence which is exposed along the Kudat Fault Zone and consists of
peridotite, gabbro, basalt and radiolarian chert. The Tertiary sediments consist of the Kudat
Formation. The Kudat Formation was first studied by Stephens (1956). The Kudat Formation is
characterized by medium to thick-bedded, quartzose to feldspathic sandstones, locally calcareous
sandstone, an overall abundance of lignitic and carbonaceous layers, and the presence of red shales
and detrital calcarenites. Liechti et al. (1960) has been revised this formation and subdivided it into
several members (Garau, Tajau, Sikuati, Gomantong, Dudar, Sirar), but only the Tajau and Sikuati
Members can be identified in the field. The geology of the Kudat Formation has been studied by
several researchers and it was probably deposited in shallow to deep water environments (Sanudin
2009; Tongkul 2006; Tjia 1988). The first foraminifera study has been conducted by Van der Vlerk
(in Stephen 1956). Only several species of benthic and planktic foraminifera have been recorded and
suggested two difference ages, Eocene and Miocene. Liechti et al. (1960) firstly introduced the Kudat
Formation and interpreted to be Early Miocene age based on scarce paleontological evidence. Ever
since there are no significant paleontological study has been conducted.
In the present study, Eocene larger benthic and planktic foraminifera are successfully recovered
from the Suang Pai Quarry, Northern part of Kudat, Sabah. The outcrop consists of limestone and
bedded shale. The limestone is white in colour and occurs as lenses in green colour of bedded shale.
The objectives of this research are to indentify the taxa and the age of foraminiferal assemblages.
Material and Method
Four samples of shale (SSQ101-SSQ104) and four samples of limestone (LSQ0201-LSQ204)
have been collected at an outcrop exposed at the Suang Pai Quarry. The Limestone was about 1.5m
thick and overlies the bedded shale. The thickness of shale bed is 8 meters and the thickness of
limestone is two meters. The shale samples were crushed into small size (1-2 cm) and then boiled
with sodium bicarbonate (Na2CO3) solution for several hours. After that the samples were washed
and sieved and then dried. Foraminifera were picked and analysed by a binocular microscope
(Amrstrong & Brasier, 2005). Well-preserved specimens of planktic foraminifera were photographed
by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The limestone samples were cut into several thin sections.
Preparations of thin sections are based on standard micropaleontology method. Forty thin sections
224
Geological Society of Malaysia
POSTERS (Session 3)
have been analyzed for carbonate classification and foraminiferal identification. The identification of
larger benthic, Planktic foraminifera and other faunas is based on previous works.
Result and Discussion
The bedded shale samples contain an abundance of planktic foraminifera. A total of sixteen taxa
of planktic foraminifera have been identified and eleven selected species are used for age
determination. They comprise Acarinna bulbrooki, Acarinina pentacamerata, Acarinina wilcoxensis,
Morozovella aragonensis, Morozovella spinulosa, Muricoglobigerina soldadoensis angulosa,
Muricoglobigerina soldadoensis soldadoensis, Orbulinoides beckmanni, Subbotina eocaena,
Subbotina inaequispira and Subbotina linaperta. The planktic foraminiferal assemblage represents an
age ranging from Ypresian (E5 Zone) to Bartonian (E12 Zone), Early Eocene to Middle Eocene
(Figure 1).
Fourty thin sections from four samples of carbonate rock have been cut for petrographic
analysis. The classification of rock is based on Dunham (1962). Sample LSQ201 was classified as
packstone because of grains supported with matrix 20% in average. The grains are dominantly made
up by larger benthic foraminifera. Small percentage of algae, coral and bryozoan skeletals exist as
molds. Sample LSQ202, LSQ203 and LSQ204 are matrix supported which contain more than 10%
grains. These sampels are classified as wackstone. The grains comprise mainly larger foraminifera.
Both samples contain skeletal allochems of algae, small foraminifera, bryozoa, bivalve, echinoderm
and corals.
The limestone contains well-preserved fossils (eg. larger benthic foraminifera, alga, coral and
planktic foraminifera). In this study, the most abundance fossils are larger benthic foraminifera and
have been used for age determination. A total of 16 species of larger benthic foraminifera have been
identified and listed in alphabetical order as follow: Alveolina sp., Amphsitegina waiareka,
Amphistegina sp., Asterocyclina mantazensis, Asterocyclina stella, Bolivina sp., Discocyclina
dispansa, Discocyclina javana, Discocylina sp., Fabiania sp., Nummulites sp., Pellatispira sp.,
Textularia sp., Triculina sp., Victoriella sp. and Wilfordia sarawakiensis. The most abundant species
are from genera Discoyclina and Asterocyclina. Some of planktic foraminifera also present in the
samples. The planktic species are from 3 genera; Acarinina, Morozovella and Subbotina. There is one
assemblage has been identified. The present of Asterocyclina mantazensis, Asterocyclina stella,
Discocyclina dispansa , Discocyclina javana are indicative of Lutetian to Bartonian of Middle
Eocene in age. The presence of planktic foraminifera namely Acarinina sp., Subbotina sp.and
Morozovella sp. are indicative of an age not younger than Bartonian or Late Middle Eocene (Figure
2).
Environment of Deposition
The carbonate rock in this study area was deposited in warm and very shallow-marine
environment. The presence of well-preserved larger benthic foraminifera associated with minor coral,
echinoderm, bivalve, bryozoa and alga that found in limestone samples of the Kudat Formation
indicates that the deposition occur within photic zone, that is less than 120 m. From the petrographic
and fossils assemblage studies, we believed the depositional environment of the limestone unit is
interpreted as forereef shelf (Figure 2). In proximal forereef shelf, the most dominant foraminifera are
Discosyclinids, cycloclypids, lepidocyclinids, operculinids, Heterosteginids associated with scattered
alga and coral and cemented by sparite and micrite (BouDagher-Fadel 2008). This area represent by
sample S01 of packstone which has high percentage grains of larger benthic foraminifera and it has
low percentage of micrite because of lime muds were flush away by wave action. Distally from reef,
larger benthic foraminifera have been diminished and micrite increase. This represented by samples
S02, S03, and S04 of wackstone which have scattered larger foraminifera and high percentage of
matrix.
July 2015
225
National Geoscience Conference
Perdana Hotel, Kota Bharu ♣ 31 July – 1 August 2015
The limestone was deposited in shallow water environment as a lense and surrounded by the
thick shale. The thick bedded shale contains abundance of planktic foraminifera was deposited at
deep marine environment. Based on foraminifera assemblage the shale was deposited during Early
Eocene to Middle Eocene. There two rock units were deposited in difference environments but of the
same age. The limestone unit could be a localized carbonates on fault highs. The early stages of
development of Kudat basin are inferred to have been extensional during Early Eocene or preEocene. Half-graben developed by the extensional process of Kudat basin. Within these half-graben
systems, deep marine shale deposited and accumulated in adjacent hanging wall grabens. Shallow
water carbonate production was occurred on footwall highs during Middle Eocene which were
sheltered from clastic input (Wilson et al. 1999).
Conclusion
The planktic foraminifera from the bedded shale of Suang Pai Quarry contain Early Eocene to
Middle Eocene assemblage. While the larger benthic foraminifera assemblage from the limestone
unit of Suang Pai Quarry suggest an age of Middle Eocene. The bedded shale was deposited in deep
marine environment at half-graben system during Early Eocene.The shallow marine limestone unit
was deposited later during Middle Eocene. The limestone exists as a localized carbonates on the edge
of a shelf closed to a basin of half-graben system.
Reference
Armstrong H.A. & Brasier M.D., 2005. Microfossils. 2nd edition. United Kingdom. Blackwell
Publishing.
Liechti, P., Roe, RW. & Haile, N.S. (1960). The geology of Sarawak, Brunei and the western part of
North Borneo. Geological Survey Department, British Territories in Borneo, Bulletin, 3,
Kuching.
Sanudin Tahir, Kong Vui Siong & Wan Nursaedah Wan Ismail, 2009. Sandstone Reservoir Potential
in the Neogene Basin, Kudat Peninsula, Sabah. Proceeding on Curtin Sarawak 1st International
Symposium on Geology (ISG1-2009).
Stephens, E.A. (1956) The geology and mineral resources of the Kota Belud and Kudat area, north
Borneo. Geological Survey Department British Territories in Borneo Memoir 5, Kuching.
Tongkul, F., 2006. The structural style of Lower Miocene sedimentary rocks, Kudat Peninsula,
Sabah. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia, 49: 119-124.
Tjia, H.D. (1988) Accretion tectonics in Sabah: Kinabalu Suture and East Sabah accreted terrane.
Geol Soc. Malaysia Bull, 22, 237-251.
Wilson, M.E.J., Chambers J.L.C., Evans, M.J. Moss, S.J. & Nas, D.S. 1999. Cenozoic carbonates in
Borneo: case studies from northeast Kalimantan. Journal of Asian Earth Science 17. 183-201.
226
Geological Society of Malaysia
POSTERS (Session 3)
P40
FIELD RELATION OF THE VOLCANIC ROCKS FROM TELUK RAMUNIA
AREA, SOUTH EASTERN JOHOR, PENINSULAR MALAYSIA.
Muhammad Hatta Roselee1,2, Azman Abdul Ghani2, Mohd Rozi Umor1
1.Geology
Programme, Faculty of Science & Technology, National University of Malaysia (UKM), 43600,
Bangi, Selangor
2.Geology
Department, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur.
hattarosley@yahoo.com
Pengerang has been well known to consist of volcanic rocks of both lava and pyroclastic types.
It also has been known to house large production of aluminium rich bauxite ore. The study area is
located within Teluk Ramunia which is about 5km east from Kampung Ramunia. Based on field and
petrographical evidence the Ramunia consist of 2 types of volcanic rocks which are rhyolite and
trachydacite. There is evidence of magma mingling between these rocks. Some of the trachydacite –
trachyandesite yield slightly larger grain size with elongated hornblende and biotite due to quenching
process. Most of the rhyolite and trachydacite formed as fine grained with less common phenocryst.
Petrographical evidence suggests that the volcanic might be formed within sub-volcanic environment
or volcanic domal bodies. The interaction between rhyolite with less evolved trachydacite shows that
they are not comagmatic and this evidence supported by geochemical analysis of major elements.
INTRODUCTION
Geological studies on Southeastern Johore within Pengerang area has been done by Grubb
(1968) with emphasized on distribution of bauxite. Most of the bauxite has been found within soil
which overlay the volcanic rocks of lava flow type. Based on Grubb (1968), the south and
southeastern of Johore there are total of four types of volcanic rocks of lava flow that can be found
within Pengerang area which is andesite, dark non banded rhyolite, Banded porphyritic rhyolite and
banded felsitic rhyolite. Three types of tuff can be found which associated with the lava which is tuff,
agglomerate tuff and ashy tuff. These volcanic rocks associated with praphitic and muscovite schist
which was assumed to be of Carboniferous to Triassic age.
This study focus on the area of Teluk Ramunia which located at southeastern of Johore state and
geologically located within East Malaya block. The study area consists of lava type volcanic rocks
which cover most of the area and is overlied by thick soil (~10m to 20m). There are 2 types of
volcanic rocks found which is pink rhyolite which previously known as non-banded rhyolite and dark
grey trachydacite. The classification of the volcanics is based on IUGS geochemical classification.
This paper reports the field relationship between the pink rhyolite and tracydacite and the field
evidences of magma mingling and quenching process during magmatic evolution.
GENERAL GEOLOGY AND FIELD RELATIONSHIP
Teluk Ramunia is geologically located on the Eastern Belt or East Malaya Block. Metcalfe
(2013) has includes the East Malaya block as southward extension of sukhotai arc from Thailand
(Figure 1). The outcrop is located within the active quarry which can be readily accessed from main
road. The quarry is dominated by pink rhyolite and dark grey of trachydacite. Field evidence shows
there are close relationship between rhyolite and trachydacite. Small xenolith of rhyolite can be
clearly seen within trachydacite which indicate the rhyolite has been fully crystallized before
trachydacite. There is evidence of magma mingling between rhyolite magma and trachydacite
July 2015
227
National Geoscience Conference
Perdana Hotel, Kota Bharu ♣ 31 July – 1 August 2015
magma. The volcanic rocks have been intruded by several dykes of mafic composition. Other
structure structures such as joints and and fauts are quite common within study area with mostly are
NW – SE pattern.
METHODOLOGY
10 fresh rock samples were collected for petrographical and geochemical analysis. The samples
were prepared to be made as thin section with thickness of about 30micronmeter. The balance of the
rock samples are prepared for fusion disc for major elements geochemical analysis. The geochemical
analysis has been conducted at University of Malaya. The samples were analyzed using XRF which
located in Acme Laboratories Vancouver, Canada.
PETROGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION.
Based on petrographic observation the rhyolite and trachydacite consists of quartz, plagiolcase
and K-feldpsar with minor occurences of biotite+hornblende. Rhyolite from this area is characterized
by the occurences of microagranopyric texture and with some spherulitic texture. Trachydacite also
shows occurences of microgranophyric texture but less common compared to rhyolite. Biotite formed
as long needle crystal shape and commonly altered to chlorite. The needle like shape biotite is more
common in larger grained of trahchydacite and formed as interstitial between plagioclaseand kfeldspar. The secondary epidote is quite common due to alteration of plagioclase due to
saussuritaztion process. Table 1 shows the summary of the petrography description of rhyolite and
trachydacite. Table 1 shows the petrographic summary of rhyolite and trachydacite.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Teluk Ramunia which located on southestern most of Johor state consists of predomintant
volcanic rocks of lava flow type. The chemical compositions of the volcanic rocks are ranging from
rhyolitic to dacitic with much less common andesitic composition (Figure 2). There is a gap about 5%
SiO2 concentration between rhyolite and trachydacite which may indicate they are not co-magmatic.
Field evidence shows that the rhyolite is slightly older compared to trachydacite and are not comagmatic. There is trace of rhyolitic block occur within trachydacite body which formed as xenoliths.
The size of the xenolith is from small from milimeter to several centimeters. Rhyolite and
trachydacite shows both sharp and irregular contact. This may indicate that some rhyolitic magma has
been completed crystallized while some rhyolitic magma are still in liquid phase. The major
occurences of microgranophyric texture within rhyolite shows that the magma that formed rhyolite
has undergone undercooling process at in high viscousity at 50 OC to 150 OC which the magma is
initially water undersaturated (Morgan and London, 2012). The biotite shows elongated platy crystal
shape and formed as interstitial between the earlier formed minerals. This indicate the biotite is late
forming crystal and and might be of annite type (Zhao et al. 2008). The similar characteristic which
shows abundant microgranophyric texture and interstital biotite are found on A-type granite from
Pulau Besar, one of east coast island of Johore which dated as Late Permian age (Ghani et al., 2014).
References
Grubb, P.L.C. (1968). Geology and Bauxite Deposits of the Pengerang Area, Southeast Johor. Geol.
Soc. Malaysia Dis. Memoir, 14, 125.
Middlemost, E. A. K. (1994). Naming materials in magma/igneous rock system. Earth Sci. Rev., 37,
215–224.
George B. Morgan & David London. (2012). Process of granophyre crystallization in the Long
Mountain Granite, southern Oklahoma. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 124(7 – 8), 1251
– 1261.
228
Geological Society of Malaysia
POSTERS (Session 3)
Azman Abdul Ghani, Fatin Izzani Hazad, Azmiah Jamil, Quek Long Xiang, Wan Nur Atiqah Wan
Ismail, Sun-Lin Chung, Yu-Ming Lai, Muhammad Hatta Roselee, Nur Islami, Meor Hakif Amir
Hassan, Mohd Farid Abu Bakar, Mohd Rozi Umor. (2014). Permian ultrafelsic A-type granite
from Besar Islands group, Johor, Peninsular Malaysia. Journal Earth System Science
123(8),1857-1878
July 2015
229
National Geoscience Conference
Perdana Hotel, Kota Bharu ♣ 31 July – 1 August 2015
P41
KAJIAN POTENSI JATUHAN BATUAN DI KAWASAN LEMBAH KINTA
Muhammad Fahmi Abdul Ghani1*, Norbert Simon1, Goh Thian Lai1, Abdul Ghani
Rafek2 and Azimah Hussin1
1Program Geologi, Pusat Pengajian Sains Sekitaran & Sumber Alam, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600
UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
fahmighani@icloud.com
2Department
of Geosciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, 31750, Tronoh, Perak
Darul Ridzuan
Kajian ini bertujuan bagi melihat hubungan antara ketumpatan lineamen dan tahap kestabilan
cerun di tujuh buah gunung batu kapur di Lembah Kinta. Gunung Rapat, Datok, Panjang, Lang,
Paniang, Kandu dan Tempurung adalah antara gunung-gunung batu kapur yang dinilai. Kawasan
gunung-gunung ini dinilai kerana terletak berhampiran dengan jalan raya, kawasan kediaman dan
kawasan yang berpotensi untuk dibangunkan sebagai pusat tarikan pelancong. Pemetaan
lineamen rantau dilakukan dengan mengaplikasikan penuras jenis robinson ketakpemberat 5 X 5 ke
atas imej Landsat ETM+. Sebanyak 599 lineamen rantau dikenalpasti dengan panjang keseluruhan
lineamen adalah 317 km. Peta lineamen yang dihasilkan ditukarkan kepada peta ketumpatan
lineamen dan diklasifikasikan kepada jenis tiga kelas : rendah (137.0-84.23) m, sederhana (84.2246.83) m dan tinggi (46.82-0.0) m. Sebanyak dua belas stesen yang dinilai dengan dua hingga tiga
stesen untuk setiap gunung dijalankan menggunakan kaedah Kekuatan Jasad Batuan (RMS). Bagi
menilai tahap kestabilan cerun di kawasan kajian, tujuh parameter RMS digunakan iaitu : kekuatan
batu utuh, tahap luluhawa, bukaan kekar, orientasi kekar, kelebaran kekar, keselanjaran dan aliran
air bawah tanah. Seterusnya, setiap cerun yang dinilai dikelaskan kepada lima kumpulan bermula dari
sangat lemah sehingga sangat kuat berdasarkan jumlah akhir bagi setiap parameter yang dinilai. Hasil
cerapan di lapangan mendapati hampir kesemua stesen yang dicerap berada pada kelas sederhana
(Gunung Rapat, Datok, Kandu, Panjang, Paniang, Tempurung) manakala hanya satu stesen (Gunung
Lang) berada pada kelas lemah. Perbandingan antara peta ketumpatan lineamen serta analisis RMS di
lapangan mendapati73% daripada tujuh stesen yang dinilai mempunyai kelas yang sama. Ini
menujukkan bahawa kestabilan cerun di Lembah Kinta dipengaruhi secara langsung oleh ketumpatan
lineamen rantau.
Kajian yang lebih terperinci bagi mengukur tahap kestabilan cerun harus dijalankan bagi
mengurangkan risiko jatuhan batuan terhadap manusia dan harta benda.
Kata kunci: Batu Kapur, kekuatan jasad batuan , penilaian jasad batuan, jatuhan batuan
230
Geological Society of Malaysia
POSTERS (Session 3)
P42
PALYNOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS FROM THE NYALAU FORMATION,
SOUTH BINTULU SARAWAK, MALAYSIA
Zainey Konjing1, 2, Abdul Hadi Abdul Rahman1 and Ahmad Munif Koraini2
Department of Geoscience & Petroleum Engineering,
1
2Biostratex
Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS
Sdn Bhd, Batu Caves, Kuala Lumpur
zainey_geo@yahoo.com
Introduction
This paper presents the results of palynological analysis of outcrops belong to the Nyalau
Formation located in the south Bintulu area of Sarawak, Malaysia. This palynological study is a part
of high resolution biofacies project which is aimed to reconstruct the palynological succession in the
Nyalau Formation. In general, the study was emphasized on quantitative palynological method and
extensive closer sampling programme. In this paper, the data from different two localities are
presented and these are, (1) Kg. Sungai Emas, (2) Samarakan junction (Figure 1).
Palynological assemblage
Based on palynomorph distribution (Figure 2) there are four distinct palynological assemblages
were identified and these are, (1) mangrove, (2) back mangrove (3) inland vegetation and (4)
montane flora. Mangrove assemblage is dominated by F. trilobata and Zonocostites ramonae with
subordinate F. semilobata. Z. ramonae is the fossil pollen from the extant of Rhizophora. At present
day, this species grows within coastal area and very tolerant with brackish and saline water. Both of
the species F. trilobata and F. semilobata are now extinct. Nevertheless some Lythraceae pollen
shows resemblance to Florschuetzia trilobata such as Lagerstroemia type pollen (Germeraad et al.,
1968). The morphology of the F. semilobata is almost identical to the extant pollen of
Sonneratiaceae. F. trilobata tend to occur in great number along with Zonocostites ramonae
especially within carbonaceous mudstone facies. This is inferred that the pollen is part of mangrove
vegetation during the Nyalau Formation time. Back mangrove assemblage comprises
Spinizonocolpites echinatus, Discoidites borneensis, Excoecaria aggulocha, Oncosperma and
Acrostichum aureum. The pollen of S. echinatus has a great affinity to the extant mangrove palm
Nypa fruticans (Germeraad et al., 1968). The genus Discoidites was first introduced by Muller (1968)
and comparable to the modern genus of Brownlowia (Tiliaceae). Oncosperma is well- known as a
palm tree species from the family Aracaceae that occupied back mangrove swamp. Blumeodendron,
Stemonurus, Metroxylon, Pandanus, Eugenia, Calamus, Cyrtostachys, Palaquium, Dicolpopolis
malesianus and Calamus are the dominant taxa in inland assemblages (Figure 2). The palynological
content derived from the coal seam at Sungai Emas consists of pollen that produced by plants that
usually occupy a transition zone between mangrove and peat swamp such as Cyrtostachys,
Campnosperma, Blumeodendron and Stemonurus. This pollen association is inferred peat swamp
vegetation and characteristics of shallow coastal peat (Anderson and Muller 1975). Montane flora is
dominated by typical Laurasian montane elements predominantly Pinus, Alnus, Ephedra, Tsuga and
Picea. A major montane connection existed throughout the Tertiary and probably Late Cretaceous in
South East Asia has allowed the Laurasian mountain plants to disperse freely throughout this period
(Morley 1998). Well occurrence of montane flora within the Nyalau Formation is probably related to
this event.
July 2015
231
National Geoscience Conference
Perdana Hotel, Kota Bharu ♣ 31 July – 1 August 2015
Palynostratigraphy
The occurrence of palynomorphs from the study area is compared to the palynological zonation
published by Germeraad et al., (1968), Morley (1978) and Ho (1978). In this study, F.trilobata
occurs consistently throughout the studied sections and tend to increase in number gradually. Other
marker pollen such as F. semilobata and Meyeripollis naharkotensis were also present in the sample.
In addition, the studied sections show regular occurrence of montane flora represented by Alnus,
Picea, Pinus and Ephedra (Figure 2). The marker taxa that used for palynostratigraphic determination
are summarized below.
Florschuetzia semilobata: Early Miocene-Intra Middle Miocene
Florschuetzia trilobata: Late Eocene - Late Miocene
Meyeripollis naharkotensis: Eocene – Oligocene
Montane flora – Abundant during Oligocene to Earliest Miocene
A single grain of M. Naharkotensis is recorded at the upper part locality 2 (Figure 2). The
presence of M. Naharkotensis probably equivalent to the uppermost of Meyeripollis naharkotensis
(Pcs 145) Zone (Figure 3) correlatable to the Upper Oligocene according to the palynological zone of
Ho (1978). This is supported by the common occurrence of montane flora in both of studied section.
Based on the abundance of F. trilobata, the sections studied are assigned into Florschuetzia trilobata
zone (Figure 3) equivalent to the Upper Oligocene palynostratigraphic zone of Morley (1978).
REFERENCES
Anderson, J.A.R., & Muller, J., 1975. Palynological study of Holocene peat and a Miocene coal
deposit from NW Borneo. Review Paleobotany and Palynology, v, 19, pp. 291-351.
Ho, K.F., 1978. Stratigraphic framework for oil exploration in Sarawak. Geological Society of
Malaysia Bull. 10, pp. 1-14.
Germeraad, J.H., Hopping, C.A., Muller, R.J., 1968. Palynology of Tertiary sediments from tropical
areas. Review of Paleobotany and Palynology, v, 6, pp. 189-348.
Morley, R.J., 1978. Palynology of Tertiary and Quaternary sediments in Southeast Asia. Proc. 6th
Ann. Conv. Indonesian Petro Assn., pp. 255-276.
Morley, R. J. 1998. Palynological evidence for Tertiary plant dispersal in the SE Asia region in
relation to plate tectonics and climate. Biogeography and Geological Evolution of SE Asia, pp.
211–234.
Muller, J., 1968. Palynology of the Pedawan and Plateau Sandstone Formations (Cretaceous-Eocene)
in Sarawak, Malaysia. Micropaleontology, v. 14, pp. 1-5.
232
Geological Society of Malaysia
POSTERS (Session 3)
P43
CONODONT BIOSTRATIGRAPHY OF THE LATE DEVONIAN SANAI
LIMESTONE, PERLIS
Yong Adilah Mustafa*, Meor Hakif Amir Hassan, Mohd Zulhafiz Zariq Zakaria
Department Of Geology, Faculty of Science, University Of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur
*yongadilah@gmail.com
INTRODUCTION
The Sanai Hill B quarry at Kampung Guar Jentik, Beseri, Perlis, exposes a lithological section
ranging from the Silurian Mempelam Limestone to CarboniferousKubangPasu Formation. This
includes a small portion of the Sanai Limestone of Late Devonian age (Meor& Lee 2003; Aye et al
2013, Meor et al 2014). There are no other Late Devonian rocks in the Paleozoic of the northwestern
domain in Peninsular Malaysia. An earlier report on the Sanai Limestone interpreted aFamennian
age, from the occurrence of Palmatolepisglabbra (crepida Zone) (Meor& Lee, 2005). A later, more
detailedbiostratigraphic investigation indicated aLatest Frasnian (latest linguiformiszone) age for this
unit (Aung et al., 2013). It did not yield any Famennian genera.Hence the study restricted the range of
the Sanai Limestone to Frasnian.
METHODS
The objective of this study is to refine the conodont biostratigraphy and to fill gaps in the
previous reports on the Sanai Limestone. Revisits to Sanai Limestone outcrop were conducted in
between October 2014 to March 2015. To date, a total 24 rocks samples has been collected, within 1
to 5 m sampling interval, with each sample weighing approximately 1-5 kg. The samples were
subjected to acid leaching in a solution of 10% acetic acid for periods ranging from 1 to 4 weeks.
Theconodont-bearing sediment residue was sieved and separated using the heavy liquid, lithium
metatungstate (LST) separation technique. Next, the remaining residue was picked under a binocular
microscope and transferred onto a mounted slide for the purpose of identification. Images of the
specimens were taken using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The data was then is subject to a
biostratigraphyic analysis to obtain the age of the limestone.
RESULT & DISCUSSION
The sample collected at the base of the Sanai Limestone overlying the TimahTasoh Formation
yielded the conodont Polygnathus exc. excavatusCarls and Gandl 1969, a conodont index taxon for
the Early Emsian (Middle excavatus zone). The TimahTasohFormation has been confirmed to be
Emsian in age,based on the presence of the tentaculitoidNowakiaacuaria (Meor et al, 2013) but no
conodonts have ever been reported from the black shale unit. Therefore, it is possible that the Sanai
Limestone may extend into the Early Devonian (Emsian). Previous authors interpreted aMidPaleozoic Unconformity to explain the absence of Mid-Devonian strata in northwest Peninsular
Malaysia (Yancey, 1975; Metcalfe, 2002; Meor et al, 2014). The age of unconformity suggested in
Sanai Limestone correlates with the one suggested for the Pa SamedFormation. (Wongwanich&
Boucot,2011). The samples from the middle section of the Sanai Limestone contain
AncyrognathusasymmetricusYoungquist,
1945,
PolygnathusdecorosusStaufer,
1938,
Palmatolepishassi Muller & Muller, 1957 and Ancyrodellanodosa Ulrich and Bassler, 1926 which
indicate a Latest Frasnian (latest linguiformis zone) age. At the top section bordering the
CarboniferousKubangPasu
Formation,
a
possible
Famenian
genus
was
also
identified.PalmatolepisquadrantinodosalobataSanneman 1955, an index conodont for crepida zone,
was identified. However its low abundance (1 specimen) and its poor state of preservation hinder a
confident diagnosis. The possibility of extending the age to Early Fammenian (crepida zone) requires
July 2015
233
National Geoscience Conference
Perdana Hotel, Kota Bharu ♣ 31 July – 1 August 2015
more sampling. To date, the study is still on going and more reliable data is being collected to provide
a comprehensive report on the conodont biostratigraphy of the Sanai Limestone.
References
Aung, A. K., Meor, H.A.H., Ng. T.F., 2013, Discovery of Late Devonian (Frasnian) conodonts from
the Sanai Limestone, Guar Jentik, Perlis, Malaysia. Bull. Geol.Soc. Malaysia 59, 93-99
Carls, P., Gandl, J., 1969. Stratigraphie und conodonten des Unter-Devons der
ÖstlichenIberischenKetten
(NE-Spanien).NeuesJahrbuchGeologie
und
Paläontologie,
Abhandlungen 132(2), 155-218.
Meor, H.A.H & Lee, C. P., 2003. The Sanai Limestone Member – a Devonian limestone unit in
Perlis. Geological Society of Malaysia Bulletin, 46, 137-141.
Meor, H.A.H & Lee, C. P., 2005. The Devonian-Lower Carboniferous succession in Northwest
Peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Asian Earthsciences, 24, 719-738.
Meor, H.A.H, Aye, K.A., Becker, R.T., Noor, A.A.R., Ng, T.F., Azman, A.G., Mustaffa, K.S., 2014.
Stratigraphy and paleoenvironmental evolution of the mid-to upper Paleozoic succession in
Northwest Peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 83, 60-79
Meor, H.A.H., Erdtmann, B.D., Wang, X.F. & Lee, C.P., 2013.Early Devonian graptolites and
tentaculitids in northwest Peninsular Malaysia and a revision of the Devonian–
Carboniferousstratigraphy of the region, Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of
Palaeontology37, 49–63.
Metcalfe, I. 2002. Devonian and Carboniferous conodonts from the Kanthan Limestone, Peninsular
Malaysia and their stratigraphic and tectonic implications. In: Hills, L.V., Henderson, C.M. and
Bamber, E.W. (eds), The Carboniferous and Permian of the World. Canadian Society of
Petroleum Geologists Memoir 19, 552-579.
Müller, K. J. & Müller, E. M., 1957.Early Upper Devonian (Independence) conodonts from Iowa,
Part 1. Journal of Paleontology, 31, 1069-1108
Sanneman, D. 1955a.Beitragzur Untergliederung des Oberdevonsnach Conodonten. Neues
Jahrbuchftir Geologie und Paliontologie, Abhandlungen, 100, 324- 331.
Stauffer, C. R., 1938. Conodonts of the Olentangy Shale. Journal of Paleontology, 12, 411-443.
Ulrich, E. O. &Bassler, R. S., 1926.A classification of the toothlike fossils, conodonts, with
descriptions of American Devonian and Mississippian species.Proceedings of the U.S. National
Museum, 68-12, 63.
Wongwanich, Thanis, and Arthur.J Boucot."Devonian."The Geology of Thailand. 1st ed. London:
Geological Society, 2011. 53-70. Print.
Yancey, T.E., 1975. Evidence against Devonian Unconformity and Middle Paleozoic Age of
Langkawi Folding phase in northwest Malaya. American Association of Petroleum Geologists
Bull., 59, 1015-1019.
Younquist, W. L., 1945. A new Upper Devonian conodont fauna from Iowa. Journal of Paleontology,
21, 95-112.
234
Geological Society of Malaysia
POSTERS (Session 3)
P44
DETERMINATION OF HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATION IN SOIL AT
DADONG KELANTAN.
Nor Sayzwani Sukri, Siti Hajar Ya’acob, Musfiroh Jani, Farah Khaliz Kedri, Noor
Syuhadah Subki & Zulhazman Hamzah
Sustainable Science Program, Faculty of Earth Science, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan.
In mid-Disember 2014, the biggest flood event occurred in East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia
especially at Dabong area, Kelantan. As a consequent of flood disaster, the heavy metals
concentration in soil may changes and become harmful to the environment due to the pollution that
deposited in soil. This study was carried out to determine the heavy metal concentration from flood
affected area. Sample have been collected and analysed by using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
(AAS). Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu), Zink (Zn) and Manganese (Mn) were chosen for the heavy metals
concentration. The result indicated that the heavy metal concentration for Pb (0.585 ppm – 3.388
ppm), Cu (0.008 ppm – 1.026 ppm), Zn (1.201 ppm -181 ppm) and Mn (1.844 ppm – 17.25 ppm)
respectively . In-situ parameters also were carried out, were the results showed the range of soil pH
(6.5-6.8), temperature (250C – 26.50C) and moisture content (1-2) respectively. The results from this
study can be used as a base data to improve the soil quality and for consideration of future land use
activities.
Keywood: flood, soil, heavy metal, AAS
July 2015
235
National Geoscience Conference
Perdana Hotel, Kota Bharu ♣ 31 July – 1 August 2015
P45
PENCIRIAN KEJURUTERAAN GEOLOGI BAHAN TANAH BAGI
KEGAGALAN CERUN DI SEKITAR FORMASI CROCKER DAN FORMASI
TRUSMADI DI RANAU- TAMBUNAN, SABAH
Noran Nabilla Nor Azlan1, Norbert Simon1, Azimah Hussin1, Rodeano Roslee2 , Goh
Thian Lai1, Abdul Ghani Rafek3,. Lee Khai Ern4
1Program
Geologi, Pusat Persekitaran Sains Sekitaran dan Sumber Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor.
2Jabatan
Geologi, Fakuli Sains dan Teknologi, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu,
Sabah
3Jabatan
Geosains, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, 31750 Tronoh, Perak Darul
Ridzuan.
4Institut
Alam Sekitar & Pembangunan, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor,
Malaysia
1norbsn@yahoo.com
Kawasan kajian yang terletak di bahagian pantai barat Sabah sering kali dikaitkan dengan
kegagalan cerun atau tanah runtuh. Kawasan kajian terdiri daripada batuan Formasi Crocker iaitu
metasedimen jenis argilit dan batuan sedimen arenit dari Formasi Trusmadi. Analisis pencirian bahan
tanah seperti taburan saiz butiran, had Atterberg, kandungan lembapan, kandungan lempung, graviti
tentu dan ujian tiga paksi telah dilakukan ke atas 10 sampel tanah tidak stabil yang diambil di
sepanjang jalan Ranau- Tambunan, Sabah. Daripada 10 sampel tersebut, 2 daripadanya adalah dari
Formasi Trusmadi iaitu B2 dan B12 dan selebihnya adalah dari Formasi Crocker. Tujuan utama
kajian ini ialah untuk menentukan dan mengelaskan sifat-sifat kejuruteraan bahan tanah yang telah
mengalami kegagalan cerun di sepanjang jalan Ranau-Tambunan, Sabah. Daripada analisis taburan
saiz butiran, kebanyakan sampel jatuh ke dalam kategori pasir sangat berlodak dengan fraksi kelikir
dari 0- 40%, pasir 20- 79%, lodak 2- 43% dan lempung 1- 37%. Julat nilai keplastikan rendah ke
sederhana 2%- 33%. Julat peratusan kandungan lembapan dari 7%- 42%. Bagi analisis graviti tentu,
julat bagi nilai kesemua sampel adalah dari 2.32- 3.53. Sudut geseran adalah dari 13.10º- 63.90º
manakala nilai kejelekitan dari 2.33- 27.91. Daripada analisis kandungan lempung, didapati kaolinit
dan ilit hadir dalam semua sampel. Kandungan kaolinit yang tinggi hadir dengan anggaran 29- 87%.
Manakala kandungan ilit dari 9- 67% dan montmorilonit hanya terdapat di dalam 4 sampel dengan
peratusan maksimum 19%. Selain kajian sifat kejuruteraan tanah, kajian sifat semulajadi bahan kimia
dalam tanah juga memainkan peranan yang besar dalam kegagalan sebuah cerun. Analisis sifat kimia
akan dijalankan sebagai kajian lanjutan di kawasan ini. Diharap menerusi kajian ini dapat
menyumbang sebahagian usaha dalam membentuk garis panduan dalam kestabilan cerun dan
keselamatan awam.
Kata kunci: Kegagalan cerun, pengelasan tanah, sifat- sifat kejuruteraan tanah, Formasi
Crocker, Formasi Trusmadi.
236
Geological Society of Malaysia
POSTERS (Session 3)
P46
GEOLOGICAL MAP OF PENINSULAR MALAYSIA 9TH EDITION
Mat Niza bin Abdul Rahman
Special Technical Publication Committee for Geological Map of Peninsular Malaysia 9th Edition
Technical Services Division, Minerals and Geoscience Department Malaysia, Sultan Azlan Shah Road,
31400 Ipoh, Perak
mniza@jmg.gov.my
The 9th Edition of Geological map of Peninsular Malaysia was published in 2014 on the scale
of 1:750,000 by the Minerals and Geoscience Department Malaysia.
The stratified rock units in Peninsular Malaysia are ranging from Cambrian to Quaternary in
age. The Triassic and older strata in Peninsular Malaysia are essentially marine deposits whereas the
post-Triassic rocks are characteristically non-marine deposits.
The main episode of granitic emplacement took place during the late Triassic, coincides with
the major orogenic event during which all the older strata were folded and deformed. The Cretaceous
acid intrusive only occur as separated bodies in Kelantan, Melaka and Johor.
The peninsula can be subdivided into three belts namely the Western Belt, Central Belt and
Eastern Belt. The belts are trending almost parallel with the elongated orientation of the peninsula.
Each belts are different in term of stratigraphy as well geological history.
The major structural feature in Peninsular Malaysia is Bentong-Raub Suture Zone that
represents the closed Paleo-Tethyst. The suture zone extends northwardly into Thailand where it is
named as Nan-Uttaradit and Sra Keao sutures. The radiolarian in the ribbon chert had been dated as
Upper Devonian to Upper Permian in age. The limestone clasts in the mélange had been dated as
Lower and Upper Permian in age.
At least three sets of faults have been recognized on a regional scale which trending in NW-SE,
N-S and E-W directions. Among the major faults occur in Peninsular Malaysia are the Bok Bak Fault,
Lebir Fault, Kuala Lumpur Fault, Bukit Tinggi Fault and Kisap Thrust Fault.
Keywords: Geological map of Peninsular Malaysia, stratified rock, granitic emplacement,
stratigraphy
July 2015
237
National Geoscience Conference
Perdana Hotel, Kota Bharu ♣ 31 July – 1 August 2015
P47
MAFIC DYKES: A GLIMPSE INTO THE LITHOSPHERIC MANTLE
BENEATH THE EASTERN MALAYA BLOCK
Muhammad Hafifi Badruldin1, Azman Abdul Ghani1, Quek LongXiang1, Muhammad
Hatta Roselee1,2
1Department
2Geology
of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur
Program, School of Environment and Natural Resources Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor
The occurrences of mafic dykes are common throughout the Eastern Malaya Block which comprises
of Eastern and Central Belts. The dykes were commonly found intruding the igneous and metamorphic
rocks. The dykes are not uniformly distributed and vary in thickness and textures. Petrographic
observations show the texture of the dykes were varies from fine-grained, aphanitic to medium-grained and
microporphyritic and consists mainly of plagioclase and clinopyroxene with minor amounts of opaque
minerals. Even though the occurrences of the mafic dykes are widespread in this region, details study on
the petrogenesis of the dykes was poorly constrained. Hence, the purpose of this study is to analyse the
geochemical characteristics of the dykes and to discuss their petrogenetic evolutions. Geochemically, the
dykes have variable SiO2, Al2O3, CaO, Fe2O3, MgO and TiO2 contents and low K2O content. In chondritenormalized rare earth elements, the dykes show enrichment of light rare earth elements (LREE) relative to
heavy rare earth elements (HREE) with insignificant Eu anomaly. In primitive mantle-normalized multi
element variation diagrams, the dykes show enrichment in large ion lithophile elements (LILE) and
depletion in high field strength elements (HFSE). Low contents of compatible elements such as
magnesium oxides, nickel and chromium suggest olivine and clinopyroxene were highly fractionated. In
tectonic discrimination diagrams, the dykes exhibit a within-plate setting. For the purpose of this study, we
use incompatible trace elements ratios to evaluate the role of crustal contamination and the nature of their
mantle source because incompatible elements are hardly affected by fractionation and partial melting and
hence record the mantle processes (Hofmann, 2003). Crustal contamination is ruled out based on their low
Nb/La, Th/Ta and Th/La ratios. The nature of mantle source is of the dykes is characterized by high
Th/Yb, La/Nb, Nb/Zr, Zr/Nb, Zr/Hf and La/Ta and low Nb/Ta ratios. These characteristics are consistent
with a metasomatized subcontinental lithospheric mantle signature that has been extensively studied
elsewhere. Ghani et al. (2013) has suggested the abundance of mafic dykes occurrences in the Eastern Belt
as compared to Western Belt was due to difference in crustal thickness.Hutchison (2007) suggested the
dykes were formed by mantle upwelling during Cretaceous rifting event beneath the South China Sea.
However, lack of details study is done to confirm the origin of the magma. Hence, this study will provide
an insight into the mantle evolution during Late Mesozoic era. This research was funded by the University
of Malaya Research Grant (RG263-13AFR).
References
Ghani, A.A., Lo, C.-H., Chung, S.-L., 2013. Basaltic dykes of the Eastern Belt of Peninsular
Malaysia: The effects of the difference in crustal thickness of Sibumasu and Indochina. Journal
of Asian Earth Sciences, 77, 127-139.
Hofmann, A.W., 2003. Sampling mantle heterogeneity through oceanic basalts: Isotopes. In: Carlson,
R.W. (ed.) Treatise on Geochemistry: The Mantle and Core, vol. 2 (3). Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp.
61-101.
Hutchison, C.S., 2007. Geological Evolution of South-East Asia. 2nd ed. Geological Society of
Malaysia, Malaysia.
238
Geological Society of Malaysia
POSTERS (Session 3)
P48
FATE AND TRANSPORT OF ARSENIC SPECIES IN THE AQUATIC
ECOSYSTEM; CASE STUDY TASIK CHINI, PAHANG, PENINSULAR
MALAYSIA
Suzanne Christina Aboudi Mana
Department of Geology, University of Malaya 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Arsenic is a one of pollutant between a wide ranges of elements which constitute the earth crust.
In the interest of determining its speciation, the toxicity of the arsenic which has been regulated
because of his carcinogenic properties as stated by The International Agency for Research on Cancer
(IARC) has been investigated in many countries. The major discharges of arsenic in the environment
are mainly due to natural sources, such as a heavy metalloids and oxyanion. However, arsenic
compounds are also artificially introduced to ground water and soils through various means such as
pesticides, wood preservatives, metal smelting, combustion of fuels and contaminated soils such as
mine tailings. Arsenic is the most sensitive between the other metalloids in the environment because
of its relative mobility over different redox conditions. Arsenic is therefore released into the
environment by both Anthropogenic and natural sources. Naturally occurring in organic form and
inorganic form, the organic arsenical form is the main key reaction of energy metabolism in humans
and metazoans. The inorganic form is the form which poses more problems in human health. Under
weathering condition Arsenic is found in inorganic form as oxyanions trivalent arsenite As3+or
pentavalent arsenate As5+which can persist in solution at relatively high concentrations even at close
to neutral pH values. Its toxic behavior has tremendous effects on the environment as a pollutant.
Where it can seeps in groundwater, soils and other nearby ecosystems. Arsenic speciation is therefore
becoming an increasing potential risk of contamination of natural ecosystem.
Keywords: chemical speciation, bioavailability, mitigation, future concern, Bestari Jaya
INTRODUCTION
In previous reports, Francesconi et al., (2004) displayed a variety of techniques in order to find
out arsenic speciation in natural ecosystems. Especially in aquatic environment, ascertain arsenic
species may imply determination of its specific ionic forms in aqueous solution and of the
sequentially extracted As associated with various mineral phases. The inorganic form is hundred
times more toxic than the inorganic form, since pentavalent arsenate (As (V)) and trivalent arsenite
(As (III)) are to be formed in respectively under low reducing and high reducing conditions Mandal et
al., (2002).Also models describing the arsenic distribution give more information in the
bioavailability of arsenic species and its different interactions with the environment. For instance
Raposo et al., (2004) estimated values of activity coefficient and defined the hydrolysis
thermodynamic constant and all interaction parameters for arsenic species which favor the
establishment of basic thermodynamic model of inorganic arsenic and suggest a possible distribution
in natural water for speciation. As stated before, many factors influence and control arsenic
speciation, between them Eh and pH are predominantly having effect on their speciation. Under
oxidizing condition at pH< 6.9 H2AsO4- is dominant while at higher pH has O42-, H2AsO4 and AsO43are present in extremely acidic or alkaline conditions. Under reducing conditions pH less than 9.2 it is
the uncharged arsenic specie H3AsO3 which prevail. Geochemical speciation and transport of arsenic
in natural aquatic ecosystems being naturally alkaline always involve iron Fe which exist either as
July 2015
239
National Geoscience Conference
Perdana Hotel, Kota Bharu ♣ 31 July – 1 August 2015
reduced iron Fe2+ more soluble or oxidized Fe3+. This observation as an illustration, in a reducing pH
conditions due to organic matter oxidation release high concentration of dissolved iron into water
which notably influences the behavior and speciation of arsenic since its solubility is controlled by
sorption onto ferrihydrite (Thorslund et al., 2014). The complexation of organic matter with dissolved
iron is one cause of geochemical reducing conditions controlling the bioavailability and the transport
of arsenic species.
The immediate importance of the study is to identify arsenic species to help understand about
the source and the cycling of arsenic in lake exposure in order to assess as objectively as possible a
feasible and economic arsenic remediation in lake.
In previous reports, Francesconi et al., (2004) displayed a variety of techniques in order to find
out arsenic speciation in natural ecosystems. Especially in aquatic environment, ascertain arsenic
species may imply determination of its specific ionic forms in aqueous solution and of the
sequentially extracted As associated with various mineral phases. The inorganic form is hundred
times more toxic than the inorganic form, since pentavalent arsenate (As (V)) and trivalent arsenite
(As (III)) are to be formed in respectively under low reducing and high reducing conditions Mandal et
al., (2002).Also models describing the arsenic distribution give more information in the
bioavailability of arsenic species and its different interactions with the environment. For instance
Raposo et al., (2004) estimated values of activity coefficient and defined the hydrolysis
thermodynamic constant and all interaction parameters for arsenic species which favor the
establishment of basic thermodynamic model of inorganic arsenic and suggest a possible distribution
in natural water for speciation. As stated before, many factors influence and control arsenic
speciation, between them Eh and pH are predominantly having effect on their speciation. Under
oxidizing condition at pH< 6.9 H2AsO4- is dominant while at higher pH Has O42-, H2AsO4 and AsO43are present in extremely acidic or alkaline conditions. Under reducing conditions pH less than 9.2 it is
the uncharged arsenic specie H3AsO3 which prevail. Geochemical speciation and transport of arsenic
in natural aquatic ecosystems being naturally alkaline always involve iron Fe which exist either as
reduced iron Fe2+ more soluble or oxidized Fe3+. This observation as an illustration, in a reducing pH
conditions due to organic matter oxidation release high concentration of dissolved iron into water
which notably influences the behavior and speciation of arsenic since its solubility is controlled by
sorption onto ferrihydrite (Thorslund et al., 2014). The complexation of organic matter with dissolved
iron is one cause of geochemical reducing conditions controlling the bioavailability and the transport
of arsenic species.
The immediate importance of the study is to identify arsenic species to help understand about
the source and the cycling of arsenic in lake exposure in order to assess as objectively as possible a
feasible and economic arsenic remediation in lake.
240
Geological Society of Malaysia
POSTERS (Session 3)
July 2015
241
National Geoscience Conference
Perdana Hotel, Kota Bharu ♣ 31 July – 1 August 2015
Table 1 Physico-chemicals parameters of the lake
_ not tested for that parameter
Location
Sg. Chini
Temperature
pH
turbidity
Depth
29.1
Ec/Spc
D.O.
ClNO3NH4TDS
TSS
IBV
Salinity
ORP
0.0261
_
130.7
4.55
0
0.0167
—
7.6
0
254
242
6.49
35.3
0.4
Kampong
Gumum
Organic
29.50
6.46
27.4
0.6
Inorganic
0.0235
_
74.63
7.28
0
0.0153
—
7.5
0
241
Mining area
Kampong
Melai
Mepatih
30.20
6.22
15.6
0.5
29.95
6.84
28.8
0.5
30.13
6.86
21.9
0.5
0.0158
_
46.07
13.84
0
0.0102
—
7.5
0.01
224
0
_
50.32
4.27
0
0.0192
—
7.5
0
212
0.0243
_
50.80
5.46
0
0.0156
—
7.5
0
209
Geological Society of Malaysia
POSTERS (Session 3)
NOTES
July 2015
243
National Geoscience Conference
Perdana Hotel, Kota Bharu ♣ 31 July – 1 August 2015
NOTES
244
Geological Society of Malaysia