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Chapter 1
Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology
Introduction:
A. Early students of anatomy and physiology were most likely concerned with treating illnesses and
injuries.
B. Early healers relied on superstitions and magic. Later, herbs were used to treat certain ailments.
C. Study of medicine with standardized terms in Greek and
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Anatomy and Physiology
A. Anatomy deals with the structure (morphology)of the body
1. Observation and Dissection
2. Gross Anatomy (Macroscopic)
3. Microscopic Anatomy
a. Cytology
b. Histology
B. Physiology studies the functions
1. Experimentation
a. Cell physiology, including chemical and molecular processes within and between
cells.
b. Special physiology, the study of specific organs such as the heart.
c. Systemic physiology, the cooperative functions of all the organs in an organ system.
We will use a systemic physiology approach in this class.
d. Pathological physiology, the effects of diseases on organs and organ systems.
C. Two disciplines are closely interrelated.
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Levels of Organization:
A.Human body is the sum of its parts and these parts can be studied at a variety of levels of
organization.
1. Atoms are the simplest level.
2. Two or more atoms comprise a molecule.
3. Macromolecules are large, biologically important molecules.
4.Organelles are aggregates of macromolecules used to carry out a specific function in the cell.
5. Cells are the basic living unit.
6.Tissues are groups of cells functioning together.
7.Groups of tissues form organs.
8.Groups of organs function together as organ systems.
9.Organ systems functioning together make up an organism.
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Maintenance of Life
A. Requirements of Organisms:
1. Life depends on the availability of the following:
a. Water
b. Food
c. Oxygen
d. Heat (temperature: measure of the degree of heat)
e. Pressure (both atmospheric & hydrostatic)
2.Both the quality and quantity of these factors are important.
B.Homeostasis
1. Maintenance of a stable internal environment = homeostasis.
2. Homeostasis is regulated through control systems which have receptors, a set point and
effectors in common.
Examples include:
a. Homeostatic mechanisms regulate body temperature
b. Pressure-sensitive receptors toregulate blood pressure.
3. Many homeostatic controls are negative feedback mechanisms.
a. Homeostatic mechanisms are used to keep body levels within a normal range; normal
ranges can vary from one individual to the next.
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Organization of the Human Body
A. Divided into Portions, Cavities, and Membranes
B.
Body PORTIONS:
1. Axial portion (head, neck, and trunk)
2. Appendicular portion (upper and lower
limbs).
C.
Body CAVITITES:
1. Axial portion (head, neck, and trunk)
a. cranial cavity
1. oral cavity
2. nasal cavity (sinuses)
3. orbital cavities
4. middle ear cavities.
b. vertebral canal.
c. thoracic cavity
1. divided by the mediastinum (rt /lt)
d. abdominopelvic cavity
2. Organs within the thoracic and adominopelvic cavities are called viscera.
3. A broad, thin muscle called the diaphragm separates the thoracic and
abdominopelvic cavities.
D. Body MEMBRANES
Thoracic and Abdominopelvic Membranes:
1. Parietal attaches to wall cavity and Visceral covers
the internal organ.
a. Thoracic cavity is lined with pleural membranes
1) parietal pleura
2) visceral pleura
b. Heart is surrounded by pericardial membranes.
1) parietal pericardium
2) visceral pericardium.
c. Peritoneal membranes line the abdominopelvic cavity
1) parietal peritoneum
2) visceral peritoneum
E. Organ Systems
1. Body Covering
a. The integumentary system,
1) skin, hair, nails, and various glands
2) protects underlying tissues, helps regulate body
temperature, senses changes, and synthesizes certain products.
2.Support and Movement
a. The skeletal system
1) bones, cartilage,and ligaments
2) supports, protects, provides frameworks, stores
inorganic salts, and houses blood-forming tissues.
b.The muscular system
1) muscles
2) movement, posture, and body heat.
3.Integration and Coordination
a. The nervous system
1) brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs
2) integrates incoming information from receptors and sends impulses to
muscles and glands.
b. The endocrine systemthe
1) glands that secrete hormones (thyroid, pituitary)
2) helps to integrate metabolic functions.
4. Transport
a. The cardiovascular system,
1) heart and blood vessels
2) distributes oxygen and nutrients throughout the body while removing wastes
from the cells.
b. The lymphatic system,
1) lymphatic vessels / nodes, thymus, and spleen
2) drains excess tissue fluid and provides immunity.
5.Absorption and Excretion
a.The digestive system
1) mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs
2) receives, breaks down, and absorbs nutrients.
b. The respiratory system
1) trachea, bronchioles, lungs
2) exchanges gases between the blood and air and is made up of the lungs and
passageways.
c. The urinary system, consisting of
1) kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra,
2) removes wastes from the blood and helps to maintain water and electrolyte
balance.
6.Reproduction
a. The reproductive system produces new organisms.
1) The male reproductive system
a) testes, epididymis, penis, accessory organs
b) produce / conduct sperm to the penis.
2) The female reproductive system
a) ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, and external genitalia
b) fertilization and houses the developing offspring.
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Anatomical Terminology
A.Anatomical position : body erect, face forward, upper limbs at sides with palm forward.
B.Relative Positions:
1.Terms of relative position describe the location of one body part with respect to another.
2.Terms of relative position include:
superior, inferior,
anterior, posterior,
medial, lateral,
bilateral, ipsilateral,
contralateral, proximal,
distal, superficial
peripheral, and deep.
C.Body Sections:
1.A sagittal section divides the body into right and left portions. If it passes along the midline and divides
the body into equal parts it is a median. A section lateral to the midline is parasagittal.
2.A transverse (horizontal) section divides the body into superior and inferior portions.
3.A frontal (coronal) section divides the body into anterior and posterior sections.
D.Body Regions
1.The abdominal area can be divided into nine regions (epigastric, left and right
hypochondriac, umbilical, left and right lumbar, hypogastric, and left and right iliac)
2. Four abdominal quadrants
1) Upper Right / Left
2) Lower Right / Left
E. Body Parts: Use image to guide learning.