CHAPTER 17—THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: AN AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT
1. Who was the scientist-philosopher who provided a link between the scientists of the 17th century and the philosophes of the 18 th century?
2. Why can enlightened thinkers be understood as secularists?
3. How did Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher, define the Enlightenment?
4. What development marked 18 th century European intellectual life?
5. Why did the works of Fontenelle announce the Enlightenment?
6. Whose voyages in the Pacific Ocean were a major inspiration for travel literature in the 18 th
century?
7. With what characteristic was every person born, according to John Locke?
8. Describes the French philosophes.
9. Describe the contributions of Isaac Newton and John Locke to the Enlightenment.
10. From which segment of society did the French philosophes come?
11. According to Montesquieu, what was the best political system for modern society?
12. What city was the recognized capital of the Enlightenment?
13. What new type of enlightened writing fueled skepticism about the "truths" of Christianity & European society?
14. Who was the leader of the Physiocrats, who advocated natural economic laws?
15. For what criticism was Voltaire best known?
16. Who wrote The Spirit of the Laws , a comparison of governments?
17. What is the main idea of deism?
18. What was the main purpose of the encyclopedia, according to Diderot?
19. To which development did the belief in natural laws underlying all areas of human life lead?
20. What was Diderot's most famous contribution to the Enlightenment's battle against religious fanaticism, intolerance, and prudery?
21. What was Adam Smith's belief about the government?
22. What was a basic function of the government, according to Adam Smith?
23. Who said that individuals "will be forced to be free"?
24. What was the subject of Montesquieu's Persian Letters ?
25. What was the "general will" according to Rousseau?
26. For Rousseau, what was the main source of inequality and the chief cause of crimes?
27. What key Enlightenment themes does Rousseau's influential novel,
Émile
, address?
28. What were salons? What were pogroms?
29. Who made the strongest statement and vindication of women's rights during the Enlightenment?
30. Who were famous Rococo artists of the 18 th
century?
31. Describe the Rococo artist, Antoine Watteau, and his masterpiece, Return from Cythera.
32. For what is Johann Sebastian Bach known?
33. What was a major characteristic of European music in the later 18 th
century?
34. Which “most innovative“ 18 th century composer wrote the opera, The Marriage of Figaro ?
35. What literary expression became the primary form of fiction writing in the 18 th
century?
36. Which English writer argued that women should be better educated in A Serious Proposal to the Ladies ?
37. What French Rococo painter portrayed the aristocratic life as refined, sensual, and civilized?
38. What development enabled the growth of reading and publishing in the 18 th century?
39. What was the impact of the publishing industry to of high culture in 18 th
century Europe?
40. What 18 th
century musical composition has been called "one of those rare works that appeal immediately to everyone, and yet is indisputably a masterpiece of the highest order"?
41. Who advocated a less brutal approach to justice and punishment in the 18th century?
42. What happened to corporal & capital punishment in the European legal system by the end of the 18 th century?
43. Describe punishment of crime in the 18 th century?
44. At what time was carnival celebrated?
45. What was a cheap and popular alcoholic drink in 18 th
century England?
47. What part did Catholic and Protestant churches in 18 th century Europe play in social and spiritual areas?

48. Describe the business practices and acceptance of Jews of 18 th
century Europe?
49. What religious denomination was founded by John Wesley to provide a more emotionally fulfilling alternative to the Church of England?
50. In what two countries did some ordinary Protestant churchgoers choose new religious outlets in reaction to significant elements of rationalism and deism?
1. What was the Enlightenment? What were the defining characteristics of the Enlightenment?
2. What specific contributions did Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Diderot make to the age of the Enlightenment?
Compare/contrast their political ideas with those of Thomas Hobbes and Machiavelli.
3. Discuss the significance and the influence of John Locke and Isaac Newton on the Enlightenment.
4. Did the Enlightenment represent a new era for women?
5. What were the major ideas of Jean-Jacques Rousseau? In what ways were Rousseau's ideas unique, differing from those of his predecessors?
6. What role did women play in the development of the Enlightenment?
7. How do the art and literature of the eighteenth century reflect the political and social life of the period?
8. Define "high culture." In what ways was high culture expressed in the eighteenth century?
9. To what extent did "high culture" and "popular culture" influence one another?
10. Compare/contrast the contributions of the French philosophes and Britain's Enlightenment figures.
11. Compare deism to other strains of religiosity in the 18 th
century.
1. Immanuel Kant
5. Fontenelle's
Plurality of Worlds
9. Montesquieu
6.
2.
John Locke's tabula
10. reason rasa
Voltaire
7.
3. skepticism
Essay Concerning
Human Understanding
11. deism
4. James Cook
8. philosophes
12. Denis Diderot
13. "science of man" 14. cultural relativism
17. Adam Smith
21. Mary Astell's A Serious
Proposal to the Ladies
18. laissez-faire
22. Mary
Wollstonecraft
25.
Émile
26. popular culture
29. Franz Joseph Haydn 30. Balthasar Neumann
15. Physiocrats 16. Francois Quesnay
19. Wealth of Nations 20. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
23. Vindication of the
Rights of Woman
24. the salon & the coffeehouse
27. Rococo
31. high culture
28. Antoine Watteau
32. Jacques-Louis David
33. Marie-Therese de
Geoffrin
37. The Social Contract
& the general will
34. Johann Sebastian
38.
Bach
Denis Diderot's
Encyclopedia
41. newspapers & libraries 42. Enlightenment
35. George Frederick
Handel
39.
Montesquieu's The
Spirit of the Laws
43. Cesare Beccaria
36. Wolfgang Amadeus
Mozart
40. Voltaire's Treatise on
Toleration
44. Carnival
45. gin 46. Sephardic Jews 47.
Joseph II 48. Ashkenazic Jews
49. pogroms 50. John Wesley and Methodism
T/F 1. The great scientists of the 17 th century, such as Galileo, Kepler, and Newton, pursued their exploration of science in a spirit of exalting God rather than in questioning and undermining religion. p. 377
T/F 2. Isaac Newton was influential on the eighteenth-century Enlightenment because of his theory of knowledge and his concept of the tabula rasa. p. 378-379
T/F 3. Denis Diderot was an ardent Christian. p. 381
T/F 4. The French Physiocrats, in their belief in natural economic laws, were harsh critics of economic mercantilism.p. 381
T/F 5. Adam Smith was a mercantilist disguised as a proto-capitalist. p. 381-382
T/F 6. In his novel, Émile , with its emphasis upon the heart and sentiment, Rousseau anticipated the Romantic movement of the early 19 TH century. p. 384
T/F 7. In her Vindication of the Rights of Women , Mary Wollstonecraft argued that since women had been unfairly subjected to males for so many millennia, women should temporarily be given special legal rights and privileges in excess of those of males in compensation of their long servitude. p. 384
T/F 8. Although many European rulers desired to emulate the size and grandiosity of Versailles, they usually adopted the
Baroque-Rococo architectural style rather than the French classical style of Louis XIV's palace. p. 387
T/F 9. Salons were a popular social environment for the laborers and ordinary people to gather. p. 389
T/F 10. John Wesley's Methodism reinforced the structure and bureaucracy of 18 th century Protestant churches.p. 392