Health Science Ch. 11 Toward a Tobacco-Free Society Lecture Outline Psychoactive Drugs and Changes in Brain Chemistry Psychoactive drugs produce: Consider the route of entry for different types of drugs o Ex. Oral drugs The more quickly a drug reaches the brain: Once in the brain, psychoactive drugs: o Ex. Dopamine is thought to play a role in reinforcement o Heroin, nicotine, alcohol, and amphetamines also affect dopamine levels Who Uses Tobacco? 24% of ____________and 18% of ____________ smoke. The more education a person has: *Figure 11.1 Annual Mortality and Morbidity Among Smokers Attributable to Smoking Why People Use Tobacco A nicotine addiction o Nicotine is a powerful psychoactive drug Many researchers: Reaches the brain via: Loss of control o Tobacco users live according to a rigid cycle of need and gratification: Tolerance and withdrawal o Sudden abstinence from nicotine produces predictable withdrawal symptoms: Social and Psychological Factors o Secondary reinforcers: Genetic Factors o CYP2A6 : o DRD2 : 1 Health Science Ch. 11 Toward a Tobacco-Free Society Lecture Outline Why Start in the First Place? Average age to start o o Health Hazards Contains hundreds of damaging chemical substances o Unfiltered cigarettes = 50,000 times more than in an equal volume of smoggy urban air Condensed particles in the cigarette produce: Carcinogens and Poisons in Tobacco Smoke 43 chemicals are linked to development of cancer (carcinogen) Benzo(a)pyrene is a carcinogen Urethane Cocarcinogens (ex. formaldehyde) Poisonous substances Arsenic Hydrogen cyanide Carbon monoxide Contains: Displaces: Additives Humectants, sugars, bronchodilators, ammonia, things to make sidestream smoke less obvious 2 Health Science Ch. 11 Toward a Tobacco-Free Society Lecture Outline “Light” and Low-Tar Cigarettes Low-tar, low-nicotine, or filtered cigarettes o o Users often: o o As of June 2010, federal law prohibited the use of terms such as “light” and “mild” Menthol Cigarettes About 70% of African American smokers smoke menthol cigarettes These individuals: Anesthetizing effect of menthol, means: Immediate Effects of Smoking Nicotine can either Excite or Tranquilize the Nervous System Depending on Dosage o Constricts: o Stimulates : o In adults can increase: o Can act as: o Depresses: The Long-Term Effects of Smoking Cardiovascular Disease o Coronary heart disease (CHD): o Atherosclerosis leading to: The Long-Term Effects of Smoking Lung cancer and other cancers o The risk of developing lung cancer: o Research has linked smoking to cancers of the: o Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Emphysema and Chronic bronchitis 3 Health Science Ch. 11 Toward a Tobacco-Free Society Lecture Outline Additional Health, Cosmetic, and Economic Concerns • • • • • • • • Ulcers Impotence Reproductive health problems Dental diseases Diminished physical senses Injuries Cosmetic concerns Economic costs Cumulative Effects People who smoke before 15 yrs. old and continue to smoke: Smokers: Both men and women: Other Forms of Tobacco Spit (smokeless) tobacco o Contains at least 28 chemicals known to cause cancer Cigars and pipes o Users do not need to inhale in order to ingest nicotine: o Cigars contain more tobacco than cigarettes The Effects of Smoking on the Nonsmoker Environmental Tobacco smoke (ETS) o Consists of: o Sidestream smoke: o EPA designated ETS as a class A carcinogen and Surgeon General has concluded that there is no safe level of exposure to ETS. ETS Effects Develop cough, headaches, nasal discomfort, eye irritation, breathlessness, and sinus problems Allergies will be exacerbated Causes 3,000 deaths due to lung cancer 4 Health Science Ch. 11 Toward a Tobacco-Free Society Lecture Outline Contributes to about 35,000 heart disease deaths each year Nonsmokers can be affected by effects of ETS hours after they leave a smoky environment Carbon monoxide lingers in bloodstream 5 hours later Infants, Children, and ETS Children exposed to ETS are more likely to have o o o o o Smoking and Pregnancy Estimated 4600 infant deaths in the U.S. Increased risk of: What Can Be Done? Action at many levels o Local level o State level o Federal level FDA, EPA International level o WHO Individual action How A Tobacco User Can Quit Think about and benefit from quitting smoking Options for quitting o “Cold-turkey” o Changes to routines o Over-the-counter prescription products o Support from family and friends o Smoking cessation programs o Free telephone quitlines o 1-800-QUITNOW 5