Biology 1406 Review Sheet for Final
Mr. Dees
Note: the following is a brief synopsis of the topics covered by the final exam. Be sure that this sheet is not all
that you study, for this list may be incomplete and is not very detailed. Anything covered in lecture is fair-game
for the exam. Use this to be sure you do not have any “gaps” in your notes. A helpful section is provided at the
end of each chapter in the form of a chapter summary, key terms, and review questions..
Approximately ½ of the final exam will cover new material with the remaining portion being comprehensive; be sure
to look back over the material from exams 1-4.
Chapter 16
 DNA
 Organic polymer
 Monomers – nucleotides
 Watson
 Crick
 Griffith
 Avery
 Chargaff’s rules
 Franklin
 Double Helix
 Components of a nucleotide
 Phosphate sugar backbone
 Base-pairs
 Hydrogen bonding
 Complementary strands
 Antiparallel strands
 Structure of DNA allows selfreplication and ability to carry
information
 Semiconservative replication
model
 Process of DNA replication in
eukaryotic cells
 Origin
 Replication forks and bubbles
 Helicase
 Topoisomerase
 Single stranded binding protein
 DNA polymerases
 Primase – RNA primer
 Leading and Lagging strands
 Okazaki fragments
 DNA ligase
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Telomeres
Organization of DNA
Chromatin –Chromosomes
Histone proteins
Nucleosomes
Protein scaffold
Process to form chromosomes
from chromatin
Chapter 17
 DNA forms genetic code; how?
 Understand the connection
between genes and phenotype
 As example – gibberellins in pea
plants
 Proteins serve as the link between
genotype and phenotype
 Gene expression
 Transcription
 Translation
 RNA components
 mRNA
 tRNA
 differences between prokaryotes
and eukaryotes’ gene expression
 RNA polymerase
 Uracil
 Differences in nucleotides of RNA
and DNA
 Promoter
 Transcription as a process
 Terminator sequence
 Codons
 How many possible codons?
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How many natural amino acids
RNA processing
Pre-mRNA
Exons
Introns
Cap and tail
Translation as a process
Structure of ribosome
Anticodons
Process of creating a polypeptide
GTP
Release factor
Be sure that you can take a DNA
template and create a mRNA
molecule and then match the
corresponding anticodons of a
tRNA molecule
Chapter 18&20
 Review the organization of
DNA
 Histone acetylation
 Differential gene expression
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Biotechnology
Cloning processes for bacteria
and plants and animals
Plasmid
Restriction enzyme
Recombinant bacterium
Dolly the sheep
Embryonic and adult stem cells
PCR – process and uses
Restriction fragments of DNA
Electrophoresis
Practical uses of Biotechnology
Human gene therapy
Manufacture of pharmaceutical
products
Forensics
Environmental cleanup
Transgenic organisms aka
genetically modified organisms
(GM)
Pharm animals
Ethics of genetic manipulation