Biology I: Modern Biology, Holt, Rinehart & Winston, © 2009
Unit 1: Foundations of Biology
Chapter 1: Science of Life, pp 5-24
1 adaptation; 2 base unit; 3 biological molecule; 4 biology; 5 cell; 6 cell division; 7 compound light
microscope; 8 control group; 9 dependent variable; 10 development; 11 domain; 12 ecology;
13 ecosystem; 14 evolution; 15 experiment; 16 experimental group; 17 eyepiece; 18 gene;
19 homeostasis; 20 hypothesis; 21 independent variable; 22 kingdom; 23 light source;
24 magnification; 25 metabolism; 26 metric system; 27 multicellular; etc…
1 traits that improve an individual’s ability to survive & reproduce
2 fundamental units of the SI system of measurements
3 chemical compounds that provide physical structure and that allow cells to function
4 study of life
5 smallest unit that can perform all life’s processes
6 formation of 2 new cells from an existing cell
7 microscope with 2 lenses magnifying an image through which light is being shone
8 the normal standard against with one can compare results from experimental groups
9 the factor being measured that is affected/ caused by the 1 change from controls
10 process by which an organism becomes a mature adult
11 three major subdivisions of all organisms, i.e., Bacteria, Archaea, & Eukarya
12 branch of biology studying organisms’ interactions with each other & their environment
13 communities of living species and their physical environment
14 process in which inherited characteristics within a population change over generations
15 a test for a hypothesis and its predictions
16 group identical to control group except for one variable/ factor
17 part of microscope through which you look; it magnifies image usually by 10 x
18 short segment of DNA containing instructions for a single trait of an organism
19 maintenance of stable internal environment even though external conditions are constantly changing
20 proposed explanation for the way a particular aspect of the natural world functions
21 the one factor different from controls that is being tested for its affect
22 six major categories of all organisms, i.e., Animalia, Archaea, Bacteria, Fungi, Plantae, Protista
23 part of microscope providing light with which to view the specimen
24 the increase of an objects apparent size
25 sum of all chemical reactions that take in & transform energy & materials from the environment
26 single standard system of measurements based on powers of 10
27 organisms made up of multiple cells
28 natural selection; 29 nosepiece; 30 objective lens; 31 observation; 32 ocular lens; 33 organ; 34
organelle; 35 organization; 36 peer review; 37 prediction; 38 reproduction; 39 resolution; 40 scanning
electron microscope (SEM); 41 scientific method; 42 stage; 43 theory; 44 tissue;
45 transmission electron microscope (TEM); 46 unicellular
28 process by which organisms with certain favorable traits better survive and reproduce
29 part of microscope that holds the set of objective lenses
30 part of microscope located directly over the specimen which magnifies specimen
31 act of perceiving a natural occurrence that causes one to pose a question
32 part of microscope equivalent to the eyepiece
33 structures that carry out specialized jobs within an organ system
34 tiny structures within the cell that carry out functions necessary for cell viability
35 high degree of order within an organism’s internal & external parts
36 process where scientists who are experts in the field anonymously read & critique research papers
37 statement that forecasts what would happen in a test situation if the hypothesis were true
38 production of new organisms from and similar to existing organisms
39 the power to show details clearly in an image, i.e., to distinguish between 2 adjacent parts
40 type of microscope passing a beam of electrons over a specimen’s surface to give 3-D images
41 organized approach to learning how the natural world works
42 part of microscope that supports the slide holding eh specimen
43 set of related hypotheses explaining a lot of data & are confirmed many times by multiple scientists
44 groups of cells with similar abilities that allow the organ to function
45 type of microscope passing a beam of electrons through a very thinly sliced specimen
46 organisms made up of only 1 cell
Chapter 2: Chemistry of Life, pp 31-44
1 adhesion; 2 acid; 3 activation energy; 4 atom; 5 atomic number; 6 aqueous solution; 7 base; 8 buffer;
1 attractive force between particles of different substances
2 a solution in which the number of hydronium ions exceed the number of hydroxide ions
3 the amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction
4 simplest particle of an element that retains all of the properties of that element
5 the number of protons in an atom
6 solutions in which water is the solvent
7 a solution in which the number of hydroxide ions exceed the number of hydronium ions
8 chemical substances that neutralize small amounts of either an acid or a base added to a solution
Modern Biology, Holt, Rinehart & Winston, © 2009 Chapter 2: Chemistry of Life, pp 31-44
9 capillarity; 10 catalyst; 11 chemical bond; 12 chemical reaction; 13 cohesion; 14 compound;
15 concentration; 16 covalent bond; 17 electron; 18 element; 19 energy; 20 enzyme;21 hydrogen bond;
22 hydroxide ion; 23 hydronium ion; 24 ion; 25 ionic bond; 26 isotope; 27 mass; 28 mass number;
29 matter; 30 metabolism; 31 molecule; 32 nucleus; 33 neutron; 34 orbital; 35 oxidation reaction; etc...
9 attraction between molecules resulting in the rise of surface of a liquid when in contact with a solid
10 chemical substances that reduce the amount of activation energy needed
11 attractive forces that hold atoms together
12 process in which 1 or more substances change to produce 1 or more different substances
13 attractive force that holds molecules of a single substance together
14 combinations of atoms of 2 or more elements combined in fixed proportions
15 amount of solute dissolved in a fixed amount of the solution
16 attractive force formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
17 small, negatively charged subatomic particles of an atom
18 substances that cannot be broken down chemically into simpler kinds of matter
19 the ability to do work
20 protein or RNA molecule that acts as a catalyst in metabolic processes
21 force of attraction between a hydrogen molecule with a partial positive charge and another atom or
molecule with partial or full negative charge
22 the OH- ion
23 the H3O+ ion
24 atoms or molecules with an electrical charge
25 attraction between oppositely charged ions
26 atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons (and hence a different mass)
27 quantity of matter that an object has
28 the total number of protons and neutrons of an atom
29 anything that has mass and takes up space
30 all the chemical reactions that occur in an organism
31 simplest part of a substance retaining all the properties of that substance that can exist in a free state
32 central region of an atom in which neutrons and protons are found
33 subatomic particle, equal in size to the proton but with no charge, found in the atom’s nucleus
34 three-dimensional region around a nucleus that indicated the probably location of an electron
35 process in which a reactant loses one or more electrons, thus becoming more positive in charge
Modern Biology, Holt, Rinehart & Winston, © 2009: Chapter 2: Chemistry of Life
36 pH scale; 37 polar; 38 product; 39 proton; 40 reactant; 41 redox reaction; 42 reduction reaction;
43 saturated solution; 44 solute; 45 solution; 46 solvent
36 a scale for comparing the relative amounts of hydroxide and hydronium ions in a solution
37 an uneven distribution of charge
38 the substances on the right side of the chemical equation that are formed in a chemical reaction
39 positively charged subatomic particle found in an atom’s nucleus
40 the substances on the left side of the chemical equation that begin a chemical reaction
41 oxidation-reduction reactions
42 process in which a reactant gains one or more electrons, thus becoming more negative in charge
43 a solution in which no more solute can be dissolved
44 substance dissolved in the solvent
45 mixture in which one or more substances are uniformly distributed in another substance
46 substance in which the solute is dissolved
Chapter 3: Biochemistry, pp 51-60
1 active site; 2 adenosine triphosphate (ATP); 3 amino acid; 4 carbohydrate; 5 condensation reaction;
6 deoxyribonucleic acid; 7 disaccharide; 8 enzyme; 9 fatty acid; 10 functional group; 11 hydrolysis;
12 lipid; 13 macromolecule; 14 monomer; etc…
1 folds in the enzyme with specific shapes that hold the substrate
2 biological compound capable of storing much energy in its phosphate bonds
3 monomer of peptides & proteins with basic formula of NH2-CHR-COOH where R = different groups
4 organic compounds with the general formula of CH2O
5 chemical reaction in which H2O is released that is responsible for linking monomers together
6 nucleic acid containing information that determines organism characteristics & directs cell activities
7 a double sugar formed from the condensation reaction of 2 monosaccharides
8 RNA or protein molecules that act as biological catalysts
9 unbranched carbon chains making up most lipids; has 12-28 C chain with a carboxyl group at 1 end
10 clusters of atoms influencing characteristics & chemical reactions of the molecules the compose
11 chemical reaction in which H2O is used to break bonds in a polymer
12 large, nonpolar organic molecules (triglycerides, phospholipds, steroids, waxes, pigments, fats)
13 large polymers
14 small simple molecules that can form together like modules to make larger molecules
Biology I: Modern Biology, Holt, Rinehart & Winston, © 2009: Chapter 3: Biochemistry, pp 51-60
15 monosaccharide; 16 nucleic acid; 17 nucleotide; 18 organic compound; 19 peptide bond;
20 phospholipid; 21 polymer; 22 polypeptide; 23 polysaccharide; 24 protein; 25 ribonucleic acid;
26 steroid; 27 substrate; 28 triglyceride; 29 wax
15 a monomer of a carbohydrate with the general formula (CH2O)n, where n = 3 to 8
16 very large, complex organic molecules that store & transfer important information in the cell
17 monomer of nucleic acids; contains nitrogenous base, a 5-C sugar, & a phosphate group
18 compounds made primarily from carbon
19 covalent bond formed between 2 amino acids in a condensation reaction
20 type of lipid composed of 2 fatty acids with a phosphate group attached to glycerol’s 3rd carbon
21 molecule consisting of repeated, linked units
22 very long chains of amino acids
23 complex molecule composed of > 3 monosaccharides
24 organic compounds composed of polypeptides
25 nucleic acid that stores & transfers information from DNA & is essential for protein manufacturing
26 lipid composed of 4 fused carbon rings with various functional groups attached to them
27 the reactant being catalyzed
28 type of lipid composed of 3 fatty acids joined to glycerol
29 structural lipid consisting of a long fatty acid chain joined to a long alcohol chain
Modern Biology, Holt, Rinehart & Winston, © 2009: Chapter 4: Cell Structure & Function, pp 69-90
1 cell; 2 cell theory; 3 cell wall; 4 central vacuole; 5 centriole; 6 chlorophyll; 7 chloroplast;
8 chromosome; 9 cilia;
1 smallest unit that can carry on all of the processes of life
2 basic theory about the cellular nature of life
3 rigid layer outside plant’s plasma membrane, containing cellulose, proteins, & other carbohydrates
4 large, fluid-filled organelle storing water, enzymes, metabolic wastes, and other materials
5 two short microtubular cylinders near nuclear envelope of animal cells & important in cell division
6 green pigment that absorbs lights, capturing light energy for the cells of plants and algae
7 organelle that contains chlorophyll
8 structures in the nucleus made of DNA and protein formed when chromatin condenses
9 short hairlike structures, often numerous, that extend from cell surface & often aid in movement
Modern Biology, Holt, Rinehart & Winston, © 2009: Chapter 4: Cell Structure & Function, pp 69-90
10 cytoplasm; 11 cytoskeleton; 12 cytosol; 13 endoplasmic reticulum; 14 eukaryote; 15 flagellum;
16 Golgi apparatus; 17 lysosome; 18 microfilament; 19 microtubule; 20 mitochondrion; 21 nuclear
envelope; 22 nucleolus; 23 nucleus; 24 organ; 25 organ system; 26 organelle; 27 phospholipid bilayer;
28 plasma membrane; 29 plastid; 30 prokaryote; 31 ribosome; 32 thylakoid; 33 tissue
10 region within plasma membrane that includes the fluid, cytoskeleton, & non-nuclear organelles
11 network of thin tubes & filaments crisscrossing the cytosol to make a system of support & transport
12 part of cytoplasm including fluid, molecules,& small particles, but no membrane-bound organelles
13 system of membranous tubes & sacs that functions as an intracellular highway
14 organisms that have membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
15 long hairlike structure that extends from the surface of cell and aids in cellular movement
16 system of flattened, membranous sacs for processing and packaging of proteins and lipids
17 vesicles budding from the Golgi apparatus and containing digestive enzymes
18 long threads of beadlike protein actin, linked end-to-end & wrapped around each other, which
contribute to cell movement
19 hollow tubes made of the protein tubulin that hold organelles in place, maintain cell shape, & act as
tracks
20 tiny; organelles that transfer energy from organic molecules to ATP
21 double membrane surrounding the nucleus
22 denser area of the nucleus where DNA is concentrated when making ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
23 membrane-bound organelle containing cell’s DNA
24 a group of tissues that perform a particular job in an organism
25 a group of organs that accomplish related tasks
26 well-defined, subcellular structures that perform specific functions for the cell
27 double layer membrane with polar phosphate heads sandwiching nonpolar lipid tails in the middle
28 cell’s outer boundary covering a cell’s surface and acting as a barrier to the environment
29 organelles in plants containing their own DNA & surrounded by a double membrane
30 organisms that la\ck a membrane-bound nucleus & membrane-bound organelles
31 nonmembrane-bound organelle composed of RNA & protein that directs protein synthesis
32 system of flattened, membranous sacs in chloroplasts which contain chlorophyll
33 a group of similar cells and their products that carry out a specific function