U.S. MARINE CORPS. JROTC
Category 5 – General Military Subjects
Skill 7 – Military History
World War II and the Korean War
conducting offensive operations with the
remainder. One of the most effective units to
combat the bandits was led by Captain Lewis
“Chesty” Puller. This unit became famous for its
ability to find and engage the rebel groups while
scouring the jungles in a wide area. For his
exploits and successes against the bandits, Puller
became known as the “Tiger of the Mountains.” It
was for his exploits in Nicaragua that Puller won
the first of his five Navy Crosses.
PURPOSE
The United States and the Marine Corps would
be tested in the 1940s and ‘50s as they had
never been tested before. The attack on Pearl
Harbor, Hawaii, put America on alert that the
world had begun to shrink and that our shores
were no longer so far away as to be safe from
foreign attack. The effort to recapture the
Pacific from the Japanese would require a
multitude of amphibious landings on heavily
defended islands.
Introduction
During the 1920s and 30s, the Marine
Corps managed to stay fairly active traveling the
world to protect American lives and property.
Most of the activity seemed to be in Latin
America where Marines continued to serve U.S.
interests in the Sugar Intervention in Cuba (191719); fighting the Cacos again in Haiti (1919-20);
rebel groups in the Dominican Republic (192024); and Sandanistas in Nicaragua (1926-1933).
Courtesy of the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library Digital Archives.
The Nicaraguan effort is worth noting.
The Marines left the country in 1925 when the
legation guard was removed, only to return in
1926 to establish neutral zones in response to
fighting between the government and the rebels.
By 1928, things had settled down enough to hold
an election. In 1931, rebel leader Agustino
Sandino returned and political unrest began to
rise. To combat these bandits, a two-part plan was
developed. This plan provided for guarding the
vital points with part of the available forces, while
World War II Begins (1941)
As early as the 1920s, it became clear that
a war against Japan would require amphibious
assaults against advanced bases across the Pacific.
Marine Corps schools attacked the problem and
produced comprehensive manuals dealing with
amphibious doctrines. Materials were developed
designed to enhance landing operations in the face
of an enemy onslaught. Before the end of World
War II, the Marine Corps trained seven U.S. Army
divisions in landing operations.
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U.S. MARINE CORPS. JROTC
Category 5 – General Military Subjects
Skill 7 – Military History
The December 7 surprise attack on Pearl
Harbor destroyed or disabled virtually all of the
battleships docked there. Forty-seven of the 48
Marine aircraft were effectively eliminated from
further action. Fortunately, four American aircraft
carriers were at sea on maneuvers.
Unlike the attack on Hawaii, the Japanese
bombarded Guam for two days and then sent in
an invasion force of 6,000 troops. The 153
Marines were no match for those numbers. On
December 10, the Commander of the island was
forced to surrender, the first loss of an American
outpost.
Midway (1942)
The attack on Wake Island also began
with heavy bombing. The Battalion Commander,
Major James P.S. Devereux, believing that the
Marines at Wake would be reinforced, had his
men “dig-in.” Even though they were able to sink
two Japanese destroyers and shoot down seven
planes, heavy bombardment took its toll. An
invasion force of about 1,500 Japanese finally
forced surrender on December 23. Nevertheless,
the fighting at Wake displayed the power that
Marines have when they are determined and
willing to overcome odds, no matter how great.
Midway Island was the turning point in
the war in the Pacific because it stopped the
Japanese offensive. When American Intelligence
discovered that the Japanese were planning to
attack Midway, Marines prepared to defend the
island. When the attack came, American aircraft
from the island and from the carriers in the area
met the Japanese in the air. When the battle,
which occurred June 4-6, was over, the Japanese
lost hundreds of aircraft, their best pilots, and four
aircraft
carriers.
Marine
pilots
fought
courageously, but only 10 of the 25 fighter planes
survived and 11 of the 27 dive-bombers were lost.
Marine Captain Richard Fleming was awarded
the Medal of Honor posthumously for diving his
flaming bomber into the Japanese cruiser Mikuma
crippling her badly.
In the Philippines, the Japanese launched
a powerful invasion. General Douglas MacArthur
was given the task of defending the beaches of
Corregidor. After the combined American and
Filipino forces were defeated at the Bataan
Peninsula in April of 1942, it was only a matter
of a month, before the Japanese were victorious at
Corregidor.
Guadalcanal (1943)
Even though the Allies were primarily
made up of the United States, Great Britain, and
France, the war in the Pacific was mostly an
American led effort. The first Pacific offensive
was at Guadalcanal, a small island in the Solomon
chain. There was no resistance on the beach, but
Japanese air raids caused confusion in the
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handling of supplies. Then the Japanese attacked,
forcing the Navy to go to waters where they had a
better capacity to maneuver. The Japanese also
planned to reinforce the island with 50,000 men.
The battles continued in the jungles for months
on end. Finally, on February 9, 1943, seven
months after the campaign began, the island was
firmly in American hands. The cost was high.
More than 1,100 Marines were killed compared
with 25,000 Japanese.
Marines succeeded with “will, courage, and esprit
de corps.” The Marines learned that more
accurate bombardment of Japanese defenses
would be required in the future.
The Marshalls (1944)
The Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall
Islands was the next objective in the Central
Pacific. The landing force was a combination of
Army and Marines. While the Army was
responsible for Kwajalein Island, the Marines were
to take the islands of Roi and Namur. After
setting up artillery pieces on neighboring islands,
the Marines landed on Roi and Namur on
February 1. The bombardment of Roi was
effective, and the Japanese provided little
resistance. On Namur, the resistance was tougher,
but the result was the same. The Marines then
moved on to take Eniwetok, Engebi, and Parry
Island. By securing the Eniwetok Atoll, the
Japanese in the rest of the Marshalls were cut off
from their supplies and reinforcements. The
Marines left them there for the remainder of the
war, where many were killed in bombing raids or
died of starvation or disease.
The islands of New Georgia and
Bougainville were also secured in 1943. The
campaign to secure the Solomons was successful
to a large degree because of the superiority of the
U.S. air attack. Whether fighting the Japanese in
the air, attacking Japanese planes, or supporting
land forces through bombing attacks, air
superiority was a major factor in the war in the
Pacific. Two heroes of the aerial wars of the
Pacific were Major Gregory (Pappy) Boyington
commander of the Black Sheep, and Captain
Joseph Foss, a Medal of Honor winner. Foss was
the second ranking Marine ace with 26 victories to
Boyington’s 28.
The Gilbert Islands (1943-44)
The Marianas (1944)
In August 1943, the Allies concluded that
by taking the Gilbert Islands, they could reach the
Marshalls and move on to the Marianas. From the
Marianas, they could attack Iwo Jima and Guam.
From Guam, they could attack the Japanese home
islands directly. This campaign came to be known
as “island hopping campaigns.”
The Marianas Islands were important not
only because they could serve as a departure point
for American B-29 bombers to reach the Japanese
home islands, but they could be used to lure the
Japanese fleet out of hiding. For the Marianas
invasion, General Holland Smith led combined
invasion forces that totaled more than 136,000
troops, the largest number up to that time to
operate in the field under Marine command.
Tarawa, Betio, and Makin were the islands
of the Gilberts that the Marines had to take. The
approach was the same -- bombard the island
prior to the landing the troops on-shore. One
difficulty faced by the Marines was the problem of
landing craft getting stuck on the reefs. The
Marines were forced to wade hundreds of yards to
the beach giving the Japanese easy targets. The
Saipan
Saipan was the most heavily defended
island in the Marianas. There were nearly 30,000
Japanese on Saipan.
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The Marines hit the beaches on June 15
and received a bloody reception. More than 2,000
Marine casualties were reported on the first day.
However, the invasion had the desired effect of
drawing out the Japanese navy. At the battle of
Coral Sea, the entire Japanese fleet was soundly
defeated. This battle had the effect of stopping the
Japanese expansion to the south. For that reason,
it is considered one of the turning points of the
war.
Iwo Jima and Okinawa (1945)
The most important area on the island
was the airfield. It took ten days to capture, and
the fighting was terrible. It took another fifteen
days to control the island. The tally in dead and
wounded was enormous. The Americans lost
more than 3,000 and another 11,000 were
wounded. The Japanese lost more than 25,000 of
their soldiers and another 1,800 were taken
prisoner.
When the Marines landed on the beaches
of Iwo Jima on February 19, they encountered
little opposition. The Japanese could have caused
tremendous damage to the landing party from
their lofty defensive positions at the top of Mt.
Suribachi. However, the Japanese decided to wait
until all of the assault battalions had hit the beach.
At this point, they hit the Marines with machine
guns, mortars, and light and heavy artillery.
Guam
It required several days of hard fighting
for the Marines to take Mt. Suribachi. When they
reached the summit, the Marines raised a small
American flag. Later, a much larger flag was raised
and a photographer snapped a picture of the five
Marines and a hospital corpsman as they raised
the Stars and Stripes over the Japanese fortress.
Three of those men were later killed in action and
a fourth was wounded. That photograph became
famous and today is represented by the
inspirational sculpture of the flag raising in
Arlington, Va.
Before the United States could think
about invading Japan, there were two more islands
that needed to be taken. These two islands were
Iwo Jima and Okinawa. Iwo Jima was needed to
provide a fighter base so that they could protect
the B-29 bombers taking off from the Gilbert
Islands. Okinawa would provide a staging point
for the invasion of Japan.
Guam was the next island in the
Marianas that the U.S. attacked. The island is 225
square miles of rugged, volcanic terrain fringed
with coral. As in other amphibious landings,
Guam was pounded regularly from the air by
carrier-based aircraft and from the sea by
battleships, cruisers, and destroyers. After 13 days,
the enemy’s defenses were weakened, but their
resistance was still strong. It took five days before
the Marines were able to gain control of the high
ground. The Japanese then began a series of
counter-attacks that at times seemed suicidal in
nature. Ultimately, the fighting ended in August
and the conquest of the Marianas was complete.
However, some of the Japanese were so
entrenched in the caves that dot the island that it
was not until 1972 that the last Japanese soldier
surrendered. Japanese losses were put at nearly
18,000 dead while the number of Marines killed
reached nearly 2,000.
One of the most difficult aspects of
taking the island was the use by the Japanese of
tunnels and caves. The Japanese fought fiercely,
but 71,000 Marines, 5,000 of whom died, would
not be turned away. On March 16, the island was
under American control. Admiral Nimitz said of
the battle for Iwo Jima, “Uncommon valor was a
common virtue.”
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The last great battle of the war for the
Marines was at Okinawa. The Marines were under
the command of Major General Roy Geiger. Of
the combined Army and Marine troops involved
in the invasion, 81,165 were Marines.
Communist Chinese. The U.S. provided some
support for Chiang Kai-Shek and the Nationalists,
but by 1949 his army was relegated to the small
island of Formosa (Taiwan). While the Marine
effort in China came to an end, they were destined
to meet Chinese soldiers again before long.
The campaign for Okinawa lasted from
April 1 to June 21. Between 55,000 and 65,000
determined Japanese were making their last stand.
As in the case of Iwo Jima, the Japanese waited
until the Marines had moved onto the island
before firing. The Marines were faced with three
lines of defense set up by the Japanese as well as
fighting through hills, ridges, rain, and fatigue. By
the end of May, the Japanese were pushed back to
their last line of defense.
Korea (1950-1952)
At the end of World War II, the 38th
parallel was established as the military boundary
between the American and Soviet troops. It also
served as a “bamboo curtain” separating the
democratic government of South Korea from the
communists to the north. When the North
Korean People’s Army (NKPA) crossed the 38th
parallel into South Korea in June of 1950, the
Marine Corps was called back into action. While
the NKPA rolled southward toward Seoul, the
capital, the South Korean armies were only able to
provide token resistance. In response to these acts
of aggression, the United Nations Security Council
called on nations of the world to help move the
North Koreans back to their side of the 38th
parallel. The United States and 20 other nations
announced that they would support the UN
resolutions. Marine Commandant General Clifton
Cates suggested to General MacArthur that the
Marines participate because they were a “force in
readiness.”
As it was throughout the “island hopping
campaign,” the use of Marine Corps aviation was
extremely important. Marines shot down 82
enemy planes at Okinawa and destroyed another
149 on the ground. The coordination of the sea,
land, and air effort was critical to the success of
the Pacific campaign. By the end of the Okinawa
effort, General Geiger was in command. When
General Buckner was killed, Geiger became the
only Marine officer to ever command a field army.
The End of World War II
It was estimated that the invasion of
Japan could cost as many as 100,000,000
American lives. To ensure that did not happen,
President Harry Truman ordered the B-29 “Enola
Gay” to drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima on
August 6, 1945. Three days later, a second bomb
was dropped on Nagasaki. The devastation was so
horrible that the Japanese asked for peace on
August 14.
According to MacArthur’s plan, the 1st
Division would land at Inchon and fight its way
to Seoul. Then the 8th Army would fight its way
out of the Pusan perimeter and pound the NKPA
against the Marine defensive front using a
“hammer and anvil” strategy. Pusan, however,
would prove to be a difficult place to hold.
Pusan
While the war with Japan was over, the
U.S. still had to deal with the after effects. China
was being fought for by Nationalists and
By early August, South Korean forces
were confined in the southeastern corner of the
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peninsula to a territory 140 kilometers long and 90
kilometers wide. Apart from this “Pusan
Perimeter” around the port of Pusan, the rest of
the territory was completely in the hands of the
North Korean army. When the Marines arrived at
Pusan, Brigadier General Edward Craig described
the situation in this way:
With the support of fighter-bomber
squadrons, a position was secured near Sanchon
by August 13. The Marines were then called to an
area near the Naktong River called “No Name
Ridge.” Against heavy odds, the Marines pushed
forward again receiving strong air support. By
nightfall on August 17, the northern part of the
ridge had been secured. During the night, the
Marines fended off one counterattack after
another. The Marines renewed their own attack
the next day, and by late afternoon the ridge was
secured. No longer holding the higher ground, the
NKPA were forced to retreat across the Naktong
River. The Marines, using fighter-bomber
squadron close air and artillery support, were able
to virtually eliminate the 4th North Korean
Division. The Pusan perimeter was now secure.
The Pusan perimeter is like a
weakened dike, and we will be used to
plug holes in it as they open. It will be
costly fighting against a numerically
superior enemy. Marines have never lost a
battle. This 1st Brigade will not be the first
to establish such a precedent.
The Pusan perimeter was important to
the strategy for defeating the North Koreans
because it served as a base for the counteroffensive that would retake South Korea. In the
“hammer and anvil” strategy, Pusan was the anvil.
Inchon
Now that the “anvil” was in place, it was
time to secure the “hammer.” Inchon would be
the site for the invasion of South Korea from the
north. For several days prior to the September 15
invasion date, carrier based planes and warships
bombarded Inchon harbor and the Inchon
waterfront. This preparatory fire was so effective
that Lt. Colonel R.D. Taplett’s 3rd Battalion, 5th
Marines, took only 25 minutes to secure the island
of Wolmi-do and open the causeway to Inchon.
The most difficult aspect of taking Inchon was
negotiating the high tides and seawall. Using
scaling ladders to get over the seawall, Marines
were able to secure a beachhead by the afternoon
of the second day. The resistance became stiffer as
the Marines advanced toward Seoul. After two
days of bitter fighting, the NKPA collapsed, and
Seoul was back in the hands of the South
Koreans. The North Korean invasion had lasted
three months and four days.
USSR
C H INA
Y al u R.
C h osi n R es.
NORTH
KOREA
H u n gn am
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J A PA N
K or ea
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P y on gy a n g
ROK
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P a n m u n j on
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SOUTH
KOREA
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H an R .
N ak t on g R .
T a ej on
Y E L L OW
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Pu san
Per i m et er
T aegu
M a sa n
P u sa n
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Crossing the 38th Parallel -- the Chosin
Reservoir (1950)
jammed together on the narrow mountain road.
The dead and many of the wounded were lashed
onto the vehicles. The weather was brutally cold
and in many places there was only a steep cliff on
one side and a solid wall of mountain on the
other. There was little margin for error.
The North Koreans fled to the 38th
parallel. The military plan now called for an
advance to the Yalu River that forms the border
between North Korea and Manchuria. The first
step was to take the hydroelectric plant at the
Chosin Reservoir. It was in this effort that the
Marines made their first contact with the forces
from the People’s Republic of China (PRC) at the
battle of Sudong. After four days the Marines
were able to severely cripple elements of the
Chinese Communist forces. The Marines reached
the Chosin Reservoir by November 13. At this
point, there was concern about the on-coming
winter weather and the Division being
overextended.
On the final march to the sea, the
Marines would be forced to fight the Chinese
every step of the way. Finally, on December 12,
the Marines reached Hungman. Out of a total of
4,400 casualties, 730 were killed. The Chinese had
lost 25,000. The division that had been given up
for dead was safe, and they had brought out their
equipment and wounded. The spirit of the
Marines was aptly expressed by Colonel Puller
when he said, “They have us surrounded. They
won’t get away this time.”
The fighting in Korea now centered
around the 38th parallel. It resembled the trench
warfare of World War I. The fighting was
confined mostly to small unit attacks and
skirmishes.
The Marines were now ordered to move
along the road to Yudam-ni through the Toktong
Pass. Colonel Lewis “Chesty” Puller’s 1st Marines
were strung out along the Main Supply Route. The
5th Marines moved to the west on November 27.
That night it snowed, and the temperature
dropped to 20 degrees below zero. Suddenly eight
divisions of Chinese came pouring out of the
mountains intent on destroying the 1st Marine
Division. The Marines were surrounded. There
was concern that the Marines’ equipment would
have to be abandoned and that the Marines would
have to work their way back to Hungnam. When
asked if the Marines were retreating, Smith
responded, “Retreat! We are coming out as a
Marine division. We are bringing out our
equipment, our wounded, and our dead. Retreat
Hell! We’re just fighting in the other direction.”
Truce
The truce negotiations with the Chinese
and the North Koreans began in July 1951. It was
not until two years later that a ceasefire took effect
on July 27, 1953. In between these times, the war
became increasingly unpopular and played an
important role in the Presidential election of 1952.
In that campaign, former General Eisenhower
pledged to Korea to end the war. After he was
elected, Eisenhower threatened to use nuclear
weapons. When the truce was signed, the U.S. had
lost 54,000 killed and 103,000 wounded. Casualties
for the Chinese were estimated at ten times that
number. After all was said and done, the 38th
parallel was again the border between the
Republic of Korea to the south and the People’s
Republic of Korea to the north.
The going was difficult. The Marines were
forced to leapfrog rifle companies along the high
ground on the side of the MSR so that the convoy
would be safe. The convoy itself was an inviting
target. Trucks, jeeps, tanks, and Marines were
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Skill 7 – Military History
At the beginning of the Korean
War, General Douglas MacArthur was
appointed commander of U.N. military
forces in South Korea. After driving the
North Korean forces back over the 38th
parallel, MacArthur received President
Truman’s permission to press into North
Korea and advance all the way to the Yalu
River, the border between North Korea and
Manchuria, despite warnings that this might
provoke Chinese intervention. When China
did intervene, causing the U.N. forces to fall
back in disarray, MacArthur pressed for
permission to bomb Chinese bases in
Manchuria.
Truman
refused
such
permission and finally (after MacArthur had
made the dispute public) removed him from
command in April 1951. General Matthew
Ridgeway replaced MacArthur.
Conclusion
World War II and the Korean War were
instrumental in demonstrating an ongoing need
for the Marine Corps as a force in readiness.
President Truman signed the Douglas-Mansfield
Bill that provided that the Marines were a separate
branch of the military and should be treated as
such. The law put the size of the Marine Corps at
three active divisions and three air wings. It also
gave the Commandant of the Marine Corps equal
footing with the Joint Chiefs of Staff when
matters concerning the Marine Corps were being
discussed. The Korean War also initiated the use
of helicopters in battle, as well as developments in
the use of flak jackets, and new types of boots.
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