Introduction to Biology
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_______________________________ is the study of life
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Life arose more than _______________________ years ago
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First organisms (living things) were ______________________ celled
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Only_______________________ on Earth for millions of years
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Organisms changed over time (___________________________)
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New __________________________________ arose from older kinds
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Today there are _________________________ of species
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They ___________________________ almost every region of Earth today
Themes of Biology
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___________________________ structure and function
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Stability and ____________________________________
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_________________________________ and inheritance
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_______________________________________
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_________________________________________ of organisms
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_________________________________, energy, and organization
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_______________________________ basic unit of life
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All organisms are made of and _______________________________from cells
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Some composed of only a single cell (____________________________) which is usually
_____________________________________-
Cells
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Most organisms are composed of many cells (____________________________)
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Cells are ___________________________ (undergo differentiation)
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Cells are _________________________
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Cells are _____________________________ organized
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Cells contain specialized structures (__________________________) that carry out the cell’s life
processes
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Many __________________________________________ exist
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All cells surrounded by a _______________________________
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Contain a set of instructions called ________________________
(__________________________________)
Stability and Homestasis
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Organisms must Maintain very stable internal conditions - ___________________________.
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_____________________________________________________________, etc. must be maintained
Reproduction and Inheritance
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All organisms produce new organisms like themselves _____________________________
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Organisms transmit hereditary information to their offspring ___________________________
DNA
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Genetic Information in ___________________________
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_______________________________________
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DNA contains instructions for traits ____________________
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Make the structures and complex chemicals necessary for life _________________________
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DNA in every body cell (________________________________) is exactly alike
Sexual Reproduction
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Hereditary information from _____________________________________ of the same species are
combined
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Egg and sperm  _________________________ (___________________________)
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Zygote contains hereditary information from _______________________________
Asexual Reproduction
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Hereditary information from _______________, usually unicellular, _______________________ that
divides
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Resulting cells contain _____________________________ information
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Genetic information from ___________________________
Evolution
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Populations of organisms change (______________________) over generations (time)
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Explains how many different kinds of organisms came into existence ______________________
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Explains how ___________________ organisms are _______________________ to past organisms
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Explains why ______________________________________ the way they do
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Provides a basis for exploring the ________________________________ different groups of
organisms
Natural Selection
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Natural selection is the _____________________________
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Organisms that have certain_______________________ traits are better able to successfully
reproduce than organisms that lack these traits
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Survival of organisms with favorable traits cause
_______________________________________________
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Also Called “_________________________________”
Interdependence of Organisms
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Interaction of organisms with one another and with their environment
____________________________
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_____________________depend and ____________________DEPEND on each other for food &
pollination __________________________
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All organisms need substances such as ____________________________________ from the
environment
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The _________________________________ depends on the healthy functioning of organisms in that
environment
Matter, Energy, and Organization
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Living things are ________________________________________
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Require a __________________________________________ to maintain their orderly state
Energy
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ALL energy comes from the _______________ (directly or indirectly)
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________________________________ is the process by which some organisms capture the energy
from the sun (___________________) and transform it into energy (______________________) that
can be used by living things
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Photosynthesis Equation:
Autotrophs
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Organisms that make their own food are called ___________________________
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__________________________ – use solar energy (photosynthesis) to get energy
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Convert ___________________________ into ___________________________
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________________________________– use different chemical processes to get energy
Heterotrophs
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Organisms that must take in food to meet their energy needs are called
___________________________
Consume autotrophs (__________________________), other heterotrophs
(______________________) or both (________________________) for their energy needs
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Complex chemicals are broken down and _______________________________and structures needed
by organisms
The World of Biology: Characteristics of Life
Cells
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All living things are composed of_____________________
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In multicellular organisms, many are _________________________ to perform
specific_______________________
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Cells are always very ______________________
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The size of multi-celled organisms depends on ________________________________________
Organization
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Organized at both the _______________________________________________
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Take in substances from the environment and organize them in complex ways
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Specific cell structures (__________________________) carry out particular functions
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In _________________________________, cells and groups of cells (tissues) are organized by their
function
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_________________  tissues
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____________________  organs
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_______________  systems
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Systems  ____________________________
Energy Use
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Use energy in a process called _______________________________
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___________________________________________
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Require energy to maintain their molecular and cellular organization, grow and reproduce
Homestasis
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Maintain stable ________________________ conditions temperature, pH, etc.
Growth
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Grow occurs as the result of ______________________________
and_________________________________
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_________________________________ is the formation of two cells from a preexisting cell
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New cells enlarge as they mature
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When a cell grows to a size where its ____________________________________________, the cell
divides
Development
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The process by which an adult organism arise is called _________________________________
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Repeated cell divisions and cell _____________________________________
Reproduction
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All species have the ability to________________________________
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______________________________________________ but is essential for continuation of a species
Responsiveness
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_______________________________________in the external environment
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Detect and respond to changes in __________________________________________________
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Coordinates it’s responses
Evolve
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Ability to adapt to their environment through the process of ____________________________

Favorable characteristics are selected for and passed on to offspring called ____________________

Driven by natural selection or “_______________________________________”
Scientific Method
Step 1: ___________________________
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Employing your _________________________________ to perceive objects or events
Asking a Question
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Based on observations; one or more ______________________________ are generated
Step 2: __________________________________
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A statement is _________________________ if evidence can be collected that either does or doesn’t
support it
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It can never be proven beyond doubt
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Often must be ___________________________________________________
The Hypothesis
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Is a statement made in advance that states the _______________________________ that will be
obtained from testing the hypothesis
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Often written in the form of an “________________________________” statement
Step 3: _________________________________________
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______________________________ or prediction by gathering data under controlled conditions –
conducting a controlled experiment
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Based on a comparison of a _____________________________ with an
______________________________ group
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Both groups are identical except for one factor (____________________________________)
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Observations and measurements are taken for a particular factor (__________________________) in
both groups
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Driven by or results from independent variable
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Measuring
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Involves _________________________________ data that can be measured in numbers &/or
__________________________ data information that isn’t numbers
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Sampling
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Technique of using a ________________________ – a small part – to represent the entire population
Step 4: ______________________________________
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Involves placing observations and measurement (data) in order
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________________________________________
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Collected and organized data must be analyzed
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Process of determining whether data are __________________________ or whether they support
or do not support a ____________________________________
Step 5: __________________________________________
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Conclusions are made on the basis of facts, not observations

Often drawn from _________________________ from a study or experiment
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Should support the ________________________________
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Should be ________________________
Step 6: __________________________________________
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Scientists must share the results of their _______________________ with other scientists (peers)
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Publish findings in_______________________________
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Present their findings at ___________________________
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Scientists must be ___________________________
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Should not tamper with their data
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Only publish & report tested & proven ideas
Communication
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_____________________________ is essential to scientific process
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Subject to examination and __________________________ by other scientists
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Allows scientists to build on the work of others
Theories
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A ________________________may be formed after many related hypotheses have been tested and
supported with experimental evidence
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A _____________________________________________ statement of what is thought to be true
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Supported by _________________________________________
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Ties together related hypotheses
Laws
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A _______________________________ that concisely explains an action or group of actions
e.g. Law of Gravity

Accepted to be_________________________
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_______________________
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May be expressed as a math equation
e.g. E=mc2
Microscopes and Measurement
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Microscopes – _____________________________________________
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Used to study organisms, cells, and cell parts
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Increase in apparent size is called ________________________________
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The ability to show details clearly is called ________________________________
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Microscopes vary in both magnification and resolution
Compound Light Microscopes
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Specimen mounted on a ________________________
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Must be thinly___________________ or very small
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Pair of lenses
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_______________________r lens (eye piece)
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_______________________ lens (nose piece)
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Can be used to study _________________________ specimens
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____________________________________ determined by multiplying power of both lenses
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Eyepiece 10X times Objective power (20X, 40X…)
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Highest Maximum magnification is around ______________________X
Electron Microscope
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____________________________EM (TEM)
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Uses a beam of electrons to produce an enlarged image of very ___________________ specimen on
screen or photographic plate
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Image focused by _________________________ lenses
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_____________________________ magnification
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______________________________ be used to view living specimens
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_______________________ EM (SEM)
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_______________ image
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______________________-not sliced for viewing
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Surface sprayed with ______________________ coating
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Also uses electron beam and fluorescent screen or photographic plates
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__________________________ magnification
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Cannot be used to view___________________________ specimens
Measurement
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We will be using SI units or _____________________system when possible --- the WHOLE world uses
it except us (USA)
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