A sentence is nothing but a group of words which makes a complete sense.
Sequence of words and Agreement of word
Compatibility: Example: “The
boy is swimming in the field.”
It is an incompatible sense.
When it is expressed thus
“The boy is swimming in the
pond.”-it becomes compatible.
Expectancy
Example: “He saw.....”
What??? It is called
expectancy of a sentence.
When we complete this
sentence “He saw lame
man at the gate” the
expectancy is quenched.
Proximity:
Example: “To school go I
everyday.” It lacks the
agreement of word. When it
becomes grammatical it is
written “I go to school
everyday.”
Sentences are of five kinds based on meaning.
1. Assertive: I eat rice. [Structure: sub+ verb+ obj]
Affirmative:
“I am happy.”
Negative:
“I am not happy.”
2. Interrogative sentence: “Am I happy?” [Structure: auxiliary verb+ sub+ Adj+? / Interrogatory
auxiliary verb+ sub+ principal verb+obj+? ]
3. Optative sentence: “May you be happy.”[May+ sub+ verb+ obj]
4. Imperative sentence: “Obey your parents to be happy.”[Verb+ Extension]
5. Exclamatory sentence: “What a happy man he is!” / “How happy the man is!” [What+ a/ an+ Adj+
NP+ It+ is+!] [How+ Adj+ the+ NP+ verb+!]
SENTENCE
Subject: Persons or things
about which something is
said called the subject.
Subject word
Verb
Subject
Adjunct
The
The

Adjunct
Object
Sub. Word
teacher
boy
We
Predicate:
What is said about
the subject
Predicate
Verb
tells
goes
named
Adjunct
Object
us/story

her
Complement
Adjunct
a


Complement


Helen
Adverbial
Adverbial

home

The sentences of the table are:
1. The teacher tells us a story.
2. The boy goes home.
3. We named her Helen.
There are five conditional sentences.
1. Probable Conditional Sentence. [Example: If you help me, I shall help you.]
2. Improbable Conditional Sentence. [Example: If you had done it I would have helped you.]
3. Impossible Conditional Sentence. [Example: If he had read well, he would have been
successful.]
4. Open Condition: [Example: If he comes, I shall go.]
5. Closed Condition: [Example: If I were you, I would not do it.]
1. Verb ‘to be’
a) Present Tense:
Persons
Singular
Plural
st
1
I am.
We are.
2nd
You are.
You are.
rd
3
He/ She/ It is.
They are.
a) Past Tense:
Persons
1st
2nd
3rd
Singular
I was.
You were.
He/ She/ It was.
Plural
We were.
You were.
They were.
a) Future Tense:
Persons
1st
2nd
3rd
Singular
I shall be.
You will be.
He/ She/ It will be
Plural
We shall be.
You will be.
They will be.
2. Verb ‘to have’
a) Present Tense:
Persons
1st
2nd
3rd
Singular
I have.
You have.
He/ She/ It has
Plural
We have.
You have.
They have.
a) Past Tense:
Persons
1st
2nd
3rd
Singular
I had.
You had.
He/ She/ It had
Plural
We had.
You had.
They had.
a) Future Tense:
Persons
1st
2nd
3rd
Singular
I shall have.
You will have.
He/ She/ It will have
Plural
We shall have.
You will have.
They will have.
3. Verb ‘to do’
a) Present Tense:
Persons
1st
2nd
3rd
Singular
I do.
You do.
He/ She/ It does.
Plural
We do.
You do.
They do.
a) Past Tense:
Persons
1st
2nd
3rd
Singular
I did.
You did.
He/ She/ It did
Plural
We did.
You did.
They did.
a) Future Tense:
Persons
1st
2nd
3rd
Singular
I shall do.
You will do.
He/ She/ It will do.
Plural
We shall do.
You will do.
They will do.
Parts of Speech: Words are divided into different kinds or classes, called Parts of Speech,
according to their use: that is, according to their work they do in a sentence. The parts of speech
are eight in number:
1. Noun [A Noun is a word used as the name of a person, place, or thing]
(a) Common Noun is a name given in common to every person or thing of the same class or kind.
[Common her means shared by all. Example: Girl, boy, city etc]
(b) A Proper Noun is a word used as the name of a particular person or place. [Proper means
one’s own. Hence a Proper Name is a person’s own name.]
(c) A collective noun is the name of the number or collection of persons or things taken
together and spoken of as one whole. [Example: A fleet = a collection of ships or vessels
An Army= a collection of ships]
(d) Material Nouns are not to be counted but to be weighed [Example: gold, iron etc.]
(e) Abstract Noun is usually the name of a quality, action or state considered apart from the
object to which it belongs. [Example: Quality= kindness, goodness etc]
Action= Laughter, theft etc]
State= Childhood, boyhood etc]
(f) Countable Nouns are the names of objects, people, etc.that we can count [Example: book, pen
etc]
(g) Uncountable Nouns are the names of things which we cannot count. [Example: sugar, gold,
honesty]
2. Adjective:
a) Adjective of Quality [answer the question: Of what kind? [Example: He is an honest man]
b) Adjective of Quantity [answer the question: How much?]
c) Adjective of Number [answer the question: How many?]
Definite numeral
Adjective:
Example:
One, two, three, first,
sec. second etc.
Indefinite numeral
Adjective:
Example: All, no, many,
certain, several, etc.
Distributive numeral
Adjective:
Example: Each, every,
either, etc
d) Demonstrative Adjective [answer the question: Which?]
3. Pronoun [A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun]
a) Personal Pronoun
Nominative:
[I, We, He, She, They]
Objective:
[Me, Us, You, Him, Her]
Possessive:
[Mine, Ours, Yours,
His, Hers]
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
Demonstrative Pronoun[ This, That]
Interrogative Pronoun[ Who, What]
Relative Pronoun[ Whom, Whose]
Indefinite Pronoun[ Someone, Anyone]
Reflexive Pronoun[ Myself, yourself]
Distributive Pronoun[ Each, Everyone]
Reciprocal Pronoun[ Each other, One another]
4. Verb [A verb is a word that tells or asserts something about a person or thing]
a) Finite Verb [ He eats rice]
b) Non- Finite Verb[ He wants to eat rice]
Infinitive
(to)
Simple
Infinitive
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
k)
l)
m)
n)
o)
p)
q)
r)
s)
t)
Participle
(Verb+ ing)
Qualifying
Infinitive
Present
Participle
Gerund
(Verb+ Noun)
Past
Participle
Perfect
Participle
Transitive Verb[ Fire burns everything]
Intransitive Verb[ Fire burns]
Principal Verb
Auxiliary Verb
Causative Verb[ Show, Suckle, Teach, Inform]
Reflexive Verb[ He killed himself]
Factitive Verb[ I called him a full]
Impersonal Verb[ It rains heavily]
Cognate Verb[ He ran a race]
Quassi- passive Verb[ Rice sells dear]
Verb of incomplete prediction[ The child seems happy]
Reciprocal Verb[ They help each other]
Inchoative Verb[ The man grew old]
Verb of Perception[ I see a bird]
Non- conclusive Verb[ I like him]\
Verb to be[ am, is, are]
Verb to have[ have, has]
Group Verb
5. Adverb [A word that modifies the meaning of a verb]
a) Adverb of Manner [slowly, politely]
b) Adverb of Place [here, there]
c) Adverb of Time [late, daily]
d) Adverb of Degree [too, very]
e) Adverb of Order [once, twice]
f) Adverb of Cause and effect [therefore, because]
g) Adverb of Affirmative and Negative [surely, certainly]
h) Interrogative Adverbs [When, where]
i) Relative Adverbs [Why]
6. Preposition[ A Preposition is a word placed before a noun or a pronoun to show in what relation the
person or thing denoted it stands in regard to something else]
a) Simple Preposition[ at, by, from, for, in, on, of, off, after]
b) Compound Preposition[ On+ cross= across; by+ hind= behind; by+ yond= beyond; On+
by+ out= about]
c) Double Preposition[ With+ out= Without; With+ in= within; Up+ to= Upto; In+ to=
Into; Up+ on= Upon etc]
d) Phrase Preposition[ In spite of, by dint of etc]
e) Detached Preposition [What is Dhaka famous for?]
f) Disguised Preposition [He went on hunting= He went a hunting; He comes here at 7 of
clock= He comes here at 7 O’clock.]
g) Participle Preposition[ Regarding, considering, relating, owing, pending, responding,
granting etc]
h) Special Preposition [What can he do but die? He did nothing else than laugh.
Over
Above
On
From
To
Out
By/with
In / Inside
Through, Across
Out of
Into
Between
Below/ Under
Among
Explanation:
On the top of the Diagram meant by on/ above/ over
Under the Diagram meant by below/ under
From the Diagram meant by from
To Diagram meant by to
Out of the Diagram meant by out
In the Diagram meant by through, across
Entering to the Diagram meant by into
Exiting to the Diagram meant by out of
By the Diagram meant by with/ by
In the midst of two of the Diagram meant by between
In the midst of three or four of the Diagram meant by among
7. Conjunction [A conjunction is a word which merely joins together sentences, and sometimes words]
a) Co- coordinating Conjunction [and, as for, or, nor, but]
Illative
Conjunction:
Therefore, thus,
for
Adversative
Conjunction:
But, only, still, yet,
however
Copulative
Conjunction:
As well as,
both....and
Alternative
Conjunction:
Or
b) Subordinating Conjunction [Before, that, as, since]
c) Correlative Conjunction [Either.... Neither, Neither....nor, so that]
8. Interjection [An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion. Example:
Joy; Hurrah!huzza!
Grief; Alas!
Surprise: ha! What!
Approval; Bravo!