Division of Cell Sciences
Veterinary Physiology 2005-06
BVMS I
PLEASE NOTE
Items contained within this Course Information Document are sometimes unavoidably subject to
change. It is the student’s responsibility to ensure they are aware of the correct lecture, practical,
tutorial and examination schedules. Lecture venues may be changed during the Course. The Year
Notice boards and email should be checked daily.
In light of student feedback and External Examiner comments the following changes have been made:
Code of Professional Conduct to Fitness to Practice. You are reminded that you will be expected to
have read the above code, sign for it and implemented during your time in the course
List of Contents
PLACE OF THE COURSE IN THE BVMS DEGREE CURRICULUM
1.
AIMS OF THE COURSE
2.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE
3.
COMPONENTS OF THE COURSE
4.1
MARTINMAS TERM
2
3
4.1
4.2
4.3
Introduction – Course overview, Dr. N. Evans
Neuromuscular Physiology - Dr Evans
Energy Metabolism – Dr. Evans
CANDLEMAS TERM
4
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
Central Nervous System - Prof. O’Shaughnessy
The Special Senses - Prof. O’Shaughnessy
Body Fluids - Dr. Evans
Blood - Dr. Evans
5
6
WHITSUN TERM
Blood cont’d
4.8 Endocrinology - Dr Jeffcoate
4.9 Temperature Regulation – Prof. Holmes
4.10 Renal – Dr. Jeffcoate
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8
5.
6.
COURSE NOTES, TEXTS & REQUIRED READING
TEACHING HOURS AND TEACHING METHODS
9
7.
METHODS OF ASSESSMENT
8.1
The Course (content and presentation and assessment)
8.2
Class Exams
10
8.3
8.4
Professional Exam
Name of External Examiner
11
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Course Information 2004-2005
9
POLICY ON EXEMPTIONS AND COURSE CERTIFICATION
10
OTHER IMPORTANT INFORMATION
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
11.
Protective Clothing Health & Safety
Staff & Student Liaison
Division of Cell Sciences Staff and the Faculty Teaching Unit
Class Timetables
Sample exam questions
2
15
17
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Division of Cell Sciences
PLACE OF THE COURSE IN THE BVMS DEGREE CURRICULUM
Physiology is the study of the living organism; of its cells and organs and the process which
regulate their activity. In order to understand the function of an organ it is essential to
understand its structure and for this reason Veterinary Physiology and Anatomy are taught
together and strive to be as integrated as possible. Veterinary Medicine is the study of
abnormal functions of the body so it is important to understand normal physiology in order to
understand the mechanisms of disease.
The Veterinary Physiology course is given during all three terms of first year.
1. AIMS OF THE COURSE
The aim of the course is to present the principles of physiology as they apply to the body
systems of domestic animals and develop an appreciation of the importance of veterinary
physiology within the veterinary curriculum and its relevance to the study of veterinary
medicine.
2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE
On completion of the course you should have an understanding of the physiology of each of the
major organs or organ systems of the body. You will understand how the functions of these
systems are regulated to maintain a steady state within the organism as a whole. You will have
an understanding of some of the diseases which may affect each organ system and result in
disruption of the steady state, particularly pertaining to common domestic animals. You will
have studied mainly mammalian systems but you will have been introduced to some
comparative physiology.
3. COMPONENTS OF THE COURSE
The course is organised on a systems basis, each organ and organ system being dealt with in
turn. Generally the Veterinary Anatomy course covers the same material and an effort is made
to start each topic a few days ahead of the Physiology course. Emphasis is placed on the
nervous, endocrine and neuro-muscular systems in the First Year as these are common to many
other systems. Major body processes such as respiration, circulation, digestion, reproduction
and excretion are dealt with in Second Year.
Class examinations are held at the end of Martinmas and Candlemas Terms to test student
knowledge of the work of that term. Degree examinations are held in Whitsun terms to test
student knowledge of the year’s work. The degree exam has to be passed in order to progress
with the course.
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Course Information 2004-2005
MARTINMAS TERM
4.1
Introduction – Course overview, Dr. N. Evans
4.2
Neuromuscular Physiology - Dr Evans
Aims
This course aims to provide a basic understanding of the physiology and organisation of
excitable cells.
Learning Objectives
It is important that the following concepts are understood:
 The concept of homeostasis and feedback control processes and the resulting requirement
for cellular communication and muscle contractility.
 The electrical properties of nerve and muscle cells and the mechanisms of impulse
formation and conduction.
 Impulse conduction between nerves, nerve and muscle and muscle and muscle
 The basic organisation of the peripheral nervous system and its autonomic and somatic
divisions.
 Muscle; classification, structure, function and innervation.
Lectures
There are 11 Lectures in this course separated into three broad subject headings A:
Neurophysiology, B: Muscle physiology and C: The autonomic nervous system.
 Introduction to neurophysiology; the need for communication to achieve homeostasis and
the advantages of neural as opposed to endocrine systems. Also, the neuron, its basic
structure and function; excitability, transmembrane ion distribution and the resting
membrane potential.
 Two lectures follow on the response of a nerve membrane to stimulation; the concept of
threshold and voltage-gated ion channels; the development and spread of local currents as
opposed to action potentials.
The concepts of depolarisation, repolarisation,
hyperpolarisation and refractoriness are discussed and related to ion-channel behaviour.
 Two more lectures further explore the spread of neural excitation through action potentials
and the role of myelin. Chemical synapses and synaptic potentials, both inhibitory and
excitatory are discussed.
 Finally there is an introduction to neural receptors and receptor potentials and action
potential generation. Efferent and afferent paths to the central nervous system are
described and the reflex arc is introduced.
 The skeletal muscle cell is described first; its form, the organisation of its contractile
components and the concept of fibre, fibril, filament and sarcomere are discussed, followed
by descriptions of the sarcolemma, sarcoplasmic reticulum; excitation-contraction coupling
and the active state of muscle.
 Skeletal muscle innervation is described in the second lecture together with the concept of
the motor unit. Motor unit size, motor fibre recruitment and stimulus frequency alter force
of contraction. Summation and tetany also alter the force of contraction and can be
explained by the duration of the active state and the series elastic component in muscle
structure and skeletal attachment.
 In the third lecture, cardiac muscle is described particularly in relation to skeletal. This is
followed by descriptions of cardiac electrophysiology, pacemaker nodes and conduction
tracts and an explanation of cardiac muscle activity based on the electrical/ionic basis of
spontaneous pacemaker cells and cardiac muscle cells and their susceptibility to autonomic
influences.
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In the final lecture smooth muscle structure, location and function are described, again in
relation to skeletal muscle. There follows a description of the electrical basis of smooth
muscle activity.
Two lectures provide an introduction to the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and describe
the concept of the organisation of peripheral nerves into somatic and autonomic divisions,
with voluntary vs involuntary control. Within the ANS there are further divisions into
sympathetic and parasympathetic branches and the enteric nervous system is treated as a
related but separate system. Finally, ANS tone can be altered to suit differing physiological
states eg 'fight or flight' and homeostasis.
Later, the autonomic synapses are described, making possible 2 pharmacological divisions
of the ANS. The enteric nervous system is described separately together with control of
smooth muscle and glandular activity in the gut.
Laboratory classes
There are 2 Practical classes in this course dealing with basic neuromuscular physiology and
neurotransmitters. These classes are supervised by Dr. Evans.
 The first class demonstrates some spinal reflexes in the frog and some properties of skeletal
muscle contraction using videotapes. Data from the experiments is graphed and discussed
and provides the basis for a tutorial on neural pathways in spinal reflexes, recruitment,
summation the length/tension curve and fatigue in skeletal muscle.
 In the second class, students study the effects of various pharmacological agonists and
antagonists on heart muscle and gastro intestinal smooth muscle of the rat and observe
spontaneous muscle activity. This is a computer-aided learning (CAL) class. Discussion of
the results provides some new material and revision opportunities for the neuromuscular
physiology course.
4.3
Energy Metabolism – Dr. Evans
Aims
To describe the principles of energy metabolism.
Learning Objectives
To provide an understanding of the physiological aspects of energy metabolism in domestic
animals.
Lectures
One lecture.
Discusses the units, terminology and principles of energy metabolism and its measurement.
The special factors associated with the measurement of metabolic rate in ruminants are
discussed. This lecture also describes the theories concerning the control of feed intake in
animals.
CANDLEMAS TERM
4.4
Central Nervous System - Prof. O’Shaughnessy
Aims
This course aims to develop an overall understanding of the function of the central nervous
system (CNS).
Learning Objectives
 It is important that the following points are understood both individually and in relation to
other topics.
 A knowledge of the component parts of the CNS and how they interact.
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Understanding of the different types of sensory input and their central projections.
Understanding of the concept of pain and possible mechanisms mediating pain.
Knowledge and understanding of proprioception and the structural mechanisms involved.
Understanding of the spinal reflexes and the hierarchy of motor control.
Knowledge of the different descending pathways, their main functions and the
consequences of lesions.
Understanding of mechanisms regulating posture and locomotion.
Knowledge of the structure and function of the basal ganglia and cerebellum and
understanding of the consequences of damage to these structures.
Understanding of the functions of the cerebral cortex and limbic system.
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Lectures
The 11 lectures in this course are divided as follows:
 An introductory lecture which introduces the concept of central control, revises
mechanisms of neural transmission, describes the idea of neural circuits and outlines the
component parts of the CNS.
 Four lectures covering sensory input to the CNS (but not covering the special senses). The
lectures start with a general description of principals of sensory systems including receptive
fields, adaption and lateral inhibition and the different modalities. One lecture describes
the skin senses (including temperature sensation) and olfactory and taste senses in detail.
One and a half lectures are used to describe proprioception including details of the
vestibular apparatus, muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs. Half a lecture is used to
discuss physiological, psychological and philosophical aspects of pain perception. The
central projections of each of these sensory systems are also described in detail.
 Two lectures are used to describe motor control including spinal reflexes, the descending
pyramidal and extra-pyramidal systems, the hierarchy of motor control and the
consequences of lesions in the descending pathways. Locomotion and movement are also
discussed.
 One lecture is used to describe posture and the role of the muscle spindles, vestibular
apparatus, visual system and pressure receptors in maintaining posture.
 Higher levels of motor control are described in two lectures. These concentrate on the
structure and function of the cerebellum and basal ganglia in initiating and co-ordinating
movement.
 The final lecture deals with the limbic system, memory, motivation and sleep. At the end
of the last lecture a summary diagram is drawn bringing together all the different
component parts of the CNS into a single working model.
4.5
The Special Senses - Prof. O’Shaughnessy
Aims
This series of lectures is an adjunct to the course on the CNS and provides more detail on the
physiology of sight and hearing.
Learning Objectives
By the end of this course the following should be understood:
 The structure and function of the components of the eye and how an image is focused.
 How light can alter neuronal activity and how the eye and visual cortex process
information.
 The nature of sound, how sound is translated into neuronal activity and how the ear can
process information about sound.
Lectures
There are three lectures in this course.
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
4.6
The first two lectures deal with the structure and function of the component parts of the
eye, central visual pathways and information processing by the visual cortex. Colour
vision is discussed briefly.
The last lecture describes the auditory senses. The nature of sound is described and fourier
analysis is explained. The structure and function of the different component parts of the
inner ear are described and the generation of neural signals by the cochlea are explained.
The ability of the cochlea to carry out fourier analysis of sound is also explained. Central
pathways and responses of the auditory cortex are described.
Body Fluids - Dr. Evans
Aims
To describe the origin and physiology of different body fluid compartments.
Learning Objectives
It is important that the following are understood:
 The distribution of water in the body fluids and the importance of maintaining the volumes
and the requisite solute concentrations of the body fluids.
 The forces controlling the movement of body water between extracellular and intracellular
fluids and between plasma and interstitial fluid.
 The principal involved and the methods for the in vivo measurement of body fluid volumes.
Lectures
The following topics are covered in one lecture:
 The distribution of body water in the body fluid compartments and the necessity to
maintain adequate body fluid volumes.
 The relative volumes and the compositions of the principal body fluids, e.g., intracellular
fluid, extracellular fluid, and the plasma and interstitial fluid components of the
extracellular fluid.
 Fluid shifts and fluid equilibrium across the cell plasma membrane.
 The importance of ‘Donnan ions’ and of plasma albumin in the establishment of plasma
oncotic pressure.
 Fluid shifts and fluid equilibrium across the capillary wall.
4.7
Blood - Dr. Evans
Aims
This follows on from body fluid lectures given previously and details the physiology of blood
and blood cells.
Learning Objectives
It is important that the following are understood:
 The composition of blood.
 Haematopoiesis (principally erythropoiesis).
 Life span and destruction of senescent red cells.
 Red cell antigens in farm and domestic animals.
 Anaemia definition and principal causes.
 Haemostasis including defects in haemostasis and anticoagulants.
 What is being measured by red cell volume, red cell count and packed cell volume
measurements.
Lectures
Two lectures deal with:
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The cellular and fluid components of blood.
Differences in blood volume and red cell count among farm and domestic animals.
Haematopoiesis.
Red cell antigens and haemolytic disease of the newborn in some species.
Anaemias, haemorrhagic, haemolytic and hypoproliferate.
Haemostasis, defects in haemostasis and anticoagulants.
WHITSUN TERM
Blood Contd.
Laboratory Classes
Two three-hour sessions run jointly with Veterinary Biomolecular Studies.
 Students are introduced to some of the techniques used in routine blood analysis, e.g.,
haemoglobin, packed cell volume and specific gravity measurements. Red and white cell
counts are carried out on a sample of blood and the red cell indices are calculated and their
significance discussed.
 Some physiological properties of blood are demonstrated, e.g. osmotic and non-osmotic
haemolysis of red cells, red cell osmotic fragility and some erythrocyte immunological
reactions.
4.8
Endocrinology - Dr Jeffcoate
Aims
This course aims to review the body’s endocrine systems and their role in homeostasis. Details
of receptors and cellular processes are given in Biomolecular Studies. Note Reproduction is
dealt with separately.
Learning Objectives
It is important that students:
 Appreciate the importance of each endocrine system
 Can list the hormones and their functions
 Can describe the physiological actions and control of each hormone
 Have some knowledge of the veterinary importance of each endocrine system and the
consequences and basic pathophysiology of endocrine disease.
Lectures
There are 4 lectures in this course. The course runs concurrently with the endocrinology
course given by the Division of Veterinary Anatomy.
The first lecture includes a brief introduction to endocrinology and describes the roles of the
hypothalamus and pituitary gland, listing the hormones and control of secretion.
Subsequent lectures work through other endocrine glands and their secretions, mode of action
and physiological control processes:
 The thyroid gland and thyroxine.
 The adrenal medulla and catecholamine functions.
The cortex, glucocorticoids and
mineralocorticoids.
 The endocrine pancreas, insulin and glucagon secretion.
 Growth hormone secretion and the endocrine control of growth, and artificial growth
manipulation.
 Calcium ion homeostasis, parathyroid hormone, calcitonin and vit D.
 A lecture is given by veterinary clinicians and presents some examples of endocrine
disorders with case histories and treatments.
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Division of Cell Sciences
4.9
Temperature Regulation – Prof. Holmes
Aims
To describe the effects of environmental temperature/radiation on the body and the principles
of body temperature regulation; reactions to hot and cold environments.
Learning Objectives
To provide an understanding of the physiological processes associated with temperature
regulation in domestic animals.
Lectures
Two lectures.
 Describe terminology including definition of poikilothermy, homeothermy, heterothermy,
core and shell temperature, thermoneutral zone, upper and lower critical temperature and
the mechanisms associated with heat balance and heat production. This includes the
relationship between environmental temperature, deep-body temperature and metabolic
rates, and adaptations to cold environments.
 Heat loss mechanisms in various species of domestic animals and adaptations to hot
environments are described. The neural control of temperature regulation is discussed
including the set-point theory and disturbances such as pyrexia.
4.10 Renal – Dr. Jeffcoate
Aims
To describe the general functions and activities of the kidneys. Processes leading to body fluid
balance, Na/K balance and acid base balance are dealt with in more detail in Second Year.
Learning Objectives
To understand renal filtration, absorption and secretion. To show how the renal tubule is
adapted to these functions. To understand the processes involved in urine formation.
Lectures
There are five lectures in this course.
 The first lecture describes in detail the functions of the kidney in domestic animals and
provides an overview of the basic renal processes, filtration, tubular absorption and tubular
secretion.
 The second lecture covers in detail the factors determining the glomerular filtration rate and
describes its measurement.
 The third lecture describes the processes involved in tubular absorption. Reabsorption of
various substances is described including sodium, chloride, water, potassium, glucose,
amino acids.
 The fourth lecture focuses on the special features of sodium chloride and water
reabsorption. The countercurrent multiplier system in the loop of Henle is described. The
role of the kidney in the regulation of ECF volume and osmolarity is discussed.
 The fifth lecture describes tubular secretory processes and the function of the distal
convoluted tubule and collecting duct.
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Course Information 2004-2005
5.
COURSE CONTENT
Lectures and practical classes are Timetabled as shown in section 10.2. Lecture Notes are
given at each lecturers discretion. A practical class handbook will cover all the practicals and
is usually given out at the start of a set of practical classes. Other notes may be available in the
library for consultation or photocopying.
6.
COURSE TEXTS AND REQUIRED READING
No single textbook covers the Veterinary Physiology course adequately.
recommended to possess one of the following:-
Students are
‘Textbook of Veterinary Physiology’ by J.G. Cunningham; second Edition.
‘Physiology of Domestic Animals’ by Sjaastad, Hove and Sand (2003), Scandanavian
Veterinary Press, Oslo.
The following textbooks are recommended additional reading.
‘Color Atlas of Physiology’ by A. Despopoulos & S. Silvernagl, Fourth Edition; Thieme
Medical Publications, 1991. New York
Dukes Physiology of Domestic Animals (M.J. Swenson, ed). 1994
‘Physiology’, International Student Edition, by R.M. Berne and M.N. Levy; Third Edition,
1988.
‘Neurophysiology’ by R.H.S. Carpenter, Fourth Edition, Arnold, London (2003).
7.
TEACHING HOURS AND TEACHING METHODS
The number of hours each student needs to attend all the classes in the BVMS I Veterinary
Physiology Course are detailed in the Table below. The number of hours of academic staff
time needed to teach the Course are also shown.
TERM I
Total
Hours/
Hours
Student Staff
Lectures
14
(14)
Practicals
6
(12)
Totals
20
(26)
TERM II
Total
Hours/
Hours
Student Staff
15
15
(15)
(15)
TERM III
Total
Hours/
Hours
Student Staff
TOTALS
Total
Hours/ Hours
Student Staff
14
(14)
41
(41)
6
(12)
12
(24)
20
(26)
53
(65)
Each student requires 131 hours of work for the whole course excluding the Examinations.
The academic staff require 172 hours to provide the whole 2 year Course excluding the time
required for two Class Exams and the Professional Examination.
Lectures, the provision of comprehensive lecture notes, demonstrations of clinical case material
and a variety of laboratory and practical classes some utilising computer assisted learning
programmes are used to present the Course to students.
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Division of Cell Sciences
All staff are not routinely made aware of Students with Disabilities. This information is
considered confidential unless such a person agrees to complete disclosure. Consequently, the
onus is on you to make individual staff aware of special needs you may have that impact on a
particular method of teaching; staff will attempt to make reasonable adjustments. E.g. you may
have a degree of red-green colour blindness and have difficulty distinguishing certain tissues or
cells during microscopy.
8.
METHODS OF ASSESSMENT
8.1
The Course (content and presentation and assessment)
 Students have the opportunity to comment on the course and its content and presentation
through questionnaires issued at the end of each term.
 The class representative and a few students from each year also meet informally with staff
twice per year to discuss the course.
Staff will discuss points raised and consider
modifying the course as appropriate.
 External examiner feedback on assessment methods is discussed by staff with a view to
incorporating changes into the timetable
Process for progressing assessment of documentation
 Reported in the Annual Course Monitoring Report to Faculty Board of Studies.
 Board of Studies reports to Faculty.
 Faculty reports to Academic Regulation Committee and ultimately to Senate.
Modifications to the course
 Major changes are made through the Course Approval process via Board of Studies, Faculty
and Academic Regulation Committee.
 External Examiners comment on changes.
8.2
Class Examinations
Course work and continuous assessment
Laboratory classes are held in Terms 1(2) and 3(2). Each is accompanied by a True/False test
which is marked and which contributes towards the end of term exam which itself contributes
towards the 4% continuous assessment mark carried over into the First Professional Exam.
Exam timing
Examinations are held at the end of Terms 1 and 2 (on the work of the term).
Exam location
All written examinations are held in an exam hall at Gilmorehill which will be announced.
Distribution of exam marks
End of terms 1 and 2 exams have an identical format as follows:
Time
allowed
2 hrs
Section 1
One essay
Section 2A
2B
20 multiple choice questions (mcq)
80 true/false questions
28% of total
)
) 42% of total
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Course Information 2004-2005
One data interpretation
question
Practical class report mark to be
included
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15% Exam total
(30% if no practical
classes)
15% Exam total
Division of Cell Sciences
Anonymity of marking and reporting
Exam answer books can only be identified by matriculation number or examination number to
ensure student anonymity. Exam results are reported anonymously by matriculation number or
examination number.
Availability of scripts
Sample essay and data interpretation questions are available in the library and may also be
obtained from the departmental secretary.
Contribution to degree exam
End of terms 1 and 2 exam marks make a continuous assessment contribution (total 7.5%)
towards the First Professional Exam.
8.3
Professional Examination
Name of exam
First Professional Exam (Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine & surgery)
Components of the exam
The First Year Professional Examination consists of two examination papers each of two hours
duration. Each examination paper will consist of two 60 minute sections.
Paper one will cover: Veterinary Anatomy
 Veterinary Physiology
Paper two will cover: Veterinary Animal Husbandry
 Veterinary Biomolecular Science
Timing
The First Professional examinations will be held during weeks 6 to 8 of term 3 (First Diet) with
resits in August (Second Diet).
Location
The First Professional examination will be held in halls at Gilmorehill, (exact details to be
announced).
Anonymity of marking and reporting
Examination answer books can only be identified to staff by matriculation number or
examination number thus ensuring student anonymity.
Examination results are reported
anonymously by matriculation number or examination number.
Distribution of marks
The result of the first year integrated examination will be a single grade, which will reflect the
overall performance in the assessment. The examination has four separate subject areas,
Veterinary Physiology, Veterinary Anatomy, Veterinary Animal Husbandry and Veterinary
Biomolecular Science, each of equal weighting. The mark achieved in each subject areas will
be made up as follows, 15% will be awarded based upon performance in class examinations
and/or course work taken during the session, the remaining 85% will be based upon
performance in the professional examination. There will be no practical components to the
professional examination held in June. The distribution of marks will be clearly indicated on
the examination paper. Students must pass each subject area in order to obtain an overall
grade D or above in the Professional Examination.
Matriculation cards must be taken to all examinations as proof of candidate identity.
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Course Information 2004-2005
Delay between examination and notice of orals
In order to complete the marking and co-ordinate with other subjects in the exam, there may be
a delay of up to 2 weeks after the examination before students are notified of the need to attend
for oral examination.
Distinctions
Students attaining the equivalent of ‘A grades’ in all 4 subject areas will be awarded a
Distinction.
Resits
Any student failing the first diet of the examination will be allowed to resit the examination at
the second diet. Students, who fail the 1st diet of the assessment, will be required to resit the
whole examination (i.e. all 4 subject areas). There will be no contribution from course work in
the second diet of the examination and no contribution from the 1 st diet of the professional
examination. A pass grade (D or above) must be attained in order to progress into second year.
This by definition will necessitate achieving a pass grade in each subject area at the second diet
of the examination. Failure to achieve a pass grade in the second diet of the exam will
necessitate resitting the whole year, followed by two further diets of the exam, the following
June/August.
8.3
Role of external examiner and oral examinations
After the External Examiner has confirmed the marks for the written examinations in
consultation with the Internal Examiners:

….candidates with a grade E and F are required to attend a Pass/Fail Oral Examination
conducted by an External Examiner and one of the Internal Examiner from each subject
area.

….candidates with a Grade G or N may request an Oral Examination conducted by an
External Examiner and one of the Internal Examiner from each subject area.

The list of students that are required to attend and who may request, an oral examination
will be posted on the student notice board (University of Glasgow Faculty of Medicine) as
soon as possible after the marks of the written examination are collated. The list will
indicate the time and place to which the students should report for their oral exam. On the
posted list, students will be identified by matriculation/exam number. It is the individual
responsibility of any student who has opted not to have their marks posted on notice boards
to determine if they are invited, required or may request an oral examination by contacting
the course leader, members of the teaching team or Teaching Unit administrative staff. Oral
examinations will normally take place within 2 weeks of the written examination. Students
not called for an oral may request an oral examination, if so desired.

At the second diet of the examinations (August/September), ALL students who achieve
less than a grade D in the integrated 1st year examination will be REQUIRED to have an
oral examination conducted by an External Examiner and one of the Internal Examiners
from each subject area.
GRADING
In line with university policy the grading of examinations within the Faculty of Veterinary
medicine meets the guidelines indicated in the university Calendar (Extract below). Please note
only grades A-D represent a pass. Marking will be carried out in grades.
If the candidates fail the 1st Diet of the examination (June) they may take the resit (2nd Diet)
examinations (August/September). The format of the 2nd diet of the examination will be the
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same as the June examination, except that ALL students who achieve less than a grade D will
be REQUIRED to have an oral examination conducted by the External Examiner and one of
the Internal Examiners from each subject area.
BVMS
2.4.2.6 There shall be three categories of award: honours, commendation and pass. A
candidate who is not placed in one of the three categories shall have failed the programme.
2.4.2.7 The regulations of each award shall state the minimum results in terms of Schedule 5A
required for the award and for the individual categories of award.
* A mean score should be rounded in accordance with the following example: 15.65 should
become 15.7 whilst 15.64 should become 15.6.
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Course Information 2004-2005
Description of standards
SCHEDULE A
Non-honours
Courses
Primary
Grade
Primary verbal descriptors for attainment of
Intended Learning Outcomes
BVMS
Gloss
A
Excellent
B
Very Good
C
Good
D
Satisfactory
E
Weak
F
Poor
G
Very Poor
N
No Credit
Credit
Refused
CR
Exemplary range and depth of attainment of intended learning
outcomes, secured by discriminating command of a
comprehensive range of relevant materials and analyses, and
by deployment of considered judgement relating to key issues,
concepts and procedures
Conclusive attainment of virtually all intended learning
outcomes, clearly grounded on a close familiarity with a wide
range of supporting evidence, constructively utilised to reveal
appreciable depth of understanding
Clear attainment of most of the intended learning outcomes,
some more securely grasped than others, resting on a
circumscribed range of evidence and displaying a variable
depth of understanding
Acceptable attainment of intended learning outcomes,
displaying a qualified familiarity with a minimally sufficient
range of relevant materials, and a grasp of the analytical issues
and concepts which is generally reasonable, albeit insecure
Attainment deficient in respect of specific intended learning
outcomes, with mixed evidence as to the depth of knowledge
and weak deployment of arguments or deficient manipulations
Attainment of intended learning outcomes appreciably
deficient in critical respects, lacking secure basis in relevant
factual and analytical dimensions
Attainment of intended learning outcomes markedly deficient
in respect of nearly all intended learning outcomes, with
irrelevant use of materials and incomplete and flawed
explanation
No convincing evidence of attainment of intended learning
outcomes, such treatment of the subject as is in evidence being
directionless and fragmentary
Honours
Commendation
Pass
Fail
Failure to comply, in the absence of good cause, with the
published requirements of the course or programme.
It is to be emphasised that grading bands are guidelines only and are not binding on examiners
in awarding particular grades for which final responsibility will rest with the Board of
Examiners.
“XXII CODE OF PRACTICE ON INCOMPLETE ASSESSMENT AND GOOD CAUSE
22.1 This section sets out the rules covering the treatment of students
prevented by good cause from completing an assessment or performing
adequately therein.
(i)
16
For the purposes of this section ‘good cause’ shall mean illness or
other adverse personal circumstances serious enough to prevent a candidate
from completing a summative assessment at or by the due time; ‘evidence’
Division of Cell Sciences
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
shall mean a full medical report, not merely a medical certificate, or a written
report detailing the adverse personal circumstances including independent
written evidence as appropriate.
If a candidate believes that good cause has prevented a piece of
summative assessment, including an examination script, being completed at or
by the due time or has seriously prejudiced his or her performance in a
summative assessment, then he or she must promptly notify the Head of
Registry and submit appropriate evidence. Notification later than a week after
the due date for completion of the assessment will not normally be taken into
account except where circumstances prevented the student from notifying the
Head of Registry within this time. The Head of Registry will notify the relevant
Head(s) of Department.
The Head of Department shall have discretion to set a later completion date
for the assessment in question including a special sitting of an examination.
The candidate shall have the right to decline such an alternative unless the
assessment has been designated as compulsory in the assessment scheme
approved by Senate in respect of the course or programme concerned and
published in the course data-base. Where the Head of Department does not
exercise discretion to set a later completion date, or where the candidate
declines such an alternative, the candidate may pursue the claim for good
cause.
Where the claim for good cause is pursued the evidence submitted shall be
considered by the Board of Examiners which shall determine.
(a) if the evidence is of sufficient weight to constitute evidence of good cause;
(b) if sufficient material has been presented in respect of the summative
assessment in question for it to be regarded as completed, rather than
merely attempted; in the latter case the assessment shall be treated as
though it had been prevented by good cause from being completed.
22.2
If a candidate fails to complete a summative assessment required by a course
without adequate evidence of good cause then he or she shall be awarded zero
marks or equivalent for that assessment, and his or her mark or grade for the
course shall be calculated accordingly.
22.3
not relevant for BVMS
22.4
If a candidate is adjudged by the Board of Examiners to have been prevented
by good cause from completing the assessment of the course, then the
following arrangement shall apply;
(i)
The extent of the completion of the assessment shall be determined as a
percentage of the totality of summatively assessed work, based on
assessment weightings published in the course data-base, required by
the assessment scheme approved by the Senate.
(ii)
The Board of Examiners shall make an overall judgement of the
standard reached in the completed part of the assessment, using as far
as possible the same procedures as apply to candidates who have
completed the assessment.
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Course Information 2004-2005
(iii)
(iv)
If the candidate has completed 85 per cent or more of the assessment
the Board of Examiners shall recommend the award of an appropriate
grade (or no credit) on the basis of the completed proportion.
If the candidate has not completed 85 per cent of the assessment then
the candidate shall be regarded as not having attempted the
assessment.”
(v)
8.4
External Examiner
The External Examiner for Session 2005/2006 will be one of the following:Dr G. Pettigrew, Reader in Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, Royal (Dick) School of
Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Summerhall, Edinburgh, EH9 1QH.
Dr J. Plummer, 16 Avril Way, London E4 9HS
Prof. D. Hogg, 32 Strathclyde Court, Helensburgh G84 9PW
Dr. J. Fishwick
9.
POLICY ON EXEMPTIONS AND COURSE CERTIFICATION
Students must attempt the Veterinary Physiology component of the 1st Professional
Examination and obtain a Pass in order to proceed to the 2nd Year of the BVMS Curriculum
since exemptions are not given. Course Certificates. A candidate may not be admitted to a
Professional Examination in any subject unless his attendance and work in that course has been
certificated as satisfactory by the Professor or Lecturer in charge [Supplementary Regulation
12, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Glasgow University Calendar].
Students are assumed to have qualified for “Class Ticket” Certification to attempt the
Professional Examination if they regularly attend classes and make an acceptable attempt at the
Class Examinations.
A student who is considered not to have performed the work of the Class on the basis of poor
attendance at classes or very poor performances in the Class Examinations, may be prevented
from sitting the Professional Examination by the person responsible for the Course. A student
liable to be deprived of a “Class Ticket” will receive a formal warning in the form of an
interview with the Head of Department or the Course Co-ordinator, before a final decision is
taken on the matter.
10.
OTHER IMPORTANT INFORMATION
10.1 Protective Clothing Health & Safety
Health and Safety Policy – Notes for Students
 Every student must comply, by law, with the Health & Safety at Work Act 1974 and is
responsible for co-operating and complying with all applicable University and local health,
safety and environmental policies, procedures and guidelines including:
 Conscientiously discharging any duty placed upon them by the University or by a
specific legal requirement
 Taking positive action to avoid, eliminate or minimise the risk of injury in their work or
study area or in University accommodation
 Diligently observing all health and safety procedures and standards
 Promptly reporting all accidents or incidents
 Remaining familiar with Local emergency procedures
18
Division of Cell Sciences
General rules for all laboratories
 All students MUST wear laboratory coats, buttoned up, at ALL times in the laboratory.
This protective clothing should be removed if leaving the laboratory, for any reason during
the duration of the work, eg. to go to the toiled or to enter any recreational areas
 Any cuts or abrasions should be protected with waterproof dressings and students should
remember to WASH THEIR HANDS before they leave the laboratory
 Smoking, eating, drinking, application of make-up etc. is strictly prohibited in the
laboratory
 Passageways and doorways MUST be kept clear at all times to provide access/egress
particularly for emergencies
 All personal possessions, apart from those specifically required for work, should not be
taken into the laboratory but MUST be left in the appropriate area designated by university
staff for such a purpose.
Basic procedures for good laboratory practice
 NO student should attempt any procedure which is unfamiliar to them without prior
consultation with academic or technical staff
 NO student should attempt to use any unfamiliar piece of equipment without instruction in
its operation and once used should ensure that it is left in clean and working order
 ALL problems or breakdowns in equipment MUST be reported immediately to a member
of the academic or technical staff
 Bench areas must be kept tidy and any spillages cleaned up when they occur. If unfamiliar
with the material in use then assistance will be provided by the technical staff
 Care should always be exercised when handling any substance of unknown properties or
which is known to be hazardous. The degree of hazard should indicate the nature of
precautions
 ALWAYS take care to read any hazard warning labels and comply with instructions. If
any doubt exists advice should be sought from academic or technical staff
 If gas cylinders are used for any reason during a laboratory class, advice on their use
MUST be sought before the gas is dispensed and the cylinders, which will be in a
specialised cylinder trolley, MUST NOT be moved in any way from their location during
the class
 No equipment, consumables, chemicals, drugs or any other items whatsoever,
belonging to the Division or used for teaching purposes in the laboratory, is to be
removed by any student at any time before , during or after the class.
First Aid
 A First Aid Box is located with the laboratory
 All incidents will be reported on a University Accident Report Form and forwarded to the
University Safety Office
 If any student becomes unwell during a class, this MUST also be reported to academic or
technical staff so that appropriate action may be taken. It would be prudent for any student
who has an existing condition requiring medication or which may result in the student
feeling unwell, to mention this, in confidence, to the staff on duty in order to assist staff
with any aid the student may require
Fire
 Fire is the greatest risk to loss within the University and it is the responsibility of everyone
to be pro-active in fire prevention
 Upon discovering a fire, notify academic and technical staff immediately
 If it is safe to do so, the fire should be tackled by staff using the appropriate extinguishers
which are clearly located in the laboratory
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Course Information 2004-2005








The fire alarm should be raised and Central Services notified on extension 2222
Everyone MUST leave the laboratory, without stopping to collect anything, and proceed in
an orderly fashion through the FIRE DOOR and DOWN THE FIRE STAIRS out of the
building
The FIRE DOOR is clearly sign-posted in the laboratory. Please note that this fire door
leading to the fire stairs is permanently alarmed and on NO account should the door be
opened other than if a fire is discovered, either in our divisional laboratories or elsewhere
in the building
The collection point for the Building is outside the front entrance on the pavement at the
foot of the stairs. There is also a rear exit to this building
No-one will be allowed back into the building until cleared to do so by the BRIGADE
FIRE OFFICER
Please note – FIRE DRILLS are held at regular intervals during term time and upon
hearing the fire alarm, all students MUST leave the laboratory through the aforementioned
FIRE DOOR and FIRE STAIRS, DOWN AND OUT OF THE BUILDING
Never ever assume that when an alarm sounds it is purely a “drill”. Never ever use the lifts
for any fire emergency
Always leave the building immediately by the appropriate fire exit route.
10.2 Staff & Student Liaison
There shall be at least two meetings per academic year between Veterinary Physiology teaching
staff and a small student year group. At this staff : student liaison meeting, staff and students
can informally discuss the progress of the teaching to date and air any problems arising. Staff
might also seek the views of the students on potential modifications to the course.
10.3 Division of Cell Sciences Staff
ACADEMIC STAFF
TELEPHONE NO.
Prof. P.J. O’Shaughnessy, Head of Division.
Teaching Responsibilities
Cardiovascular, Reproduction, Central Nervous
System, Special Senses.
5794
Dr. I.A. Jeffcoate
Teaching Responsibilities
Respiration, Digestion, Renal and Osmoregulation,
Acid/base, Endocrinology, Avian, Small Mammals
Other relevant responsibilities
Course Leader
6698
Dr. M. Mihm
Teaching Responsibilities
Reproduction, Cardiovascular
6951
Dr. N. Evans
Teaching Responsibilities
Blood and Body Fluids, Physiology of Excitable cells,
Respiration, Energy Metabolism
Other relevant responsibilities
Examinations Officer
5795
Mr Iain Gibson, Chief Technician
6950
20
Division of Cell Sciences
Dr. Ana Monteiro, Senior Technician
6948
Mr. G. Jackson, Technician
6874
Mrs L Fleming, Technician
6874
Mrs. J. Bonnar, Laboratory Assistant
5794
The above staff are located in the Division of Cell Sciences, Pre-Para Clinical Building, at the
Veterinary School, Garscube.
Faculty Teaching Unit
Head
Prof M. Sullivan (Associate Dean Teaching )
Teaching administration including timetabling (Detailed subject timetabling remains in the
hands of course leaders at present), lecture theatre booking and provision of teaching notes will
be carried out by the Teaching Unit of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, whose offices may
be found opposite the Assembly Hall in the Main Building. The teaching unit will also be
responsible for administration of exams and collation of exam marks; together with student
notification of results.
10.4
Class Timetables
Timetables for the 1st and 2nd Year for 2004-2006 are given at the commencement of each term
each student will be presented with a detailed timetable showing student groups, times and
locations of all lectures, practical classes and tutorials. Timetables will also be posted on the
appropriate notice board.
11. EXAMPLE OF CLASS EXAMINATION PAPERS
See 1st yr student web-site (Veterinary Physiology)
Also, you will be given sample mcq’s in class.
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Course Information 2004-2005
ESSENTIAL COMPETENCES REQUIRED OF THE VETERINARY SURGEON
INTRODUCTION
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
An important statutory function of RCVS is to determine the “standard of proficiency” and “knowledge and
skill” to fit veterinary surgeons for practising in the United Kingdom. The standard set for registration is a
key benchmark that affects the approval of veterinary degree courses in the UK and overseas, and should
also be seen as the starting point for consideration of an individual’s continuing education and training
needs after registration. Maintaining and further developing professional competence is a requirement for
all veterinary surgeons.
This document sets out the essential competences required of the veterinary surgeon for membership of the
Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons.
There are many definitions of ‘competence’ and many views on how it can be developed and assessed. In
general terms, however, competence is a concept that integrates knowledge, skills and attitudes, the
application of which enables the professional to perform effectively, and to respond to contingencies,
change, and the unexpected.
This document takes a broad definition of competence as being “the ability to perform the roles and tasks
required by one’s job to the expected standard” (Eraut & Boulay, 20001). The definition recognises that
requirements and expectations change depending on the job role and context. It also recognises that
competence develops, and that an individual may work ‘competently’ at many different levels, either at
different stages of their career, or indeed from one day to the next depending on the nature of their work.
Eraut and Boulay (2000) point out the importance of distinguishing between an individual’s competence –
what one can do, and performance – what one actually does. RCVS is concerned with competence when it
undertakes its primary function of determining “the standard of proficiency required for registration” and
ensuring that individuals “will have acquired the knowledge and skill needed for the efficient practice of
veterinary surgery” (Veterinary Surgeons Act 1966, section 3). Performance may be affected by factors
such as workload, working conditions, levels of support, and so on. The regulation of performance is a
function of RCVS through its statutory disciplinary powers.
The essential competences have been broken down into three main areas. They are:
-
A
General professional competences and attributes
describing the distinguishing characteristics of a veterinary surgeon
-
B
Underpinning knowledge and understanding
describing in general terms the breadth of knowledge and understanding needed for a career as
a veterinary surgeon, and for subsequent professional development in whatever sphere of
veterinary science the individual wishes to pursue
-
C
Practically-based veterinary competences
describing the basic practical competences that are expected at the point of graduation.
1 “Developing the Attributes of Medical Professional Judgement and Competence”, a review funded by the Postregistration
Medical and Dental Education Research Initiative of the Dept. of Health’s Policy Research Programme, by Professor
Michael Eraut and Benedict du Boulay, University of Sussex.
The full paper is available on the web at
http:/www.cogs.susx.ac.uk/users/bend/doh
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Division of Cell Sciences
The ten guiding principles of the RCVS Guide to Professional Conduct should be seen
as overarching requirements for registration (and by implication, continued
registration) with the College. The Guide states that:
Your clients are entitled to expect that you will: make animal welfare your first consideration in seeking to provide the most appropriate
attention for animals committed to your care
2. ensure that all animals under your care are treated humanely and with respect
3. maintain and continue to develop your professional knowledge and skills
4. foster and maintain a good relationship with your clients, earning their trust, respecting their
views and protecting client confidentiality
5. uphold the good reputation of the veterinary profession
6. ensure the integrity of veterinary certification
7. foster and endeavour to maintain good relationships with your professional colleagues
8. understand and comply with your legal obligations in relation to the prescription, safe-keeping
and supply of veterinary medicinal products
9. familiarise yourself with and observe the relevant legislation in relation to veterinary surgeons
as individual members of the profession, employers, employees and business owners
10. respond promptly, fully and courteously to complaints and criticism.
1.
ESSENTIAL COMPETENCES REQUIRED OF THE NEW VETERINARY GRADUATE
“DAY ONE SKILLS”
A1 - GENERAL PROFESSIONAL SKILLS AND ATTRIBUTES
The new veterinary graduate should be able to:
A1.1
Communicate effectively with clients, the lay public, professional colleagues and responsible authorities;
listen effectively and respond sympathetically to clients and others, using language in a form appropriate
to the audience and the context
A1.2
Prepare clear case reports and maintain patient records in a form satisfactory to colleagues and
understandable by the public
A1.3
Work effectively as a member of a multi-disciplinary team in the delivery of services to clients
A1.4
Be aware of the ethical responsibilities of the veterinary surgeon in relation to individual patient care
and client relations, and also more generally in the community in relation to their possible impact on the
environment and society as a whole
A1.5
Be aware of the economic and emotional climate in which the veterinary surgeon operates, and respond
appropriately to the influence of such pressures
A1.6
Be willing to use one’s professional capabilities to contribute as far as possible to the advancement of
veterinary knowledge in order to benefit veterinary practice and further improve the quality of animal
care and public health
A1.7
Have an elementary knowledge of the organisation and management of a veterinary practice, including:
 awareness of own and employer’s responsibilities in relation to employment and health and safety
legislation, and the position relating to lay staff and public liability
 awareness of how fees are calculated and invoices drawn up, and the importance of following the
practice’s systems for record keeping and book-keeping, including computer records and case reports
 ability to use information technology effectively to communicate, share, collect, manipulate and
analyse information
 importance of complying with professional standards and policies of the practice
A1.8
Understand the need and professional obligation for a commitment to continuing education and training,
and professional development, throughout one’s professional life
A1.9
Conduct oneself in a professional manner with regard to the veterinary surgeon’s professional and legal
responsibilities and understand and apply the ethical codes as set out in the RCVS Guide to Professional
Conduct
A1.10 Be able to cope with uncertainty and adapt to change
A1.11 Develop a capacity for self-audit and willingness to participate in the peer-review process
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Course Information 2004-2005
A1.12
Be aware of personal limitations, and demonstrate awareness of when and from where to seek
professional advice, assistance and support.
(Commentary: This last item is considered to be one of the most important, and should guide all new veterinary
graduates when undertaking their professional duties. Veterinary surgeons undertaking procedures on
patients must at all stages in their careers be fully competent in their performance, or be under the
close supervision of those so competent. When in doubt, the new veterinary graduate must seek
professional support and in the interests of animal and human health, should not attempt to undertake
complex procedures unsupervised.)
B1 - UNDERPINNING KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING
The new veterinary graduate will need to have acquired a thorough knowledge and understanding of the
following:
B1.1
B1.2
B1.3
B1.4
B1.5
B1.6
B1.7
B1.8
B1.9
The sciences on which the activities of veterinary surgeons are based
Research methods and the contribution of basic and applied research to all aspects
of veterinary science
How to evaluate evidence
The structure and functions of healthy animals, and all aspects of their husbandry
The aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment of the common diseases and
disorders that occur in the common domestic species in the UK
Legislation relating to the welfare (including transport) of animals and notifiable diseases
Medicines legislation and guidelines on responsible use of medicines
The principles of disease prevention and the promotion of health and welfare
Veterinary public health issues including zoonoses.
C1 - PRACTICAL COMPETENCES
The new veterinary graduate should be able to undertake the following:
C1.1
C1.2
C1.3
C1.4
Obtain an accurate and relevant history of the individual animal or animal group, and its/their
environment
Handle and restrain an animal safely and humanely, and instruct others in performing these techniques
Perform a complete clinical examination
Attend all species in an emergency and perform basic first aid
(Commentary: problems to be handled for any species include first aid management of haemorrhage, wounds, breathing
difficulties, eye & ear injuries, unconsciousness, clinical deterioration, burns, tissue damage, internal organ damage
and cardiac arrest. First aid to be applied includes bandaging, cleaning, immobilising limbs, resuscitation
procedures, haemorrhage control.)
C1.5
Assess correctly the nutritional status of an animal and be able to advise the client on principles of
husbandry and feeding
(Commentary: this applies to commonly presented cases and would not, for example, be expected to include advanced
nutritional advice for complex cases, eg. high performance horses, high yielding diary cows, certain exotic or
zoological species.)
C1.6
Collect, preserve and transport samples, perform standard laboratory tests, and interpret the results of
those generated in-house, as well as those generated by other laboratories
(Commentary: new graduates are expected to have a working knowledge of tests to be undertaken include conditions
relating to infectious & contagious diseases; alimentary system; respiratory system; circulatory system; urinary
system; nervous system; endocrine system; mucucutaneous system; musculoskeletal system; trauma; poisoning;
obstetrics; paediatrics; parturition; reproduction)
C1.7
C1.8
C1.9
C1.10
C1.11
C1.12
C1.13
Use radiographic, ultrasonic, and other technical equipment which can be used as a diagnostic aid, safely
and in accordance with current regulations
Follow correct procedures after diagnosing notifiable, reportable and zoonotic diseases
Know and apply the RCVS twelve Principles of Certification correctly
Access the appropriate sources of data on licensed medicines; prescribe and dispense medicines
correctly and responsibly in accordance with relevant legislation and ensure that medicines and waste
are safely stored and/or disposed of
Correctly apply principles of sterilisation of surgical equipment
Correctly apply principles of aseptic surgery
Safely perform sedation, general and regional anaesthesia, implement chemical methods of restraint, and
assess and control pain
24
Division of Cell Sciences
C1.14
Advise on, and administer appropriate treatment
(Commentary: the new veterinary surgeon must always seek professional advice and support if presented with a case
beyond his or her immediate capability – see item A.12)
C1.15
C1.16
C1.17
C1.18
C1.19
C1.20
Recognise when euthanasia is necessary and perform it humanely, using an appropriate method, whilst
showing sensitivity to the feelings of owners and others, and with due regard to the safety of those
present; advise on disposal of the carcase
Perform a basic gross post mortem examination, record details, sample tissues, store and transport them
Perform ante mortem inspection of animals destined for the food chain and correctly identify conditions
affecting the quality and safety of products of animal origin
Assess and implement basic health and welfare records (and production records where appropriate)
Advise on, and carry out preventive and prophylactic programmes appropriate to the species and
commensurate with accepted animal health, welfare and public health standards, seeking advice and
assistance where necessary from professional colleagues
Minimise the risks of contamination, cross infection and accumulation of pathogens in the veterinary
premises and in the field.
25