Institutional and Policy Landscapes of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation
PHILIPPINES (APPENDICES)
Institutional and Policy
Landscapes of Disaster
Risk Reduction and
Climate Change
Adaptation
PHILIPPINES
In Asia and the Pacific
September 2010
Rodel D. Lasco and Rafaela Jane P. Delfino
A Joint Project of the
World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines
and United Nations International Strategy for
Disaster Reduction Secretariat (UNISDR)
Asia and Pacific Regional Office
September
2010
(APPENDICES)
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Institutional and Policy Landscapes of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation
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Contents
APPENDIX A. Institutions and Organizations on Disaster Risk Reduction and Management ....................... 3
APPENDIX B. Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Projects.............................................................. 12
APPENDIX C. Institutions and Organizations on Climate Change Adaptation ............................................ 32
APPENDIX D. Climate Change Adaptation Projects .................................................................................... 41
APPENDIX E. Sectoral issues and policies relating to Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk
Management ........................................................................................................................ 48
September 2010
APPENDIX F. Annotated Bibliography ......................................................................................................... 61
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APPENDIX
A
September 2010
Institutions and Organizations on Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management
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A. National Coordination
Office of Civil Defense
One of the five (5) bureaus of the Department of National Defense (DND) (per PD No. 1 as implemented
by Letter of Intent (LOI) No. 19, s-1972, and DND Order Nos. 737 and 737-A, s-1973), the Office of Civil
Defense (OCD), officially established on 1 July 1973, serves as the executive arm and secretariat of the
National Disaster Coordinating Council per PD 1566.
As the nerve center for alert and monitoring, resource mobilization, response coordination, and
information management, it has the primary task of coordinating the activities and functions of various
government agencies and instrumentalities, private institutions and civic organizations for the
protection and preservation of life and property during emergencies.
The functions of the Office of Civil Defense, as defined by LOI No. 19, are:
• To establish and administer a comprehensive national civil defense and civil assistance
program;
• To formulate plans and policies for the protection and welfare of the civilian populace in time
of war directly involving the Philippines, or other national emergencies of equally grave
character;
• To estimate the total material, manpower and fiscal requirements for carrying out the national
civil defense and civil assistance program, and allocate to the provinces, cities, municipalities
and barangays such aid in facilities, materials and funds as may be available from the national
government;
• To develop and coordinate program for informing, educating and training the general public
and volunteer workers on civil defense and civil assistance measures and activities;
• To furnish guidance to the various provinces, cities, municipalities and barangays in the
planning, organization and operations of their civil defense organization;
• To advise the Secretary of National Defense on matters concerning civil defense and make
recommendations from time to time as maybe deemed appropriate or as the Secretary may
require; and
• To perform such other duties as may be directed by higher authority or provided by law.
September 2010
National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC)
Presidential Decree 1566 provided for the National Disaster Coordinating Council as the highest policymaking body on matters of disasters in the country. Disaster coordination was established from the
lowest governmental units, the barangays, to the broad regional units. In its policy declaration, the
following state policies on self reliance among local officials and their constituents in responding to
disasters or emergencies were stipulated:
• Each political and administrative subdivision of the country shall utilize all available resources
in the area before asking for assistance from neighboring entities or a higher authority;
• The primary responsibility rests on the government agencies in the affected areas in
coordination with the people themselves;
• It shall be the responsibility of all government departments, bureaus, agencies and
instrumentalities to have documented plans of their emergency functions and activities;
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• Planning and operation shall also be done on the barangay level on an interagency, multisector basis to optimize the utilization of resources;
• In the absence of a duly constituted regional government, national government offices at the
regional level shall be led and operationally controlled by the Regional Commissioner or by the
official so designated by the President;
• Responsibility for leadership rests on the Provincial Governor, City Mayors, and Municipal
Mayors, and Barangay Chairman, each according to his area of responsibility;
• When an emergency affects an area covering several towns and cities, the city mayors and
their personnel and facilities shall be placed under the operational control of the provincial
governor for the duration of the emergency;
• The national government exists to support the local governments. In time of emergencies, and
according to their level of assignment, all national government offices in the field shall support
the operations of the local government; and
• To ensure that operational activities become automatic and second nature to all concerned,
exercises and periodic drills shall be conducted at all levels, principally in the barangays.
B.
National Agencies
The NDCC member-agencies are responsible for carrying out their respective tasks and responsibilities in
disaster management including preparedness, mitigation, response and rehabilitation. Unlike other
departmental coordinating bodies, the NDCC does not have its own regular budget. It operates through
the member-agencies and its local networks, which are the regional and local disaster coordinating
councils. Below are brief descriptions on the mandates of these agencies through its lead person
(Secretary) in relation to disaster management:
Office of Civil Defense
As described above, OCD coordinates the activities, functions of the various agencies and
instrumentalities of the government, private institutions and civic organizations to implement the
policies and programs of the NDCC. The OCD Administrator prepares and disseminates materials on
disaster management and advises the Chairman on matters concerning disaster management.
September 2010
The Department of Public Works and Highways restores destroyed public structure such as flood
control, waterworks, roads, bridges and other vertical and horizontal facilities/structures and provides
heavy and light equipment for relief, rescue and recovery operations.
The Department of Transportation and Communications restores destroyed communication and
transportation facilities such as railroads and vertical structures and organizes emergency transport
services from the national to the barangay level.
Under the Department of Science and Technology, the administrative functions of several bodies are
coordinated:
• The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA)
keeps a continuing watch over the environmental conditions within the country to prepare daily
weather forecasts, typhoon warnings and flood outlook. It provides assistance to various sectors
on meteorological and climatological matters.
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• The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) issues advisories on
earthquakes, volcanic activities and tsunamis to concerned agencies and the general public. It
identifies appropriate evacuation sites in coordination with concerned agencies as well as
organizes Disaster Control Group and Reaction Teams in the commission proper and in its field
stations.
• The Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (PNRI) issues advisories on radioactive fallout,
contamination and radiation incidents to the general public. It supervises the organization and
training of disaster control teams in nuclear installations and related facilities.
The Department of Social Welfare and Development extends relief assistance and social services to the
victims as necessary and provides assistance in the rehabilitation of victims.
The Department of Agriculture undertakes surveys in disaster-prone areas and actual disaster areas to
determine the extent of damage to agricultural crops, livestock and fisheries, and provides technical
assistance to disaster victims whose crops or livestock have been destroyed.
The Department of Education provides assistance in the public education and campaign regarding
disaster preparedness, prevention and mitigation through the integration in the school curricula of
relevant subjects. The Secretary also makes available school buildings as evacuation centers and
organizes and trains disaster control groups and reaction teams in all schools and institutions of
learning.
The Department of Finance issues rules and regulations, in collaboration with the relevant agencies
concerned, on funding to local governments of the requirements of their disaster coordinating councils.
The Secretary also issues rules and regulations jointly with the Department of Budget and Management
on the preparation of the Local Government Budget and the utilization of the 2 percent reserves for
disaster operations.
The Department of Labor and Employment organizes and trains Disaster Control Groups in all factories
and industrial complexes, provides emergency employment opportunities to disaster victims, and
implements the industrial civil defense programs and measures.
September 2010
The Department of Trade and Industry maintains normal levels of commodity prices during emergencies,
and organizes disaster control groups and reaction teams in large buildings used for commercial and
recreational purposes.
The Department of Interior and Local Government oversees the organization of local disaster councils,
the establishment of Disaster Operations Centers of all local governments, and the training of DCC
members in coordination with OCD, DSWD, Philippine National Red Cross (PNRC), and other appropriate
agencies.
The Department of Health provides health services during emergencies as necessary, and organizes
reaction teams in hospitals, clinics, and sanitary and other health institutions. The Secretary also issues
appropriate warnings to the public on the occurrence of health hazards.
The Department of Environment and Natural Resources is responsible for reforestation and control of
areas that tend to cause flooding, landslides, mudflow and ground subsidence. Additional
responsibilities are to provide technical assistance on mines and forests and lands, to formulate rules
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and regulations for the control of water and land pollution, and to issue advice on environmental
pollution.
The Department of Tourism organizes and trains disaster control groups and reaction teams in hotels,
pension houses, restaurants and other tourist-oriented facilities.
The Department of Budget and Management releases funds required by the departments for disaster
operations.
The Philippine Information Agency provides public information services through dissemination of
disaster mitigation measures and disaster preparedness.
The Philippine National Red Cross conducts disaster leadership training courses, assists in the training of
DCCs at all levels, and help in providing emergency relief assistance to disaster victims. The PNRC has
been especially successful in involving high-risk communities in Disaster Preparedness work. The
Integrated Community Disaster Planning Programme seeks to increase the capacity of communities to
prepare for and cope with natural disasters such as typhoons, volcanic eruptions and floods but also
with everyday emergencies such as health related hazards. The highly participatory process involves
both people as well as local government units who are in charge of the overall community development
process. This ensures that preparedness and mitigation strategies are shared with authorities, later on
included in official community development plans and thus sustained. The programme conducts
Disaster Preparedness training, which familiarizes people with the identification of local hazards,
mapping, community organization and team building. Supported by this training communities develop
Hazard Maps and Disaster Action Plans. They also form Disaster Action Teams as the operational focal
points for Disaster Preparedness and response. Disaster Action Plans identify suitable community
preparedness projects. According to the findings of participatory assessments these may include: health
education and training (First Aid, Home nursing), physical improvements to the community
infrastructure (footpaths, footbridges, water and sanitation) and income generating projects to sustain
preparedness activities.
The National Housing Authority is responsible for the assessment of housing requirements of displaced
persons. It is also concerned with the provision of temporary housing and the rebuilding of destroyed
areas.
September 2010
The Armed Forces of the Philippines is responsible for the provision of security in disaster area and
assistance in the reconstruction of roads, bridges and other structures. The Chief also provides
transportation facilities for rapid movement of relief supplies and personnel and for the evacuation of
disaster victims.
The National Economic Development Authority is responsible for the determination and analysis of the
effects of disasters and calamities on the socioeconomic plans and programs of the country, and
development of damage assessment scheme.
Regional disaster coordinating councils (RDCCs)
Regional disaster coordinating councils (RDCCs) coordinates at the regional level the activities of all
national government agencies assigned to a particular administrative region. The National Chairman
assigns the Chairman of a RDCC to the post by presidential designation, although under the present
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arrangement, the Philippine National Police (PNP) Regional Directors are designated as chairmen. In
autonomous regions, the Chief Executives automatically become chairmen of disaster coordinating
councils. In Metro Manila, the Chairman of the Metro Manila Development Authority is also the
Chairman of the Metro Manila Disaster Coordinating Council (MMDCC). RDCCs, like the NDCC, have no
budget of their own and operate only through member agencies under the principles of coordination,
complementation of resources and agency participation. The OCD Regional Director acts as the
Executive Officer of the RDCC.
The RDCC is expected to perform the following functions:
• Establish a physical facility known as the Regional Disaster Operations Center
(RDOC)
• Coordinate disaster operations activities in the regions
• Implement within the region the guidelines set by the NDCC
• Advise the local disaster coordinating councils on disaster management, and
• Submit appropriate recommendations to the NDCC as necessary.
Local Disaster Coordinating Councils
At the local level, the chief executives are, by law, the Chairmen of their respective LDCCs. Thus,
governors are chairmen of the provincial disaster coordinating councils (PDCCs), city mayors of the city
disaster coordinating councils (CDCCs), and town mayors of the municipal disaster coordinating councils
(MDCCs). Barangay Captains are the Chairmen of their Barangay Disaster Coordinating Councils (BDCCs).
The primary functions of the local disaster councils as detailed in the NDCC’s document, Calamities and
Disaster Preparedness Plan, are given below.
September 2010
Provincial Disaster Coordinating Council
• Establishes a physical facility to be known as the Provincial Disaster Operations Center (PDOC)
• Coordinates, from the PDOC, the disaster operations activities of the municipalities within the
province
• Implements within the province the guidelines set by the RDCC
• Advises the City and Municipal and Barangay Disaster Coordinating Councilsn regarding
disaster management
• Submits recommendations to the RDCC as necessary, and
• Places CDCCs and MDCCs and its tasked units under the operational control of the provincial
disaster coordinating councils (PDCCs) during an emergency that affects the towns/cities.
City/Municipal Disaster Coordinating Council
• Establishes a physical facility, to be known as the City/Municipal Disaster Operations Center
(C/MDOC)
• Coordinates from the C/MDOC the disaster operations activities
• Implements within the city/municipality the guidelines set by the PDCC
• Advises the Barangay Disaster Coordinating Councils regarding disaster management, and
• Submits recommendation to the PDCC, as necessary.
Barangay Disaster Coordinating Council
• Establishes the Barangay Disaster Operations Center (BDOC)
• Coordinates from the BDOC the disaster operations activities of its tasked units
• Implements within the barangay the guidelines set by the C/MDCC, and
• Advises the members of the BDCC on disaster management.
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Local disaster councils are significant because of their close proximity to the population. An actual
emergency, including the various aspects of emergency management, is most felt at this level. Similarly,
it is at this level that damages are assessed and requirements are identified so that necessary actions
and response can be taken. This local responsibility has been reinforced with the passage of the Local
Government Code of 1991 (RA 7160), which provides for the devolution of basic services and functions
to LGUs and allocation of a 5 percent calamity fund for emergency operations.
C. Non-government Organizations (NGOs)
Citizens’ Disaster Response Center (CDRC)
CDRC is a non-government organization that pioneered and continues to promote community-based
disaster management in the Philippines. CDRC operates nationwide through a network of regional
centers affiliated with the Citizens’ Disaster Response Network and through people’s organizations.
Organized in 1984, CDRC focuses its assistance to the most affected, least served and most vulnerable
sectors of the population through preparedness and mitigation, emergency relief, and rehabilitation
programs. CDRC responds to minor disasters and major emergencies, among these are the 1984 and
2001 Mt. Mayon eruption, the 1990 Luzon earthquake, the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo disaster, the 1995 super
typhoon Rosing (Angela), the 2000 Payatas garbage avalanche, the 2006 Guinsaugon landslide, the 2006
typhoon Reming (Durian), the 2008 typhoon Frank (Fengshen) and the long-running armed conflict in
Mindanao. Through the years, since 1984, CDRC has touched the lives of over 3 million Filipinos through
its programs. A network of overseas and local supporters enables CDRC to carry out its programs and
help communities increase their disaster management capacities.
Disaster Risk Reduction Network (DRRNet)
September 2010
The Disaster Risk Reduction Network (DRRNet) in the Philippines is a network of disaster risk reduction
advocates and practitioners throughout the country. According to DRRNet, the Philippines’ vulnerability
to disasters has increased immensely throughout the years, resulting in the loss of lives, livelihood, and
property. DRRNetPhils is advocating for a policy shift from disaster response and preparedness to
disaster risk reduction and management through the development and establishment of a national
framework that will foster an enabling national policy environment anchored on multi-stakeholder
action. A policy is needed to reduce and manage disaster risks in the country because of two reasons.
One, the Philippines lies in the heart of an area prone to natural disasters and two, the country’s socioeconomic and political conditions make the Filipinos vulnerable to disaster impacts.
Center for Disaster Preparedness
The Center for Disaster Preparedness (CDP) is a regional resource center based in the Philippines that
endeavors to promote Community Based Disaster Risk Management (CBDRM), facilitate interactive
learning and discourse on disaster risk management, and advocate for policies and programs that
protect the environment and mitigate disaster risk through its various programs and services in training,
consultancies, interactive fora, research and publication, networking and advocacy, through
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developmental and participatory principles and methodologies. It works with non-government
organizations, people's organizations, communities and government agencies in various countries to
enhance their capacities in disaster preparedness, mitigation, emergency response and recovery.
D. UN and DONOR ORGANIZATIONS
World Bank
World Bank (WB) is an international organization owned by the 184 countries¾both developed and
developing¾that are its members. The goal of the World Bank is to reduce poverty and to improve the
living standards of the people in low and middle-income countries. The WB contributes to achieving
more inclusive growth by supporting the Philippines, aside from its focus on improving the economic,
investment climate, public service in the country, the group aims to help reduce vulnerabilities by
expanding and rationalizing the country’s social safety net, improving disaster risk management, piloting
climate change adaptation measures and expanding climate change mitigation programs.
United Nations Development Program
September 2010
The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) works on enhancing the environment's carrying
capacity to support the country's sustained economic growth, alleviating poverty in the process. This is
through the: (1) evolution and refinement of the legislative, institutional, and regulatory framework; (2)
use of market-based mechanisms and adoption of environmentally sustainable technologies to
encourage private sector participation in environmental protection as well as greater community
alliance in the formulation and implementation of local level initiatives; and (3) establishment of a more
effective system of environmental governance and delivery of environmental services, including
monitoring and enforcement. Today, disaster reduction is a key component of UNDP efforts in crisis
prevention and recovery. UNDP first allocated core resources for disaster preparedness in 1989, with an
approved policy framework aimed ‘to stimulate the interest and actions needed to create
comprehensive disaster preparedness plans, strategies and structures and to promote disaster
mitigation activities within the context of development planning and implementation’. The United
Nations General Assembly has transferred to UNDP, the responsibilities of the Emergency Relief
Coordinator for operational activities concerning natural disaster mitigation, prevention and
preparedness. Furthermore, the UNDP Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery (BCPR) has made
considerable progress in developing an implementation framework that adds value to on-going activities
in disaster reduction.
German Technical Cooperation (GTZ)
Under its Programme on Sustainable Management of Natural Resources (Environmental sector
programme), the German Technical Cooperation supports a project on disaster preparedness which
aims that population and local administrations are able to respond adequately to natural disasters. As a
result, negative impacts of natural events are reduced and the living conditions of the population
improved. The project builds on disaster preparedness activities already in progress. It cooperates
closely with the population affected, with local institutions, national authorities, local administrations
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and other organizations. Examples of relevant activities include the drawing-up of hazard maps, the
provision of equipment for and training in flood early warning systems, training for emergency
situations, information campaigns, budgeting in the municipal budget and the integration of disaster
preparedness in the school curriculum. Systematic cooperation with the other components of the
environmental sector programme guarantees optimum utilisation of resources, at the same time
strengthening existing partnerships with local and international institutions in order to achieve the
common goals.
AusAID
AusAID's disaster and emergency response mechanism helps address the impacts of conflicts, crises and
disasters on vulnerable populations. The Disaster Preparedness and Response Facility for the
Philippines, amounting to A$6.45 million from 2006-2008, include: a) Avian Influenza preparedness
project with the Department of Health; b) Hazards Mapping and Community-Based Disaster
Management Project with the UNDP and NDCC; c) Community-Based Disaster Management with the
Philippine National Red Cross; d) Technical Linkages between Australia and Philippines; and e)
Immediate response in times of disasters.
Asian Development Bank
September 2010
In its country strategy, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) tries to help the country adapt to the
unavoidable impact of climate change through planning, defensive measures, insurance and other risksharing instruments, and “climate proof” projects. Disaster risk management will be a vital part of
development. Sustainable management of forest and other natural resources for the provision of clean
water supplies, biodiversity protection, and carbon sequestration to offset GHG emissions will be part of
ADB’s response to climate change (ADB 2008c).
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APPENDIX
B
September 2010
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Projects
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Project Title
Integrating Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in Local
Development Planning and Decision-making processes
Funding Agency
UNDP, AusAID
Timeframe
2009-2012
Budget
AUS$2.5 million
Implementing Agency
and Partners
National Economic Development Authority (NEDA)
Rationale
Aims to mainstream the integrated concerns of disaster risk reduction and
climate change adaptation into local decision making and planning processes.
Disaster risk reduction is conceived as a defense against the hazardous
impacts of climate change and variability such as extended droughts and
floods.
The project aims to bring awareness and understanding of DRR/CCA to the
community level, incorporating it into local level land-use and development
plans. The project also includes the enhancement of multi-stakeholder
cooperation by creating mechanisms for their participation.
The project is very timely as it will promote a medium- to long-term strategy
to rebuild the disaster affected areas into stronger and more resilient
communities, while frontline agencies and local government units currently
focus on the quick recovery of these areas.
September 2010
The project will build on the DRR methodologies and tools developed under
the recently concluded NEDA-EC-UNDP Project on Mainstreaming Disaster
Risk Management into Subnational Planning which are embodied in the
Guidelines on Mainstreaming DRR in Subnational Development and Land
Use/Physical Planning.
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Project Title
Funding Agency
Development and production of comprehensive “Strategic National Action
Plan” (SNAP) to implement Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) and Disaster
Management (DM) priorities in the context of the Hyogo Framework for
Action (HFA)
European Union
Timeframe
15 Months. Implementation period 01/02/2007 to 30/04/2008
Implementing Agency
and Partners
UNDP
Scott Cunliffe (scott.cunliffe@undp.org)
UN ISDR
Results
Established or strengthened multi-stakeholders national
mechanisms/platforms for DRR in three countries through multi-sector and
multi-partner consultations and approval processes by Governments.
DRR and DM priorities for action in the context of the HFA are incorporated
into an agreed Strategic National Action Plan (SNAP) in the 3 selected
countries, and SNAP documents are produced.
Through consultations, dialogues, workshops and training events, key sectors
are selected, and guidelines and mechanism developed to guide the
mainstreaming of DRR into policies, plans and programmes, as part of a longterm development strategy.
September 2010
Rationale
Capacity development needs for each country assessed as a key component of
the SNAP.
To contribute to building resilient nations and communities through local,
national and regional commitments to reducing disaster risks in the context of
HFA. The main objectives of the project are to: (1) Ensure that disaster risk
reduction is a national and local priority by building national capacity through
the development and implementation of Strategic National Action Plan
(SNAP) for disaster risk reduction, in the context of the HFA, for Governments
to implement, with strong national, regional and global support; (2) establish
the mechanism at the country and regional levels to support the development
and implementation of SNAP; and (3) strengthen the cooperation and
coordination of existing national and regional partnership through its
involvement in design and implementation of SNAP.
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Project Title
Case Study on the Institutionalization of Albay Provincial Safety and
Emergency Management Office (APSEMO)
Funding Agency
OXFAM-GB
Timeframe
2007-2008
Implementing Agency
and Partners
Development Academy of the Philippines (DAP) and PDCC-Albay
Website (if any)
http://albay.gov.ph/mabuhayxpress/MabX0110/OXFAM.html
Rationale and results
In 2007, after assisting the province through a 6-month intervention on
WASH, food security and livelihoods programme in the province of Albay ,
Oxfam started its DRR engagement with the Provincial Government through
the documentation of the Albay Public Safety and Emergency Management
Office or APSEMO. APSEMO’s 15 has years of experience and lessons in
disaster risk that other local government units (LGUs) may learn
from. Through the institutionalization of the function of disaster risk
management, the province has achieved substantial reduction in the loss of
lives and assets -- social, economic or environmental. In line with the Hyogo
Framework for Action, this case study traced how the Albay’s government and
people succeeded in creating a permanent mechanism to prepare for and
respond to various types of disasters, despite the chronic poverty and natural
and human-made hazards that beset the province.
September 2010
Because of the continuing commitment of Oxfam GB to share and replicate
this good practice in other local government units, now, the good practice has
been adopted and customized in the provinces of Sarangani, Pampanga and
Sorsogon under the recently-concluded project supported under DIPECHO’s
6th Action Plan. Also, this good practice is now being emmulated in other
local government units through other partners (i.e., local and/or international
NGOs). The success of sharing and advocating for this good practice has
likewise brought the discourse at the national level, particularly in the new
DRM legislative measure in both houses of Congress now just awaiting
approval in the bicameral conference committee. Even award-giving bodies
recognizing exemplary and innovative actions at the local government levels
have recognized the role and importance of APSEMO, particularly the Gawad
Kalasag and Galing Pook Awards.
Oxfam’s intervention has also nurtured the cross-linking and cross-fertilization
or complementation of various national government initiatives and projects,
specifically those under the National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC)
through the Office of Civil Defense (OCD), the Department of Interior and
Local Government (DILG), and the National Economic Development Authority
(NEDA). Truly, APSEMO became a system integrator not only within the LGU
and the community but also between and across programs like DILG’s Good
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Practices Facility for Replication (GOFAR) and NEDA’s DRR mainstreaming
tool, all within NDCC’s DRR framework.
Last but not the least, from being just a simple project on knowledge
management, the APSEMO experience (from documentation to replication), it
has now evolved into real and continuing strategic partnerships with Oxfam,
with other LGUs, local partners and the national government and aims to
build resilient communities and make a lasting impact on poverty. In fact,
documentation and replicaiton good practices in DRR, community
empowerment through LGU partnership and highlighting women’s
transformative roles are among the current niches Oxfam GB has clearly
established in the country.
September 2010
Overall, the long years of APSEMO’s experience reaped tons of benefits from
saving lives to building confidence and empowering constituents to being a
role model to other local government units. However, continuing challenges
face the province and the office. With climate change, risks and disasters
now take a new form and approach. Seeing how the province is able to
adapt, respond and innovate is crucial not only for their own learning but
more importantly, for others’ to see. Oxfam, being a long-standing partner
and being the one which documented and initiated the replication and
customized adoption of APSEMO in other areas, would be in the best position
to (a) continue the documentation through a real-time learning process and
see how APSEMO was able (and is continuing) to respond to the new
challenges facing it, particularly giving focus on women’s leadership roles,
climate changes and the like and (b) help build on the province’s current DRR
capacities by ensuring that early recovery is considered at the onset of
disaster response, particularly in the areas of WASH and livelihoods. At a time
when the province is still responding to the needs of the people both in the
evacuation centers and those who were already allowed to return home,
Albay and APSEMO needs strategic partners like Oxfam to be with them to
help identify learnrings and gaps and see a path forward to address them and
continue to show our commitment to risk reduction and to a relationship that
recognizes and values the unique attributes that each one offers.
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Project Title
ASEAN Agreement on Disaster and Emergency Response (AADMER)
Funding Agency
ASEAN
Timeframe
2005-2015
Implementing Agency
and Partners
UNDP, UN ISDR
Website (if any)
http://www.aseansec.org/PR-AADMER-EIF-End-2009.pdf
Results
Recently, the Philippines' Senate ratified the ASEAN Agreement on Disaster
Management and Emergency Response (AADMER), and with that the
agreement is expected to enter into force by the end of 2009. The ratification
marks a significant highlight in ASEAN's collective efforts to build a disasterresilient community by the year 2015. The agreement binds ASEAN member
states into legal responsibilities to promote regional cooperation and
collaboration in reducing disaster losses and intensifying joint emergency
response to disasters in the ASEAN region.
AADMER stands for ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management and
Emergency Response. It was signed by ASEAN foreign ministers in July 2005
and came into force on Dec 24, 2009 after ratification by member countries.
This is the first binding agreement of its kind that focuses on managing the
risk of disasters in a region. It requires member countries to do a number of
things including: drawing up a set of standard operating procedures for
providing relief and recovery in the aftermath of a disaster, setting up early
warning systems, identifying disaster risk areas and cooperating on
technology and scientific research. So far, countries have been responding to
disasters on an ad-hoc basis and in a reactive way. The agreement shifts the
focus on reducing the risks of disasters and advocates a more proactive
approach to dealing with disasters.
September 2010
Rationale
AADMER is supposed to bring together the ASEAN countries -- which have
varying capacities, disaster risks and development levels -- and get them to
focus on a problem that affects development and clips economic growth.
A programme for 2010 - 2015 detailing AADMER activities is currently being
developed by a few partners. The programme to be adopted in March
outlines activities in four areas: risk assessment, early warning and
monitoring, * emergency relief, prevention and mitigation * preparedness
and response * recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction It also requires
governments to work with civil society and non-government organisation on
all the areas.
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Institutional and Policy Landscapes of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation
PHILIPPINES (APPENDICES)
Project Title
Funding Agency
Timeframe
2007-2009
Implementing
Agency and
Partners
Results
ADPC
Rationale
September 2010
Support to Implementation of Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) through
Mainstreaming of Disaster Risk Reduction into Development Planning, Policy
and Implementation in Asia: Advocacy and Pilot Implementation Project in
Education Sector in 3 South East Asian RCC member countries (Cambodia, Lao
PDR and the Philippines) [MDRR-Education]
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), European Commission for
Humanitarian Aid (ECHO)
Phase I: January 2007 - April 2008 includes: ( 1) Development of DRM modules
for secondary school curriculum, (2) Training of teachers (ToT) on the use of the
modules, (3) Pilot-testing of the DRM module in six (6) schools in the Philippines,
and, (4) Revision of the DRM module according to the findings in the pilottesting. A total of 1,020 students and 75 teachers, regional educational
supervisors, and officers have benefited from the project.
Phase II: November 2008 - December 2009 aimed to provide “Support to the
Implementation of the HFA through MDRD into Development Planning and
Implementation: Advocacy and Pilot Project Implementation in the Education
Sector in Three Southeast Asian Regional Consultative Committee (RCC) Member
Countries”. Phase II also intends to institutionalize the DRR modules and the ToT
module in the national curriculum and in the teachers training system.
The RCC on Disaster Management was established at the initiative of the ADPC
in 2000. The RCC is comprised of 30 members from 26 countries who are
working in key government positions in the National Disaster Management
systems of countries of the Asian region. A key priority identified by the RCC is
the integration of disaster risk consideration into development planning.
Realizing the importance of mainstreaming of DRR in the Education Sector as
identified by the RCC, one of the most recent interventions was MDRREducation. Under the RCC umbrella, this collaborative (ECHO-UNDP-ADPC)
project was implemented as a major contribution to the implementation of the
Hyogo Framework for Action. The Project was designed with the primary focus
to assist the Ministry of Education in 3 RCC countries to implement a Priority
Implementation Partnership (PIP), working with the National Disaster
Management Organizations, to undertake integration of DRR into the secondary
school curriculum and promoting resilient construction of new schools using
research on the past impact of disasters on the Education sector.
18
September 2010
Institutional and Policy Landscapes of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation
PHILIPPINES (APPENDICES)
Project Title
Hazard Mapping and Assessment for Effective Community-Based Disaster Risk
Management (READY)
Funding Agency
AusAID; UNDP
Timeframe
2006-2011
Budget
USD 1.9 Million
Implementing Agency
and Partners
The Office of Civil Defense (OCD) is the executing agency while the
collaborating NDCC agencies are MGB, NAMRIA, PAGASA and PHIVOLCS.
Rationale
The READY Project’s overall goal is “to contribute to the goal of strengthening
the capacities of key stakeholders in localities vulnerable to natural hazards to
protect/enhance the quality of the environment and sustainably manage their
natural resources, as well as their capacities to prepare and respond
appropriately to natural disasters.” This goal links the project to national
priorities articulated in PD 1566, the current legislative framework for the
country’s disaster management, and the NDCC Four Point Action Plan on
Disaster Preparedness. The READY project aims to provide immediate, reliable
information to the communities at risk, on the various geological and hydrometeorological hazards in their respective localities. Its three immediate
objectives are:
1. Equip key stakeholder groups with the resources (financial, technical,
and/or advisory services), knowledge and training that enable them to
perform effectively for disaster risk reduction;
2. Strengthen coordination processes and procedures, within organizations
and sectors (public, private and community) for effective risk reduction; and
3. Initiate the mainstreaming of risk reduction into local development
planning.
19
Institutional and Policy Landscapes of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation
PHILIPPINES (APPENDICES)
Project Title
Emergency Response Network (ERN) – Sahana GO Kit
Funding Agency IBM International Foundation (ERN Sahana Philippines)
Timeframe
2009-2015
Budget
$860,000
Implementing
Agency and
Partners
Website (if any)
National Disaster Coordinating Council – Office of the Civil Defense
Rationale
IBM is strengthening its partnership and collaboration with the NDCC toward the
effective implementation of its Emergency Response Network (ERN)-Sahana Go Kit.
http://www.emergencyresponsenetwork.org/
http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleid=515397&publicationsubcategoryid=71
Sahana is an integrated set of free and open source Web-based applications that
provide solutions to large-scale humanitarian problems in the aftermath of a disaster
— from finding missing people, managing aid, managing volunteers, and tracking
camps effectively among government groups, the civil society (NGOs) and the victims
themselves.
The ERN is an emergency/disaster system designed to yield a core communications
infrastructure for restoration of basic local voice and data communications across a
small, defined area.
IBM and the NDCC will explore ways to customize Sahana. IBM is prepared to provide
its technology to enhance the NDCC’s existing IT infrastructure and complement it
with necessary skills and services that will address the needs identified by the NDCC
and OCD for the customization, modification and deployment of Sahana.
September 2010
The coverage of the assistance may include the provision of IBM servers and storage,
project management services, a review of the NDCC’s IT network infrastructure,
provision of software developers to customize Sahana, ERN-related services and
volunteers from the IBM On Demand Community and Corporate Service Corps (CSC).
20
Institutional and Policy Landscapes of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation
PHILIPPINES (APPENDICES)
Project Title
Web-based Event Database (CALAMIDAT.PH)
Funding Agency
Asian Disaster Reduction Center (ADRC)
Timeframe
September 2010
Budget
Implementing Agency
and Partners
Office of the Civil Defense
Website (if any)
http://www.calamidat.ph/dm/web/
Rationale
CALAMIDAT.PH is an internet-based, GLIDE associated national disaster event
database system that serves as a tool to support evidence-based
preparedness and mitigation initiatives for disaster risk management. This
system was developed by the Office of Civil Defense in cooperation with the
Asian Disaster Reduction Center (ADRC).
21
Institutional and Policy Landscapes of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation
PHILIPPINES (APPENDICES)
Project Title
Program for Enhancement of Emergency Response (PEER) and Simultaneous
Nationwide Earthquake Drills and the Nationwide Water Search and Rescue
(WASAR) Training
Funding Agency
Asian Disaster Reduction Center (ADRC)
Implementing Agency
and Partners
Office of the Civil Defense
Rationale
Programs such as Hospital Preparedness for Emergencies (HO PE) under the
Program for Enhancement of Emergency Response (PEE R) has been organized
by NDCC, along with concerned government agencies and supported by NZET
and USAID. Awareness-campaign programs and DRM-relevant courses are also
through programs hosted by the World Bank Institute, Earthquakes and
Megacities Initiatives (EMI) and NDCC. Technological and scientific institutions
like PAGASA and PHIVOLCS provide knowledge building for NGOs, schools and
the media. NGOs and professional organizations also provide trainings on DRR
focusing on mitigation and preparedness.PEER program was set up in1998, and
is now operational in nine countries in Asia.
PEER delivers trainings programs to increase capacity to prepare for and
manage emergencies and disasters. PEER is made up of two parts: HOPE and
CADRE:
September 2010
HOPE - Hospital Preparedness for Emergencies:
HOPE improves the capacity of hospitals and healthcare facilities to manage
emergencies and mass casualty events. The training program is designed for
administrative and medical healthcare personnel, to prepare healthcare
facilities to respond effectively to emergencies involving large numbers of
casualties. This enables hospitals and healthcare facilities to develop well
designed, facility-specific plans for effective emergency response. HOPE
addresses the structural, nonstructural, organizational and medical needs of
health facilities.
CADRE - Community Action for Disaster Response
CADRE builds stronger, more disaster-prepared communities, by training nonprofessional disaster responders from amongst commuity members. This
enhances community level first responder capacity in disaster–prone areas in
Asia. The training is a simplified disaster responder course, drawing upon the
core trainings from Medical First Responder (MFR), Collapsed Structure Search
and Rescue (CSSR), Community Basic Emergency Response Course (C-BERC)
amongst other key trainings. Communities are often on their own, with no
outside assistance, during the immediate post-disaster phase. Training
community members in the key components of effective, multi-hazard,
community-specific disaster response will enable communities themselves to
take appropriate action for disaster response.
22
Institutional and Policy Landscapes of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation
PHILIPPINES (APPENDICES)
Project Title
Natural Disaster Risk Management Online Program
Funding Agency
World Bank Institute (WBI); Hazard Management Unit and ProVention Consortium
Timeframe
March 31, 2009 – March 31, 2011
Budget
Implementing
Agency and
Partners
Website (if any)
Office of the Civil Defense
Rationale
This course addresses basic questions such as “why are disasters a development
issue?” and “what are the components of comprehensive disaster risk
management?” The course reviews the institutional arrangements and financing
mechanisms of disaster management systems, and identifies the role of national
and local actors in the processes related to risk assessment, mitigation and
financing. This course targets general development practitioners to raise their
awareness and sensitivity in prevention of natural disasters, and consists of three
modules and End of Course Exercise.
http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:22124295~me
nuPK:34482~pagePK:2524753~piPK:51421526~theSitePK:4607,00.html
September 2010
The increased demand for both disaster assistance and mitigation capacity building
calls for a structured, comprehensive and global risk management framework, one
that can be used by regional and national authorities and by partner institutions.
The World Bank Institute Natural Disaster Risk Management Program was
developed to address the above needs. The WB Hazard Management Unit and
ProVention Consortium supported the program development. The program
comprises a series of five web-based courses, which aim at (i) awareness raising and
(ii) advancing the participants’ analytical skills and professional knowledge in the
specific area of disaster risk management. This course is the first in the series.
23
Institutional and Policy Landscapes of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation
PHILIPPINES (APPENDICES)
Project Title
Disaster Risk Reduction City-to-city Sharing Initiative for developing countries
Funding Agency
World Bank Institute (WBI); Hazard Management Unit and ProVention Consortium
Timeframe
November 6, 2009 – June 1, 2012
Budget
USD 150,000
Implementing
Agency and
Partners
Website (if any)
City Government of Makati
Rationale
This City-to-City Sharing Initiative for Disaster Risk Reduction will create a
partnership among the cities of Makati, Kathmandu and Quito to foster knowledge
exchange, technical cooperation, and sharing of expertise in risk sensitive land use
planning and local level emergency management. It will further additional technical
and institutional capacity-building among city officials, managers, and professionals
in critical areas such as earthquake hazard and vulnerability awareness, safe
building technologies and community preparedness.
http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?pagePK=64283627&piPK=73230
&theSitePK=40941&menuPK=228424&Projectid=P116889
The grant is part of the GFDRR South-South Cooperation Program, a major initiative
to facilitate collaboration among low- and middle-income countries to mainstream
disaster risk reduction and recovery, including climate change adaptation, into
development planning. The Program fosters greater leadership and ownership of
the governments from developing countries on their disaster risk reduction agenda,
providing opportunities for high risk countries to work jointly on common objectives
and reduce their vulnerability.
September 2010
http://gfdrr.org/docs/PR_-_Grant_to_Makati_FINAL.pdf
24
September 2010
Institutional and Policy Landscapes of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation
PHILIPPINES (APPENDICES)
Project Title
Mainstreaming DRR in Development Plans particularly on Land Use and Physical
Framework Plans
Funding Agency
UNDP, EC
Timeframe
January 2007 – May 2008
Implementing
Agency and
Partners
Outputs/Results
NEDA
Rationale
The project aimed to minimize the adverse impact of natural disasters to
communities in the Philippines by putting DRR as an integral part of sub-national
planning processes. Mainstreaming, as the integration of DRR perspective in subnational plans, was achieved by the project. However, mainstreaming in its stricter
sense, involves integration of DRR into the whole development planning process
(i.e. analysis of the planning environment, identification of
issues/goals/objectives/targets, formulation of strategies and PPAs, project
evaluation and development, budgeting, expenditure management, investment
programming, revenue generation, monitoring and evaluation and re-planning. The
project only intended to cover integration up to the strategies and PPAs.
As designed the project has achieved its expected outputs, namely: a) a final draft
of the Guidelines on Mainstreaming DRM in Sub-National Development and Physical
Framework Planning, b) the summary of the policy papers on (a) geospatial data
and information needed for DRM; and (b) recommendations on improving DRR
mainstreaming in sub-national planning; c) 278 planners from national government,
regional line agencies and representatives from non-government organizations
trained, within five (5) trainings to build capacities of sub-national planners to
mainstream DRM into sub-national development planning; and d) sixteen (16)
region/province case studies which are initial assessments of hazard impacts and
risk managements, which showed how DRR assessments can be inputted into the
sub-national plans; two selected sub-national action plans and one provincial plan.
25
September 2010
Institutional and Policy Landscapes of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation
PHILIPPINES (APPENDICES)
Project Title
Partnerships for Disaster Reduction South East Asia Phase 4 (PDR-SEA 4)
Funding Agency
EC, UNESCAP
Timeframe
15 Months. Implementation period 01/02/2007 to 30/04/2008
Implementing
Agency and
Partners
Website (if any)
ADPC
Outputs/Results
1. Enhanced leadership role of NDMOs in the institutionalisation of communitybased disaster risk management (CBDRM) into the socio-economic development
process in four countries (Cambodia, Indonesia, Philippines, and Viet Nam).
2. Improved national capacity in the integration of CBDRM into the planning and
programming of local development for better disaster risk management through
the implementation of pilot projects in two selected countries of Philippines and
Viet Nam.
3. Improved regional knowledge on integration of CBDRM into socio-economic
development process through consolidating experiences of PDRSEA phases at
the local, national and regional levels and exchange of experiences among
regional CBDRM practitioners
4. An improved mechanism for dissemination of tools, methodologies and
experiences to all key regional stakeholders and enhanced capacity of DIPECHO
partners to design and implement community based projects and initiatives.
http://www.adpc.net/v2007/Programs/CBDRM/PROGRAMS/PDRSEA/PDRSEA4/Def
ault-PDRSEA4.asp
26
September 2010
Institutional and Policy Landscapes of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation
PHILIPPINES (APPENDICES)
Project Title
Search for Excellence in Disaster Management (Gawad KALASAG) 2007
Funding Agency
NDCC
Implementing
Agency and
Partners
Website (if any)
NDCC
Rationale
Kalasag the Filipino term for “shield” used by early Filipinos as a means of
protection from attacks of enemies or harmful animals. Relatedly, Gawad KALASAG
was conceived to protect or shield high risk communities against hazards by
encouraging participation of various stakeholders in designing and implementing
Disaster Risk Management (DRM) programs. Initiated in 1998, the Gawad KALASAG,
is NDCC’s current recognition scheme on search for excellence on DRM and
humanitarian assistance. It provides the mechanism in obtaining sustained
commitment and support from highest level of governments through
acknowledgment of the exceptional contributions of the various DRM practitioners
in rebuilding the resilience of nations and communities to disaster. At the same
time, Gawad KALASAG continues to promote the spirit of volunteerism among
agencies and individuals in providing the much needed help during the response
phase of DRM. Practitioners of DRM include the Local Disaster Coordinating
Councils (LDCCs) at the provincial, city, municipal and barangay levels. The LDCCs
serve as the frontliners in preparing for, responding to, and recovering from any
type of disaster or emergency. Moreover, Non-Government Organizations (NGOs),
Private/Volunteer Organizations, and Government Emergency Managers are prime
contributors and major stakeholders/partners in the implementation of DRM and
humanitarian response programs.
http://www.adpc.net/v2007/PROGRAMs/CBDRM/OldVersion/CBDRMa/PROGRAMS/PDRSEA4/documents/PHIL/adpc-dms-pdrsea4NDCC_Memo_Galad_Kasalag-%202007.pdf
The Gawad KALASAG aims to recognize outstanding performance of LDCCs,
private/volunteer organizations, local, national and international and national
NGOs, donor agencies, and communities as major stakeholders in implementing
significant DRM projects and activities and in providing humanitarian response and
assistance to affected communities. It also aims to recognize individuals, groups or
institutions that have shown extraordinary courage, heroism, self-sacrifice, and
bravery against all odds in times of natural and human-made emergencies and
disasters.
27
Institutional and Policy Landscapes of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation
PHILIPPINES (APPENDICES)
Project Title
Strengthening the Disaster Preparedness Capacities of REINA Municipalities to
Geologic and Meteorological Hazards (REINA Project)
Funding Agency
UNDP
Timeframe
2005-2007
Budget
Implementing
Agency and
Partners
Website (if any)
NDCC-OCD
Infanta Integrated Community Development Assistance Inc. (ICDAI)
PHILVOLCS, PAGASA, MGB-DENR, NARMRIA
Outputs/Results
The REINA project, started March 2005, was designed to prepare the community for
disaster in different aspects. It is a continuation of the relief efforts that were
assisted by the UNDP TRAC 1.1.3 (Category II); Australian Agency for International
Development (Aus AID) and the New Zealand Government. The project is divided
into three components: scruples
First, UNDP launched the Food for Recovery and Support to Small Entrepreneurs
Project in the municipality of Infanta, Quezon (hardest hit by the floods in 2006
during a typhoon event) in order to create a community based model for recovery
after a natural disaster. It is designed to provide food to the affected families in
exchange for their contributions to rehabilitation efforts (i.e. clearing of roads,
rebuilding of public facilities). It was also designed to give the farmers livelihood
options appropriate for their disaster prone environment since farming and fishing
became difficult for the residents, ICDAI introduced organic vegetable farming and
raising of “sasso” chicken in the community.
September 2010
The farmers initiated a communal farming system, coined as bayanihan, wherein
idle private lands was cultivated by a group of farmers, each with their own smaller
plots within the piece of private land. Maintenance and care however are done by
the community as a whole which made considerable decrease in costs (since labor
are free) and made use of the available farmlands (considering most of the lands are
covered with mud).
This component is being executed by the Infanta Integrated Community
Development Assistance Inc., a community based NGO serving Infanta for more
than 30 years now. The component successfully introduced a new industry to the
municipality of Infanta and gave hope to the flash flood survivors. The community is
now looking at possible marketing strategies for their goods (i.e. marketing their
products as “organic”). They are also looking for new ways to further improve the
processes in development of their products. The municipal agricultural office and
the local government units are also assisting the farmers.
28
Institutional and Policy Landscapes of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation
PHILIPPINES (APPENDICES)
The second component is on hazard mapping and establishing community based
disaster management systems. It is designed to assist the local government units in
making informed decisions in adapting disaster risk management measures for the
community. This component includes (a) hazard mapping (b) establishment of
community based warning systems and (c) development and distribution of IEC
materials for the community. Hazards covered under this component are landslides
(including landslides triggered by earthquakes and by heavy rains), flash floods,
liquefaction and tsunamis. A multi-agency group called the Collective Strengthening
of Community Awareness for Natural Disasters (CSCAND), a subcommittee of the
National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC), developed the hazard maps. It is the
first time that the three agencies – the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and
Astronomical and Services Administration (PAGASA); the Mines and Geosciences
Bureau (MGB); and the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
(PHIVOLCS)—worked together in developing hazard maps. The residents actively
participated in the making of the maps by assisting the scientists in compiling
historical data (i.e. previous tsunamis, earthquakes) that are conveyed from one
generation to another.
The third component is targeted for first responders to natural disasters particularly
rural health practitioners. The goal of this component is to develop and conduct
specific training intervention modules for rural health unit physicians on initial
management of commonly seen trauma emergencies to include basic life support
and initial surgical management (assessment, resuscitation and initial treatment,
indications to transfer to a tertiary level) to include pediatric trauma. The
contribution of UNDP to this component is minimal. UNDP is supporting the
publication of the training modules.
September 2010
The REINA project is considered successful since it was able to bring together
different sectors of society and foster cooperation. It has also created a model that
may be replicated in other high-risk areas of the country. UNDP is now compiling
the lessons learned from the REINA project and will be publishing the
documentation of project experiences. UNDP hopes to repeat the successful model
of REINA.
29
September 2010
Institutional and Policy Landscapes of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation
PHILIPPINES (APPENDICES)
Project Title
Upgrading of Forecasting capability of PAGASA and PHILVOLCS
Funding Agency
AusAID
Timeframe
2006-2008
Budget
A$6.45 million
Implementing
Agency and
Partners
Rationale
NDCC, PNRC
AusAID's disaster and emergency response mechanism helps address the impacts of
conflicts, crises and disasters on vulnerable populations. The Disaster Preparedness
and Response Facility for the Philippines, amounting to A$6.45 million from 20062008, include: a) Avian Influenza preparedness project with the Department of
Health; b) Hazards Mapping and Community-Based Disaster Management Project
with the UNDP and NDCC; c) Community-Based Disaster Management with the
Philippine National Red Cross; d) Technical Linkages between Australia and
Philippines; and e) Immediate response in times of disasters.
30
Institutional and Policy Landscapes of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation
PHILIPPINES (APPENDICES)
Project Title
Disaster Preparedness in the Philippines
Funding Agency
EC Humanitarian Aid Department
Timeframe
2006-2008
Budget
€1.4 million
Implementing
Agency and
Partners
Website (if any)
PAGASA, PHILVOLCS
GTZ, UNDP, OXFAM-GB, ADPC, CARE, UNESCAP, UN ISDR, UN OCHA
http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/220045/ec-fund-disaster-risk-reduction-programsrp-others
http://ec.europa.eu/echo/files/policies/dipecho/presentations/philippines_11_07_
en.pdf
September 2010
Outputs/Results
Through its Disaster Preparedness Programme DIPECHO, the European Commission
Humanitarian Aid department (ECHO) aims at building the resilience of communities
regularly affected by natural disasters. DIPECHO also supports the improvement of
preparedness and response capacities of the authorities and specialized institutions
such as PAGASA and PHILVOCS. Since 1998, 8 projects have been funded under the
DIPECHO Programme for some €2.3 million. Additional funds have been channelled
through regional initiatives. The majority of activities are taking place in the eastern
islands of the country in areas at risks for typhoons, floods, earthquakes, tsunamis
and landslides. The Programme covers a wide range of activities addressing all levels
of the public administration but also looking at linkages between the communities
and authorities. Such activities include strengthening community and LGU
capacities, small scale mitigation measures such as riverbank and slope stabilisation,
early warning systems, inclusion of disaster risk reduction measures into local
development plans, awareness raising, education, contingency planning. At
municipal, provincial and regional levels, DIPECHO supports the integration of
disaster risk reduction measures into socio-economic and development plans,
training, awareness raising, advocacy. At national level, DIPECHO contributes to the
elaboration of strategic frameworks for disaster risk reduction as well as the
development of school curricula.
31
Institutional and Policy Landscapes of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation
PHILIPPINES (APPENDICES)
APPENDIX
C
September 2010
Institutions and Organizations on Climate Change Adaptation
32
Institutional and Policy Landscapes of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation
PHILIPPINES (APPENDICES)
A. National Coordination
Philippine Climate Change Commission
The Philippine Climate Change Commission is an independent and autonomous body that has the same
status as a national agency and is attached to the Office of the President. It was established by Republic
Act (RA) 9729 or the Philippine Climate Change Act of 2009, which was signed into law on 23 October
2009. Among its tasks are the formulation and implementation of plans for the country to better
prepare for and respond to natural disasters. The Commission will be an independent government
agency to be chaired by the president, with three Commissioners, one of whom would be the vice
chairperson. Its members include all the Cabinet secretaries, the head of the National Security Council,
the chair of the National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women, the presidents of the leagues of
provinces, cities, municipalities, and barangays, and representatives from the academe, business sector,
non-governmental organizations and the disaster risk reduction community. A Climate Change office
will serve as secretariat for the Commission, which will be headed by the vice chairperson as its
executive director. The Commission's functions include mainstreaming of climate change programs, in
synergy with disaster risk reduction, into the national and local development plans. It is supposed to
formulate within six months a Framework Strategy on Climate Change that will be the basis for climate
change planning, research and development, extension and monitoring activities. The framework shall
be reviewed every three years. The Commission is authorized to receive donations and grants from
local and foreign sources in support of the implementation of climate change programs. The new law
allocates 50 million pesos (1.06 million U.S. dollars) as initial operating fund for the Commission in
addition to the unused fund of the Presidential Task Force on Climate Change and the Office of the
Presidential Adviser on Global Warming and Climate Change. The amount will be soured from the
President's Contingent Fund.
September 2010
Interagency Committee on Climate Change (IACCC)
The IACCC was created by Administrative Order No. 220 signed by President Corazon Aquino on May 8,
1992. It is composed of fifteen governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations and the
academic community with the mandate to coordinate all climate change-related activities in the
country. The committee is chaired by the Secretary of the Department of Environment and Natural
Resources (DENR), co-chaired by the Secretary of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST).
The members include DFA, NEDA, DOE, PAGASA, DPWH, Philippine Senate, FMB, PNCC, NAMRIA, and
DOTC.
The functions of the IACCC are to:
 formulate policies and response strategies related to climate change;
 determine the national information requirements relevant to negotiations for the adoption of a
central instrument at the UNCED (1992);
 establish working groups to monitor and assess local climate change and its environmental and
socio-economic impact in coordination with international agencies; and
 designate a focal point to serve as the link between the Philippines and the Secretariat of the
UNEP and WMO.
33
Institutional and Policy Landscapes of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation
PHILIPPINES (APPENDICES)
Presidential Task Force on Climate Change (PTFCC)
Despite the existence of the IACCC, another CC body PTFCC was created through Administrative Order
171 on February 2007. The specific mandate of the task force includes preparation of a program of
action to address global warming which will presumably include adapting to its destructive effects.
While this is a positive development, it is unclear how this new body will function relative to the already
existing body - the Interagency Committee on Climate Change (IACCC). To demonstrate, in AO 171, the
IACCC is designated as the technical arm of the PTFCC. There is yet, however, a clear indication that
would indeed show that such arrangement is being “operationalized”. With rhetorics running out to
explain the delay in operationalizing the country’s climate change adaptation plan, it is becoming clear
that there is a power struggle between the two national government agencies – DENR and DOE. It can
be noted that AO 171 initially designated the DENR Secretary as the Chairman of PTFCC. But the
chairmanship was later transferred to DOE while making the DENR Secretary vice-chair. Incidentally, this
change in chairmanship happened with the movement of Mr. Angelo Reyes as the Secretary of DENR to
become the Secretary of DOE.
Advisory Council on Climate Change Mitigation, Adaptation and Communication
On the other hand, right after being appointed Secretary of DENR, Mr. Lito Atienza created yet another
CC body – the Advisory Council on Climate Change Mitigation, Adaptation and Communication by virtue
of DENR Administrative Order No. 2007-653 dated September 25, 2007. Compared to IACCC and PTFCC,
this Advisory Council, seems to have more focused objective which is to recommend policies to the
DENR regarding climate change mitigation, adaptation and communication. Nevertheless, what is clear
is that there is currently a confusion among these bodies on their respective functions (see Resurreccion
et al. 2008; Romero 2008).
September 2010
Presidential Adviser on Climate Change
It is also important to recognize the presence of a Presidential Adviser on Climate Change, in the person
of Heherson T. Alvarez - appointed last August 21, 2008. He was the Secretary of the DENR from March
2001 to December 2002, a former senator and member of the House of Representatives. He was
instrumental in the passing of the Clean Air Act and the National Integrated Protected Areas System Act,
as well as in the ratification of important environmental treaties. He is the founding chairman of the
Earthsavers Movement and also of the Global Legislators for a Balanced Environment (Globe) – a group
of environmental lawmakers founded by then senator Al Gore – and currently sits as vice president for
Southeast Asia of the London-based Advisory Committee of the Protection of the Seas.
B.
National Government Agencies
Climate change adaptation policies shall be implemented by the sectoral government agencies, although
during emergencies, all measures are to be coordinated by the NDCC.
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National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC)
The NDCC is an agency under the Office of Civil Defense (OCD) of the Department of National Defense
(DND), responsible for ensuring the protection and welfare of the people during disasters or
emergencies. It coordinates all disaster management in the country and serves as the President’s
adviser on disaster preparedness programs, disaster operations and rehabilitation efforts undertaken by
the government and the private sector. It is chaired by the Secretary of DND. Members include
Secretaries and heads of the following agencies: DSWD, DOST, DILG, DPWH, DOH, DepEd, DA, DENR,
DOTC, DOF, DOLE, DBM, DTI, PIA, PNRC.
Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA)
PAGASA is a national agency, under the DOST, mandated to provide flood and typhoon warnings, public
weather forecasts and advisories, meteorological, astronomical, climatological, and other specialized
information and services primarily for the protection of life and property and in support of economic,
productivity and sustainable development. It monitors tropical cyclone activity and issues warnings
within its area of responsibility.
Philippine Congress (House of Representatives)
The lack of clarity in, and capacity and permanence of the current national climate change agencies
(IACCC and PTFCC) are recognized in the Philippine Congress, both at the House of Representatives and
Senate which has pending bills to rectify these problems. A bill proposing to create a Climate Change
Commission has been filed with the House of Representatives (House Bill no. 03291), Rep. Orlando Fua.
This bill is entitled: An Act Establishing The Framework Program for Climate Change, Creating the
Climate Change Commission, Appropriating Funds therefor, and for Other Purposes. A similar bill was
filed to the Senate (Senate Bill no. 2583), by Senator Loren Legarda entitled: An Act Mainstreaming
Climate Change into Government Policy Formulations, Creating for this purpose the Climate Change
Commission. The Climate Change Act of 2009, the first of its kind in Southeast Asia, is only a few steps
from passage. Senate Bill No. 2583 and House Bill No. 5982 was ratified by the Senate in August 2009
and is awaiting the signing of the President.
September 2010
C.
Research and Academic Institutions
There are several research institutions conducting research support on climate change adaptation
measures.
KLIMA/ Manila Observatory/ Ateneo de Manila University
Formerly known as the Climate Change Information Center, KLIMA was established in 1999 under the
Climate Studies Division of the Manila Observatory at the Ateneo de Manila University. It is a joint
venture of the Inter-Agency Committee on Climate Change (IACCC), the Department of Environment and
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Natural Resources (DENR) and the Department of Energy (DOE) under the Philippine Climate Change
Mitigation Program with funding assistance from the United States Agency for International
Development (USAID). It aims to raise public awareness, conduct relevant research, and serve as a
clearinghouse of climate-critical information, and train people and institutions through activities that
stimulate hands-on learning on climate change issues.
UPLB Interdisciplinary Program on Climate Change
The University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB) created its Interdisciplinary Program on Climate
Change (IdPCC) to promote knowledge-based actions on climate change through seminars, and other
forms of information, education, and communication campaigns.
College of Forestry and Natural Resources/UPLB
The College of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of the Philippines Los Banos is one of the
leading institutions on climate change research in the Philippines, with two of its faculty member’s
member of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC). One of the significant research
projects undertaken by ENFOR is the project An Integrated Assessment of Climate Change Impacts,
Adaptation and Vulnerability in Watershed Areas in Southeast Asia (AS21). It is also currently involved in
a research project entitled: Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation in Watershed Management and
Upland Farming in the Philippines, under the larger project called Advancing Capacity to Support Climate
Change Adaptation (ACCCA). UNITAR which is supporting 19 pilot projects in 17 countries across Asia
and Africa
World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF)
September 2010
ICRAF- Philippines has been operating in the country and in Southeast Asia since 1993. It is one of the
regional leaders in climate change and natural resources management research. The Centre has strong
working links with upland farmers in the Philippines having pioneered the Landcare approach to upland
farming
In the Philippines, ICRAF is at the forefront of research and development on carbon sequestration
potential of tree farms and agroforestry farms. It is also providing technical assistance in developing
viable forest carbon projects under the CDM and in other climate change mitigation projects in the
country. It is currently involved in several climate change adaptation projects funded through larger
projects such as ACCA, Asia Pacific Network (APN) and Tropical Forests and Climate Change Adaptation
(TroFCCA). It is also working with various partners to facilitate the mainstreaming of climate change
adaptation into the country’s development agenda. ICRAF is committed in promoting “trees on farms” in
the country and is initiating the promotion of ecosystem-based mitigation and adaptation strategies to
address climate change.
ICRAF is actively supporting partners in climate change R&D including policy formulation and capacity
building. More recently, ICRAF was involved in training the Department of Environment and Natural
Resources (DENR) staff in the technical evaluation of CDM forestry projects. It is also assisting NGOs in
developing CDM projects.
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Currently, ICRAF is involved in Forest Carbon Development Training Program in partnership with the
Environmental Leadership Training Initiative (ELTI), a joint program of the Yale School of Forestry &
Environmental Studies and the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. ICRAF is also working with the
DENR and other government agencies on various climate change projects such as the Philippine Climate
Change Adaptation Program (PhilCAP) funded by the World Bank and the preparation of the Philippines
Second National Communication (greenhouse gas inventory in the Land Use Change and Forestry
sector).
ICRAF Philippines’ Country Programme Coordinator is also involved in the writing teams of the IPCC
Fourth Assessment Report and the IPCC 2006 Greenhouse Inventory Guidelines and shared the Nobel
Peace Prize with Al Gore in 2007. He is also a member of the National Academy of Science and
Technology (NAST) Technical Committee on Climate Change and the team preparing PCARRD Climate
Change Science and Technology Agenda.
ICRAF also maintains future R&D initiatives in collaboration with the Philippine Council for Agriculture,
Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCARRD), Ecosystems Research and
Development Bureau (ERDB), academe and state universities.
September 2010
Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research for Agriculture (SEARCA)
SEARCA launched its Knowledge Center on Climate Change (KC3). The Center will serve the knowledge
and information needs of Southeast Asians in adapting to or mitigating the negative impacts of changing
climate in the agriculture and natural resource sectors. KC3 will feature regional climate change-related
research and development works, news, a database of experts, learning events, photo gallery, and
multimedia knowledge products.
Generally, KC3 will communicate and educate policymakers, donors, researchers, media, farmer-leaders,
NGOs and other interested clients on issues, concerns, and positive actions about Climate Change Risk
Management. KC3 hopes to nurture a culture of knowledge creation, sharing, use, and feedback among
clients. Specifically, this Center hopes to achieve the following:
 Serve as a knowledge solutions hub of the regional network for current science-based
information on Natural Resource Management--(NRM) climate change;
 Support regional programs on NRM-climate change by providing strategic information related to
adaptation and mitigation for decision-making purposes;
 Coordinate with regional and national network nodes on the exchange, processing, packaging,
and distribution of NRM-climate change;
 Synthesize and package science-based information using appropriate formats for various
stakeholders;
SEARCA enjoins all concerned sectors to subscribe and actively participate in the KC3 activities, online or
otherwise.
ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity (ACB)
One of the center’s thematic areas of concern is regional climate change and biodiversity. ACB promotes
the participation of ASEAN citizens in efforts to mitigate and adapt to climate change. The risk of
climate change’s damage to ecosystems can be significantly reduced by implementing ecosystems-
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based strategies.ACB supports the promotion of farmer-centered participatory approaches and
indigenous knowledge and technologies toward cycling and use of organic materials in low-input
farming systems.
ACB also encourage citizens to conserve and protect plants, animals, and their habitats. If biodiversity
loss and climate change are addressed together, the prospects for adapting to these twin challenges will
be greatly improved.
D. NGOs/ Private Sector
Various NGOs other organizations outside the government are taking active role in climate change
adaptation and mitigation measures.
The Philippine Network on Climate Change (PNCC) is an alliance of nongovernment organizations
involved in the advocacy of climate change and sustainable development issues. It is composed of
Haribon Foundation, Legal Rights and Natural Resources Center-Kasama sa Kalikasan, Lingkod Tao
Kalikasan, Miriam Peace, Mother Earth Foundation, Philippine Rural Reconstruction Movement,
Soljuspax, Tanggol Kalikasan, Upholding Life and Nature and Yamog Renewable Energy Development
Group. Established in 1992 after the Rio Earth Summit and registered with the Securities and Exchange
Commission, the network sits as member of the government’s Inter-Agency Committee on Climate
Change and the Steering Committee of the Clean Development Mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol.
There are of course more NGOs doing relevant work on climate change, many of their activities may not
be explicitly labeled as climate change adaptation measures. These include international NGOs that are
working directly on the management of natural resources, and in this case, biodiversity conservation
such as the WWF and Conservation International.
E.
Local institutions (LGUs, NGOs/CSOs) and their initiatives
September 2010
Local Government Unit (LGU): Albay Province
The Albay provincial government has been playing a pro-active and unique role in promoting climate
change adaptation not just in the province but in the whole country as well. The provincial government
spearheaded the first-ever “National Conference on Climate Change Adaptation (NCCCA)” in October
2007. The conference brought together high level government officials led by the President herself,
academics, researchers, NGOs, the business sector, local community representatives, and the donor
community. Among the topics discussed were the current situation in climate disaster prone areas in the
country, the needs of the local communities, infrastructure modifications, and what strategies we can
do to adapt to a changing climate. A key output of the conference was the “Albay Declaration on
Climate Change Adaptation” mainstreaming climate change into local and national development
policies. It has the following major resolutions: (a) prioritize climate change adaptation in local and
national policies; promote “climate-proofing” development; (b) advocate the creation of oversight
bodies in the government; (c) mainstreaming of climate change through local and regional partnerships
for sustainable development; (d) information, education, and communication, and research and
development; (e) source out funds for activities and programs that will directly benefit local
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communities; and (f) promote environmentally sustainable practices. The conference received
widespread media coverage both in local and national media. The Albay Declaration was also featured in
full page advertisements sponsored by the provincial government.
Centre for Initiatives and Research on Climate Adaptation, or simply CIRCA, is a living research
institution of Albay Province. It was mainly established to strengthen the capacity of research, project
and program implementation for progressive and sustainable agriculture, forestry, fishery, energy and
eco-cultural tourism. CIRCA holds the interdisciplinary knowledge and expertise of the Albay in Action
on Climate Change (A2C2) Program for developing the community and addressing the critical need for
environmental, social, economic, ecological, cultural and tourism actions. It primarily focuses on
providing education and information about climate change not only to the general public, but also to
other units such as in the agriculture and even in the academe. CIRCA addresses the needs of the
province for economic and social progress that are dependently linked on the natural environment. It
also regards and considers, in its decision-making, the environmental policies made by the partnership
between public and private organizations.
The general objective of CIRCA is to enhance the coping ability of Albay residents to the threats brought
about by the changing climate. CIRCA specifically aims to develop the environmental awareness of the
various livelihood sectors of the province, for example the farmers and the fisher folks. It intends to
mainstream climate change adaptation in the academe by developing academic curricula embedded
with environmental awareness. It also targets to conduct and explore concrete policy studies that will
support better climate risk reduction and adaptation in the province.
CIRCA employs a holistic strategy that embraces different organizations in various fields of discipline and
interest, such as in the arts and culture, academe, religion, agriculture, and sciences. Through
consolidation of interdisciplinary and multi-sector initiatives, consultation, dialogues, seminars, and
wide range of fora from inter-agency to multi-stakeholder communication and information, CIRCA is
able to meet its objectives.
Albay is the only province in Bicol that has an operational management office that provides effective
coordination of the various stakeholders towards promoting efficient intervention on disaster
preparedness and emergency response. In July 1994, the Albay Provincial Safety and Emergency
Management Office (APSEMO) was institutionalized as an independent department that serves as the
technical secretariat and administrative arm of the provincial government in disaster management.
September 2010
The Albay leadership has also sought to influence national policy by supporting several bills in the
Philippine Congress that pertain to climate change.
Other local initiatives
The Manila Observatory started a pilot project for community-based, inter-program work on CC
adaptation – disaster risk management which aims to integrate present disaster risk management
concerns with long-term climate change response and overall sustainable development through
capacity-building and technical assistance. The community concerned is the Mag-asawang Tubig
Watershed, which is composed of Calapan City and the municipalities of Naujan, Victoria, Baco, San
Teodoro, and Puerto Galera. This area is particularly vulnerable to flooding, landslides and heavy
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siltation brought about by the frequent episodes of extreme rainfall, as well as to earthquakes and
tsunamis.
Some large corporations in the country (e.g. Aboitiz Equity Ventures, Ayala Foundation, Unilever,
Pilipinas Shell and Petron Corp., and the League of Corporate Foundations) have also indicated starting
climate change projects (on mitigation and adaptation) in their company operations and in their
corporate social responsibility projects.
F.
Development Organizations
The World Bank
The World Bank is an international leader on climate change adaptation, as articulated in “Development
and Climate Change: A Strategic Framework for the World Bank Group” and the “World Development
Report 2010: Development and Climate Change.” The adaptation dimension of the climate change
agenda, in particular, is directly linked to the World Bank Group’s mission of fighting poverty and will
grow in importance. The Bank now has considerable accumulated experience working with developing
countries on reconciling development and climate impacts. This experience has influenced the project
design and will help to ensure effective implementation.
The World Bank has been a long-term partner of the Government of the Philippines in the areas of
agriculture and natural resources management—sectors that are critically important for alleviating
poverty among the country’s rural population and most vulnerable to climate change. In addition, the
World Bank has supported the Government’s efforts to raise awareness of the importance of natural
hazard risk reduction. The impacts of natural hazards will be particularly felt in the agriculture and
natural resource sectors, which will in turn affect the country’s strategies for poverty alleviation and
economic development.
Asian Development Bank (ADB)
September 2010
With the climate change challenge facing the region and the world, ADB placed itself to be able to
respond to the growing demand from its developing member countries like the Philippines for policies,
institutions, and investments that can achieve environmentally sustainable economic growth. Projects
with environmental components or objectives have increased substantially in recent years – reaching
20% of loans approved in 2006. ADB has been working to build understanding in the region on climate
change response options to nearly two decades.
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APPENDIX
D
September 2010
Climate Change Adaptation Projects
41
September 2010
Institutional and Policy Landscapes of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation
PHILIPPINES (APPENDICES)
Project Title
Climate Change Adaptation Project – Phase 1
Funding
Agency
Timeframe
IBRD - The World Bank
Budget
Implementin
g Agency
and Partners
Website (if
any)
30,687,000
Global Environment Facility
Results
EXPECTED OUTPUTS:
(1) IACCC work on adaptation strengthened; Institutional arrangements for climate change
adaptation in Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) strengthened.
(2) Investments in natural resources, infrastructure and agriculture sectors are more resilient to
climate change.
(3) NDCC’s capacity to carry out disaster risk reduction is enhanced; Climate change impacts are
considered in NDCC's risk analyses for disaster risk reduction.
(4) Capacity of National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA) and Philippines
Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Authority (PAGASA) to provide scientific information
to various end users strengthened; Capacity in other scientific institutes improved; and Feasibility
of strengthening weather insurance assessed.
Rationale
To develop and demonstrate the systematic diagnosis of climate-related problems and the design
and implementation of cost-effective adaptation measures in agriculture and natural resources
management. In addition, the project would aim to integrate climate risk awareness and
responsiveness into economic and operational planning.The proposed project, which is envisaged
as the first phase of a long-term adaptation program by the Government of the Philippines, is
expected to have the following four building blocks: (i) Improve coordination of adaptation policy
by DENR; (ii) Implement climate risk reduction in key productive sectors; (iii) Strengthen proactive
disaster management within the NDCC; and (iv) Enhance provision of scientific information for
climate risk management.
November 2009 – December 2014
DENR; IACC now CCC; NDCC; PAGASA; NAMRIA
http://www.adaptationlearning.net/project/phillipines-climate-change-adaptation-project-phase-i
Expected benefits are: By addressing new climate risks in specific productive sectors of the
economy, and particularly by addressing rising climate risks to ongoing development investments,
the proposed project will primarily generate benefits by alleviating barriers to development
caused by the effects of climate change. Specific benefits to be generated by the project include
the following:
(i) Improved coordination of adaptation policy by the Department of Environment and Natural
Resources (DENR) with other stakeholders resulting in a broader focus, which goes beyond the
traditional environment and energy policies;
(ii) Through the implementation of climate risk management in key productive sectors, the
Philippine economy would be more resilient to climate change effects in natural resources and
agriculture sectors which are crucial to the country’s economic development and poverty
alleviation;
(iii) Enhanced capacity of the National Disaster Coordinating Council to prepare for and contribute
to climate risk management, particularly with respect to extreme weather events at the national
and local levels ; and (iv) Availability of better scientific climate information products to a variety of
end users in particular by the key agencies
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Institutional and Policy Landscapes of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation
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Project Title
Strengthening the Philippines’ Institutional Capacity to Adapt to Climate Change
Funding
Agency
United Nations
Timeframe
2008-2010
Budget
Government (in-kind): US$200,000 ; UNDP (GEF-CC): US$420,000
Donor (Gov‟t. of Spain): US$ 8 million
Implementi
ng Agency
and
Partners
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) and
the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP),
Website (if
any)
Results
September 2010
Rationale
Key government partners: National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA), Department of
Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) and Department of Agriculture (DA). Other UN agencies
( WHO, UN-Habitat, ILO, UNICEF, UNFPA, WFP) and their government counterparts (DOH,
HULRB/HUDCC, etc..)
http://sdnhq.undp.org/opas/en/proposals/suitable/152;
http://www.mdgfund.org/program/strengtheningphilippines%E2%80%99institutionalcapacityadapt
climatechange
This joint programme seeks to assist the Philippines address the above key strategic issues directly
affecting the achievement of the MDGs by pursuing the following three (3) outcomes:
1. Climate risk reduction (CRR) mainstreamed into key national & selected local development plans
& processes;
2. Enhanced national and local capacity to develop, manage and administer plans,programmes &
projects addressing climate change risks; and
3. Coping mechanisms improved through pilot demonstration adaptation projects.
Specifically, the joint programme will: i.) determine the vulnerability of critical sectors of the
Philippines to climate change and strengthen the country‟s adaptive capacity by enhancing the
policy development, planning, programming and implementation capacities of key stakeholders,
particularly the responsible national government agencies; ii.) endeavor to contribute to the
Philippines‟ achievement of its MDG targets by enhancing socioeconomic development through
reduced vulnerabilities of key affected sectors and the target stakeholders in 43 ++ provinces; (iii)
facilitate partnerships among participating local government units primarily from the 43++
provinces in the most natural disaster prone eastern seaboard of the country and the corresponding
local higher educational institutions to anchor future scientific and capacity building needs of
vulnerable communities; and (iv) showcase innovative and document best practices on climate
change adaptation providing selected communities with the opportunity to develop and test coping
systems which have significant potential for further upscaling and replication across the country.
These demonstration projects are expected to be of sufficient „scale‟ and generate best practices to
ensure impact and increased capacity.
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Institutional and Policy Landscapes of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation
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Project Title
Philippines Strengthening Climate Change Resilience in the Integrated Natural
Resources & Environmental Management (INREM) Sector Development Program
Funding Agency
Asian Development Bank (ADB)
Timeframe
(ongoing)
Budget
US$100,000
Implementing Agency
and Partners
Website (if any)
http://www.adb.org/climate-change/phi-environmental-management.asp
http://www.adb.org/Climate-Change/project-summaries-adaptation.asp
Results
Expected Outputs
Rationale
(1) formulation of a replicable GIS-based Climate Impacts Risk Atlas for the loan target
watersheds, which identifies natural resources in geo-climatic regions at greatest risk
from anticipated climate impacts and natural disasters
(2) integrated Adaptation Risk Management Plan (including disaster risk reduction
component) for the loan target watersheds, for improved understanding of climate
variability and extremes, and consequent impact on natural resource sustainability
(forests, watersheds), cropping patterns, social infrastructure, and livelihood security
(3) replicable Public Education & Outreach Adaptation Campaign for Watershed (3)
Management, to promote climate risk management and adaptation practices within
vulnerable rural community watersheds, and with NGO, local government, Barangay, and
Climate Change Task Force practitioners within the loan area
(4) CPS Sample Template Adaptation Operational Guide for the possible integration of
adaptive practices within the Philippines Country Partnership Strategy (2009), ADB loan,
and ADB operations.
Objectives (Impact):
Increased resilience by upland communities in the Philippines to localized climate
impacts in fragile mountain ecosystems and river basins; and reduction in overall
vulnerability in the Northern Luzon and Mindanao (possibly Visayas) watersheddependent loan areas by expecting to institutionalize adaptive practices in country
partnership strategy-led interventions, thus ensuring overall environmental and loan
sustainability.
September 2010
Expected Outcome:
Strengthened approach to reduce climate vulnerability of loan-financed interventions
within the INREM project.
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Project Title
Integrating Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in Local
Development Planning and Decision-making processes
Funding Agency
UNDP, AusAID
Timeframe
2009-2012
Budget
AUS$2.5 million
Implementing Agency
and Partners
National Economic Development Authority (NEDA)
Website (if any)
www.neda.gov.ph/about/Jobs/vacant_jobs/RDCS-website.pdf
Rationale
Aims to mainstream the integrated concerns of disaster risk reduction and climate
change adaptation into local decision making and planning processes. Disaster risk
reduction is conceived as a defense against the hazardous impacts of climate change
and variability such as extended droughts and floods.
The project aims to bring awareness and understanding of DRR/CCA to the
community level, incorporating it into local level land-use and development plans.
The project also includes the enhancement of multi-stakeholder cooperation by
creating mechanisms for their participation.
The project is very timely as it will promote a medium- to long-term strategy to
rebuild the disaster affected areas into stronger and more resilient communities,
while frontline agencies and local government units currently focus on the quick
recovery of these areas.
September 2010
The project will build on the DRR methodologies and tools developed under the
recently concluded NEDA-EC-UNDP Project on Mainstreaming Disaster Risk
Management into Subnational Planning which are embodied in the Guidelines on
Mainstreaming DRR in Subnational Development and Land Use/Physical Planning.
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Project Title
Adaptation to Climate Change and Conservation of Biodiversity in the Philippines
(ACCBio)
Funding Agency
German Federal Ministry for the Environment and Natural Conservation and Nuclear
Safety (BMU)
Timeframe
2009-2011
Implementing Agency
and Partners
German Technical Cooperation and DENR
Website (if any)
http://cfrmnegocc.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=94:accbioproject-brief-for-governors&catid=42:general-information&Itemid=79
Results
Activities accomplished:
Rationale
* A ground-breaking ceremony was held last February 27, 2009 to begin the
construction of a 2-storey building will serve as a training center for Bantay-Dagat,
fisherfolk organizations and FARMC center Brgy Poblacion municipality of Hinobaan.
* Ground-breaking ceremony for the construction of the Education Center on
Danjugan Island, in partnership with the Philippine Reef and Rainforest Conservation
Foundation Inc., on February 28, 2009.
* Ground breaking ceremony for the 2 storey building for the bantay dagat center and
FARMC center in Sipalay City. The building is co funded by the province through PEMO.
Mayor Soledad Montilla and other officials were present during the ceremony last March
10, 2009.
* Three separate training workshops were conducted for 65 public schools teachers
covering districts 1,2 and 3 on climate change and biodiversity protection at the Museo
sang Bata sa Negros, Sagay City.
* Additional Touch Pool exhibit at the Museo sang Bata sa Negros was funded by the
project to increase the awareness on biodiversity conservation for the students and
children visiting the Museum in Sagay City.
The objectives of the ACCBio are:
(1) Support local initiatives that increase resistance of ecosystems to climate change;
(2) Support spread of and address gaps in biodiversity conservation practice building on
proven successful approaches;
(3) Share results to mainstream climate change adaptation and biodiversity conservation;
and
(4) Leverage additional resources to support future expanded work.
September 2010
The partnership of the GTZ with the DENR is in support of the new EO 774 by the
President in creating the task force climate change and addressing the programs by the
different national agencies including local government units all over the Philippines.
There are more than 30 small grant projects all over the country which is supported by
the ACCBio program. In the Province of Negros Occidental, ACCBio through the GTZ
EnRD’s Coastal Fisheries Resources Management component have supported the
following small grant projects amounting to almost Php 12.4 Million.
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Project Title
Production Sector Climate Risk Analysis in the Philippines
Funding Agency
Provention Consortium
Timeframe
May 2007 - 2009
Budget
Implementing Agency
and Partners
Website (if any)
World Bank (WB), in close collaboration with the Philippine Department of Agriculture;
the Crop Insurance Corporation (PCIC); the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and
Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA); the National Mapping and Resource
Information Authority (NAMRIA) and some microfinance institutions
http://www.proventionconsortium.org/?pageid=32&projectid=28
Results
Rationale
Objectives
The initiative had three main objectives
(1) To quantify and model natural hazard risk for the Philippines in an objective fashion
that represents a scientific and numerical basis to inform weather and climate risk
management practices and policy, disaster risk reduction, and risk transfer with
particular focus on the agricultural production sector;
(2) to document current mechanisms of risk transfer and risk management in the
agricultural sector and identify opportunities to apply more efficient risk transfer
schemes, such as those based on parametric indices, which eliminate the issue of moral
hazard; and
(3) to produce solid and validated climate change impact scenarios that can enable local
stakeholders to make informed decisions on adaptive measures to climate change and
integrate adaptive measures to climate change with disaster risk reduction.
The results of which would eventually be integrated into economic and operational
planning, particularly in agriculture and natural resources management.
September 2010
Activities
The initiative consisted of three key activities:
(1) enhance the availability of reliable data on vulnerability of the agricultural
production sector in the Philippines;
(2) strengthen institutional and operational structures for more effective risk
management at national and sub-national levels, which ultimately could support the
transfer of risk on the basis of parametric weather insurance or weather-based
mechanisms to protect and fund safety nets for the most vulnerable;
(3) provide a cross-cutting analysis of lessons learned in the innovative Special Climate
Change Fund (SCCF) project, including the production, packaging and application of risk
information, and the role of risk transfer.
47
Institutional and Policy Landscapes of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation
PHILIPPINES (APPENDICES)
APPENDIX
E
September 2010
Sectoral issues and policies relating to Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster
Risk Management
48
Institutional and Policy Landscapes of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation
PHILIPPINES (APPENDICES)
49
Table 1. Impacts, issues and entry points for mainstreaming per sector
Sector
Impacts of Climate change, Variability and
Risks (Source)
Issues and Concerns
Adaptation Options / Entry
points for mainstreaming
Agriculture
(Valeroso, 2002a)
Increased temperature
(Serrano, 2009)
(Serrano, 2009; Lasco et.al, 2009)


 Adopt a Sustainable Agriculture
Framework
 Proper management of
irrigation systems
 Farming practices and strategies
e.g. cropping calendar
 Rural infrastructure: Provide
physical access to input and
output markets for farmers
 Improve regulatory systems
 Farmer access to technological
and market information
through modern information
technology
 Research and development for
new platforms of technology
 Changes in growing seasons
 Heat stress in plants and animals
 Increased yields (at up to 2oC increase for
some crops)
 Increased outbreaks/incidences of pests and
diseases
 Changes in hydrological cycle
Changes in rainfall regimes
 Changes in crops and crop areas
 More severe droughts and/or floods
 Deterioration of land cover/land resources
 Changes in water resources (irrigation)
Changes in frequency/intensity of extreme
climate events
 Increased damage to crops and/or livestock
 Decreased productivity
 Increased soil erosion
0
Forest and
Watersheds
(Lasco et al. 2006; Cruz 1997)
 Changes in location of areas suitable for the
growth of certain species (shift or
disappearance of some productive systems)
 Changes in production per unit area
Large, scattered production areas
Higher cost for development of
suitable genetic material and
accompanying farm technology
including mechanization, transport
 Social pressure: predominance of
small farms, agrarian reform
program
 Biophysical challenges due to
climate change
 Increasing scarcity of land and
water resources;
 Economic challenges
 Impacts of disasters
 Irrigation systems construction,
low/none in repairs, maintenance
and rehabilitation
 Farm to market roads
 Regulatory systems suffered from
consistent lack of modernization
investment
(PCARRD, 2009)

Inadequate climate change impact
and vulnerability studie on various
forest types and other
environmental services;
(ADB, 2010; Lasco et.al. 2008;
Cruz 2008; Racelis, 2010)

Promote reforestation
through tax credits or rebates,
incentive mechanism for
Institutional and Policy Landscapes of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation
PHILIPPINES (APPENDICES)
Coastal and
Marine
Resources
 Changes in types and incidence of pests and
diseases
 Altered ecosystem functions (biochemical
cycles)
 Increased or decreased nutrient retention
 Changes in species’ reproductive cycles
 Changes in the value of a system as a tourist
attraction
 Increased risks of forest fires, in turn lead to
changes in tree and plant species and in forest
boundaries (Valeroso, 2002)
 Increased runoff, soil erosion and flood
occurrences, and decreased productivity of
water resources
 Changes in local biodiversity (extinction and
inhibition of re-immigration from adjacent
areas) (The Philippines’ Initial National
Communication, 1999)
(Perez, 2002a)



No monitoring of impacts
Lack of information on carrying
capacity of and impacts (sea level
rise and other climate extreme
events) on small island ecosystems
Lack of information on how forest
ecosystems help upland/local
communities adapt to CC (coping
mechanisms and adaptation
strategies
Lack of economic analysis on
adaptation activities (valuation
studies on environmental services)
Real property tax – penalizing the
act of planting and caring for trees
(DENR and others, 2001)





planting and vegetation
restoration
Improvement of management
systems including control of
deforestation, reforestation
and afforestation
Promotion of agroforestry
Improvement of forest fire
management, early warning
systems
Studies on impact and
vulnerability assessments of
ecosystems, species and
communities
Improvement of carbon
storage capacity in forests
(ADB, 2010 as cited from Perez,
2003)
Biophysical changes
 Increased coastal erosion, stresses on coral
reefs, and coral bleaching
 Inhibition of primary production processes
 Prevalence of algal blooms responsible for
toxic red tides
 Higher storm-surge flooding
 Landward intrusion of seawater in estuaries
and aquifers
 Changes in surface water quality and
groundwater characteristics
 Changes in the distribution of pathogenic
microorganisms
0


50
 Rapid population growth (due in part
to migration) in coastal areas
 Widespread poverty in coastal areas
 Declining fisheries productivity due
to overharvesting and loss of
habitats
 Increasing environmental damage
due overfishing, use of destructive
fishing practices, and habitat
conversion
 Low average production per unit
area of fishponds and relatively low
• Assessment of current practices
on crisis management, as
climate change may exacerbate
extreme events like storms,
floods or droughts;
• Formulation of guidelines and
legislation for the
implementation of an
integrated coastal zone
management program,
Institutional and Policy Landscapes of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation
PHILIPPINES (APPENDICES)
Submergence/inundation of low-lying areas
 Affect coastal population, settlements, and
infrastructure
 Increased soil water logging, resulting to poor
drainage
 Lower plant production and survival
Move freshwater seaward, resulting to low
dissolved oxygen availability
51
economic returns retarding needed
investment to improve aquaculture
production
 Increasing pollution from land-based
activities, industrial and urban
development, deforestation and
agriculture
 Potentially great impacts form global
climate change on coral reef
ecosystems and the fisheries
including coastal land use
planning to help reduce
vulnerability to sea level rise;
• Effective and sustainable
mangrove resources
development and management,
including institutionalization
through amending existing, or
formulating additional, policies
and regulations, highlighting
massive reforestation through a
community-based approach;
• Prioritize the development of a
multi-hazard mitigation or
protection plan for natural
coastal hazards, including new
anticipatory approaches to
increase the resilience of
vulnerable areas and improve
their recovery from future
disasters;
0
• Strict implementation of mining
laws and watershed
reforestation regulations to
reduce river and coastal
erosion, and discouraging the
development of coastal areas
vulnerable to sea level rise by
Institutional and Policy Landscapes of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation
PHILIPPINES (APPENDICES)
52
removing government subsidies
or tax incentives that support
them; and
• Aggressive information
campaigns to a wider audience
(including the policymakers)
regarding the impacts of
climate change on coastal zone
systems.
0
Water
Resources
(Perez 2002b)
(NWRB, 2009; Pulhin and Lasco, 2009)
 Change in hydrological (and crop water)
regimes
 Increased demand for irrigation water
 Changes in groundwater quality (saltwater
intrusion)
 Changes in stream flow and groundwater
recharge
 Sedimentation of reservoirs
 Weak and fragmented institutional
framework on sustainable water
resources management and access to
water and sanitation services;
 Weak policy and regulatory
framework;
 Uncoordinated sector planning and
monitoring; Water governance is
made more complex by specific
economic, socio-political and cultural
structures relating to traditional
community, tribal and inter-island
practices, rights and interests;
 Water governance is made more
complex by specific economic, sociopolitical and cultural structures
relating to traditional community,
tribal and inter-island practices,
(NWRB, 2009; Pulhin and Lasco,
2009)
 Amend the Water Code (PD
1607)
- Clarify authority and
accountability in water
resources management,
including dam management
- Harmonize various government
agency functions on water
resources management and
CCA within the context of
decentralization
- Provide for the formulation of
consumption standards in
prioritizing water use in light of
CC
∙ Formulate systems of incentives
for water resources CCA
Institutional and Policy Landscapes of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation
PHILIPPINES (APPENDICES)









0


53
rights and interests;
Lack of assessment of water supply
infrastructures to withstand the
impact of extreme climate events;
Inadequate national and local
capacity on IWRM as an Climate
Change adaptation strategy
Inadequate reliable and updated
information needed for water-CCA
planning;
Lack of database, systematic and
regular monitoring of water
resources and sector activities at the
national and LGU level;
Inadequate public awareness of CC
and water use consumption
efficiency
Inadequate knowledge on and access
to water sector CC adaptation
measures and technologies in the
water sector;
Lack of information on the impact of
changes in water quality and
availability on the rise of diseases and
disease vectors;
Limited access to financing and
investments;
Low public and private sector
investment in water resources
management and CCA;
Low tariffs and cost recovery levels
Tariff structures and tariff setting
methodologies are not uniform
across service providers
- Design and implement proper
valuation of scarce water
resources to guide water pricing
and tariff structures
- Design system of incentives to
encourage investments and
mobilize private sector
financing in CCA technologies
Institutional and Policy Landscapes of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation
PHILIPPINES (APPENDICES)
Health
(Ebi et al., 2005)
Increased incidences of diseases and illnesses
• Insect- and rodent-borne diseases (dengue,
leptospirosis, and malaria)
• Water-borne diseases (schistosomiasis,
cholera)
• Food-borne diseases (diarrheal diseases and
typhoid)
• Respiratory diseases (asthma, bronchitis, and
respiratory allergies and infections)
• Heat-related illnesses (sunstroke, sunburn,
heat stress or exhaustion, dehydration)
Education
(NDCC and DepEd, 2009)
• Destroyed or damaged classrooms, buildings
and surroundings of the school campus and
other school porperties
(Go, 2008; Magturo, et.al., --; Gepte,
2007)
(Go, 2008; Magturo, et.al., --;
Gepte, 2007)

Health care services subject to
increased demands from the
community, thus overburdening
existing facilities and health care
system
 Need for adaptive strategies for
healthcare facilities to ensure
continuity of service delivery in
times of disasters and climate
events
 Data and research needs
- Evaluation of the health effects
of climate change and disasters
- Baseline health statistics
review
- Review of health and
environmental policies
- Review of incidence of
environmental disasters and
disease outbreaks
(NDCC and DepEd, 2009)




• Disturbance, suspension, and change in the
schedule of classes
0

School building and facilities
54

Limited capacity of the schools,
administration, teachers and
personnel in DRR;
Lack or limited amenities and
facilities and management
capacities to support in providing
evacuation centers
Lack of hazard and risk assessment
prior to construction of school




Strengthening of existing
programs (i.e. disaster
preparedness outbreak,
health surveillance systems)
Risk communication plan,
emergency procedures,
warning systems
Increased public awareness
and community-wide
understanding and response
Policy focused assessment of
the potential health impacts
of disasters and climate
change
Advocacy for multidisciplinary assessments
(NDCC and DepEd, 2009)



Enhance education in disaster
preparedness and CCA;
Integration of DRR and CCA in
curriculum
Alternative evacuation centers
and improvement of
evacuation system
Infrastructure development
and transportation systems
Institutional and Policy Landscapes of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation
PHILIPPINES (APPENDICES)


Infrastructure
(Planning for Climate Change Module)
buildings
Undocumented disaster damages,
losses and impacts;
Insufficient funds for
mainstreaming DRR in education
(eg curriculum development and
trainings)

Support from the local
government
 Identification of hazards
 DepEd to play a significant
role in the advocacy fot the
DRR legislation being
proposed by the NDCC
(Lasco et.al., 2009)
• Coastal inundation causing relocation inland

• Increasing coastal storm intensity and flood
exposure




0

55
Sea level rise raising water levels during
storm surge
Overtopping of coastal defense structures
Sea level rise, erosion and extreme events
leading to degradation of natural coastal
defense structures

Land Use Zoning and Physical
framework plans
Enforcement of
environmental laws
appropriate for infrastracture
and other related laws
pertaining to easement
Inclusion of extreme events
related to climate change in
the design of flood mitigation
infrastructures
Institutional and Policy Landscapes of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation
PHILIPPINES (APPENDICES)
56
Table 2. Natural resource policies in relating to climate change, climate variability or risks (Lasco, et.al., 2008)
0
Philippine Policies
Brief Policy Description
Impacts Relating to Climate Change, Variability or Risks
Positive
Negative
Dec 1976: Presidential Decree
No.1067 – The Water Code of
the Philippines
Revises and consolidates the laws
governing the ownership,
appropriation, utilization,
exploitation, development,
conservation and protection of
water resources
The law provides institutional
mechanism for wise use of water
resources which enhances
resilience and ability to adapt to
the impacts of climate change on
water.
None. Climate change not
explicitly considered (?).
June 1977: Presidential Decree
No. 1152 – Philippine
Environment Code
Establishes specific environment
and natural resource management
policies and prescribes
environment quality standards
Promotes environmental
protection which indirectly
enhances resilience to climate
risks.
None.
June 1978: Presidential Decree
No. 1586 – Establishment of
the Environmental Impact
Statement System of the
Philippines
Pursues comprehensive and
integrated environmental
protection supporting socioeconomic development
The EIA system provides a good
platform for the inclusion of
climate risks to projects.
Currently, climate change not
explicitly included in the
guidelines (?).
Dec 1985: Presidential Decree
No. 2001 – Program to
Withdraw the Use of Tetraethyl
Lead (TEL) in Gasoline
To eliminate the use of tetraethyl
lead (TEL) in gasoline, in order to
safeguard human health against
poisoning from lead particulates in
the air
Prevents illnesses related to lead
exposure, thereby indirectly
enhancing adaptive capacity of the
people to climate hazards.
None.
June 1988: Republic Act (RA)
Promotes a more equitable
Can provide farmer-beneficiaries
Cultivation of marginal lands by
Institutional and Policy Landscapes of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation
PHILIPPINES (APPENDICES)
0
No. 6657 – Comprehensive
Agrarian Reform Program
(CARP)
57
distribution and ownership of all
public and private agricultural
lands; and provides incentives to
landowners to invest the proceeds
of the program in promoting
industrialization, employment and
privatization of public sector
enterprises
with incentives to invest in farm
development and/or modern
production technologies that can
minimize the impacts of climate
change
resource-poor farmers makes
the natural ecosystem and local
community more vulnerable to
the impacts of climate
variability.
1997: Republic Act No. 8435 -Agriculture and Fisheries
Modernization Act (AFMA)
Prescribes a set of policies and
programs to modernize the
Philippine agriculture and fisheries
sectors
Imply the design of adaptation
strategies to address environmental threats brought by climate
change
Absence of mitigating actions
1998: Republic Act No. 8550 -The Philippine Fisheries Code
Rational and sustainable
development, management and
conservation of fishery and aquatic
resources in Philippine waters
By rationalizing use of aquatic
resources, enhances the resilience
of natural and social systems to
adapt to future climate change.
None.
Presidential Decree 705 -- The
Revised Forestry Code of the
Philippines
Provides the country’s fundamental forestry laws and policies;
reinforced the use of license/ lease
agreements to utilize natural
resources
Includes a provision aimed at
preventing flooding and excessive
soil erosion and maintaining the
hydrological integrity of
watersheds
The increase in the number of
TLA holders led to increased
deforestation.
Landlord-farmer contracts
negating land reform can mean
low income for the farmers,
leaving them little resources to
cope with climate risks.
Production intensification goals
may increase pressure on forest
and mangrove areas, making
these more vulnerable to
climate-related risks.
0
Institutional and Policy Landscapes of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation
PHILIPPINES (APPENDICES)
58
DENR Administrative Order No.
15-90 - Regulations Governing
the Utilization, Develop-ment
and Management of Mangrove
Resources
To sustain optimum productivity
by conserving, protecting,
rehabilitating and developing
remaining mangroves, more with
corporate collaboration than
individual initiatives
Enhances the protective capability
of mangroves against strong
currents, winds and high waves
None
June 1992: Republic Act No.
7586 -- National Integrated
Protected Areas System
(NIPAS) Act
Regarded as the main strategy in
biodiversity conservation through
the establishment of a comprehensive system of integrated
protected areas
Conservation strategies may
increase the resilience and
adaptive capacity of the local
community to climate-related risks
None
1995: Executive Order No. 263
-- The Commu-nity-Based
Forest Management (CBFM)
Program
Integrated and unified different
upland community programs and
projects to ensure the sustainable
development of forest land
resources
CBFM program provides economic
benefits to communities with
appropriate market linkages,
making them less vulnerable to
climate variability
None
1997: Republic Act No. 8371 -Indigenous People’s Rights Act
Recognize, protect and promote
the rights of indigenous cultural
communities to their ancestral
domains to ensure economic,
social and cultural well-being
Could lead to capacity building of
indigenous communities which will
enhance their resilience to climate
risks.
None
March 1995: Republic Act No.
7942 -- Philippine Mining Act of
1995 and Presidential Decree
1899 – Establishing Small-Scale
Mining as a New Dimension in
Promotes rational exploration,
development, utilization and
conservation of all mineral
resources, and safeguarding the
environment and protecting the
Increase income for small miners
which could lead to greater ability
to cope with climate risks.
Destruction of natural resources
could lead to greater
vulnerability to climate risks
such as landslides and soil
erosion.
0
Institutional and Policy Landscapes of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation
PHILIPPINES (APPENDICES)
59
Mineral Development
rights of affected communities
1999: Republic Act No. 8749 –
The Philippine Clean Air Act
A comprehensive national
multisectoral framework for an air
quality management program to
reduce GHG emissions
Improved air quality helps reduce
the negative impacts of climate
variability on human health
None
Aug 2006: Green Philippine
Highways Project
Involves planting more than
500,000 ornamental and forest
trees along a total of 3,439 kms of
major national highways from
north to south Philippines
Trees ameliorate microclimate
possibly leading health benefits
which enhances resilience to
climate risks.
Unplanned tree planting near
major roads could increase
climate hazards such as falling
trees during typhoons.
Jan 2007: Republic Act No.
9367 – Biofuels Act of 2006
Promotes the use of alternative
transport fuels
Will mitigate toxic and GHG
emissions
Could lead to monoculture
plantations of biofuel crops
which are more vulnerable to
climate risks.
Feb 2007: Administrative Order
No. 171 – Creation of the
Presidential Task Force on
Climate Change (PTFCC)
In general tasked to address the
issue of climate change, mitigate
its impact, and lead in adapting to
these impacts
Will enhance institutions capacity
nationwide to address climate
change.
None.
October 2007. Albay
Declaration
Local government support to
mainstream climate change
adaptation to government
programs and activities
Will catalyze the formulation of
policies, programs and activities
that is aimed at mainstreaming
climate change adaptation
None.
Institutional and Policy Landscapes of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation
PHILIPPINES (APPENDICES)
0
October 2009. Climate Change
Act
An act establishing the framework
program for Climate Change,
creating the climate change
commission, appropriating funds
therefore, and for other purposes
Will mainstream climate change
adaptation into policies, programs
and activities at the local and
national level
60
Institutional and Policy Landscapes of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation
PHILIPPINES (APPENDICES)
APPENDIX
F
September 2010
Annotated Bibliography
61
Institutional and Policy Landscapes of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation
PHILIPPINES (APPENDICES)
Albay Declaration on Climate Change 2007. http://www.senate.gov.ph/lisdata/63285652!.pdf
The Albay Declaration on Climate Change Adaptation (Albay Declaration 2007) is the embodiment of a
convergence of interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary efforts to arrest the imminent threats and dangers
posed by climate change. Both Congressional houses recognized the Albay Declaration as the national
framework for the mainstreaming of global warming and climate change adaptation. “Albay Declaration
on Climate Change Adaptation” mainstreaming climate change into local and national development
policies. It has the following major resolutions: (a) prioritize climate change adaptation in local and
national policies; promote “climate-proofing” development; (b) advocate the creation of oversight
bodies in the government; (c) mainstreaming of climate change through local and regional partnerships
for sustainable development; (d) information, education, and communication, and research and
development; (e) source out funds for activities and programs that will directly benefit local
communities; and (f) promote environmentally sustainable practices. The conference received
widespread media coverage both in local and national media. The Albay Declaration was also featured in
full page advertisements sponsored by the provincial government.
###
Jaranilla-Sanchez, P.A., Lasco, R.D., Villamor, G.B., Gerpacio, R., Nilo, G.P., and K.L. Villegas. 2009. A
Primer on Climate Change Adaptation in the Philippines. 2nd Edition. World Agroforestry Centre
(ICRAF), Philippines.
The primer was made in response to a growing interest on climate change adaptation; second to the
first LULUCF Mitigation Primer produced by the same. The content of the primer is based on review of
technical documents, synthesis of previous case studies, synthesis of meetings and personal
involvement in international negotiation efforts related to climate change adaptation. The primer
intends to collate all the information on the different climate change related projects nationwide and
make them available to a wide range of audiences. A list of helpful websites and references are also
provided.
###
September 2010
Lasco RD, Delfino RJ and Pulhin FB. 2009. Proceeding of the National Conference on Climate Change
Adaptation Practices in Natural Resources Management. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)
Philippines.
This publication is based on the proceedings of the National Conference-Workshop on Climate Change
Adaptation Practices in Natural Resources Management held the Traders Hotel, Manila on June 29-30,
2009. The event was attended by international development agencies,.government institutions, local
governments, the academe, private institutions, and peoples’ organizations concerned with the pressing
issue of climate change and the search for sustainable ways to adapt to this escalating problem. The
document contains the presentation of the speakers who shared different facets of adaptation to
climate change based on their own research or experiences. The questions, research gaps and
recommendations identified by the audience are also included. The proceedings also contain the result
62
Institutional and Policy Landscapes of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation
PHILIPPINES (APPENDICES)
of the workshop which comprise of: (1) lessons learned from the climate change adaptation practices
shared during the conference, (2) the climate change adaptation measures or strategies that can be
integrated in policies and development plans, and (3) the levels at which these may be integrated.
###
Lasco RD, Cruz RV, Pulhin JM and Pulhin FB. 2010. The case of Pantabangan-Carranglan watershed
assessing climate change impacts, vulnerability and adaptation. 1. Laguna, Philippines. World
Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines. 83 p.
This book arose out of the global project Assessment of Impacts and Adaptation to Climate Change
(AIACC) of START and UNEP, one of the pioneering research in one of the most important watersheds in
the Philippines. When it started in 2002, there was hardly any information on the impacts of climate
change on Philippine watersheds and their natural and social systems. Through this research, the
authors were able to explore how climate change could affect our forests, water resources and local
communities. The methodologies, key findings and lessons learned from this research were compiled in
this book. The book caters to researchers, students, policy makers and development workers interested
on the impacts of climate change as well as how we can cope with it. The AIACC project, led by Rodel
Lasco, assessed the impacts of climate change and associated land use and cover change on water
resources, forest ecosystems, and social systems of watersheds in Southeast Asia. Studies are conducted
in selected watersheds of the Philippines and Indonesia while providing training and technical assistance
to scientists from Indo-China on research methods to be implemented in their watersheds. Future
climate scenarios are developed, downscaled and used with a climate-vegetation model to predict
future land use and cover change. The impacts of climate and land use/cover change are assessed with
measures of change in biodiversity, carbon and water budgets, livelihood, health, demographic shifts,
and changes in social structure resulting from climate and land use/cover change. Integrated
vulnerability assessments of natural and social systems in the watershed are conducted and adaptation
strategies are evaluated. Research findings and policy implications were presented to policy makers and
development workers. The countries involved are: Philippines, Indonesia, and Indo-China (Laos,
Vietnam, Cambodia).
###
September 2010
Marqueza, R. 2008. Proceedings of the National Conference on Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction
in Local Governance (NCDRR) 2008, Makati City, Philippines, March 4-6, 2008.
This conference report asserts that successful mainstreaming of disaster risk reduction in local
governance heavily depends on such committed local decision makers and practitioners. The conference
envisioned contributing towards the establishment of a consistent disaster risk reduction system, an
information sharing process, and a stronger network of disaster risk reduction practitioners and decision
makers in the Philippines.
###
63
Institutional and Policy Landscapes of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation
PHILIPPINES (APPENDICES)
National Disaster Coordinating Council, Department of Education, European Commission on
Humanitarian Aid, United Nations Development Program, and Asian Disaster Preparedness Center.
2008. Mainstreaming disaster risk reduction in the Education Sector in the Philippines.
The document highlights the outcomes of the Mainstreaming DRR in the Education Sector in the
Philippines. One of the components of the study is the identification of impacts of disasters in the
education sector, explicitly mentioned are the social, economic and physical impacts and the
recommendations for minimizing the identified impacts. The structure and function of the education
sector are explained and includes the analysis of school construction in the country in terms of budget,
process, guidelines and standards. The project team also gave recommendations for the introduction of
disaster risk concerns in building safe schools. Case studies of best practices in integrating DRR in
education were also presented. The cases presented were on policies for DRR in the education sector;
building safe learning environment: safe school Project of UNICEF; school building design for disaster
reduction: LAPUS Building; NGO involvement in education: child centered DRR; and education as a
strategy for psychosocial recovery for children in emergencies.
Four main strategies were recommended for the reduction of risks in the education sector, namely:
community-school based disaster risk reduction and management, integration of DRR in the curriculum,
improvement of the building design and construction, and policy development and advocacy for DRR in
education.
###
September 2010
National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA), United Nations Development Programme
(UNDP), European Commission Humanitarian Aid. 2008. Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in
Subnational Development and Land Use/Physical Planning in the Philippines: Guidebook.
The Guidelines for Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) in Subnational Development and Land
Use/Physical Planning is the major output of the Technical Assistance (TA) on Mainstreaming Disaster
Risk Management in Subnational Development and Physical Planning in the Philippines. With assistance
from EC-DIPECHO and UNDP, NEDA implemented the TA in line with the National Land Use Committee’s
action agenda that seeks to strengthen disaster mitigation by: (a) making available hazard maps and
relevant disaster information; (b) enhancing local capacity to institute preventive/mitigating measures;
and (c) preparing DRR enhanced regional and provincial physical framework plans. Consultative and
participatory approaches, including intensive review, were undertaken in the preparation of the
Guidelines. NEDA organized the TA’s Project Board consisting of the NEDA Regional Development Office
(Chair); National Disaster Coordinating Council/Office of Civil Defense; Mines and Geosciences Bureau;
Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration; Philippine Institute of
Volcanology and Seismology; Department of the Interior and Local Government; Housing and Land Use
Regulatory Board; and League of Provinces of the Philippines. NEDA’s Regional Development
Coordination Staff provided technical and administrative secretariat support to the Project Board and
coordinated all project activities.
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NEDA, 2004. Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan 2004-2010. National Economic and
Development Authority. Manila, Philippines. ISSN 0119-3880.
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The primary document that guides national development programs in the Philippines under the current
leadership is the Medium Term Philippine Development Plan (MTPDP) for 2004-2010 prepared by the
National Economic Development Authority (NEDA, 2004). The MTPDP contains a ten-point agenda which
the executive branch hopes will be its legacy when the term of the president expires in 2010. Among its
notable targets are the creation of one million jobs and the development of two million hectares of
agricultural lands.
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NEDA. 2003. Philippines Progress Report on the Millennium Development Goals. National Economic
Development Authority. Pasig City, Philippines. 59 pp.
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were adopted in the 2000 Millennium Summit as part of
the UN Millennium Declaration. It is by far the most broadly supported, comprehensive and specific
poverty reduction targets ever established by the global community (UN Millennium Project, 2005). The
Philippines is committed to achieving the MDGs and has issued a report on its progress towards it
(NEDA, 2003). The threat posed by climate change in the attainment of the global MDGs has been
recognized by international organizations. The UN Millennium Project (2005) warns that climate change
could exacerbate the problems posed by food insecurity, vector-borne diseases, natural disasters, and
declining rainfall. It was recommended that integrating climate change adaptation measures into
sustainable development and poverty reduction strategies would be the best way to help meet the
MDGs (Sperling, 2003).
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September 2010
National Water Resources Board. 2009. Water Sector Climate Change Adaptation Strategy.
The document contains the climate change adaptation framework strategy of the water resources
sector in the Philippines. It identified the four strategic outcomes to be achieved by 2050 supported by
12 strategic objectives and several key actions for 2010 to 2022. The strategic outcomes for the sector
include: effective, climate change responsive, and participative water governance; reduced water sector
vulnerability and resilient communities and natural ecosystems; improved knowledge on water sector
adaptation and climate change; and sustainable and reliable financing and investment for climate
change adaptation in the water sector. It recognizes that adaptive water governance includes the
mainstreaming of adaptation in national and local policies and development plans. It will also entail
some policy reforms to address institutional fragmentation in water resources management in the
country and to climate-proof existing laws.
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Peralta, A. Gender and climate change finance. Women’s Environment and Development Organization
(WEDO).
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Institutional and Policy Landscapes of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation
PHILIPPINES (APPENDICES)
The study highlights the role of gender and finance in climate change adaptation. The study shows that
it is women who have led their households and communities in the development of agricultural coping
strategies including food preservation, mixed cropping and crop diversification, water harvesting and
irrigation, growing reliance on wild fruits and forest products and cultivating at higher levels. Financial
coping strategies include shifting from crop production, taking out loans, selling off livestock, seeking
government financial assistance, reducing food consumption, and migrating to find other sources of
work and income. The studies also show that policymaking is often too narrow in scope, failing to
adequately address development and equity.
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Philippine Climate Change Commission. 2010. National Framework Strategy on Climate Change
The National Framework Strategy on Climate Change (NFSCC) was recently approved by GMA this week.
Next to the Climate Change Act 2009, this is the next most important policy of the Philippine
Government on climate change. The NFSCC was a product on consultations from a range of government
agencies, private players, civil society and the academe. The strategic plan is believed to be the first in
Southeast Asia and was signed a month early than what is set by the Climate Change Act or Republic Act
9729. The framework aims to turn the Philippines into a climate-resilient country through climate
change mitigation and adaptation strategies. The 38-page document also envisions a country with
“healthy, safe, prosperous and self-reliant communities, and thriving and productive ecosystems.”
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September 2010
Philippine Council for Sustainable Development, 1997. Philippine Agenda 21. Available from
http://pcsd.neda.gov.ph/pa21.htm
The Philippine Agenda 21 arose out of the Rio Earth Summit in 1992 and it was adopted as the national
action agenda for sustainable development by presidential fiat in September 1996. PA 21 envisions a
better quality of life for all Filipinos through the development of a just, moral and creative, spiritual,
economically vibrant, caring, diverse yet cohesive society characterized by appropriate productivity,
participatory and democratic processes, and living in harmony and within the limits of the carrying
capacity of nature and the integrity of creation. In January 1999, a follow up memorandum order was
issued by the Office of the President to strengthen the operationalization and localization of PA 21 and
to monitor its implementation. The action agenda at the level of ecosystems consists of strategic
interventions covering the following ecosystems and critical resources: forest/upland ecosystems,
coastal and marine ecosystems, urban ecosystems, freshwater ecosystems, lowland/agricultural
ecosystems, minerals and mines, and biodiversity.
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The Philippines’ Initial National Communication on Climate Change (1999). DENR.
The Philippines’ First National Communication on Climate Change focused on five major subject matters
namely: GHG inventory, Climate Change scenarios, Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessments, Public
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Awareness and Institutional Arrangement. In the process of preparation and submission of the first
report, several lessons have been learnt and will be addressed in the preparation of the second. In
summary, the First National Communication looked closely at the emission level of five major sectors
namely: energy, agriculture, industry, land use change/forestry and wastes. IPCC guidelines were
contextualized locally to be able to utilize country data in the computations of greenhouse gas emissions
inventory. Several circulation models were selected and used to analyze future climate scenarios for
vulnerability and adaptation assessment. In line with its vulnerability and adaptation framework, the
report looked at the sectors of agriculture, water resources, coastal resources, human health and
forestry and recommended that more studies be conducted in more pilot areas and that results need to
be validated. To increase the public’s awareness on the issue of climate change, several consultation
workshops were conducted for various sectors, particularly those faced with the most potential risk; the
Climate Change Information Center (CCIC) was established to help disseminate information and a
National Action Plan on Climate Change was put together to facilitate activities.
September 2010
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