A.P. US
Mods 6/7/8
Artem Kholodenko
0109
Notes for pgs. 753 – 758
A Divided Republican
Party
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Ballinger-Pinchot Affair
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National ProgressivismPhase II: Woodrow
Wilson
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The Four-Way Election of
1912
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Bull Moose Party
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Woodrow Wilson: The
Scholar as President
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The Insurgents were a small group of (R) during TR’s
time, which challenged the party’s congressional
leadership; (La Follette and Beveridge)
In 1909 the group turned against Taft in battle over tariff
At first Tat thought too, that tariff should be lowered, but
in 1909, when the Senate voted for the Payne-Aldrich
Act, Taft abandoned his ideas and praised the tariff bill
A target of Insurgents was Speaker of House, Joseph G.
Cannon of IL, who wanted ruthless politics
In March 1910 the Insurgents joined the (D) against
“Cannonism” to pass an amendment to rules, (by George
Norris) and to remove Cannon from Rules Committee;
they won - Taft got slapped, supporting Cannon
TR was sent letters about Taft’s bad rule and got into
arguments with him, especially over this incident
Richard A. Ballinger was Taft’s sec. of interior:
conservative lawyer, disliked federal controls and wanted
private development of natural resources
He approved a sale of land of several millions of acres in
Alaska w/rich coal deposits to businessmen
The group sold the land to another group, which J.P.
Morgan was part of
Louis R. Glavis was fired when protesting these actions
Gifford Pinchot also got fired when he criticized Ballinger
in a congressional testimony in Jan. 1910
TR returned to USA and supported Insurgents in midterm elections, giving the (D) the House of Reps.
The 1912 elections saw the different ideas of TR, Wilson
and Debs
Wilson’s ideas won over for the next four years and
reform measures poured in with his inauguration
TR announced he would run for pres. in 1912, officially
opposing Taft
TR ran and had uniform support, but Taft’s control over
the convention disqualified many of them from eligibility
of voting
Roosevelt used his image to appeal as a macho man
It was organized by TR and had followers like J.P. Morgan
and Jane Addams
More reform was taking place on the state level with
Woodrow Wilson becoming gov. of NJ in 1910 and
pushed for pres. in the 1912 elections
Debs wanted end to capitalism and a social order, TR and
Wilson wanted moderate reform
The divided (R) were no match for the united (D), and
Wilson won with 6.3 mil votes
Wilson had dyslexia, but graduated from Princeton and
got a Ph.D. in political science from John Hopkins Univ.
As he inspired, he alienated the people by no
Tariff and Banking
Reform
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Underwood-Simmons
Tariff
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Federal Reserve Act of
December 1913
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Corporate Regulations
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Labor Legislation and
Farm Aid
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Keating-Owen Act
Adamson Act
Workmen’s
Compensation Act
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Federal Highway Act
Progressivism and the
Constitution
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compromises and collaborations
Wilson’s 1st thing to do was to reform the tariff
A low-tariff bill passed the House, but the Senate bill
bogged down in battle
In the end, Senate passed a bill slashing tariff even more
than the House version
The bill reduced rates by an average of 15% and place
things like iron and steel and income tax was proposed,
by the new 16th amendment
In 1913 Wilson went to speak to congress over currency
reform; everyone agreed that the nation’s banking
system was not enough to the country: a strong central
bank was needed
Some thought it should and others banks shouldn’t be
centralized
Wilson ultimately said that the banking system needed to
be under public control
The act created a network of 12 regional Fed. Reserve
banks under mixed private and public control
Each bank could issue currency called Federal Reserve
notes and this money would be given as loans to
companies and corporations and individuals
The heads of the 12 banks would control the system
At 1st the decision making authority of the “fed” was bad,
but by the 1930s it became a powerful institution
Then Wilson turned to business regulations
Wilson pushed 2 measures through congress
First: Federal Trade Commission Act (1914); it reflected
administrative approach
The law created 5-member federal watch-dog agencies
– Federal Trade Commission (FTC) with power to
investigate violations of federal regulations statues
Second: Clayton Antitrust Act (1914), which introduced
examples of illegal trusts, unlike the general Sherman
Anti-Trust Act; some were monopolies of markets
The FTC didn’t play too big of a role because of some of
the “watchdogs”, but the Clayton Act did its job
Wilson supported the American Federation of labor,
defended workers’ rights and liked the Clayton clause of
exemption of strikes or nay kind from antitrust laws
prohibition of actions in “restrain of trade”
Barred from interstate products made by child labor
Established an 8-hour workday
This act provided accident and injury protection to
federal workers
Other act like the Federal Farm Loan Act and Federal
Warehouse Act (1916), which made it possible for
farmers to get long-term, low interest loans
The 1916 act gave funds for highway construction
The courts in the 1900s came under criticism with the
moderating judicial climate, like in Muller vs. Oregon
(1908), in which the Supreme court upheld an Oregon
10-hour workday for women laundry workers
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4 New Amendments
1916: Wilson Edges Out
Hughes
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Louis Brandeis defended the constitutionality of the
Oregon law and offered medical, economic and other
reasons for the law
In 1916 Brandeis was nominated for the Supreme Court
by Wilson
Protests eroded, with the American Bar Association and
the New York Times, the pres. of Harvard and (R) in
congress, but the nomination was approved by Senate
16th: 1913, gave congress authority to tax income
17th: 1913, mandated direct election of US senators
18th and 19th: gave women right to vote
Wilson won an easy re-nomination in 1916, but the (R)
turned to Charles Evans Hughes, a Supreme Court justice
and former NY governor
TR was tried to be run, but his ideas about reform were
so radical he lacked support
Wilson won, but not in the electoral-college