9 月 14 日管卫东在线讲座讲义
逻辑
Q1. When hypnotized subjects are told that they are deaf and are then asked whether
they can hear the hypnotist, they reply, “No.” Some theorists try to explain this result by
arguing that the selves of hypnotized subjects are dissociated into separate parts, and that
the part that is deaf is dissociated from the part that replies.
Which of the following challenges indicates the most serious weakness in the attempted
explanation described above?
(A) Why does the part that replies not answer, “Yes”?
(B) Why are the observed facts in need of any special explanation?
(C) Why do the subjects appear to accept the hypnotist’s suggestion that they are deaf?
(D) Why do hypnotized subjects all respond the same way in the situation described?
(E) Why are the separate parts of the self the same for all subjects?
Since the question elicits a reply, the question was presumably heard, but presumably not
by the part that is deaf. The explanation’s obvious weakness, therefore, is that it fails to
indicate why the part that replies would reply as if it were the part that isdeaf. Choice
points to this failure and is the best answer. Choice B does not challenge the explanation
itself, but the need for an explanation in the first place. Choices C and D raise pertinent
questions concerning the facts described, but do not address the proffered explanation of
those facts. Choice E points to a question to which the attempted explanation gives rises,
but does not challenge the adequacy of the explanation.
Q2 ：Although fullerenes--spherical molecules made entirely of carbon--were first found in
the laboratory, they have since been found in nature, formed in fissures of the rare mineral
shungite. Since laboratory synthesis of fullerenes requires distinctive conditions of
temperature and pressure, this discovery should give geologists a test case for evaluating
hypotheses about the state of the Earth's crust at the time these naturally occurring
fullerenes were formed.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the argument?
A. Confirming that the shungite genuinely contained fullerenes took careful
experimentation.
B . Some fullerenes have also been found on the remains of a small meteorite that
collided with a spacecraft.
C. The mineral shungite itself contains large amounts of carbon, from which the
fullerenesapparently formed.
D. The naturally occurring fullerenes are arranged in a previously unknown crystalline
structure.
E. Shungite itself is formed only under distinctive conditions
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语法
Q3. In recent years cattle breeders have increasingly used crossbreeding, in part that their
steers should acquire certain characteristics and partly because crossbreeding is
said to provide hybrid vigor.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
in part that their steers should acquire certain characteristics
in part for the acquisition of certain characteristics in their steers
partly because of their steers acquiring certain characteristics
partly because certain characteristics should be acquired by their steers
partly to acquire certain characteristics in their steers
Choice is best; it best indicates purpose for crossbreeding-- partly to acquire. In A, in part
that does not grammatically connect the underlined portion to the first part of the sentence
(the independent clause). In both A and B, in part is not parallel with and partly in the
nonunderlined portion. Choice C causes a misreading, suggesting that the steers'
acquisition has caused the crossbreeding. D awkwardly and illogically shifts to the passive
voice: certain characteristics should be acquired by their steers; the steers, however, are
not agents in the acquisition.
Q4：For protection from the summer sun, the Mojave lived in open-sided, flat-topped
dwellings known as shades, each a roof of poles and arrowweed supported by posts set in
a rectangle.
A. each a roof of poles and arrowweed
B. each a roof of poles and arrowweed that are being
C. with each being a roof of poles and arrowweed
D. with roofs of poles and arrowweed to be
E. with roofs of poles and arrowweed that are
Q5：
Less than 35 years after the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil, their
descendants, popularly known as killer bees, had migrated as far north as southern
Texas.
A. Less than 35 years after the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil,
B. In less than 35 years since releasing African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil,
C. In less than the 35 years since African honeybees had been released outside Sao
Paulo, Brazil,
D. It took less than 35 years from the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo,
Brazil, when
E. It took less than the 35 years after the time that African honeybees were released
outside Sao Paulo, Brazil, and then
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阅读
Q6 to Q7:
Line
(5)
(10)
(15)
(20)
(25)
(30)
(35)
(40)
One proposal for preserving rain forests is to
promote the adoption of
new agricultural technologies, such as improved
plant varieties and use of
chemical herbicides, which
would increase productivity
and slow deforestation by
reducing demand for new
cropland. Studies have
shown that farmers in
developing countries who
have achieved certain levels
of education, wealth, and
security of land tenure are
more likely to adopt such
technologies. But these
studies have focused on
villages with limited land
that are tied to a market
economy rather than on
the relatively isolated, selfsufficient communities with
ample land characteristic of
rain-forest regions. A recent
study of the Tawahka people
of the Honduran rain forest
found that farmers with some
formal education were more
likely to adopt improved plant
varieties but less likely to
use chemical herbicides
and that those who spoke
Spanish (the language of
the market economy) were
more likely to adopt both
technologies. Nonland
wealth was also associated
with more adoption of both
technologies, but availability
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of uncultivated land reduced
the incentive to employ the
productivity-enhancing tech(45) nologies. Researchers
also measured land-tenure
security: in Tawahka
society, kinship ties are a
more important indicator of
(50) this than are legal property
rights, so researchers
measured it by a household’s duration of residence
in its village. They found
(55) that longer residence correlated with more adoption
of improved plant varieties
but less adoption of
chemical herbicides.
Q6:
The passage suggests that in the study mentioned in line 27 the method for gathering
information about security of land tenure reflects which of the following pairs of
assumptions about Tawahka society?
A. The security of a household’s land tenure depends on the strength of that
household’s kinship ties, and the duration of a household’s residence in its village is an
indication of the strength of that household’s kinship ties.
B. The ample availability of land makes security of land tenure unimportant, and the lack
of a need for secure land tenure has made the concept of legal property rights
unnecessary.
C. The strength of a household’s kinship ties is a more reliable indicator of that
household’s receptivity to new agricultural technologies than is its quantity of nonland
wealth, and the duration of a household’s residence in its village is a more reliable
indicator of that household’s security of land tenure than is the strength of its kinship ties.
D. Security of land tenure based on kinship ties tends to make farmers more receptive to
the use of improved plant varieties, and security of land tenure based on long duration of
residence in a village tends to make farmers more receptive to the use of chemical
herbicides.
E. A household is more likely to be receptive to the concept of land tenure based on
legal property rights if it has easy access to uncultivated land, and a household is more
likely to uphold the tradition of land tenure based on kinship ties if it possesses a
significant degree of nonland wealth.
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Q7:
The findings of the study mentioned in line 27, if valid for rain-forest regions in general,
suggest that which of the following is an obstacle most likely to be faced by those wishing
to promote rain-forest preservation by implementing the proposal mentioned in line 1?
A. Lack of legal property rights tends to discourage local farmers from investing the time
and resources required to successfully implement new agricultural technologies.
B. The ability to evaluate the wider economic ramifications of adopting new aricultural
technologies depends on a relatively high level of formal education.
C. Isolation from the market economy tends to restrict local farmers’ access to new
agricultural technologies that could help them to increase their productivity.
D. Ready availability of uncultivated land tends to decrease local farmers’ incentive to
adopt new agricultural technologies that would reduce their need to clear new land for
cultivation.
E. Traditions of self-sufficiency and reliance on kinship ties tend to diminish local
farmers’ receptivity to new agricultural technologies introduced by people from outside the
local community.
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