CHAPTER 1
UNIVERSALS OF INTERPERSONAL
COMMUNICATION
IMPORTANCE OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
Practical Art
Critical to personal relationships
Crucial to professional success
NATURE OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION (IC)
Characteristics of IC
Dyadic Primacy
Dyadic Coalitions
Dyadic Consciousness
Forms of IC
Face-to-face
On-line: e-mail, listserv, instant messaging, chat groups
Purposes of IC
Why we engage?
Learn
Relate
Influence
Play
Help
Areas:
Interpersonal
Health
Family
Intercultural
Business and Organizational
Social and Personal Relationships
ELEMENTS OF IC
Source-Receiver
Encoding-Decoding
Messages
Feedback
Positive/Negative
Person/Message
Immediate/Delayed
Low/High Monitoring
Supporting/Critical
Feed Forward
Open Channels of Communication
Preview Message
To Disclaim
To Altercast
Message Overload
Channel
Noise
Physical
Physiological
Psychological
Semantic
Context
Physical dimension
Temporal dimension
Social-psychological Dimension
Cultural
Ethics
Competence
AXIOMS OF IC
IC is a Transactional Process
A process, on-going
Interdependent
IC is Ambiguous
Different meaning from same message
Ambiguity in relationships
IC Relationships may be Symmetrical Or Complementary
IC Refers to Content and Relationships
All communication involves content and relationships
Be aware of relationship or content messages
IC is a series of punctuated events
Separates communication based on perspective
Punctuation is arbitrary
IC is:
Inevitable
Irreversible
Unrepeatable
YOU CAN NOT NOT COMMUNICATE
CHAPTER 2
CULTURE IN INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
CULTURE AND INTERPERSONAL COMMUNIATION
Nature of Culture
Enculturation
Ethnic Identity
Acculturation
Cultural Belief and Values
Relevance of Culture
Demographic Changes
Sensitivity to Cultural Differences
Economic and Political Interdependence
Spread of Technology
Culture-Specific Nature of IC
Aim of Cultural Perspective
Cultural Imperialism
Linguistic Privilege
HOW CULTURES DIFFER
Power Distance
Masculine and Feminine Cultures
Individual and Collective Orientation
High and Low Context Cultures
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
Model of Intercultural Communication
Principles for Improving Intercultural Communication
Educate Yourself
Reduce Uncertainty
Recognize Differences
Yourself and Culturally Different
Within Culturally Different Group
Meaning
Confront Your Stereotypes
Adjust your Communication
Manage Culture Shock
Step 1 -Honeymoon
Step 2 - Crisis
Step 3 - Recovery
Step 4 - Adjustment
CHAPTER 3
THE SELF IN INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
DIMENSIONS OF THE SELF
Self-Concept
Other’s Images of You
Social Comparisons
Cultural Teachings
Your Own Interpretations and Evaluations
Self-Awareness
Your Four Selves (Johari Window)
Increasing Self-Awareness
Ask Yourself About Yourself
Listen to Others
Seek Information About Yourself
See Your Different Selves
Increase Open Self
Self-Esteem
Attack Your Self-Destructive Beliefs
Secure Affirmation
Seek Out Nourishing People
Work on Projects That Will Result in Success
SELF-DISCLOSURE
Influences on Self-Disclosure
Who You Are
Your Culture
Your Gender
Your Listeners
Your Topic and Channel
Rewards of Self-Disclosure
Self-Knowledge
Communication and Relationship Effectiveness
Physiological Health
Dangers of Self-Disclosure: Risks Ahead
Personal Risks
Relationship Risks
Professional Risks
Guidelines For Self-Disclosure
Making Self-Disclosures
Motivation
Appropriateness
Disclosure of Other Person
Consider Possible Burdens it Might Entail
Facilitating and Responding to Self-Disclosures
Practice Skills of Effective and Active Listening
Support and Reinforce Discloser
Be Willing to Reciprocate
Keep Disclosures Confidential
Don’t Use Disclosures Against the Person
Resisting Self-Disclosures
Don’t be Pushed
Be Assertive in Your Refusal to Disclose
Be Indirect and Move to Another Topic
COMMUNICATION APPREHENSION
Nature of Communication Apprehension
Apprehension Behaviors
Influences on Communication Apprehension
Degree of evaluation
Subordinate status
Degree of conspicuousness
Degree of dissimilarity
Prior success and failures
Lack of communication skills
Culture and Communication Apprehension
Theories of Communication Apprehension Management
Cognitive Restructuring
Systematic Desensitization
Skill Acquisition
Prepare and Practice
Focus on Success
Familiarize Yourself With the Situation
Relax
Chapter 4 PERCEPTION IN INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS
STAGES OF PERCEPTION
Stimulation
Selective exposure
Organization
Rules – Proximity, Similarity, Contrast
Schemata - Stereotypes
Scripts
Interpretive-Evaluation
Memory
Recall
Ethics (objective/subjective)
Implications of the Model of Perception
Relies on Shortcuts
Shortcuts
Preconceptions
Judgments are Ethnocentric
Stereotypes
Memory is Ambiguous
PERCEPTUAL PROCESSES
Self-Fulfilling Prophesy
Implicit Personality Theory
Perceptual Accentuation
Primacy-Recency
Consistency
Attribution
Process
Consensus
Consistency
Distinctiveness
Controllability
Errors
Self-serving bias
Overattribution
Fundamental Attribution Error
INCREASING ACCURACY IN INTERPERSONAL PERCEPTION
Analyze Your Perception
Recognize Your Own Role in Perception
Avoid Early Conclusions
Check Your Perceptions
Avoid Mind Reading
Reduce Your Uncertainty
Increase Your Cultural Sensitivity
Chapter 5
LISTENING IN INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS
STAGES OF LISTENING
Receiving – hearing/attending
Understanding – learning/deciphering meaning
Remembering – recalling/retaining
Evaluating – judging/criticizing
Responding – answering/giving feedback
STYLES OF LISTENING
Empathetic and Objective
Punctuate From Speaker’s Point of View
Engage in Equal, 2-Way Conversations
Seek to Understand Thoughts and Feelings
Avoid “Offensive Listening”
Strive to be Objective When Listening to Friend or Foe
Nonjudgmental and Critical
Keep Open Mind
Avoid Filtering or Oversimplifying
Recognize Bias
Listen Critically to Entire Message
Recognize Fallacious Forms of Reasoning
Name Calling
Testimonials
Bandwagon
Agenda-Setting
Attack
Surface and Depth
Focus on Verbal and Nonverbal
Listen for Content and Relational Messages
Note Statements That Refer Back to Speaker
Don’t Disregard Literal Meaning
Active and Inactive Listening
Paraphrase Speaker’s Meaning
Express Understanding of Speaker’s Feeling
Ask Questions
CULTURE, GENDER AND LISTENING
Culture and Listening
Language and Speech
Non-verbal Behavior
Feedback
Gender and Listening
Cues