Test 20
Directions: Present your perspective on one of the issues below, using relevant reasons
and/or examples to support your views.
TOPIC 1:
"Most societies do not take their greatest thinkers seriously, even when they claim to admire
them."
TOPIC 2:
"The widespread idea that people should make self-improvement a primary goal in their lives
is problematic because it assumes that people are intrinsically deficient."
Directions: Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument.
From a draft textbook manuscript submitted to a publisher.
"As Earth was being formed out of the collision of space rocks, the heat from those collisions
and from the increasing gravitational energy of the planet made the entire planet molten, even the
surface. Any water present would have evaporated and gone off into space. As the planet
approached its current size, however, its gravitation became strong enough to hold gases and water
vapor around it as an atmosphere. Because comets are largely ice made up of frozen water and
gases, a comet striking Earth then would have vaporized. The resulting water vapor would have
been retained in the atmosphere, eventually falling as rain on the cooled and solidified surface of
Earth. Therefore, the water in Earth's oceans must have originated from comets. "
SECTION 1
Directions: Each sentence below has one or two blanks, each blank indicating that something
has been omitted. Beneath the sentence are five lettered or sets of words. Choose the word or
set of words for each blank that best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole.
1. There are many dialects of Chinese with radically different pronunciations of the same
character, but written Chinese is______.
(A) unstable
(B) uniform
(C) abbreviated
(D) deliberated
(E) graphic
2. In "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock", Elliot______the loss of______, sobbing in
existentialist despair, and lamenting passive indecision and inaction.
(A) reinvents … purity
(B) mourns… chance
(C) notates… vivacity
(D) explores… wisdom
(E) considers… grief
3. The shah of Persia, although he had to acknowledge that the sultan was a worthy rival, still
considered himself a mighty______, as did the sultan himself.
(A) upstart
(B) potentate
(C) reactionary
(D) autodidact
(E) redoubt
4. For him conversation was a matter of displaying all his rhetorical mastery, and in particular
an opportunity to spout witty______that evidenced his specialized knowledge of insult.
(A) serendipity
(B) invective
(C) approbation
(D) disquisition
(E) digressions
5. The so-called Golden Rule is such an obvious, commonsensical truism that it seems almost
foolish to______it.
(A) legislate
(B) amend
(C) limn
(D) annotate
(E) enunciate
6. While Einstein's early______are well-established, it cannot be concluded that he was any
less______as a young physicist than the gifted and obsessive theoretician he became later in life.
(A) failures… erudite
(B) accolades … curmudgeonly
(C) foibles… mannerly
(D) triumphs… brilliant
(E) investigations … passionate
7. Jokes form a kind of currency, such that a wisecrack from the most______beggar may
bring instant______.
(A) mirthless… interest
(B) jocular… disregard
(C) convivial… humor
(D) importunate… reward
(E) hilarious … succor
Directions: In each of the following questions, a related pair of words or phrases is followed
by five lettered pairs of words or phrases. Select the lettered pair that best expresses a
relationship similar to that expressed in the original pair.
8. LECTURE: HEARD::
(A) drama : televised
(B) prose : synthesized
(C) novel: read
(D) aria : cherished
(E) ode : scanned
9. LAWYER : LICENSE::
(A) farmer : tractor
(B) official : rank
(C) teacher: certification
(D) constructor : outline
(E) curator : painting
10. CONSERVATORY : MUSIC ::
(A) arsenal: guerrilla
(B) apartment : resident
(C) inferno : reward
(D) observatory: heavens
(E) canteen : catering
11. PRODIGIOUS: PERSON::
(A) lunatic: preoccupation
(B) heathen: maverick
(C) patriotic : diffidence
(D) miraculous : occurrence
(E) pointed : cathedral
12. IMPORTANT: MOMENTOUS::
(A) terrific : affectionate
(B) supple : mellifluous
(C) commodious : solicitous
(D) relevant : crucial
(E) desperate : deprived
13. VERSE : DOGGEREL::
(A) writer : hack
(B) novice: partner
(C) semi-professional : choreographer
(D) charisma : politician
(E) academician : professor
14. ANECDOTE : AMUSEMENT::
(A) instruction : pedantry
(B) panegyric : disease
(C) epigram : edification
(D) lecture : pith
(E) catharsis : tension
15. EPHEMERAL : ENDURE::
(A) hollow : inundate
(B) immanent: transcend
(C) pointed : prick
(D) raucous : polish
(E) dingy : glisten
16. ENLIGHTEN: IGNORANCE::
(A) condescend : status
(B) emancipate : liberty
(C) purify : imperfection
(D) remonstrate : coercion
(E) inspire : knowledge
Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on its content. After
reading a passage, choose the best answer to each question. Answer all questions following a
passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.
Although the dance critic Connerton defines social memory as composed of
the recollections and images of the past that a particular social group considers
worthy of preservation, he does not properly account for its development. By
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highlighting the role of dance's ritual enactment in conveying and sustaining
(5)
social memory, he emphasizes dance performance's unconscious
communications, rather than the conscious transmission of the community's
folklore and history. While he successfully establishes that "bodily social
memory of dance" is a highly conservative force that creates an inertia in
society's structures and may be implicated in the legitimization of the present
(10)
social order, he does not adequately account for the complexities in the
processes of bodily inscription, for it is precisely because bodily automatism
limits the scope for critical evaluation, or readability, that the body is a site of
intense struggle over the control of what is inscribed upon it. Nor does
Connerton acknowledge that the very physical violence he describes as
(15)
perpetrated upon bodies, especially subordinate bodies, to habituate them to
submissive dance postures, attests in reality to their unwillingness to submit to
inscription, and not vice-versa. Thus his theory is helpful in articulating the
nature of social memory, but ultimately fails to explain how such memories are
acquired.
17. According to the passage, which of the following does Connerton exclude from his
conception of the cultural role of dance?
(A) The role of physical violence in establishing submissive dance postures
(B) The notion that dance preserves and ossifies social structures
(C) The function of dance in providing a conscious reminder of a community' history
(D) The role of dance in sustaining social memory
(E) The process of bodily inscription in creating bodily social memory
18. The passage suggests that an assumption underlying Connerton's theory of dance and
social memory is that
(A) the automatic nature of dance tends to restrict the extent to which dances can be "read"
(B) the value and effectiveness of dance performance lies in transmitting social memory
through unconscious means
(C) the legitimization of most social orders stems from social memory transmitted through
dance
(D) folklore and community history are the principal narratives dance is capable of
expressing
(E) social structures would most likely be more conservative if dance did not transmit
social memory
19. It can be inferred that the author believes which of the following concerning dances?
(A) Few involve inscription on subordinate bodies through violence.
(B) Few are involved in the recollection of images, and in transmitting folklore.
(C) Few create an inertia and conservatism in social structures.
(D) They rarely involve an inscription process that is readily welcomed by their
performers.
(E) Bodily inscription is seldom a complicated process, ore one that involves physical
violence.
20. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?
(A) Factual data are presented and a hypothesis is proposed.
(B) A distinction is introduced then shown not to be a true distinction.
(C) A thesis is paraphrased, and two assumptions on which it is based are clarified.
(D) A definition is challenged, and two reasons for the challenge are given.
(E) An opinion is offered and then placed within a historical framework.
Many nutritionists, having known for decades that saturated fat, found in
abundance in red meat and dairy products, raises blood cholesterol levels that
are in turn associated with a high risk of coronary heart disease, have fallen
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victim to the temptation of simplifying dietary recommendations to facilitate
(5)
public nutrition education. After decades of promoting the consumption of all
complex carbohydrates and eschewing all fats and oils, much of this theory has
been discredited.
Controlled feeding studies in which the participants eat carefully prescribed
diets for several weeks substantiated that saturated fat increases cholesterol
(10)
levels, and that polyunsaturated fat-found in vegetable oils and fish-reduces
cholesterol. Dietary advice should therefore emphasize the replacement of
saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat, not total fat reduction. The subsequent
doubling of polyunsaturated fat consumption that this advice might inspire could
potentially contribute to a halving of coronary heart disease rates.
(15)
Indeed, the argument that fat in general is to be avoided has been hastily
extrapolated from observations that affluent Western countries have both high intakes
of fat and high rates of coronary heart disease. This correlation is limited to saturated
fat, however, for societies in which people eat relatively large portions of
monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fat (whose health benefits are nearly identical)
(20)
tend to have lower rates of heart disease. On the Greek island of Crete, for
instance, where the traditional diet contained much olive oil, a rich source of
monounsaturated fat, and fish, a source of polyunsaturated fat, fat constituted
40 percent of the calories in this diet, but the rate of heart disease was lower
than the rate for those who followed the traditional diets of Japan, where fat
(25)
composes only 8 to 10 percent of the calories. Furthermore, international
comparisons of overall fat intake can be misleading: many negative influences
on health, such as smoking, physical inactivity and high amounts of body fat,
are also correlated with Western affluence. Many nutritionists decided it would
be too difficult to educate the public about these subtleties, instead advocating a
(30)
clear, simple message that fat was insalubrious.
The wisdom of this practice has further come into question as researchers
discover that the two main cholesterol-carrying chemicals, low-density
lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL), have very different
effects on the risk of coronary heart disease, such that increasing the ratio of
(35)
LDL to HDL in the blood raises the risk, whereas decreasing the ratio has the
opposite effect. Unfortunately, certain controlled feeding studies have shown
that when a person replaces calories from saturated fat with an equal amount of
calories from carbohydrate-rich polyunsaturated fats, not only the levels of LDL
and total cholesterol diminish, but also the level of HDL, and thus in only a
(40)
limited reduction in risk accrues from shifting to a polyunsaturated fat diet.
21. With which of the following statements concerning the traditional public education efforts
of nutritionists would the author most likely agree?
(A) They have erred by publicly presenting the dietary model of the Japanese as healthier
than that of the Greeks.
(B) By advocating the avoidance of vegetable oils and fish, they could potential contribute
to a fifty percent reduction in coronary heart disease rates.
(C) They have tended to overemphasize the dangers of fat consumption at the expense of
subtle but important distinctions among categories of fats.
(D) They have afforded too much importance to non-dietary negative influences on Western
health.
(E) They have failed to observe the similarity of effects resulting from the consumption of
low and high density lipoproteins.
22. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is true concerning the
consumption of fat consumption in Greece versus that of Japan?
(A) The traditional diet of Japan involves a higher general intake of fat, as a dietary calorie
percentage, than does the traditional diet of Crete.
(B) The traditional diet of Japan involves a higher intake of saturated fat, measured by
calories, than does the traditional diet of Crete.
(C) The traditional diet of Japan involves a lesser intake of unsaturated fat, measured by
calories, than does the traditional diet of Crete.
(D) The traditional diet of Japan includes a higher ratio of monounsaturated fat intake to
polyunsaturated fat intake than does the traditional diet of Crete.
(E) The traditional diet of Japan involves a lower general intake of fat, as a dietary calorie
percentage, than does the traditional diet of Crete.
23. According to the passage, which of the following is characteristic of lipoproteins?
(A) The dangers of lower density lipoproteins and the dangers of higher density lipoproteins
are remarkably similar in the case of coronary heart disease.
(B) A higher ratio of higher density lipoproteins to lower density lipoproteins has a
salubrious effect on heart disease.
(C) A shift from a polyunsaturated fat diet to a saturated fat diet tends to increase the risk of
coronary heart disease stemming from high-density lipoproteins.
(D) A shift from a polyunsaturated fat diet to a saturated fat diet tends to decrease the risk of
coronary heart disease stemming from low-density lipoproteins.
(E) Controlled feeding studies have yet to establish the feasibility of attempting to
manipulate lipoprotein ratios through dietary change.
24. According to the following passage, which of the following statements is true of
international comparisons of overall fat intake?
(A) They provide a reasonable indicator of the health benefits of polyunsaturated fats.
(B) They tend to conflate too many factors to provide an effective argument against
reducing overall fat intake.
(C) They are rife with subtleties too complex for most nutritionists to be able to understand
properly.
(D) They correctly tend to indicate the necessity for reducing overall fat intake reduction in
affluent societies.
(E) They tend to lend too much attention to non-dietary causes of coronary heart disease.
25. Which of the following best describes the function of the third paragraph of the passage?
(A) It offers evidence that contradicts the theory outlined in the previous paragraph.
(B) It presents a specific example of the application of the theory discussed in the previous
paragraphs.
(C) It explains data that the researchers mentioned in the first two paragraphs have yet to
successfully analyze.
(D) It qualifies the statistical evidence described in the previous paragraph.
(E) It begins a detailed description of the theory roughly outlined in the previous two
paragraphs.
26. The passage suggests that which of the following would be LEAST important in
determining whether a research subject is likely to contract coronary heart disease?
(A) The ratio of LDL to HDL in the subject's blood
(B) The subject's level of blood cholesterol
(C) The subject's percentage of body fat
(D) The subject's degree of physical inactivity
(E) The consumption ratio of polyunsaturated fats to monounsaturated fats
27. If the hypothesis stated in lines 36 - 40 is true, it can be inferred that nutritional theory
should argue that the consumption of more polyunsaturated fats
(A) necessitates the consumption of higher levels of carbohydrates
(B) is unlikely to affect the ratio of LDL to HDL levels in the bloodstream
(C) is likely to have no observable effect on the risk of coronary heart disease
(D) is potentially capable of wholly eliminating cholesterol levels in the blood
(E) is poorly understood in light of the failure of certain controlled feeding studies
Directions: Each question below consists of a word printed in capital letters followed by five
lettered words or phrases. Choose the lettered word or phrase that is most nearly opposite in
meaning to the word in capital letters. Since some of the questions require you to distinguish
fine shades of meaning, be sure to consider all the choices before deciding which one is best.
28. AMELIORATE:
(A) exacerbate
(B) apply
(C) incriminate
(D) safeguard
(E) contribute
29. RUEFUL:
(A) unforgiving
(B) pensive
(C) jealous
(D) unrepentant
(E) striving
30. STIPULATION:
(A) unspoken obligation
(B) grueling job
(C) animated talk
(D) supreme worry
(E) mistaken analysis
31. ABDICATE:
(A) suggest
(B) command
(C) oppose
(D) undertake
(E) protect
32. FORESTALL:
(A) condemn
(B) harass
(C) protect
(D) assist
(E) consent
33. GRANDILOQUENT:
(A) vulgar
(B) valuable
(C) guarded
(D) indefinite
(E) idiomatic
34. AWE:
(A) disrespect
(B) apprehension
(C) miscellany
(D) consideration
(E) culpability
35. VESTIGIAL:
(A) impressionable
(B) consistently formed
(C) pretentious
(D) declining
(E) entirely matured
36. MOLLIFY:
(A) contest
(B) censure
(C) provoke
(D) condemn
(E) disagree
37. FERAL:
(A) audacious
(B) advantageous
(C) principal
(D) domesticated
(E) expected
38. UTTER:
(A) undeviating
(B) distorted
(C) incomplete
(D) convincing
(E) tangible
SECTION 2
Directions: Each sentence below has one or two blanks, each blank indicating that something
has been omitted. Beneath the sentence are five lettered or sets of words. Choose the word or
set of words for each blank that best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole.
1. We did not discover that his apprehension concerning our hypothesis was______until well
afterward, following a series of rigorous trials and revisions, at which point our experiment proved
an unqualified success.
(A) unfounded
(B) alert
(C) tenuous
(D) logical
(E) peremptory
2. Only superficially obnoxious, his______manner endeared him to those who relished the
mordant wit of turn-of-the-century bohemian New Yorkers.
(A) rakish
(B) dulcet
(C) compassionate
(D) raffish
(E) sardonic
3. Information on behavioral deficits in rats is also______to humans, but there is an
enormous step between the psychology of the two species, so we must be careful about declaring
such data______.
(A) applied… invalid
(B) extrapolated … dissimilar
(C) obscure … sound
(D) relevant … analogous
(E) inapplicable … similar
4. Money may be the husk of many things, but not the______, for it buys you food, but not
appetite, and acquaintances, but not______.
(A) essence… riches
(B) skin… friendship
(C) dermis… usefulness
(D) kernel… camaraderie
(E) anatomy … spirit
5. Advocates of revolutionary distributed computing argue that the traditional operating
system has become______, akin to placing a baton-wielding orchestra conductor at the front of a
session of jazz musicians.
(A) a prerequisite
(B) a throwback
(C) an anachronism
(D) an anathema
(E) an encumbrance
6. The president's inaugural address was______, educing thunderous applause at intervals.
(A) verbose
(B) timid
(C) tedious
(D) polished
(E) convincing
7. For all the data accumulated over the months, the report based on them is
exceptionally______in its style and grammar; the______efforts have not paid off.
(A) hackneyed… assiduous
(B) florid … constitutive
(C) prolix… ceaseless
(D) rococo … expansive
(E) accomplished … minor
Directions: In each of the following questions, a related pair of words or phrases is followed
by five lettered pairs of words or phrases. Select the lettered pair that best expresses a
relationship similar to that expressed in the original pair.
8. LULLABY : SONG ::
(A) manuscript : book
(B) statue : sculpture
(C) tragedy : role
(D) note : harmony
(E) prose : verse
9. APATHETIC : EMOTIONLESS::
(A) passionate : zealous
(B) callow : immature
(C) banal : original
(D) abandoned : inhibited
(E) spontaneous : affected
10. BOAT: VESSEL::
(A) oxen : carriage
(B) tumbler : quartz
(C) bowl : receptacle
(D) tile: concrete
(E) drawing : opus
11. DECORUM: BLUNDER::
(A) declaration : overstatement
(B) search : bewilderment
(C) deposit : withdrawal
(D) prudence: miscalculation
(E) reinforcement : transgression
12. PERFIDY: LOYALTY::
(A) reinstatement : position
(B) depravity : virtue
(C) glee : ecstasy
(D) misery: anticipation
(E) appetite : desire
13. MUFFLED : SOUND::
(A) nonchalant : curiosity
(B) muted : color
(C) obsolete : usage
(D) obsessed : nightmare
(E) rustic : ballad
14. ERUDITION : ESOTERIC ::
(A) anticipation: history
(B) garrulity : eloquence
(C) prescience : future
(D) sobriety: intoxication
(E) irritation : temper
15. NOSTALGIA: MEMORY ::
(A) apathy : feelings
(B) symphony : prom
(C) cello : dirge
(D) existence : extinction
(E) lethargy: ennui
16. THRIFTY : MISERLY::
(A) receptive : gullible
(B) controversial : scandalous
(C) incendiary : flammable
(D) commodious : discriminatory
(E) inclusive : genteel
Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on its content.
After reading a passage, choose the best answer to each question. Answer all questions
following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.
The most compelling evidence of the risks of carcinogenic effects of
environmental pollutants comes from animal data, such as the reproductive
failure and anomalous development witnessed in birds and fish exposed to DDT.
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But can human health effects of a compound be judged without a consensus of
(5)
independent epidemiological studies and experimental findings on humans
subjects? One would argue not, even though increases in breast cancer have
recently been correlated to exposure to environmental pollutants. Scientists
reviewing worldwide morbidities of certain hormonally responsive organs have
found that while the incidence of breast cancer has been increasing, that of
(10)
cancer of the uterus, another hormonally responsive organ, has been
decreasing. There is thus no evident increase in uterine cancer that would
support the claim that a pollutant is causally responsible for the recent increase
in breast cancer. It has been suggested that the increase may be the result of
increased diagnosis, and geographical differences in cancer susceptibility are so
(15)
large that the currently available statistics do not permit a definite conclusion.
17. The primary purpose of the passage is to treat the potential correlation between
environmental pollutants and carcinogenic effects in which of the following ways?
(A) Explicate the reasons it has been suggested
(B) Suggest an alternative correlation
(C) Examine its possible implications
(D) Criticize the evidence used to support it
(E) Present findings that qualifies it
18. The author mentions all of the following as factors which limit the persuasiveness of the
evidence suggesting a link between environmental pollutants and cancer EXCEPT
(A) The lack of study of the effects of pollutants on human health
(B) Increased diagnosis rates
(C) An increase in the worldwide breast cancer rate
(D) A decrease in the worldwide uterine cancer rate
(E) Geographical differences in cancer susceptibility
19. In concluding from the lack of increase in the incidence of uterine cancer that
environmental pollutants may not play a significant role in the increase of the incidence of breast
cancer, the author makes which of the following assumptions?
(A) Geographical differences between the rates of susceptibility to uterine cancer and
susceptibility to breast cancer are negligible.
(B) The human uterus is affected by the same set of environmental pollutants as the human
breast.
(C) Independent epidemiological studies are generally compatible with the experimental
findings performed on humans.
(D) It is generally easier to diagnose breast cancer than it is to diagnose uterine cancer.
(E) Animal data similarly reflects that breast cancer rates are rising in animals while uterine
cancer rates are falling.
20. According to the passage, which of the following findings confirms the author's
conclusions concerning disease morbidity rates associated with pollutants?
(A) Certain organs are more reponsive than others to the hormones created by
environmental pollutants.
(B) The incidence of breast cancer correlates with the presence of environmental pollutants.
(C) A great deal of evidence has been amassed linking environmental pollutants with cancer
in animals.
(D) Cancer diagnosis has become more reliable than it once was.
(E) Cancer of the liver, an organ that is hormonally responsive to environmental pollutants,
is rising globally.
Print seems a less treacherous form of leaching out the world, of turning it
into a mental object, than photographic images, which now provide most of the
knowledge people have about the look of the past and the reach of the present.
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What is written about a person or an event is frankly an interpretation, as are
(5)
handmade visual statements, like paintings and drawings, while photographed
images do not seem to be statements about the world so much as pieces of it,
miniatures of reality that anyone can make or acquire as "evidence". The
camera record incriminates, providing modern states with a tool of surveillance
and control of increasingly mobile population, and at the same time justifies, by
(10)
presenting purportedly incontrovertible proof that a given thing happened.
Whatever the limitations (through amateurism) or pretensions (through
artistry) of the individual photographer, a photograph-any photograph-seems
to have a more innocent, and therefore more accurate, relation to visible reality
than do other mimetic objects. A painting or a prose description can never be
(15)
other than a narrowly selective interpretation, while in contrast a photograph
can be treated as a narrowly selective transparency. Despite the presumption of
veracity that gives all photographs authority, interest, seductiveness, the work
that photographers do is no generic exception to the usually shady commerce
between art and truth, for even when photographers are most concerned with
(20)
mirroring reality, they are still haunted by tacit imperatives of taste and
conscience. In deciding how a picture should look, in preferring one exposure to
another, photographers are always imposing standards on their subjects.
Although there is a sense in which the camera does indeed capture reality, not
just interpret it, photographs are as much an interpretation of the world as
(25)
paintings and drawings are. Those occasions when the taking of photographs is
relatively undiscriminating, promiscuous, or self-effacing do not lessen the
didacticism of the whole enterprise, for indeed this very passivity-and
ubiquity-of the photographic record is photography's "message", its
aggressive impulse.
(30)
Like most fashion and animal photography, images which idealize are no
less aggressive than work which makes a virtue of plainness, like class pictures,
still lives of the bleaker sort, and mug shots. There is an aggression implicit in
every use of the camera, a fact that became evident in the 1840s and 1850s,
photography's glorious first two decades, when technology first gave rise to a
(35)
view of the world as a set of potential photographs. From its inception,
photography implied the capture of the largest possible number of subjects,
while painting never had so imperial a scope. The subsequent industrialization
of camera technology only carried out a promise inherent in photography from
its very beginning: to democratize all experiences by translating them into
(40)
images.
21. In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with
(A) chronicling the evolution of attitudes toward photography
(B) explaining how photography emerged from the tradition of visual art and literature
(C) exposing an unrecognized problem in the way photographs are perceived by the public
(D) explaining why some critics have come to prefer photography over other artistic
mediums
(E) identifying the various solutions to critical problems in photography that have arisen
since its invention
22. The author considers "the presumption of veracity" discussed in the second paragraph to
be
(A) potentially verifiable
(B) partially justified
(C) wholly unsupported
(D) ingenious but flawed
(E) capricious but supported
23. The author introduces the concept of class pictures in order to
(A) illustrate photography's capacity for recording a historical moment
(B) provide an example of photography that appears only to record but actually imposes
aesthetic standards
(C) demonstrate one area where photography is clearly more functional then painting
(D) establish a case where photography is "transparent", i.e. independent of the
photographer's aims
(E) give an instance where photography is capable of democratizing an experience by
converting it to an image
24. The author mentions all of the following as uses to which photography has been
employed since its invention EXCEPT
(A) Surveillance
(B) Supplying evidence
(C) Idealizing a subject
(D) Providing a historical reference
(E) Questioning the viewers' assumptions
25. According to the author, the photograph has been misconstrued to carry which of the
following advantages?
(A) A higher cultural importance than the printed word has held
(B) Greater technological ease than the printed word has held
(C) Freedom from interpretation that plagues the printed word
(D) Less dependence on mimetic function than the printed word employs
(E) Increased sense of taste and conscience that the printed word lacks
26. According to the author, at present people derive the bulk of their impression of the past
from which of the following mediums?
(A) Print
(B) Sketches
(C) Photographs
(D) Paintings
(E) Film
27. It can be inferred from the passage that the author most probably considers nineteenth
century photography to be
(A) less technological sophisticated but in some ways artistically superior to modern
photography
(B) identically in virtually every aim and method to modern photography
(C) unrealistic in its goal of excelling painting by attempting to document every possible
subject
(D) no less guilty than its contemporary counterpart of the desire to impose a certain truth
upon the viewer
(E) more accessible to viewers, and thus more democratic than the tradition of painting and
print already in existence
Directions: Each question below consists of a word printed in capital letters followed by five
lettered words or phrases. Choose the lettered word or phrase that is most nearly opposite in
meaning to the word in capital letters. Since some of the questions require you to distinguish
fine shades of meaning, be sure to consider all the choices before deciding which one is best.
28. SHOAL:
(A) bottomless
(B) uncomplicated
(C) sophisticated
(D) protected
(E) direct
29. SCRAPPY:
(A) traditional
(B) appealing
(C) perplexed
(D) hesitant
(E) shrewd
30. TRITE:
(A) overt
(B) extensive
(C) unique
(D) tangible
(E) methodical
31. ALLUDE:
(A) arrange thoroughly
(B) refer to clearly
(C) ask for repeatedly
(D) feel intense remorse
(E) talk ponderously
32. HAVOC:
(A) meditation
(B) tranquility
(C) poverty
(D) safe haven
(E) zenith
33. BADINAGE:
(A) unambiguous allusion
(B) solemn exchange
(C) extensive conversation
(D) exact version
(E) thorough account
34. MARTINET:
(A) lenient person
(B) passionate advocate
(C) untrained worker
(D) spiteful adversary
(E) dependable manager
35. INTIMIDATE:
(A) swindle
(B) sever
(C) distort
(D) embolden
(E) devalue
36. BOON:
(A) embarrassment
(B) heartless actions
(C) calamity
(D) desperate circumstances
(E) bitter argument
37. ARTIFICE:
(A) sincerity
(B) audacity
(C) reserve
(D) satisfaction
(E) poise
38. ESTRANGEMENT:
(A) compensation
(B) composure
(C) cordial relations
(D) quick adaptation
(E) indifference
TEST 20
Section 1. BBBBE ADCCD DDACB CCBDD CEBBB EBADA DDCAE CDC
Section 2. AEDDE EABBC DBBCE ADCBD CCBEC CDADC BBBAD CAC