BBI 2417
PUBLIC SPEAKING
Semester 2, 2011/12
COURSE MODULE
(STUDENT)
Prepared by
Mariapan a/l Munnuswami
ENGLISH LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY UNIT
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE
COURSE OUTLINE
AND
WEEKLY SCHEDULE
NAMA KURSUS
:
PUBLIC SPEAKING
(Pengucapan Awam)
KOD KURSUS
:
BBI 2417
KREDIT
:
3 (2+1)
JUMLAH JAM
PEMBELAJARAN
PELAJAR
PRASYARAT
:
2 x 1 jam kuliah seminggu
1 x 1 jam tutorial seminggu
:
MUET Band 5 atau 6 atau Lulus BBI 2421
HASIL
PEMBELAJARAN
:
By the end of the course, students are able to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
SINOPSIS
:
prepare speeches for various purposes (C5,EM)
apply appropriate language for oral presentations (A5)
develop effective audio-visual aids for presentations (P4)
demonstrate confidence and competence in delivering
speeches (CS)
This course involves practice in developing students’ confidence
and ability to deliver public speeches for a variety of purposes and
occasions. The course also emphasises speech preparation, speech
writing, oral language, visual aids preparation, and speech
presentation.
(Kursus ini merangkumi latihan untuk pembinaan keyakinan dan
keupayaan pelajar memberikan ucapan umum untuk pelbagai
tujuan dan situasi. Kursus ini juga memberi penekanan kepada
penyediaan ucapan, penulisan ucapan, bahasa lisan, penyediaan
alat bantu visual, dan tatacara pembentangan ucapan.)
KANDUNGAN
Kuliah
Jam
Pembelajaran
Bersemuka
:
1.
Introduction to public speaking
2
2.
Speaking to inform
4
3.
Speaking to persuade
4
4.
Speaking on special occasions
3
5.
Oral language
3
Tutorial
6.
Speech preparation
2
7.
Speech writing
4
8.
Audio-visual aid preparation
2
9.
Non-verbal features in speech presentation
2
10.
Fluency and pronunciation in speech
presentation
2
Jumlah
28
:
Jam
Pembelajaran
Bersemuka
1.
Introduction to public speaking
1
2.
Speaking to inform
2
3.
Speaking to persuade
1
4.
Speaking on special occasions
1
5.
Oral language
2
6.
Speech preparation
2
7.
Speech writing
2
8.
Audio-visual aid preparation
1
9.
Non-verbal features in speech
presentation
1
10.
Fluency and pronunciation in speech
presentation
1
14
Jumlah
PENILAIAN
:
Kerja Kursus
Peperiksaan Akhir
:
:
70%
30%
RUJUKAN
:
1.
Beebe S.A. and Beebe S.J. (2006). Public Speaking: An
Audience Centred Approach (6th ed). New York: Pearson.
2.
Lucas,S.E. (2009). The Art Of Public Speaking (10th ed). New
York: McGraw Hill.
3.
Dale, P. and Wolf, J.C. (2006). Speech Communication Made
Simple (3rd ed.). New York: Pearson Longman.
4.
Sellnow, D.D. (2002). Public Speaking: The Process
Approach. Ohio: Thomson and Wadsworth.
5.
Verderber R.F., and Verderber K.S. (2006). The Challenge of
Effective Speaking (13th ed.). Ohio:
Thomson and
Wadsworth.
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF MODERN LANGUAGES AND COMMUNICATION
UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
Rancangan Pengajaran Mingguan
SEMESTER KEDUA 2011/2012
NAMA KURSUS
:
PUBLIC SPEAKING
[ Pengucapan Awam ]
KOD KURSUS
:
BBI 2417
JAM KREDIT
:
3(3+0)
PENGAJAR
:
MARIAPAN A/L MUNNUSWAMI
SEMESTER
:
KEDUA SESI 2011/2012
TEMPAT & MASA
KULIAH
:
OBJEKTIF KURSUS:
By the end of the course, students are able to:
1. speak confidently and fluently;
2. deliver speeches for a variety of purposes effectively in
a coherent and organized manner.
KANDUNGAN/CONTENT
MINGGU TAJUK KULIAH/TUTORIAL/AMALI
/
(TOPIC OF
WEEK
LECTURE/TUTORIAL/PRACTICUM)
1
2
3
4
Ice breaking
Introduction to Public Speaking
Speaking in Public
The Speech Communication Process
Public Speaking in a Multicultural World
Ethics and Public Speaking
Beginning and Ending the Speech
Speaking on Special Occasions
BACAAN &
AKTIVITI/CATATAN
(READINGS/ACTIVITIES/
REMARKS
Textbook Chapter 1
Textbook Chapter 1 & 2
Textbook Chapter 9
Textbook Chapter 17
Listening
Selecting a Topic and a Purpose
Analyzing the Audience
Textbook Chapter 3 & 4
6
Gathering Materials and Supporting Your Ideas
Organizing the Body of the Speech
Textbook Chapter 6, 7 & 8
Presentation of Assignment 1
7
Outlining the Speech
Using Language
Textbook Chapter 10 & 11
8
Textbook Chapter 12 & 13
9
Delivery
Using Visual Aids
Speaking to Inform
10
Speaking to Inform
Textbook Chapter 14
11
Speaking to Persuade
Textbook Chapter 15
Presentation of Assignment 2
12
Methods of Persuasion
Textbook Chapter 16
Presentation of Assignment 2
13
Persuasive speech
Presentation of Assignment 3
14
Persuasive speech
Presentation of Assignment 3
5
Textbook Chapter 5
Presentation of Assignment 1
Textbook Chapter 14
PENILAIAN
EVALUATION
Kerja Kursus
Coursework
: 70% - Presentation of Assignment 1 : 10%
:
Presentation of Assignment 2 : 20%
Presentation of Assignment 3 : 25%
Self-Directed Learning
: 15%
Peperiksaan Akhir
Final Examination
: 30%
TEKS WAJIB (JIKA PERLU)
CLASS TEXT (IF REQUIRED)
Lucas,S.E. (2009). The Art of Public Speaking (10th
edition ). New York: McGraw-Hill.
RUJUKAN
REFERENCES
1.
Beebe S.A. and Beebe S.J. (2006). Public Speaking: An Audience Centred Approach
(6th ed). New York: Pearson.
2.
Lucas,S.E. (2009). The Art Of Public Speaking (10th ed). New York: McGraw-Hill.
3.
Dale, P. and Wolf, J.C. (2006). Speech Communication Made Simple (3rd ed.). New
York: Pearson Longman.
4.
Sellnow, D.D. (2002). Public Speaking: The Process Approach. Ohio: Thomson and
Wadsworth.
5.
Verderber R.F., and Verderber K.S. (2006). The Challenge of Effective Speaking
(13th ed.). Ohio: Thomson and Wadsworth.
PERINGATAN PENTING (JIKA ADA)
IMPORTANT REMINDERS (IF ANY)
COURSEWORK
AND
EVALUATION
COURSE WORK
(10%)
1. Choose ONE special occasion and prepare and deliver a 3
minute speech for the occasion. E.g. To welcome a new
staff to your department.
(20 %)
2. Prepare and deliver a speech to inform. (E.g. The Guitar,
My country Malaysia, etc)
Speech duration: 5 – 7 minutes
Audience: Classmates/imaginary audience
Venue: Classroom/hall
What to prepare: Audio visual aids
Script (to be handed in after presentation)
(25%)
3. Prepare and deliver a speech to persuade (E.g. Stop smoking,
Let’s recycle, etc)
Speech duration: 7-9 minutes
Audience: Classmates/imaginary audience
Venue: Classroom/hall
What to prepare: Audio visual aids
Script (to be handed in after presentation)
(15%)
4. Student-Directed Learning Portfolio
Students are to do the exercises during their leisure hours to
reinforce the learning process. (A copy would be uploaded
into the website. Students are to print out the copy, complete
the exercises and hand in for evaluation.)
BBI 2417-PUBLIC SPEAKING
Semester 2, 2011/12
TEST 1
Presentation of Assignment 1.
First Presentation: Speech for Special Occasions [10%]- Week 5/6
Each student has to prepare and deliver a speech for special occasions.
E.g. Welcoming, presentation and acceptance speeches, Wedding toast,
Eulogy, farewell speech, etc
Duration: 3 minutes
Marks will be awarded for content, language and delivery. (refer to
rubrics)
BBI2417 PUBLIC SPEAKING
FINAL EXAMINATION
There will be 3 (three) sections as follows:
Section A : 8 True/False questions
Section B : 20 Multiple-choice questions
Section C : 3 questions which require short essay type
answers
Total marks : 40
Percentage : 30
LEARNING
POINTS
Learning Point 1
METHODS OF INTRODUCTION
1. Relating the topic to the audience
Use “you” and “your” with an incident to relate it the
listeners. People pay attention to things that affect them
directly. Eg. A talk about pets
Use vivid language to describe what the audience would have
experienced by describing how an abused pet looked.
2. Showing the importance of the topic
You should demonstrate to your audience why they should
think that your speech is important. Statistics could be cited
to emphasise the importance of the topic. Eg. Social and
political issues such as child abuse, terrorism, endangered
species, risks faced by women on the streets, etc
3. Making a startling statement
It can be the very first sentence of the speech or come after a
few sentences on the topic. This technique is highly effective
and easy to use, but it should be related directly to the subject
of the speech. Eg. A talk on a dying cancer patient
Imagine you are going to die. What are 5 ways you would
spend the day?
4. Arousing curiosity or suspense
A few statements that progressively raise the curiosity of the
audience can be used to build up suspense regarding the
topic. Eg. A talk on a football star
A few sentences about the team, ending with the
announcement of the player’s name.
5. Posing a question
Asking a rhetorical question, or a series of questions gets the
listeners to think about the speech. A pause after each
question adds dramatic impact and time for the question to
sink in. Eg. Unable to sleep
Ask a few questions why you are unable to sleep: thinking of
home? insufficient money? worry?, etc. Reason (one
sentence): … Solutions available (one sentence?): …
6. Beginning with a quotation
“……….” can be quoted from any source, eg. a poem, song,
film, religious books, famous personalities, etc. A humorous
quotation would be of more impact. Quotations should be
short and foreshadow the central theme of the speech.
Visit Yahoo Quotations
(http://dir.yahoo.com/Reference/Quotations/)
7. Telling a story
Stories that are provocative, amusing, dramatic, suspenseful,
etc are effective to begin a speech as listeners get involved
emotionally in it. Stories based on personal experiences are
also useful. Effectiveness of the story depends on delivery
and content. Pauses, eye contact, and changes in tone of
voice (direct speech?) draws the audience into the speech.
Eg. Hiking on slippery terrain
The experience of a climber sliding down a slippery slope
could be narrated vividly before going on the topic proper.
8. Other methods
i. Referring to the occasion
ii. Inviting audience participation
iii. Using audio equipment
iv. Using visual aids
v. Relating to a previous speaker
vi. Beginning with humour
Learning Point 2
REASONING
Reasoning is the process of drawing a conclusion based on
evidence. In Public Speaking, there are 2 important aspects
concerned with reasoning:
1. The reasoning must be sound, and
2. Listeners must agree with the reasoning.
4 basic methods of reasoning that can be used in speeches:
1. Reasoning from specific instances Progressing from particular facts to a general conclusion
eg. Ali is lazy.
Muthu is lazy.
Ah Kow is lazy.
Conclusion: Boys are lazy.
a. Avoid generalizing too hastily on the basis of insufficient
evidence. Sample must be large enough to justify the
conclusion.
b. Be careful with wording. Discuss and then draw your
conclusion (Qualify your argument – no sweeping
conclusions).
c. Reinforce your argument with statistics or testimony to
show that the specific instances are representative.
d. You can state your conclusion and then give the specific
instances, or give the specific instances and then draw your
conclusion.
2. Reasoning from principle Progressing from a general principle to a specific conclusion
eg. Consuming too much coffee is an unhealthy practice.
Ahmad consumes too much coffee.
Therefore, Ahmad has an unhealthy practice.
Support your general principle and minor premise with
evidence and research studies so that the argument becomes
persuasive.
3. Causal reasoning Trying to establish the relationship between causes and effects
eg. why the football team lost – speculating - is it due to
players’ injuries, fatigue, etc
2 common errors to avoid:
a. fallacy of false cause (misconception) – the first event is
not necessarily the cause of the second even if one happens
after the other.
eg. Because the banana skin was on the floor, I fell down
and broke my arm.
b. assumption that events / issues have only one cause –
normally an event will have several causes.
eg. why people should vote
4. Analogical reasoning
Comparing two similar cases and inferring that what is true for
one must be true for the other
eg. Datuk Lee Chong Wei is good at badminton, so he is also
good at tennis.
(Being skillful at one is not a guarantee of being skillful at the
other.)
a. Valid analogy - The two cases being compared are alike /
truly parallel.
b. Invalid analogy – The two cases being compared are not
essentially alike.
eg. Conducting tutorials for every course will boost the
CGPA.
c. Used most often in persuasive speeches on questions of
policy. Find out whether it has been tried out elsewhere. You
may be able to claim that it will work because it has worked
in like circumstances.
eg. Crime rate in England (guns are tightly regulated) and
Japan (guns are completely prohibited) is much lower
than in the United States.
Therefore, controlling the possession of guns will reduce
violent crime in the United States.
Other than the three fallacies (errors in reasoning) above, namely,
hasty generalization, false cause, and invalid analogy, let’s look at
five others.
1. Red Herring – Introducing an irrelevant issue in order to divert
attention from the subject under discussion
eg. Elections for local councils is unnecessary at this juncture
because we have to utilise all our energy for the
development of the country.
2. Ad Hominem – Attacking the person rather than dealing with
the issue
eg. The minister campaigns against corruption, but he
himself is known as Mr 10 per cent.
3. Either-or – Forcing listeners to choose between two
alternatives when more than two alternatives exist
eg. The government must either raise taxes or reduce
subsidies. (Can’t administration cost or extravagance be
reduced?)
4. Bandwagon – Assuming that because something is popular, it
is therefore good, correct, or desirable
eg. The survey shows that Malaysians understand the
1Malaysia concept, so it is good for them.
(Popular opinion cannot be taken as proof that an idea is right
or wrong.)
5. Slippery slope – Assuming that taking a first step will lead to
subsequent steps that cannot be prevented
eg. If laws are passed to control violence in video games, that
will be the first step in a process which will ultimately
enable the government to control the media and enforce
total censorship.
To prove the later steps will occur, evidence or reasoning to
support the claim is needed.
Learning Point 3
EMOTIONAL APPEAL
1. To make listeners feel sad, angry, guilty, afraid, happy, proud,
sympathetic, reverent, etc.
2. To enhance the message of the persuasive speech
3. Examples of subjects that might stir the given emotions:
Fear of – serious illness, natural disasters, sexual assault,
personal rejection, economic hardship
Compassion for – the physically disabled, battered women,
neglected animals, for starving children,
victims of AIDS
Pride in one’s – country, family, school, ethnic heritage,
personal accomplishments
Anger at – terrorists and their supporters, businessmen who act
unethically, members of Parliament who abuse the
public trust, landlords who exploit student tenants,
vandals and thieves
Guilt about not – helping people less fortunate than ourselves,
considering the rights of others, doing one’s
best
Reverence for – an admired person, traditions and institutions,
one’s deity
4. To generate emotional appeal – 3 approaches
a. Using emotional language
- Words and phrases that have strong emotional power
- Too many emotionally charged words in one part of
speech would draw attention to the language itself and
undermine its impact.
b. Developing vivid examples
- Emotional appeal should grow naturally out of the
content of the speech rather than relying on emotionally
charged language.
- Effective way is with vivid, richly textured examples that
pull listeners into the speech.
c. Speaking with sincerity and conviction
- You must feel the emotion yourself, and it will
communicate itself to the audience through everything
you say and do – your words, tone of voice, rate of
speech, gestures, and facial expression.
5. Ethics and emotional appeal
- Emotional appeal should not fan the flames of hatred,
bigotry, and fanaticism.
- Emotional appeal should be appropriate to the speech topic,
legitimate, and necessary.
- Appeal to the listeners’ hearts as well as to their heads
because reason and emotion often work hand in hand.
- Never substitute emotional appeals for evidence and
reasoning (facts and logic).
- Elements for ethical speechmaking: goals are ethically
sound, honest in what you say, and avoid name-calling and
other forms of abusive language.
- Emotional appeals are usually inappropriate in a persuasive
speech on a question of fact - should deal only in specific
information and logic.
Learning Point 4
QUESTIONS OF POLICY
1. Questions of policy deal with specific courses of action:
eg. At work: whether to go on strike, what strategy to use in
selling a product, how to improve
communication between management and
employees
As citizens: whether to vote for or against a political
candidate, what to do about airport
security, how to maintain economic growth,
how to protect the environment
2. Questions of policy inevitably involve questions of fact (How
to vote without knowing the facts about the candidate’s stand
on issues?) and may also involve questions of value (The
policy you favour on abortion depends on whether you think
abortion is moral or immoral).
3. Questions of policy always go beyond questions of fact or
value to decide whether something should or should not be
done.
4. Questions of policy usually include the word “should”.
eg. What should be done to preserve media freedom?
Should the ISA be abolished?
Types of Speeches on questions of policy
1. Speeches to Gain Passive Agreement
- To convince the audience that a given policy is desirable and
practical without encouraging the audience to take action in
support of the policy.
eg. To persuade the audience that the age for full driving
privileges should be raised to 18 –
You will try to get the audience to concur, but you will
not urge them to take any action immediately.
2. Speeches to Gain Immediate Action
- To convince the audience to take action in support of a given
policy.
eg. sign a petition to abolish the ISA, campaign for lower
tuition fees, purchase organic foods, contribute to a fund
drive, etc
- Make the recommendations as specific as possible – Tell
them exactly what to do and how to do it.
Analysing Questions of Policy
3 basic issues faced:
1. Need (for change)
- To convince listeners that there is a serious problem or need
that requires a change from the current policy.
- The burden of proof to convince the audience that the old
policy is not working rests with the speaker who advocates
change.
- The speaker may defend present policy and argue that there
is no need for change because things are working as well as
can be expected.
- Eg. Is there a need for more student parking on campus?
2. Plan (to solve)
- Once a problem is shown to exist, you must explain your
plan to solve it.
- It’s easy to complain about problems but difficult to provide
solutions.
- Eg. What information should be included on a national ID
card?
What can we do to get more student parking on campus?
3. Practicality
- Assurance that the plan will actually solve the problem, not
create new and more serious problems
- Show that a similar plan has been implemented elsewhere.
- When opposing a shift in policy, major argument will be that
the change is impractical.
- Eg. Most people agree that teen smoking is a serious health
problem. (Need)
You advocate increasing the tax on cigarettes by 200%.
(Plan)
Show that in countries (Singapore) that drastically
increased their cigarette taxes, the smoking rate among
teenagers dropped by as much as 60%. (Devote part of
your speech to Practicality).
Organising Speeches on Questions of Policy
1. Problem-Solution Order
a. To advocate a change in policy
- lst main point – demonstrate the need for the new policy
by showing the extent and seriousness of
the problem (existence of a problem)
eg. The use of antibacterial chemicals in household
products is a serious problem.(long-term health &
environmental problems)
- 2nd main point – explain plan to solve the problem and
show its practicality.(solution)
eg. Solving these problems requires a combination of
government and consumer action.
(regulations to control & avoid purchasing)
b. To oppose a change in policy (defending the current system
& attacking the opponents’ proposed policy)
- lst main point – argument that there isn’t a need for
change.
- 2nd main point – even if there were a serious problem, the
new policy would not solve it and would
create serious problems of its own.
2. Problem-Cause-Solution Order
- Produces a speech with 3 main points:
The first identifies the problem.
The second analyses the causes of the problem.
The third presents a solution to the problem.
3. Comparative Advantages Order
- Comparing the advantages and disadvantages of competing
solutions (when the audience already agrees that a problem
exists)
- Each main point explains why the speaker’s solution to a
problem is preferable to other proposed solutions.
4. Monroe’s Motivated Sequence
- seeks immediate action
- 5 steps:
a. Attention – Gain the attention of the audience through an
interesting introduction.
b. Need – Make the audience feel a need for change because
a serious problem exists using strong supporting
materials (evidence).
c. Satisfaction – Provide a solution to the problem. Present
your plan and show how it will work
(practicality). Offer enough details to give
listeners a clear understanding of the plan.
d. Visualisation – Intensify the desire for the plan (solution)
by visualizing the benefits. Use vivid
imagery to show how they will profit from
the policy or how conditions would change
for the better if the policy is adopted.
e. Action – Once the audience is convinced, call for action –
say exactly what you want the audience to do,
and how to do it. Conclude with a final stirring
appeal that reinforces their commitment to act.
List of Policy Speech Topics
1. Should the government cooperate with China?
2. Could joint police and community efforts prevent crime?
3. Do employees have the right to know a co-worker has HIV?
4. Does economic sanctions influence domestic policy?
5. Why is China's one child policy violating basic human rights?
6. Should the European Union have a federal president?
7. Does the countryside need to be protected from modern
development?
8. Should we ban cheerleaders from sporting events?
9. Should the use of drugs in sport be legalised?
10. Should the performance of educational institutions be
published?
11. Is a four-day school week long enough?
12. Should we make museums free to enter?
13. Parents should have a licence for having children.
14. Do we take nothing for granted?
15. Could recycling be the cornerstone of environment policy?
16. Is making fun more important than working?
17. Should we outlaw modifying genes?
18. Should the right to bear guns be removed from the
Constitution?
19. Should every nation accommodate asylum seekers?
20. Why the system of movie ratings is relative.