Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
Mission Statement
Energy Research Institute @ NTU
ANNUAL REPORT
2012-2014
1 ENERGY
RESEARCH INSTITUTE @ NTU
CONTENTS
Corporate Profile/Mission Statement
2
Directors’ Message
4
Organisational Structure
7
Management Team
9
Programme Management Team
11
Management Board
13
ERI@N Staff Profile
14
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT FOCUS AREAS
Energy Storage
17
19
Fuel Cells
29
Sustainable Building Technologies
39
Maritime Energy
57
Solar Energy and Solar Fuels
69
Wind and Marine Renewable Energy
90
Electromobility
103
FLAGSHIP PROJECTS
Renewable Energy Integration Demonstrator in Singapore (REIDS)
110
111
EcoCampus Initiative
113
Events & Visits
116
Selected Publications
124
Credits
150
Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
Mission Statement
The Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N) was
formed by Nanyang Technological University (NTU) to
spearhead the University’s efforts in the area of sustainable
energy research.
CORPORATE
PROFILE
ERI@N was inaugurated on 15th June 2010 as an Institute
jointly funded by Nanyang Technological University (NTU)
and Singapore Economic Development Board (EDB); and
is supported in various forms through programmes of
the National Research Foundation (NRF), the Agency for
Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), the Maritime
and Port Authority of Singapore (MPA), Energy Market
Authority (EMA), other agencies and the industry.
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Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
Mission Statement
VISION
To be a leading research institute for innovative energy
solutions
MISSION
To be a centre-of-excellence for advanced research,
development, and demonstration of innovative energy
solutions with global impact by:
• Advanced research enhancing the efficiency of energy
systems while maximising the synergies of alternative
energy sources
• Enabling knowledge creation and technology transfer by
engaging with government agencies, research institutions
and industries
• Creating a multidisciplinary and collaborative environment
for the delivery of energy solutions and national
sustainability goals
AREAS OF RESEARCH
The Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N) will focus
on the areas of sustainable energy, energy efficiency/
infrastructure and socio-economic aspects of energy
research. Research activities and considerable expertise
in these areas exists within NTU’s research centres and
schools. ERI@N will provide a unique platform, where the
various disciplines such as materials, power electronics
and systems, biological, physical, social sciences, as well
as humanities and business communities can interact to
explore new solutions to a host of issues including energy
generation, harnessing, storage, distribution, efficiency, as
well as impact on climate change and global warming.
RESEARCH CENTRES/FACILITIES
The Institute has considerable expertise in areas of fuel
cells, wind & tidal energy, energy storage, photovoltaics,
smart energy systems & grids, and provide an integrated
set of expertise from materials design & synthesis, device
fabrication and modelling, and systems integration &
optimization.
Major
facilities
include
air-conditioning,
smart grids & lighting, electrical drives and electromobility,
nanomaterials and composite materials, wind / water tunnel
testing and tribology, high performance computing, and
prototyping facilities for solar cells, fuel cells, and batteries.
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Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
MESSAGE
(L-R) Prof Timothy White, Prof Chan Siew Hwa,
Prof Subodh Mhaisalkar, Prof Choo Fook Hoong,
Prof Hans B (Teddy) Püttgen
DIRECTOR’S
MESSAGE
4
Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
MESSAGE
The Energy Research Institute @ NTU opened in June 2010,
With 191 full-time staff and 176 PhD/Master scholars, ERI@N
with the aim to be a world-leading research institute for
maintains key collaborations with the University of California
innovative energy solutions. ERI@N’s mission is to grow into
Berkeley, Technical University of Munich, and University of
a centre-of-excellence for conducting advanced research,
Cambridge, as well as 33 Industry partnership projects,
development, and demonstration of innovative energy
including joint-laboratories with global leaders such as the
solutions having global impact.
BMW Group, Rolls-Royce, Johnson Matthey, and Vestas,
amongst others.
ERI@N is a pan-university research institute that consolidates
energy research and promotes multidisciplinary and
Over the next half-century, the combination of rising
transdisciplinary collaboration across the Colleges of
populations
Engineering, Science, Business, Humanities, Arts and the
development of massively scaled sustainable energy
Social Sciences.
and low-carbon electricity generation solutions. These
and
living
standards
will
demand
the
challenges, albeit an unparalleled threat to business-asThe Institute distinguishes itself through excellence in
usual, also represent a remarkable opportunity for research,
basic research directed towards outcomes of high industry
innovation, and green growth.
relevance. Thus, ERI@N is motivated to enable knowledge
identified the Clean Energy industry as a strategic growth
creation and technology transfer with research organisations
area for the economy, with projections of 7,000 green collar
and industries by creating a collaborative environment
jobs and a S$ 1.7 billion contribution to the gross domestic
for the delivery of energy solutions aligned with national
product by 2015.
Singapore has naturally
sustainability goals.
The years ahead present an unparalleled opportunity for
Research at ERI@N encompasses seven programmes,
ERI@N to focus on long term competence development that
namely, fuel cells, energy storage, sustainable buildings
will broadly address energy efficiency and renewable energy
technologies, solar cells & fuels, maritime clean energy,
integration. This is a daunting and inspiring task that we look
wind & marine renewables, and electromobility. Two flagship
forward to undertaking in partnership with our academic
projects, EcoCampus and Renewable Energy Integration
and industry partners.
Demonstrator Singapore (REIDS) are providing significant
outcomes in energy efficiency and renewables. The former,
Professor Subodh Mhaisalkar
Executive Director, Energy Research Institute @ NTU
a partnership between NTU, JTC Corporation, and the
Professor Chan Siew Hwa
Co-Director, Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Economic Development Board (EDB) will transform the NTU
campus and JTC’s Clean Technology Park into the most
Professor Timothy White
Co-Director, Energy Research Institute @ NTU
sustainable campus in the world and reduce the energy
utilization on campus by at least 35% over the next decade.
Professor Choo Fook Hoong
Co-Director, Energy Research Institute @ NTU
REIDS is tasked to integrate solar, wind, marine, and bioenergy resources with a broad range of energy storage
Professor Hans B (Teddy) Püttgen
Senior Director, Energy Research Institute @ NTU
technologies to serve the types of loads relevant in a microgrid context on Semakau island off the coast of Singapore.
This facility affords an ideal environment to develop and
export micro-grid solutions uniquely suited to tropical
conditions from Africa to Central and South East Asia.
5
Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
MESSAGE
6
Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE
MANAGEMENT BOARD
SCIENTIFIC
ADVISORY BOARD
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT
FINANCE & GRADUATE EDUCATION/
ADMIN/HR/CONTRACTS
ORGANISATIONAL
STRUCTURE
7
Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE
FUEL CELLS
ENERGY
STORAGE
SOLAR ENERGY
& SOLAR FUELS
SUSTAINABLE
BUILDING
TECHNOLOGIES
ELECTROMOBILITY
WIND & MARINE
RENEWABLES
MARITIME
ENERGY
8
Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
MANAGEMENT TEAM
MANAGEMENT TEAM
Professor Subodh Mhaisalkar
Executive Director, ERI@N
Professor Mhaisalkar is a faculty member in the
School of Materials Science and Engineering, and
his areas of expertise include nanomaterials, thin
film photovoltaics, and printable electronics and
charge storage.
Professor Chan Siew Hwa
Co-Director, ERI@N
Professor Chan is a faculty member in the School
of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, and his
areas of expertise include fuel cells, fuel reforming
and internal combustion engines.
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Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
MANAGEMENT TEAM
Professor Timothy White
Co-Director, ERI@N
Professor White is a professor in the School
of Materials Science and Engineering, and has
over twenty years of experience in the design
and demonstration of advanced materials for
environmental, superconducting, ionic conductivity,
and hydrogen storage applications.
Professor Choo Fook Hoong
Co-Director, ERI@N
Choo Fook Hoong’s areas of expertise are Energy
Management, Data Analytics and MVAC Systems,
LDAC Air-conditioning System, Power Electronics
and Drives, EVS and Electromobility, Smart Grids
- Hybrid DC/AC Grids and Renewable Energy
Systems (Solar PV and Thermal).
Professor Hans B (Teddy) Püttgen
Senior Director, ERI@N
Prof Püttgen is a professor in the School of Electrical
and Electronics Engineering, and his expertise
includes Energy Systems, Renewables Integration,
and Power Engineering.
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Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
MANAGEMENT TEAM
(L-R) Nyunt Wai, Marcus Koh Leong Hai, Koh Eng Kiong, Dr Ding Ovi Lian, Dr Narasimalu Srikanth, Nilesh Jadhav,
Dr Anshuman Tripathi, Asst Prof Alessandro Romagnoli, Kei-Leong Ho, Mohan Dass
PROGRAMME
MANAGEMENT TEAM
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Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
MANAGEMENT TEAM
• Koh Eng Kiong
Programme Director, Maritime Energy and Special Projects
• Dr Narasimalu Srikanth
Programme Director, Wind & Marine Renewables
• Nilesh Jadhav
Programme Director, EcoCampus/Sustainable Buildings Technologies
• Professor Rachid Yazami
Programme Director, Energy Storage (not in photograph)
• Dr Ding Ovi Lian
Programme Manager, Fuel Cells
• Dr Anshuman Tripathi
Programme Manager, Electromobility
• Koh Leong Hai, Marcus
Programme Manager, Sustainable Building Technologies
• Kei-Leong Ho
Programme Manager, Electromobility
• Mohan Dass
Programme Manager, Energy Systems
• Professor Alessandro Romagnoli
Programme Manager, Energy Systems
• Nyunt Wai
Programme Manager, Energy Storage
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Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
MANAGEMENT BOARD
MANAGEMENT BOARD
Professor Bertil Andersson
Lim Kok Kiang
President
Assistant Managing Director
Nanyang Technological University
Economic Development Board
Professor Freddy Boey
Lam Siew Wah
Provost/Deputy President
Deputy Chief Executive Officer
Nanyang Technological University
Building Construction Authority
Professor Lam Khin Yong
Bernard Nee
Chief of Staff/Vice-President (Research)
Assistant Chief Executive
Nanyang Technological University
Energy Market Authority
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Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
ERI@N STAFF PROFILE
ERI@N STAFF BY COUNTRY
22
21 17
16 20
19 18
24
14
15
13
5
9
10
23
11
8
4
67
3
1
2
12
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Singapore
Indonesia
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Thailand
Vietnam
China
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
India
Sri Lanka
Taiwan
Australia
Iran
Israel
Morocco
France
14
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
Germany
Italy
Spain
Switzerland
United Kingdom
Canada
Trinidad
United States of America
Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
ERI@N STAFF PROFILE
109
Below
Between
Between
Above
24
24-34
35-44
45
years
years
years
years
AGE
EDUCATION
TOTAL NUMBER OF RESEARCHERS 160
NUMBER
STUDENTS
PhD
150
Masters
65
Undergraduates (Interns/Final year students)
170
* All figures accurate as of 31 March 2014.
15
PHD
11
Masters
11
49 49
Bachelors
29
62
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
FOCUS AREAS
ENERGY
STORAGE
Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
ENERGY STORAGE
ENERGY STORAGE
ERI@N’s Energy Storage program develops advanced
electrochemical charge storage systems (ECSSs) to
meet the current and future demands for a variety of
distinct applications. A wide range of technologies are
supported by the program, including but not limited to;
flexible integrated batteries for wearable electronics,
flow batteries for large scale grid storage systems in
addition to next generation supercapacitors for high
power applications such as electric vehicles. Each of
these fields presents a unique set of criteria for which
ECSSs must be tailored. ERI@N works closely with
industrial partners and academic research institutions
(both Singaporean and international) to deliver
improvements to current ECSSs and develop futurefocused solutions to support myriad energy needs and
remain at the vanguard of energy storage technology.
FOCUS AREAS
Lithium Ion Batteries
Over the last 20 years, Li-ion batteries have emerged
as the most common energy storage device for
light weight portable applications such as mobile
phones and laptops and, more recently, have been
implemented in electric vehicles. For long-term use in
transportation applications, however, the performance
of current Li-ion technologies requires significant
improvement in terms of increased energy density
and durability.
Recent achievements in the optimisation of next
generation Li-ion materials at ERI@N include i) the
development of high capacity anodes and cathodes
ii) improved cycle stability of electrodes and iii) the
development of electrochemical thermodynamics
method (ETM) for determining state-of-health of a
battery.
The Energy Storage group at ERI@N is comprised
of approximately 30 researchers, students and staff
stationed both on NTU campus at the Research
Techno Plaza and the department of Material Science
and Engineering, off-campus at Clean Tech One, as
well as significant presence at partner laboratories
such as the TUM-CREATE. This provides an excellent
framework for coupling the development of new
technologies, with the in-house facilities to investigate
the scale-up of these technologies to test industrial
viability in the new Prototyping Lab at Clean Tech
Park. The areas of expertise and research activities of
the Energy Storage program are briefly summarised
below.
The commercial viability of new materials and
processes developed at ERI@N and MSE labs, can
be tested in ERI@N’s Prototyping Laboratory @ Clean
Tech Park, with large throughput coating abilities in a
dry room environment, bridging the gap between labscale and industrial-scale technologies necessary for
technology transfer.
Beyond Lithium-Ion
Several exciting alternatives to Li-ion chemistry are
being investigated at ERI@N to garner step-changes
in either increased energy density or lower cost.
Fluoride-ion batteries can potentially store up to four
times more energy than Li-ion batteries per weight,
due to high fluorine content possible in both anode
and cathode materials compared to their lithium
counterparts. However, many challenges, such as
finding a suitable liquid electrolyte, have impeded the
realisation of F-ion batteries.
20
Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
ENERGY STORAGE
From the point of view of cost reduction, sodium-ion
batteries show particular potential to become a viable
option due to their suitable redox potential and the
high abundance/low cost of sodium. Several novel
Na-ion cathode materials have been prepared with
in conjunction with the TUM-CREATE program. The
materials show excellent cyclability and are being
further developed as an alternative to Li-ion systems.
promotes interest in this technology for industrial
applications. At ERI@N, the innovations in redox flow
batteries span all the key components of the system
(electrodes, electrolytes, and ionic membranes).
Additionally, multiple technology demonstrations
have been executed. The research team developed
a prototype vanadium redox flow battery with 2.5 kW
output power, which was subsequently used to power
a forklift. This application is particularly relevant as
electrically powered forklifts are preferred for indoor
applications (e.g. forklifts in closed warehouses)
where exhaust emissions may be hazardous.
Li-air systems are also of particular interest because
of their high theoretical energy density (>10 kWh/kg).
A new liquid state anode or lithium solvated electron
solution (LiSES) has been developed at ERI@N for
advancement of Li-air batteries and other systems
that benefit from this unique high energy density
type of anode. A solid state electrolyte membrane
(glass ceramic lithium aluminum germanium
phosphate, LAGP) is also being developed as part of
this effort.
Supercapacitors
Supercapacitors (SCs) currently fill the gap between
batteries and conventional solid state or electrolytic
capacitors. The power density and cycle life of SCs
are extremely high, however, these devices typically
have lower energy density compared with Li-ion
batteries. By combining faradaic and capacitive
electrodes, substantial increases in energy density
may be achieved while maintaining high power
density. At ERI@N the research efforts focus on i) the
combination of high surface area carbon materials
with nanostructured transition metal oxides to increase
power densities and energy densities respectively and ii)
use of lithium intercalating electrodes (battery-type)
to capitalise on the high energy density of Li-ions in
supercapacitor systems.
Redox Flow Batteries
Redox flow batteries are an excellent candidate for
large scale electrical energy storage. Among this
class of storage devices, vanadium redox chemistry
is promising because it allows the use of one element
for both the anode and cathode. Furthermore,
vanadium redox presents significantly lower safety
and environmental risks compared to Li-ion systems.
Low self-discharge and long operational life further
1
Wang, Z., Madhavi, S. and David, L. (2012). Assembling carbon-coated -Fe2O3 hollow nanohorns on the CNT backbone for superior lithium storage capability. Energy and Environmental
Science, 5 (1), 5252-5256
2
Nagasubramanian, A., Yu, D., Hoster, H. and Madhavi, S. (2014). Enhanced cycling stability of o-LiMnO2 cathode modified by Lithium Boron Oxide coating for Lithium Ion Batteries.
Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, DOI 10.1007/s10008-014-242-3
3
Maher, K. and Yazami, R. (2014). A study of lithium ion batteries cycle aging by thermodynamics techniques. Journal of Power Sources, 247(1) 527-533
4
Bucher, N. Hartung, S., Gocheva, I., Cheah, Y-L., Madhavi, S. and Hoster, H.E. (2013). Combustion-synthesized sodium manganese (cobalt) oxides as cathodes for sodium ion batteries.
Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 17 (7) 1923-1929
5
Tan, K-S., Grimsdale, A.C. and Yazami, R. (2012). Synthesis and characterization of biphenyl based Lithium solvated electron solutions. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 116, 9056-60
21
Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
ENERGY STORAGE
LI-ION BATTERIES
HIGH CAPACITY, LONG-LIFE AND LOW-COST LITHIUM ION BATTERIES FOR
GREEN ENERGY STORAGE APPLICATIONS
A major thrust of the Li-ion group is to produce
nanostructured anode and cathode materials with
unique morphologies (e.g. hollow fibers, nano-rods)
that maximise capacity and cycle stability. The
figure and images illustrates the variety of materials
developed during this project. Associate Professors
Madhavi Srinivasan and Alex Yan Qingyu drive the
development of Li-ion batteries at ERI@N.
Figure 1. Voltage and capacity of novel nanostructured cathodes
and anodes
Figure 2. SEM images of various electrode materials developed
at ERI@N
One example of materials innovation for battery electrodes is illustrated by modification of Sn-based oxides
(e.g. CaSnO3). These oxides undergo large uneven volume expansion (>300 %) with lithium intercalation
ultimately leading to severe electrode pulverization and poor cyclability. An approach has been developed to
incorporate electrochemically inactive matrices like MOx (e.g. CaO) to accommodate volume change and inhibit
aggregation and degradation of the electrodes with long-term cycling. This results in a higher capacity retention
and coulombic efficiency with repeated cycling.
Another method employed by the research team to maximise cycling performance is the use of electrolyte
additives. One such additive is lithium (bis)oxalato borate [LiBOB]. Experimental data extrapolated to estimate
performance after 25 years shows a 27 % increase in capacity retention of a Li-ion battery when LiBOB is
added to lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6), a commonly used battery electrolyte. The electrode couple in
this example is nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) and titanium dioxide (TiO2).
6
Linlin, L., Madhavi, S., et al. (2012). Electrospun eggroll-like nanotubes with high lithium ion performance. Nanoscale, 5, 134-138
22
Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
ENERGY STORAGE
BEYOND LITHIUM-ION
BATTERY TECHNOLOGY
LIQUID-BASED ANODES / LITHIUM
SOLVATED ELECTRON SYSTEMS (LISES)
Significant effort across the globe is dedicated to
development of the Li-air battery, given its high
theoretic energy density which is comparable to that
of gasoline.
Currently, rechargeable Li-air battery research focuses
mostly on solid-state anode materials. However,
Prof. Rachid Yazami (recipient of the 2014 Charles
Stark Draper Prize for Engineering) and his research
team have chosen a unique route by developing a
new type of liquid anode, which consists of lithium
metal dissolved in a solution of electron receptors
to form a lithium solvated electron solution (LiSES).
Electron receptors used for this project are polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) such as biphenyl and
naphthalene. This novel LiSES-air cell is particularly
attractive as it can operate at ambient temperature.
Figure 3. Graph comparison energy densities of most common
energy storage chemistries
Advantages of a liquid anode include i) fast ion
transport capability ii) stable anode/ceramic membrane
electrolyte interface and iii) fast “recharge”. A battery
for electric vehicles (EVs) which utilises both liquidstate anode and cathode may permit refueling in a
matter of minutes (instead of 3-8 hours recharging)
by replacing the spent products with fresh electrode
solutions. The structure of the proposed Li-SES
system is shown in figure 4 (Anolyte: Liquid Anode,
Catholyte: Liquid Cathode).
At the current stage, a new catholyte solution (I2) is
being developed which allows for a full Li-SES cell to
operate in an environment without oxygen. The new
cell has undergone preliminary charge/discharge tests
successfully. Further studies are under-way to use
other kinds of PAH and catholytes in the LiSES cell.
Figure 4. Illustration of cell design for LiSES system with both
liquid anode and cathode
7
Kim Seng, T., Grimsdale, A.C. and Yazami, R. (2012). Synthesis and characterization of biphenyl-based Lithium solvated electron solutions. The Journal of Physical Chemistry,
116, 9056-9060.
23
Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
ENERGY STORAGE
VANADIUM REDOX
FLOW BATTERY (VRB)
NOVEL HIGH ENERGY DENSITY VRB
The ERI@N VRB research team led by Mr. Nyunt Wai
and Assoc. Prof Alex Yan, have made substantial
contributions to the field with innovations in multiple
key areas such as modified graphite electrodes,
various electrolytes, bromine complexing agents, and
cost saving ion-exchange membranes.
It was found that the existence of oxygen containing
functional groups (—COOH, C-OH, C-O, C=O, C-O-C)
on the surface of each developed electrode facilitates
the redox processes and improves cell performance.
Electrolytes and Complexing Agents
The first generation VRB employs a Vanadium/Sulfate
(V/SO4) electrolyte system at both electrodes. This
electrolyte limits the energy density of the system
to 15-25 Wh/kg of electrolyte. The team at ERI@N
has been able to increase this value to 44 Wh/kg by
using a V/Br electrolyte system. Furthermore, a new
low cost bromine complexing agent was developed
to reduce the formation of polybromide ions which
interrupt the flow cell operation, and to reduce
evolution of Br2 gas which is toxic.8 This innovation is
expected to reduce the overall cost of the V/Br system
and can be applied to other types of batteries that
involve toxic gas evolution. Current work is focused
on further increasing the energy density to 50 Wh/kg.
The electrolyte viscosity required for this performance
is very high and poses a new set of challenges.
Figure 5. Illustration of conventional VRB design
Electrode Materials
Various new electrode materials for Vanadium/
Bromide (V/Br) systems have been developed and
studied for their potential electrochemical properties
which could enhance the electrocatalytic kinetics
of the redox reactions and cell performance. These
materials include:
• Anodically oxidized graphite electrode
• Functionalized single-walled carbon nanotube
coated electrode
• Graphene oxide nano-sheets /polymer binders
coated electrode
Membranes
In-house synthesised membranes [sulfonated poly
(ether ether ketone) [SPEEK], cross-linking SPEEK and
composite SPEEK] have been identified as promising
alternative for ion-exchange membranes in both V/
SO4 and V/Br systems. These newly developed
membranes show energy efficiency and coulombic
efficiency comparable to that of the commercially
available standard membrane, Nafion, at a quarter of
the price. Work is still being carried out to improve the
mechanical properties of the SPEEK membrane.
24
Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
ENERGY STORAGE
SUPERCAPACITORS
HYBRID ELECTROCHEMICAL
CAPACITORS (HECS)
Integration of the Vanadium Redox Flow Battery
with the Cargo Handling Equipment
HEC projects focus on asymmetric supercapacitors
which use two different types of electrodes (e.g.
metal oxide cathode and activated carbon anode),
and also battery-type hybrids which couple a
battery electrode with a supercapacitor electrode
(e.g. LiCrTiO4 and activated carbon respectively).
The first generation V/SO4 system has a lower energy
density than V/Br systems. However, it has still shown
great potential for medium to large-scale energy
storage applications due to its long cycle life and
high energy efficiency. One such application has been
identified in cargo handling equipment. VRBs can be
used to replace, or work in conjunction with diesel
generators to power cargo forklifts. This is particularly
attractive for indoor uses where CO2 emissions are
undesirable.
Asymmetric Supercapacitors
Transition metal oxides (TMO) exhibit various
oxidation states, and the charge transfer between
them can be exploited in reversible redox reactions.
This charge storage mechanism provides the
faradaic component of the electrode pair, while
carbonaceous materials allow non-Faradaic charge
storage. We are currently engaged with an industry
partner, to apply newly developed TMO materials to
large scale supercapacitor systems.
The performance testing results of our 2.5 kW
VRB powered cargo lift is promising and confirms
the stack’s deliverable output power for a long
term usage.
8
Current
Density /
mAcm-2
Coulombic
Efficiency %
Voltage
Efficiency %
Energy
Efficiency %
40
77.88
90.96
70.85
50
81.35
89.21
72.57
60
84.31
86.90
73.26
70
86.63
84.73
73.41
80
88.93
82.03
72.96
Lithium Hybrid Electrochemical Capacitor
(Li-HEC)
This particular type of HEC also uses both Faradaic
and non-Faradaic processes to store charge and
maximise power and energy density of an energy
storage system. High surface area carbonaceous
material is chosen as the non-Faradaic charge
storage material which facilitates long term cycling
whereas a high performance Li-insertion type
electrode material is used to deliver high energy
density by faradaic processes. To date, only few
materials have been explored as insertion type
electrode materials for Li-HEC applications paired
with carbonaceous components. Hence, we have
chosen to explore this under-addressed topic which
can potentially make significant contributions to the
field of energy storage.
Wai, N. (2014). Sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone)-based proton exchange membranes for vanadium redox battery applications. Journal of Membrane Science, 450, 313-22
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Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
ENERGY STORAGE
FACILITIES AND CAPABILITIES
The wide range of research activities in ERI@N’s research program are supported by excellent facilities both
on and off the NTU campus, with the majority of the work performed in four key locations each; at i) NTU’s
School of Material Science and Engineering, ii) Research Techno Plaza, iii) Clean Tech Park and iv) the
TUM-CREATE labs.
School of Material Science and Engineering (MSE)
Facilities at MSE are equipped with wet labs and fume hoods (~100 sqm), and are geared toward supporting
synthesis strategies and development of high performance electrodes based on multifunctional nanoscale
materials. Fundamental materials characterisation (SEM, TEM, XRD) is also performed on site at the FACTS
lab. Batteries and supercapacitors are made in coin cell (2032) and pouch cell format and electrochemical
characterisation is performed on a Solartron 1260 Analyser.
Research Techno Plaza (RTP)
The RTP labs house both capabilities for development of energy storage devices and solar cells, primarily
catering to the latter. The focus is on electrode slurry preparation, electrode coating (doctor blading/screen
printing), device assembly (Li-ion batteries/supercapacitors), and electrical characterisation.
Clean Tech Park (CTP)
A dedicated Energy Storage Prototyping Lab is being outfitted at CTP. This lab aims to attract both industry and
academic partners that are interested in developing battery technologies in larger formats such as prismatic
and cylindrical (18650) cells. The prototyping lab has a state-of-the-art 40 m2 dry room facility, (-40°C dew point
with 2 people working and dehumidifying capacity of 209 g/hour), completed in October 2013. Noteworthy
equipment includes high current testing equipment, high throughput roll-to-roll coating ability and electrode
winding equipment.
TUM-CREATE
The facilities at TUM-CREATE labs act as a link between research and development in battery chemistry and the
engineering of battery packs for applications such as electric vehicles. TUM-CREATE laboratories are equipped
with a full set of synthesis lines, advanced characterisation instruments (including in-situ electrochemical XRD)
and battery testers for electrochemical energy research. Key research capabilities also include testing for
safety, battery lifetime, and modelling for material optimisation and failure. Temperature and climate chambers
are available for testing under highly controlled conditions. Battery Safety Chambers are also available to test
the robustness of Li-ion cells under various levels of electrical and physical abuse.
26
Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
ENERGY STORAGE
COLLABORATORS
Lithium-ion Batteries
Clariant
BMW
Johnson Matthey
Hybrid Electrochemical Capacitors
Amperics
Bosch
Elbit
Vanadium Reflux Flow Battery
SGL Carbon
Gildermeister
SGL Group – The Carbon Company – and the ERI@N signed an agreement to develop new carbon and
graphite materials for more efficient use in stationary redox flow batteries. The batteries will be optimised
for use in sub-tropical climates and have high-cycle stability. In this cooperative alliance, the carbon fibrebased electrode materials and graphite-based bipolar plates will be further developed and tested in this
system. The application behavior of the components will be further optimised with the aid of modeling.
FACULTY AND RESEARCH TEAM MEMBERS
NAME
AREA OF RESEARCH
EMAIL CONTACT
Assoc. Prof. Alex Yan Qingyu
LIB and Supercapacitors
alexyan@ntu.edu.sg
Assoc. Prof. Liu Xuewei
LIB and Supercapacitors
xuewei@ntu.edu.sg
Assoc. Prof. Lou Xiong Wen
LIB and Supercapacitors
xwlou@ntu.edu.sg
Assoc. Prof. Madhavi Srinivasan
LIB and Supercapacitors
madhavi@ntu.edu.sg
Assoc. Prof. Shen Zexiang
LIB and Supercapacitors
zexiang@ntu.edu.sg
Dr. Aravindan Vanchiappan
LIB and Supercapacitors
aravindan@ntu.edu.sg
Mr. Bassel de Graff
LIB and Supercapacitors
bdegraff@ntu.edu.sg
Dr. Prasad Yadav
LIB and Supercapacitors
pyadav@ntu.edu.sg
Dr. Wong Chui Ling
LIB and Supercapacitors
wchuiling@ntu.edu.sg
Mr. Sutanto
LIB and Supercapacitors
sutanto@ntu.edu.sg
Dr. Lai Linfei
LIB and Supercapacitors
lailf@ntu.edu.sg
Dr. Joseph Franklin
LIB and Supercapacitors
Thin Films
josephfranklin@ntu.edu.sg
Dr. Cheah Yan Ling
Na-ion and F-ion Batteries
ylcheah@ntu.edu.sg
Dr. Mani Uluganathan
Vanadium Redox Batteries
ulaganathan@ntu.edu.sg
Dr. Moe Ohnmar Oo
Vanadium Redox Batteries
oomoe@ntu.edu.sg
Mr. Nyunt Wai
Vanadium Redox Batteries
wnyunt@ntu.edu.sg
Prof. Rachid Yazami
Lithium-Air Batteries
rachid@ntu.edu.sg
F-ion Batteries
Electrochemical Thermodynamics
Measurement System
Mr Tan Kim Seng
Lithium-Air Batteries
Dr. Kenza Maher
Electrochemical Thermodynamics kmaher@ntu.edu.sg
Measurement System
27
kstan1@e.ntu.edu.sg
FUEL CELLS
Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
FUEL CELLS
CAPABILITIES DEVELOPED
FUEL CELLS
The fuel cell research group, which started in 2001,
continues to build and develop core capabilities in
fuel cell technology and provides technical leadership
to industry through collaborative research and
development. The group primarily focuses on proton
exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), solid oxide
fuel cell (SOFC) and hydrogen related technologies,
covering materials, catalysis and electro-chemistry,
thermo-fluid and design, and product prototyping.
PEMFC
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Reduction of methanol cross-over (DAFC)
Self hydrating of MEA with hygroscopic nano-sliica
Non-Pt base catalyst for electrodes (HT-PEMFC)
Overcome flooding of cathode with silicone oil
Bipolar plates based on polymer nano-composites
with conductive fillers.
Ultra-low Pt loading for electrodes (Ternary Pt-Ni_Fe)
HT-catalyst suport
High performance inorganic exchange membranes
Multi-Physics modeling
SOFC
1. Solid oxide electrolyser cell for CO2 capture
& conversion to fuels
2. Suplhur tolerant anode
3. Environmentally friendly aqueous based tape
casting for large cell component fabrication
4. Advanced electrodes for direct HC/alcohol
oxidation, thin-film technology for electrolyte
5. High performance SOFC cell and stack
6. Multi-Physics modeling
The core competencies of the group lie in a) High
performance, ultra-low precious group metal loading
fuel cell/electrolyser, b) On-demand, high energy
density portable hydrogen generator, and c) Complex
fuel cell-integrated system for distributed generation,
power-to-gas/electrolysis, and micro-grid integration.
30
The fuel cell research group is supported by 6 NTU
staff, 2 visiting professors and 16 research staff.
Through the collective efforts of these excellent
individuals, the group has developed and patented a
number of technologies on catalysts for use in fuel
cell, and hydrogen generation and purification. Some
of these developments have attracted the interests of
commercial companies to collaborate with ERI@N to
further develop into a commercial product.
Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
FUEL CELLS
LOW COST, HIGH PERFORMANCE
CO-BASED CATALYST
Principal Investigator: Prof. Chan Siew Hwa
Team Members: Dr. Zhang Lan, Mr. He Hongquan
Industry Partner: Horizon fuel cell technologies
Status: Completed
This project is related to the development of a novel
catalyst system, which is used to speed up the
hydrolysis of chemical hydride solution. The entire
testing was conducted at Horizon Energy Systems
using their fuel cell stack integrated with a Hydrogenon-Demand fuel supply system. The catalyst has
surpassed 150 hours under 5 bars atmosphere, which
is far longer than that of the commercial products
registered at around 10 hours. Horizon is a small
company and they would be interested in licensing the
technology from us provided that there are sufficient
orders from their customers.
requiring no moving parts in the cartridge. The
cartridge serves as the fuel supply system for a fuel
cell stack (25W) to be used by soldiers. They have
been in discussion with a French company making
hydrogen-on-demand cartridge for them, with an
intention to supply complete fuel cell power packs
to defence industries. The requirements are very
stringent, not only to meet the target performance
(such as to achieve a hydrogen generation rate of 100
sccm within 30 seconds), but also the catalyst must
work in adverse environmental conditions (15oC or
lower) and safe in operation. Preliminary evaluation
results by the entity in Sep 2013 showed that we
were unable to meet the “instant” hydrogen supply
flow rate requirement, which prompted us to tweak
the formulation for fast chemical kinetics. We are now
into the second phase of the evaluation and the new
batch of catalyst has been sent to them for further
evaluation in mid-December 2013.
We have also been working with a foreign entity on
performance evaluation of the catalyst technology
developed in this POC project since Oct 2012, with
the objective of licensing such technology to this
entity for special purpose application. This company
has an invention on hydrogen-on-demand system
31
Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
FUEL CELLS
ACHIEVEMENTS
1. The cobalt oxide-based beads have been
successfully fabricated by improved gel-casting
technique. The diameter of self-supported cobalt
oxide-based catalysts beads can be controlled by
changing the dimensions of the syringe tips.
4. The commercial 200W PEMFC stack was
successfully operated on hydrogen from hydrolysis
of NaBH4 in the presence of cobalt oxidebased beads catalyst (Co3O4 85wt.% + MnCO3
3.33wt.% + NiO 6.67wt.%, and sintered at 1300oC
for 2 h in air) for over 77 h.
2. Arising from optimizing the formula of raw materials,
MnCO3 was found to be the best sintering additive
and pore former for cobalt oxide-based catalyst
beads.
5. The commercial hydrogen generator was
successfully operated on hydrogen from hydrolysis
of NaBH4 with cobalt oxide-based beads catalyst
(Co3O4 90wt.% + MnCO3 3.33wt.% + NiO
6.67wt.%, and sintered at 1300oC for 2 h in air) for
more than 150 h.
3. After optimizing the content of raw materials
used, the best formula was found to be Co3O4
90wt.% + MnCO3 3.33wt.% + NiO 6.67wt.%,
and the catalyst beads fabricated from this
formula shows that the maximum compressive
load is ~81N and the hydrogen generation rate
from 1wt.%NaOH+25wt.%NaBH4 solution in the
presence of cobalt oxide-based catalyst beads at
80oC is ~9000 ml min-1 g-1.
6. The
volume
of
H2
released
from
0.5wt.%NaOH+15wt.%NaBH4
solution
after
removing the immersed cobalt oxide-based
beads (Co3O4 90wt.% + MnCO3 3.33wt.% + NiO
6.67wt.%, and sintered at 1300oC for 2 h in air)
is ~4 ml in 20 min, i.e., ~12ml/h, which is lower
than 30ml/h required for smart portable chemical
energy cartridge.
Figure 1. Schematic of hydrogen generation system and fuel cell stack
32
Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
FUEL CELLS
FUEL CELL AS A GREEN POWER SOURCE
FOR SHIP AND PORT APPLICATIONS
Principal Investigator: Prof. Chan Siew Hwa
Team Members: Ding Ovi Lian, Zhou Weijiang, Li Miao, Jing Benqin
Industry Partner: Gashub, Temasek polytechnic
Status: Completed
Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC)
technology is touted to be one of the promising
candidates for portable, mobile and stationary
applications (0-200 kW). They are highly efficient (40
to 65%), reliable and environmentally friendly. They
operate at a low temperature (< 100 °C), and have
high power density.
to build a much larger power capacity stack to meet a
particular need on board of a ship, such as, auxiliary
power system.
We are pleased to report that we have achieved
the goal of developing a 3 to 5 kW fuel cell system
complete with balance-of-plant.
We had also
conducted studies and analysis on the different flow
field and catalyst coated membrane. In addition to
these, the balance-of-plant was developed to control
and monitor the status of the fuel cell power system.
Our tests have shown that the fuel cell power system
is capable of producing more than 3 kW and has good
stability during operation.
In this project, we proposed to develop a 3 to 5 kW
fuel cell stack, incorporating the invention and knowhow we have developed earlier. The stack with this
power capacity is ideal for lab development before
it can be used on board a ship. The success of
demonstrating this 3 to 5 kW fuel cell stack, in terms
of enhanced performance and stability, would allow us
Figure 1. Development process of the fuel cell system
33
Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
FUEL CELLS
Figure 2. Development of the balance-of-plant for the fuel cell system
34
Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
FUEL CELLS
FUEL CELL AS RANGE EXTENDER
FOR ELECTRIC BOAT
Principal Investigator: Prof. Chan Siew Hwa
Team Members: Ding Ovi Lian, Jing Benqin, Zhang Caizhi
Industry Partner: Horizon fuel cell technologies, Aspin Kemp & Associates
Status: In-progress
The need for green energy sources and to improve
the efficient usage of fossil fuels in the marine field,
makes it important to replace or improve current
fossil-fuelengines. Very low emissions and relatively
high efficiencies have been observed in marine power
plants using fuel cells. The emission levels from the
fuel cell are accepted by the required international
marine regulations addressed by the International
Maritime Organization (IMO) and the International
Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships.
In addition, fuel cells have a high electrical efficiency
ranging between 40% and 60%. However, the
system efficiency (including reformers and auxiliary
equipment) is lower.
The operation of pure hydrogen and air PEM fuel cells
is, however, likely to be restricted to ships carrying
hydrogen as a cargo. This is because the low
volumetric energy density requires very sizeable fuel
tanks and because additional safety precautions are
also necessary.
This proposal aims to develop an integrated reformed
light hydrocarbon-fed fuel cell power system, to
demonstrate the advantage of partially replacing the
battery bank in the hybrid electric boat. With this
installation, the boat shall increase its energy efficiency
and prolonged operation range, while reducing the
environmental impact from particulate matters, toxic
and greenhouse gases.
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the hybrid diesel-fuel cell system for electric boat
35
Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
FUEL CELLS
FACILITIES AND CAPABILITIES
FUEL CELL RESEARCH TEAM
The fuel cell research group has two laboratories
situated in NTU campus and CleanTech One,
respectively. The laboratory in NTU is focused on
the fundamental studies whereas the works in the
laboratory in CleanTech One is geared towards
translational research and prototyping.
KEY MEMBERS
Chan Siew Hwa
Professor
Nigel Brandon
Visiting Professor
Ding Ovi Lian
Program Manager
Shen Zexiang
Professor
Wang Xin
Assoc Professor
Li Hua
Asst Professor
Su Pei-Chen
Asst Professor
36
Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
FUEL CELLS
GROUP ORGANISATIONAL CHART
6 Full Time
Faculty
Program Leader
(Academic)
Prof. Chan Siew Hwa
Prof. Su Pei-Chen
Program Manager
(Industry)
Dr. Ding Ovi Lian
2 Visiting & Adjunct
Professors
1 Technician
13 Res Staff
14 PhD
PEMFC
2 Research Fellow
1 Project officer,
2 PhD
IC: Zhou Weijiang
Dr. Xue YH,
Zhang CZ,
Raj,
Li Miao
Research Group
(7 RF, 3 PO, 14 Phd)
Provide engineering
support to
Research Group
H2 & Other
Technologies
1 Research Fellow,
2 Project officer,
1 PhD
IC: Zhang Lan
Solid Oxide Cell
4 Research Fellow
11 PhD
IC: Liu Qinglin
Engineering
Support Unit
(1 RF, 1 REng)
IC: Sender
Yi J
He HQ,
Bai L,
Berthold Reeb
Dr. Huang HC
Dr. Wang Jingbo
Dr. Zhou J
Dorna,
StemplenJ,
Wang Jianfeng,
Baek Jong Dae,
Li Yong,
Tu Chen-Chiang,
Ng Chee Seng,
Xie Hanlin,
Liu Kang-Yu,
Kevin Lim,
Pan ZH
Key activities
• Design/Fabricate of circuit board
• System integration
• System Prototype
37
SUSTAINABLE
BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES
Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
SUSTAINABLE BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES
SUSTAINABLE
BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES
The buildings sector consumes nearly one-third of energy use globally. Energy consumption in
the building sector is trending upwards due to increasing population and higher economic activity
in most parts of the world. In Singapore, non-residential and residential buildings combined
consume about 50% of the country’s electricity. It is hence essential to focus on energy reduction
in this sector via technologies that can significantly improve the energy efficiency of buildings,
while ensuring their liveability and long term sustainability. The Sustainable Building Technologies
(SBT) Programme at ERI@N focuses on research, development and demonstration of innovative
technologies for providing efficient and cost-effective solutions for green and smart buildings of
the future.
The key technology thrusts in the SBT Programme at ERI@N can be summarised as follows:
1) Building Modelling/Simulation and Scientific Design Support
The modelling and simulation of building performance via use of computational techniques
and tools ensures a more scientific way of making optimum technological choices for
building design elements and deriving maximum benefits from their synergies in a costeffective way. The team focuses on integrated design, modelling and optimisation of the
building envelope and active building technologies via the use of energy modelling tools
and computational fluid dynamic simulations to accurately predict and also control the
performance of buildings.
2) Innovative Cooling Technologies for tropics
Efficient and cost-effective cooling is one of the biggest challenges for buildings vis-à-vis
thermal comfort of its occupants. Apart from control strategies for cooling and mechanical
ventilation, the team investigates novel cooling approaches such as desiccant based
dehumidification, thermal chillers, active chilled beams, radiant cooling, solar cooling and
efficient ventilation techniques for laboratories.
3) Smart Building systems and micro grids
With the advent of Smart Grid technologies such as advanced metering and automation
systems, buildings are becoming smarter and highly interactive with their occupants
as well as the surrounding environments. Along with advanced sensor networks and
communication technologies, the team also researches on information and home/building
automation and management systems and opportunities with DC grids with increasing
adoption and integration of renewable generation technologies within the building.
40
Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
SUSTAINABLE BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES
41
Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
SUSTAINABLE BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES
RADIANT CHILLED CEILING
TEST-BEDDING AT CLEANTECH ONE
Project Manager: Majid Haji Sapar
Team Members: Bharath Seshadri, Aaron Patrick Boranian, Zhou Jian
Industry Partner: SGL Carbon
KEY OUTCOME/DELIVERABLES
From the test-bedding, the team delivered the
following key findings:
• There is no significant operational problem; no
condensation was observed in more than one year
of operation.
• Energy savings of 26% overall in air conditioning
energy consumption. The amount of cooling energy
required by the ECOPHIT chilled ceiling installation
was reduced by 24% and the electricity required
for the AHU fan was reduced by 39%.
• Occupant’s thermal comfort was enhanced with
better indoor environment (lower draft of cold air,
lower containment level).
The 6-month research project led by researchers
from the Sustainable Buildings Team at ERI@N, in
collaboration with SGL Group and BARCOL Air,
investigated the performance of the radiant chilled
ceiling system – SGL Group’s ECOPHIT technology
at ERI@N’s CleanTech One office. The project was
completed in early August 2013.
The main aim of this project was to find out if radiant
cooling, specifically ECOPHIT chilled ceilings, could
provide the same benefits under conditions in
Singapore as it did in Europe.
The main objectives of the project were to:
• Model and simulate building space and chilled
ceiling-VAV system accurately
• Validate the modelling results using data from a
Building Management System
• Compare the energy consumption and cost
effectiveness of the system with a conventional
VAV system
• Measure the thermal comfort and overall
occupant satisfaction
42
Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
SUSTAINABLE BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES
DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY
ROADMAP FOR R&D IN BUILDING
ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN SINGAPORE
Project Manager: Nilesh Y. Jadhav
Team members: Aaron Patrick Boranian, Jatin Narotam Sarvaiya, Priya Pawar, Zhang Zhe
The Singapore Building and Construction Authority
(BCA) led a multi-agency effort to develop a technology
roadmap for research and development (R&D) in the
energy efficiency of buildings in Singapore until 2030
and beyond. Termed as the Building Energy Efficiency
Technology Roadmap, the roadmap aims to update
the research and innovation priorities to align with
Singapore’s long term objectives for a sustainable
built environment, comprising of high energy efficient
high-rise buildings and townships. Funded by the
Singapore National Research Foundation (NRF)
with support from the National Climate Change
Secretariat (NCCS), ERI@N was awarded the roadmap
consultancy contract amid keen competition.
The team gathered primary and secondary data to
come up with targets for building energy efficiency
improvement in different scenarios at various
timelines. Specifically, a 40%-60% improvement in
energy efficiency for current best-in-class buildings
was projected to be realisable by 2030 with validation
through energy modelling and simulation.
Out of the four main technology focus areas, 52
technologies were identified. Using Analytic Hierarchy
Process, R&D priorities were ranked and prioritised
with timelines for development and resource
requirements.
The roadmapping effort also identified non-technical
challenges that were key R&D gaps, namely: the lack of
(1) readily accessible test-bedding facilities; (2) readily
accessible data on performance of technologies and
their measurement and verification; (3) in-depth, upto-date knowledge and capabilities in industry on
technical aspects, integrated design and life-cycle
costs of technologies; (4) information and skills on
comprehensive building audit and recommissioning
and (5) know-how to retrofit existing buildings for
energy efficiency in a cost effective way with minimal
disruption.
Throughout the duration of the project, both local
and international thought leaders across academia,
industry and policy were brought together to
workshops, interviews and specific focus group
discussion sessions. Through this exercise the team
managed to define the scope and boundaries of the
roadmap, in terms of main technology focus areas
and building types covered.
43
Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
SUSTAINABLE BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES
INTELLIGENT LABORATORY ENERGY
SUB-METERING SYSTEM AT NTU
Project Manager: Danielle Marie Griego
PI: Associate Professor Wang Peng
Team members: Wang Xiaochen, Vincent Sutedy, Wang Hongying
A group of researchers from the Sustainable Building
Technologies team at ERI@N started this project, with
the primary objective of measuring, analysing and
processing real-time building and energy data for all
end-uses in a selected laboratory space located on
the NTU campus. The system not only considers the
total energy consumption of a whole building but also
the disaggregated energy consumption allocated to
lighting, equipment, air conditioning and mechanical
ventilation.
In addition to measuring and analysing data, the team
designed an intelligent database through MySQL for
data storage. Furthermore, a convenient monitoring
and analytic system is developed and linked with the
database with a dashboard which is used to query
the required data. The overall system enables the user
to query details on the data collected and make data
analysis with the built-in functions.
The unique data from this study has attracted
the research community in the buildings space
to
demonstrate
various
technologies
and
methodologies for energy savings for laboratories in
the tropics. Therefore this project has also become
a research enabler for several up-coming research
collaboration projects.
The facility chosen for the study is the chemistry
block at the School of Physical Mathematical Science
(SPMS), which is the highest energy consuming facility
block on the NTU campus, A lab space of 880m2 was
outfitted with 38 new power meters and one BTU
(British Thermal Units) meter to comprehensively
quantify all energy end-uses required for operation.
The indoor and outdoor air conditions are also
monitored, including the AC supply air temperature
and relative humidity, ventilation flow rates, and a
weather station data for outdoor conditions. The
data collected is used to quantify disaggregated
energy consumption for representative lab spaces for
benchmarking purpose and also to identify areas of
greatest energy savings potential.
44
Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
SUSTAINABLE BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES
BIDIRECTIONAL AC/DC CONVERTER
IN HYBRID AC/DC MICROGRIDS
Principal Investigator: Associate Professor Wang Peng
Team Members: Choo Fook Hoong, Liu Xiong, Jin Chi
Industry Partner: US Army
The main aim of this project was to develop the
hardware and control algorithm for the bidirectional
AC/DC converter in the hybrid grid. The function of
the bidirectional converter was to control power
transfer between the AC and DC microgrids. The main
objectives of the project were to:
• Select proper power electronics interface for
interlinking AC and DC microgrids.
• Develop control algorithm for bidirectional AC/
DC converter.
• Build up the hardware of the bidirectional converter
with proper control algorithm.
• Verify the effectiveness of the control algorithm
and ensure stable performance of the bidirectional
AC/DC converter.
Figure 2. GUI for monitor and control
KEY OUTCOME/DELIVERABLES
• A general board (the green board as shown in
Fig. 1) including power switch modules, voltage/
current sensors and gate drivers was developed.
• The PCB control board design for the DSP 28335
was developed as shown in the lower left corner of
Fig. 1.
• The commercial auxiliary power supplies were
employed to power control card, sensors and gate
drivers as shown in the upper left corner of Fig. 1.
• Firmware embedded coding for the DSP was
finished to implement the control algorithm.
• The hardware debug was finished on the entire
prototype of DSP controlled bidirectional AC/DC
converter as shown in Fig. 1.
• A graphical user interface (GUI) was developed
by C# to control and monitor the bidirectional
converter as shown in Fig. 2.
• The DSP controlled bidirectional AC/DC converter
was eventually tested with desired performance.
Figure 1. Hardware implementation
45
Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
SUSTAINABLE BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES
LIST OF KEY PROJECTS
Project Title
Principal Investigator
Agency/Company
Status
Development of Green Data
Center Rating System
PI: Toh Kok Chuan
Co-PI: Wong Yew Wah
IDA
Completed
Intelligent Energy Systems
Pilot Project
PI: Tseng King Jet
EMA
Completed
Bidirectional AC/DC Converter
in Hybrid AC/DC Microgrids
PI: Wang Peng
US Army
Completed
Study of Cool Roof Materials
for HDB Buildings
PI: Wan Man Pun
HDB, Akzo Nobel
Completed
Scientific Planning and
Support for high performance
buildings: CleanTech Two
PI: Li Hua
PM: Nilesh Jadhav
Collaborator: LBNL, AIT
JTC
Completed
Membrane-based Absorption
Air Conditioning and Dehumidification System using
Renewable Energy or Waste
Heat
PI: Choo Fook Hoong
A*Star, MND
Memsys
On-going
Development of Tropical
Energy Efficient HVAC Systems
with Active Chilled Beam
Terminal Units
PI: Wenjian Cai
A*Star, MND
Parsons
Brinckerhoff
On-going
PI: Wan Man Pun
A*Star, MND
Skycool
On-going
Reducing Urban Heat with
JTC Estates by Installing
Subsurface Water Cooling
Systems
PI: Qin Xiaosheng
Co-PI: Chiew Yee Meng
JTC
Completed
Outside Air Cooling and
Energy-Efficient ICT
Operations for Modular Data
Centre in Singapore
PI: Wong Yew Wah
Co-PI: Toh Kok Chuan
Collaborator: School of
Computer Engineering
(NTU)
IDA, Toshiba
Completed
Radiant Chilled Ceiling Testbedding at CleanTech One
PI: Majid Sapar
SGL Carbon
Completed
Development of Technology
Roadmap for R&D in Building
Energy Efficiency in Singapore
PM: Nilesh Jadhav
Collaborator: Nexight
BCA, NRF, NCCS
On-going
High-performance cool roof
coating for green buildings
46
Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
SUSTAINABLE BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES
PI: Wong Yew Wah
Co-PI: Toh Kok Chuan
Qin Xiaosheng
Wen Yonggang
Collaborator: Keppel DHCS
MND, BCA
On-going
PI: Yang En Hua
A*Star, MND, BCA,
NipponPaint
On-going
Scientific Planning and
Support for high performance
buildings: North Spine
Academic Building at NTU
Campus
PM: Majid Sapar
BCA, NTU Office
of Development
and Facilities
Management
On-going
Carbon Footprint Baseline for
NTU Campus
PI: Justin Dauwels
NTU Sustainable
Earth Office
On-going
Energy Modeling and
Simulation of NTU Campus
Buildings for Future
Renovations in Singapore
PI: Wan Man Pun
NTU Sustainable
Earth Office
On-going
PI: Wang Peng
NTU Sustainable
Earth Office
Completed
Clean Tech One Building-Wide
Monitoring (BWM)
PI: Tan Yen Kheng
NXP
On-going
DC Renewable Connected
Building Grid for Wireless
Intelligent LED Lighting System
(WiLLs)
NTU PI: Tan Yen Kheng
JTC Co-PIs: Jason Foo and
Rao Yimin
JTC/EDB/Philips
On-going
Novel Thermal Comfort
Control for Enhancing Energy
Efficiency of Air-Conditioning
Systems in Hot Humid Climate
PI: Chien Szu-Cheng
Co-PI: Yu Hao
JTC Co-PI: Loh Wai Soong
JTC Co-PI: Ng Kian Wee
Collaborator: Toshiba
NTU-JTC
Industrial
Infrastructure
Innovation Centre
(I3C)
On-going
Smart Building Management
System with Dynamic Indoor
Occupant Positioning System
(DIOPS)
PI: Yu Hao
Co-PI: Chien Szu-Cheng
JTC Co-PI: Loh Wai Soong
JTC Co-PI: Ng Kian Wee
NTU-JTC
Industrial
Infrastructure
Innovation Centre
(I3C)
On-going
PI: Choo Fook Hoong
SOLID
On-going
Development of an Integrated
Decision Support System for
Eco City DHCS
Multifunctional Cool Paint
Incorporating TiO2-based
Nano-capsules of PCM for
Tropical Buildings
Intelligent Campus Energy
Sub-metering Systems
Physical simulation and
development of control
strategies for thermal chiller
for tropical climates
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Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
SUSTAINABLE BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES
LABORATORY FACILITIES
LIQUID DESICCANT AIR-CONDITIONING (LDAC) LAB
The LDAC lab is an industrial collaboration with Memsys Clearwater Pte Ltd, supported by A*Star, MND and
BCA. And is part of a three year research and development Programme to develop a disruptive technology for
the air-conditioning market that will not only help to reduce energy consumption but also to mitigate carbon
emission. The technology uses liquid desiccant and an all plastic solution for an absorption process to generate
cool dry air or chilled water. This lab is located at Level 5 of CleanTech One.
Layout plan
Thermal Collectors
Regenerator unit
Key facilities and equipment:
• Membrane based dehumidifier unit
• Waste heat recovery system using Heat Pump
• Regenerator unit for re-concentrating LithiumChloride solution and desalination
• Solar hot water
•
•
•
•
48
Fan coil unit
Air-tight storage tanks
Control and monitoring using SCADA
Design and simulation tool COMSOL
Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
SUSTAINABLE BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES
ACTIVE CHILLED BEAM LAB (ACB)
The ACB lab is being developed with an industrial collaborator, Parsons Brinckerhoff, and is supported by
A*Star, MND and BCA. It is part of a three year research and development Programme to develop energy
efficient HVAC system using ACB terminal units and equipped with advanced automation system for all possible
working conditions under the local climate. Lab facilities will allow testing of different designs and sizes of ACB
units with and without integrated with building HVAC system.
Primary air system
Chill
Chilled
d water
t system
t
Key facilities and equipment:
• Testing facility for different sizes of ACB units
• Integrated testing of building HVAC and ACB units
• Dehumidification unit
• Condensation water handling and dynamically adjust outdoor air
• CFD simulation tool and air flow optimization
• Energy management, control and optimization of system (EMCOS)
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Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
SUSTAINABLE BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES
SOLAR THERMAL AND COOLING LAB
The solar thermal and cooling lab is a joint lab with an industry collaborator, SOLID Austria, for research and
development in solar thermal and cooling systems for tropics. The main research areas are large scale Solar
Thermal Installation design and controls, performance improvement of different types of collectors system,
optimisation of collector array layout and heating system, integration of adsorption/absorption chiller for
analysis of solar cooling potential, variable speed and hybrid thermal chillers, and development of advanced
control and simulation software.
Key facilities and equipment:
• Test-bedding facility of medium to high temperature
collectors
• Co-generation of cooling and hot water
• Solar hot water for dehumidification labs
• Absorption/adsorption chiller
•
•
•
•
50
Hybrid vapour compression-thermal chiller
High performance coatings for thermal collectors
IP-Solar simulation tool
Simulation, data logging, and analysis
Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
SUSTAINABLE BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES
HYBRID AC/DC GRIDS FOR FUTURE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
With the advent of renewable energy sources (producing mostly DC power), a favourable solution is to build
a hybrid AC and DC grid at distribution levels, to couple DC sources with DC loads and AC sources with AC
loads. Multiple conversions can be reduced to a minimum due to both DC and AC links in the hybrid structure.
Elimination of unnecessary multi conversion processes reduces the total conversion loss, and elimination of
embedded rectifiers for DC loads in current AC grid results in the simplification of equipment and cost reduction
of electronic products.
Snapshot of Water and Energy Research Lab in NTU
A hybrid AC/DC grid was developed at the Water and Energy Research Laboratory (WERL) with support
from Schneider Electric Singapore and Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore. The hybrid grid
consists of a 400V three-phase AC grid with 8 nodes and a 380V DC grid with 8 nodes. Both AC and DC grids
can be connected into radial or ring configurations. Two bidirectional converters tie AC and DC grids together.
An 18 kW AC source, 7.5 kW wind turbine generator simulator, 4.5 kW Programmemable load and 3.3 kW
resistive load are connected to the AC grid. The AC grid can also be connected to the utility grid and to the AC
micro grid in the Laboratory for Clean Energy Research (LaCER). A 20 kW DC Programmemable source, 14.5
kW Programmemable load, a 3.3 kW resistive load, 1.45kW solar simulator and 28.8 kWh battery storage are
connected to the DC grid. A 5 kW PV system can be connected to the AC grid by a DC/AC grid tied inverter
and can also be switched to the DC grid through a DC/DC booster converter. A 1.2 kW fuel cell generator with
5kWh Hydrogen tank as energy storage is connected to the AC grid and can also be switched to the DC grid.
Major facilities available in the laboratory
• RT-Lab Real-Time OPAL Simulator
• Solar Photovoltaic Systems of different
technologies
• Date Acquisition and Controllers
• Pyranometers
• Irradiance Metermetron
• Sun Tracking System SOLYS 2 c/w Pyreheliometer
51
• Membrane Distillation & Bioreactor Measurement
System
• Solar Thermal System with storage capacity
• Weather Transmitter
• Programmemable AC/DC Power Supplies and
Electronic Loads
Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
SUSTAINABLE BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES
LABORATORY FOR CLEAN ENERGY RESEARCH (LaCER)
This laboratory is dedicated to support research projects in the grid integration of clean energy systems from
renewable energy sources such as solar, wind and marine. It has solar photovoltaic and wind turbine systems on
the rooftop of Block S2 of the EEE complex, which are directly fed into power distribution panels in the laboratory.
There are also hardware simulators of solar, wind and marine energy systems, micro-grids and building-to-grid
systems. The major research activities in the lab are: Microgrid Energy Management System, Power Converter
& Grid Architectural Design for Future Intelligent Energy Distribution Networks, Open Architecture for Intelligent
Power Quality Monitoring & Evaluation System, Design of a Voltage Collapse Monitoring Instrument using Local
Information, Intelligent Trading/Metering/Billing System for Future Smart Distribution System.
10K-kW Solar PV Panels (S2 Block, EEE)
Wind turbine at S2 rooftop
Automatic generation control
Low voltage system
Major facilities available in the laboratory
• Solar photovoltaic system
• Wind turbine system
• Fuel cell system
• Wind turbine simulator
• Tidal turbine simulator
• Ultra-capacitor bank
•
•
•
•
Battery storage bank
Smart electronic energy meters
Spectrophotometer
Solar cell responsivity and source spectral
irradiance spectroradiometer
• Low voltage electrical distribution simulator
52
Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
SUSTAINABLE BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES
KEY COLLABORATORS
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Berkeley Lab is a member of the national laboratory system supported by the U.S.
Department of Energy through its Office of Science. It is managed by the University
of California (UC) and is charged with conducting unclassified research across
a wide range of scientific disciplines. In the areas of Building Technology and
Urban Systems, researchers conduct R&D and develop physical and information
technologies to make buildings and urban areas more energy and resource efficient.
The group covers: information technologies for the real-time monitoring and control
of buildings and facilities for improved energy efficiency and quality of life; advanced
lighting, and windows and daylighting systems; software for energy-efficient building
modelling, design and operation; technologies and design practice for efficient hightechnology buildings; commercial and residential building technologies; technical
assistance to federal, state, and local governments in efficient buildings.
Austrian Institute of Technology
The AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Austria’s largest non-university research
institute is among the European research institutes a specialist in the key infrastructure
issues of the future. The Sustainable Building Technologies division develops efficient,
cost-effective and sustainable solutions for the buildings and cities of tomorrow. The
research and development activities are based on a comprehensive understanding
of the physical and functional relationships within and between buildings.
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)
The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) is the U.S. Department of Energy’s
primary national laboratory for renewable energy and energy efficiency research
and development. NREL’s buildings research teams lead efforts in developing
cutting-edge technical solutions to improve the energy efficiency of both residential
and commercial buildings, and to accelerate the integration of renewable energy
technologies with buildings.
Carnegie Mellon University
Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) is a global research university with more than 12,000
students, 95,000 alumni, and 5,000 faculty and staff. CMU has been a birthplace of
innovation throughout its 113-year history. The Center for Building Performance and
Diagnostics (CBPD) at Carnegie Mellon University conducts research, development,
and demonstrations in advanced building technologies and systems integration for
high performance buildings, improved approaches to the building delivery process,
and in workplace productivity in partnership with the Advanced Building Systems
Integration Consortium (ABSIC).
53
Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
SUSTAINABLE BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES
KEY COLLABORATORS
Pennsylvania State University
Penn State received DOE Energy Innovation HUB funding to create quality jobs,
save energy, and reduce carbon emissions by developing technologies and policies
to stimulate private investment in the energy efficient retrofit of existing average size
commercial and multi-family residential buildings in the Greater Philadelphia region
and beyond. Energy is an area of particular education and research strength at Penn
State. The Department of Architectural Engineering has championed the cause of
energy efficiency in buildings through its unique integrated curriculum and research
facilities that span across all building engineering disciplines.
University of California Advanced Solar Technologies Institute (UC Solar)
The University of California Advanced Solar Technologies Institute (UC Solar) is a
multi-campus research institute made up of faculty from the University of California’s
Merced, Berkeley, Santa Barbara, Davis, San Diego, Riverside, Santa Cruz, Irvine
and Los Angeles campuses. UC Solar was established by a grant from the University
Of California Office Of Research and officially launched in 2010. Headquartered at
UC Merced, UC Solar creates technologies that make solar energy systems more
efficient, more affordable, and the best choice for the people of California and the
world. In addition, UC solar educates and develops tomorrow’s solar energy leaders
and entrepreneurs.
Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel (HUJI)
The Hebrew University of Jerusalem is Israel’s premier university as well as its leading
research institution. The Hebrew University is ranked internationally among the
100 leading universities in the world and first among Israeli universities. The Casali
Institute within the Institute of Chemistry at the Hebrew University conducts research
and development in a wide range of topics of concern to chemical, biotechnology
and related industries.
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Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
SUSTAINABLE BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES
SBT RESEARCH TEAM
NAME
Nilesh Y. Jadhav
Koh Leong Hai
Choo Fook Hoong
Toh Kok Chuan
Wong Yew Wah
Majid Sapar
Tan Yen Kheng
Dominic Frank Maurath
Kumarasamy Karthikeyan
Lu Shaofeng
M Kum Ja
Swapnil Dubey
Yan Jia
Aaron Patrick Boranian
An Jinliang
Cheah Peng Huat
Danielle Marie Griego
Giridharan Karunagaran
Jatin Narotam Sarvaiya
Jin Chi
Lan Lan
Nirnaya Sarangan
Praveen Kumar
Saranraj Karuppuswami
Wang Xiaochen
Wu Xiangyu
Zhou Jian
Chin Futt Chan
Aaron H Pereira
Hu Shen
Koh Wee Kwan
Li Bing
Poh Zihan
Robin Tanzania
Bharath Seshadri
Ho Weng Chye, Jeffrey
Priya Pawar
Vincent Sutedy
Wu Xiaoying
Zhang Zhe
DESIGNATION
Program Director
Program Manager
Co- Director
Principal Research Scientist
Senior Research Fellow
Senior Scientist
Research Scientist
Research Fellow
Research Fellow
Research Fellow
Research Fellow
Research Fellow
Research Fellow
Research Associate
Research Associate
Research Associate
Research Associate
Research Associate
Research Associate
Research Associate
Research Associate
Research Associate
Research Associate
Research Associate
Research Associate
Research Associate
Research Associate
Senior Research Engineer
Research Engineer
Research Engineer
Research Engineer
Research Engineer
Research Engineer
Research Engineer
Project Officer
Project Officer
Project Officer
Project Officer
Project Officer
Project Officer
55
MARITIME
ENERGY
Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
MARITIME ENERGY
MARITIME CLEAN ENERGY
RESEARCH PROGRAMME
Maritime and Port Authority (MPA) & ERI@N jointly launched the Maritime Clean Energy Research Programme
(MCERP) in 2010 to focus on research platforms that promote green energy management solutions for
Singapore’s Maritime Industry. MCERP taps on the ecosystem of maritime related-research led by the Maritime
Institute @ NTU (MI@NTU) set up in partnership with Singapore Maritime Institute (SMI). MCERP also leverages
on the know-how on energy efficiency and low-carbon energy generation across the various research programs
in ERI@N.
Under MCERP, the main research thrusts include Green Shipping and Green Ports; with Green Shipping
including Alternate Energies & Clean Fuel, Carbon Capture & Emission Management, Electric Propulsion and
Energy Management Systems. The Green Ports initiative encompasses Energy Efficiency & Electrification,
Green Technologies, Cold Ironing and Port Energy Management.
ENGINE
BALLAST WATER
Monitoring /
Hyd Effectiveness
Holding
Tank
Oil/Water
Separation
Wastewater
Treatment
BW
Exchange
On-Board Unit
Port-Side Unit
BW Treatment
SHIP
Additives
New Design
LNG Bio-Fuel
Hydrogen
Double
Ship hull Design
Alternative
Materials
Composites
Efficiency
Fuel
Ship Hull
TBT
Pai -free
nts
Coatings
Oily
Water
Solid Waste
Water Treatment
Recycle Waste
SHIP WASTE
e
s
-fre ent
Tin ng Ag
i
l
fou
Paints
Sewage
Compaction
Recycle Reuse
Waste Heat
Greenhouse Gases
Auxiliary
Power APM
Toxic Free
Materials
SOx NOx
Scrubber
Bio
Ship Breakage
Conversion
Recycle Reuse
EMISSION
58
E
CTUR
STRU
Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
MARITIME ENERGY
FOCUS AREAS
Exhaust Emission Control
Emission
control/monitoring
and
regulatory
compliance (SOX, NOX, Particulate Matters, etc) for
marine vessels and small scale power plant using
novel exhaust gas cleaning systems
Renewable and Clean Energy Generation
Renewable energy & clean energy generation to
comply with upcoming and future regulations, public
expectations and energy efficient use of heavy fuel
On-going research efforts include the study of
modular-based wind turbine, tidal-in-stream and
wave energy in ferry terminal, and hybrid micro-grid
applications for port operations.
On-going
research
efforts
include
studying
simultaneous removal of SOx and NOx by wet
scrubbing, novel desulphurization process and real
time exhaust gas monitoring.
Green Technologies for Ports
Development and integration of environmental friendly
technologies to reduce the carbon footprint
Smart Power Management for
Hybrid & Full Electric Systems
Intelligent power management and hardware for both
hybrid and full electric power generators in both
marine vessels and port infrastructures
Main research focus is on land-based energy
management including shore power supply and
renewable energy capabilities, improving energy
efficiency of port transport machines using energy
storage technologies which would include Li ion
batteries, redox batteries, supercapacitors, and
flywheels.
MCERP’s research in the area notably includes power
management for electric tugboats, novel energy
system, such as power inverter and magnetocaloric
thermal management solutions for ships.
Technologies for Energy Efficiency for
Marine Vessels
Technologies that can improve the energy efficiency of
marine vessels to comply with new regulations, such
as the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) for new
ships, and the Ship Energy Efficiency Management
Pan (SEEMP) for all ships
Examples of MCERP’s on-going research are the
synthesis and formulation of novel marine antifouling coatings, waste heat recovery by integration
of thermoelectric modules and evaporator-adsorption
technologies.
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Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
MARITIME ENERGY
FACILITIES
MARITIME ENERGY TEST BED
ERI@N together with Maritime Institute @ NTU (MI@NTU), with support from Singapore Maritime
Institute (SMI) is setting up a Maritime Energy Test Bed (METB) to support R&D activities for Singapore
Maritime industry over the next ten years. The METB consists of a marine engine (1.25 MWe),
a resistive load (1.25 MW) and facility for testing of exhaust gas cleaning system (500 Nm3/hour). The test
bed will be suitable for R&D projects relating to energy and emissions and these include alternative fuels, fuel
additives, exhaust gas cleaning & emissions monitoring, waste heat recovery and energy storage. The test bed
will be a significant component for scientists and researchers to translate their innovative technologies from lab
to field applications.
Current Phase
Power 1.25 MWe
Marine Engine
& Alternator
Resistive Load
Flue gas
10,000 Nm3/h
NTU Substation
Clean Energy Test Bed
Exhaust Gas
Treatment
Energy Storage
Farm
Potential Development
NTU Buildings
OTHERS
The research under Maritime Clean Energy Group also taps on the facilities of NTU, such as Laboratory for
Clean Energy Research (LaCER), Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science in NTU campus, also Hybrid Power
Lab, Electro Chemistry Lab and Electrical Drives Lab in CleanTech One.
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Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
MARITIME ENERGY
PROJECT SHOWCASE
EXHAUST EMISSION CONTROL
ZEDSMART – ZERO-EMISSION DESULPHURIZATION PROCESS
FOR MARITIME APPLICATIONS: NOVEL PROCESS AND PILOT
SCALE DEMONSTRATION
BACKGROUND
Shipping accounts for about 9% of the global sulphur emissions and it is estimated that large vessels can
potentially contribute to about 5,000 tonnes of SOx annually. Due to the projected expansion of maritime industry
and the detestable evidence on public health, regulations have been set up to aim for a significant reduction
in SOx in the coming years. This requires the large-scale deployment of scrubbing technologies to remove
SOx from flue gas. Most existing technologies employ seawater as a scrubbing agent. While this technique
has obvious advantages such as the use of low cost scrubbing agent, it has several shortcomings. Firstly, the
scrubbed sulphur compounds, usually present as sulphates, are disposed into the sea. These emissions may
have long-term ecological consequences and may be regulated in the future. Secondly, the process requires
enormous amounts of seawater, the pumping of which can be expensive and might result in large equipment
that will reduce the cargo capacity of the vessel.
SIGNIFICANCE AND SCOPE
ZEDSMart uses a proprietary non-flammable, non-toxic, liquid solvent that is capable of efficient removal of
SOx in the flue gas. The key novelty of the process is that the SOx removed is concentrated and stored onboard for further conversion to valuable products. The solvent used in the process has a higher SOx capacity
thereby allowing the realization of smaller equipment and lower pumping costs. Since the process involves a
regeneration step, solvent losses are expected to be minimal. It is estimated that the parasitic space to install
the equipment to enable desulphurization may be comparable to that of the seawater scrubbing. Further, it
offers the possibility to profit from the concentrated SOx product.
Figure. Process flow diagram of the ZEDSMart process
61
Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
MARITIME ENERGY
SMART POWER MANAGEMENT FOR HYBRID & FULL ELECTRIC SYSTEM:
OPTIMAL POWER MANAGEMENT FOR A FULLY ELECTRIC TUG
BACKGROUND
A tugboat is used to maneuver vessels by pushing or towing them. Typically, a harbor/terminal tug requires full
bollard pull (and power) around 7% of the time. For more than 50% of the time, both main engines are at idling
speed. On one hand, the engines are sized for full bollard pull. On the other hand, it is hardly used at this rating.
Diesel engines running below its maximum continuous rating (MCR) of 85% are penalized with high specific fuel
consumption. In addition, carbon deposits in the combustion chamber are highest at these low power loads. This
contributes to lower thermal efficiency and higher maintenance costs and increased emissions of greenhouse
gases like NOx, SOx and particulate matter. This makes harbor/terminal tugs an excellent candidate to achieve
significant reductions in costs, pollutants and fuel by using hybrid or diesel electric propulsion systems.
SIGNIFICANCE AND SCOPE
It was reported that for the first hybrid tug, Carolyn Dorothy, a reduction of fuel consumption of 40% was
achieved, which consequently reduced the emissions, maintenance costs and noise as well without sacrificing
any operational readiness at all. In response, the development of the very first fully electric tug is underway in the
industry. This project aims to model and simulate the power management system for this fully electric tug. The
optimal power management scheme will be developed for minimal operating costs minimal fuel consumption
and minimal polluting footprints.
Fig. XX Research Methodology
Figure. XX Electric Tugboat model for programming in SIMULINK
62
Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
MARITIME ENERGY
RENEWABLE AND CLEAN ENERGY GENERATION:
LAND-BASED ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (LEMS) INCORPORATING
RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES AND SHORE POWER APPLICATIONS
BACKGROUND
Ships pollute the environment when they burn heavy fuel oil (HFO) or bunker oil to run the generators on board
ships. One container ship pollutes as much as 50 million cars annually. Studies indicate that shipping-related
remissions lead to approximately 60,000 cardiopulmonary and lung cancer deaths annually. The use of shore
power derived from cleaner fuel helps to eliminate air emissions associated with on-board generators powered
by bunker fuel. Shore power represents a cheaper and cleaner alternative to power ships while they dock
at berth.
SIGNIFICANCE AND SCOPE
The proposed LEMS would manage energy storage, electrical energy generation, load and electric energy sale/
purchase with land-based upstream networks. The prototype not only synchronizes both the shore and vessel
grids automatically before closing the circuit breaker between them but also provides an application that is
capable of metering and charging the kWh amount of shore-to-ship energy. LEMS will incorporate renewable
energy derived from renewable sources such as PV panels and also traditional energy. The operation will be
optimized to enhance the overall efficiency. The proposed prototype helps to switch from the ship’s heavy fuel
oil (HFO) to cleaner land-based fuels (primary gas) and hence cuts down unnecessary CO2 emissions. It opens
up new business opportunities for shipyards or ports by providing electric energy to ships.
Figure. Laboratory Set-up of Land-based Energy Management System
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Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
MARITIME ENERGY
TECHNOLOGIES FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY FOR MARINE VESSELS:
BIOMIMETIC-BASED ANTIFOULING COATINGS AS A ROUTE TO IMPROVE
ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF SHIPS AND PORT STRUCTURES
BACKGROUND
Fouling marine organisms that attach to underwater structures are causing major economic costs to the
shipping industry and are increasing its environmental impact. By settling on ships, organisms such as
barnacles and mussels increase hydrodynamic drag, lower the maneuverability, and in turn increase the fuel
consumption by as much as 40% with additional greenhouse gas production estimated to be 20 million tonnes
per annum. Efficient strategies to reduce biofouling are hence critical to increase the energy efficiency of ships.
In Singapore, the major fouling organism is the green mussel Perna Viridis, an invasive species which sticks to
virtually all underwater structures in very high density. In order to reduce this detrimental effect, development of
anti-fouling coatings is key. Consequently, strategies for coating development must target the specific physicochemical mechanisms of adhesion, with a clear understanding of the underlying biofouling mechanisms. For
macrofouling, the key characteristic lies in the adhesive proteins used by organisms to stick to underwater
surfaces.
SIGNIFICANCE AND SCOPE
The savings to the shipping industry through the use of antifouling coatings is estimated to be 40 billion SGD
per year. Clearly there is an urgent need to develop efficient antifouling coatings. This proposal seeks to tackle
biofouling –initially of mussels and later of other fouling organisms– onto immersed structures, and to lower their
detrimental effect, using the following 3 step methodology: (1) Reveal the adhesion mechanisms of adhesive
proteins at the nano-scale. (2) Isolate and sequence unknown adhesive proteins that play a critical role in fouling,
and compare their adhesion energy with that of known proteins. (3) We then aim to precisely tailor recentlydeveloped coatings from our industrial partner that will be designed to minimize adhesion. Laboratory fouling
assays on coated surfaces and nano-scale adhesion force measurements will be employed to optimize novel
antifouling coatings. The project will be geared toward the translation of new coatings and design principles to
the maritime industry.
Figure. Fouling Species in Singapore
Figure. Laboratory artificial seawater with live mussels
64
Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
MARITIME ENERGY
GREEN TECHNOLOGIES FOR PORTS:
REDUCING FUEL CONSUMPTION USING FLYWHEEL BATTERY TECHNOLOGY
FOR RUBBER TYRED GANTRY CRANES IN CONTAINER TERMINALS
BACKGROUND
With advances in materials, bearings technology, power electronics, and design of high speed rotating systems,
flywheel battery technology is rapidly gaining ground as a viable clean and environmentally friendly energy
storage solution. A flywheel stores energy by way of kinetic motion of the spinning rotor. The kinetic energy
stored is determined by the equation Ek = ½ Iω2, where Ek is kinetic energy, / is moment of inertia and ω is the
angular velocity of the flywheel. The most efficient way to increase the stored energy is to increase the spinning
speed of the flywheel. A doubling in speed results in a quadruple rise in the stored energy. The maximum speed
limit is dependent on the tensile strength of the rotor material and the mechanical stresses developed due to
inertial loads. This means that composite materials with low density and high tensile strength are excellent for
storing rotational kinetic energy. Commercial flywheel energy storage systems (FESS) are being deployed or
tested in a wide range of industrial applications, including those in the maritime industry for ships, quay cranes,
forklift trucks, prime movers, etc. Meanwhile, much research is also being undertaken internationally to further
increase the performance of FESS and to lower costs.
SIGNIFICANCE AND SCOPE
This project aims to investigate the optimal design of a flywheel energy storage system for reducing fuel
consumption and CO2 emission in rubber tyred gantry (RTG) cranes in container terminals. The FESS is used
as an energy regeneration system to help with reducing peak power requirements on RTG cranes that are used
to load or unload container ships. It can also be used for power grid stabilization in more-electric ships.
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Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
MARITIME ENERGY
COLLABORATORS
Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore (MPA)
With a contribution up to 8 million for a five-year period, MPA jointly launched the Maritime Clean Energy
Research Programmeme (MCERP) with ERI@N on 18 Feb 2010. MCERP continues to support the development
and piloting of innovative technologies, approaches and ideas which are capable of providing a clean energy
solution to the maritime industry. MPA supports MCERP through its Maritime Innovation and Technology Funds.
In conjunction with the launch of the (MCERP) on the 18th Feb 2010, ERI@N signed a Memorandum of
Understanding (MOU) with 5 industrial partners; ABS, APL, DNV, Keppel Offshore and Marine Technology
Centre, Sembcorp Marine, as well as a letter of intent with Rolls-Royce Singapore. The parties involved intend
to support and pursue research, development and test-bedding of clean energy technologies and applications
in the maritime industry.
With the focus of maritime clean energy and support from more than 15 industry partners, 22 projects have
been awarded for the past 4 years. There are 3 projects completed successfully and 19 projects on-going.
Singapore Maritime Institute (SMI) and Maritime Institute @ NTU (MI@NTU)
ERI@N has been working closely with MI@NTU to leverage on the maritime strengths within NTU. In 2012, MI@
NTU, ERI@N and its industry partners have participated in the “Next Generation Container Port Challenge”
organized by MPA and SMI. The team proposed concept has emerged as one of the top 7 proposals out of the
56 submissions and has successfully received the commendation award. In 2013, the joint proposal by MI@
NTU and ERI@N on the establishment of an advanced maritime energy R&D test facility for the academia and
industry has received support from SMI with a contribution S$4.7 million.
Nippon Kaiji Kyokai (ClassNK)
ClassNK is one of the major maritime classification societies in the world. ERI@N entered into a MOU with
ClassNK on 1st Feb 2011 to explore R&D collaboration in clean energy technologies and application in the
maritime industry. The primary focus of collaboration is on practical R&D work with industrial application in
Green House Gas (GHG) emission reduction.
Maersk Maritime Technology (MMT)
MMT is part of the A.P. Moller-Maersk group of companies and supports the shipping related business units
within the group in all kinds of technology issues. MMT’s focus is on optimizing existing technologies and
developing novel concepts. ERI@N has been working with MMT on sustainable technologies in the field of
green shipping.
Under the existing MCERP projects, ERI@N also collaborates with other maritime industry companies around
the world in line with industry needs and trends. Some collaborators are ABB Pte Ltd, AET Shipmanagement
(Singapore) Pte Ltd, Aspin Kemp & Associates, PSA, International Paint, etc.
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MARITIME ENERGY
RESEARCH TEAM MEMBERS
Asst Prof Jaspreet Singh Dhupia
Asst Prof Ali Gilles Tchenguise Miserez
Assoc Prof Andrew Clive Grimsdale
Prof Bo Liedberg
Assoc Prof Alex Yan Qingyu
Prof Wang Youyi
Assoc Prof Raju V. Ramanujan
Asst Prof Gilbert Foo
Assoc Prof Gooi Hoay Beng
Assoc Prof So Ping Lam
Assoc Prof Low Kay Soon
Assoc Prof Yap Fook Fah
Asst Prof Jorg Uwe Schluter
Assoc Prof Hng Huey Hoon
Asst Prof Zhang Qichun
Assoc Prof Ali Iftekhar Maswood
Assoc Prof Li Hua
Asst Prof Tang Hui
Assoc Prof Darren Sun
Asst Prof Anutosh Chakraborty
Assoc Prof Leong Kah Fai
Prof Rachid Yazami
Asst Prof Yoon Yong Jin
Asst Prof Tegoeh Tjahjowidodo
Dr Prapisala Thepsithar
Dr Paul Andre Guerette
Dr Vu Thanh Long
Dr Mani Ulaganathan
Dr Somaye Saadat
Chin Futt Chan
Ravindran Pallaniappan
Zhu Xiaowei
Bai Hongwei
Kuniadi Wandy
Tomi Wijaya
Cheah Peng Huat
Lim Tuti Mariana
Goh Kek Boon
Ayu Aaron Alexander
Vitul Raj Govindaraju
Ly Duy Khiem
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AND SOLAR FUELS
Energy Research Institute @ NTU
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SOLAR ENERGY AND SOLAR FUELS
SOLAR ENERGY
ERIAN’s contributions to solar energy research are focused on non-silicon based photovoltaics for electricity
generation and solar fuels of the so-called third generation.
I. PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS
The vast majority of photovoltaic cells in use worldwide are based on crystalline silicon. They achieve efficiencies
of up to 15-20% in commercial production. However many other technologies and materials have been under
study over the last decades as possible alternatives for higher efficiencies and lower fabrication’s cost. At ERI@N
we focus our efforts on: cells based organometal halide perovskites, thin film cells based on copper-indiumdiselenide or copper-tin-sulfide and variations on this theme. In the following we review advancements achieved
so far and our perspectives for each of these domains.
I.1 PEROVSKITE SOLAR CELLS
Materials, Synthesis, & Fundamental Studies
Solid-state, solution processed solar-cells based on organic−inorganic methyl ammonium lead halide absorbers
(CH3NH3PbI3)[1] have achieved efficiencies in excess of 15%, which has superseded liquid dye sensitized cells,
as well as various thin film-based photovoltaics[2], even with new attractive device architectures [3]. However, all
the perovskite absorbers up to date have been based on the methylammonium cation (CH3NH3+). We developed
a new metal-halide perovskite, based on the formamidinium cation (HC(NH2)2+), that displays a favourable band
gap (1.47 eV) and represents a broader absorption compared to previously reported absorbers (Figure 1a) that
contained the methylammonium cation. The high open-circuit voltage (Voc = 0.97 V) and promising fill-factor
(FF= 68.7%) yielded an efficiency of 4.3%, which made this material an excellent candidate for this new class
of perovskite solar cells. Further development of these solar cells will entail the stabilization of the black trigonal
(P3m1) perovskite polymorph over the yellow hexagonal non perovskite (P63mc) polymorph (Figure 1b). This
work was published in the Journal of Physical Chemistry C [4] and was subsequently highlighted by the editor in
an ACS select collection focussing on organometal halide perovskites.
Figure 1. (a) Current−voltage curve for the
FAPbI3 device under AM1.5G illumination and
dark conditions. (b) polymorphs of FAPbI3. The
blue polyhedra represent the PbI6 octahedra
with the Pb and I atoms shown as yellow and
range spheres respectively. Both structures
are shown viewed along the crystallographic
c (left) and a (right) axes, respectively. In the
black polymorph the inorganic component
consists of a three-dimensional network of
corner linked PbI6 octahedra with the yellow
polymorph containing linear chains of facesharing octahedra. The N and C ions of the
formamidimium cations are shown as blue
and green spheres, respectively.
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Additionally, the variation of the halide component
of the perovskite harvester was also explored: a
band-gap tuning of the mixed lead iodide-bromide
perovskites (MAPb(I1−x Brx)3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) was achieved
by means of a sequential deposition process. The
optical properties of these hybrids were modified
by changing the relative concentration of halogen
precursors. The concentrations of precursor solution
as well as the conversion time played an important
role in determining the band-gap. A systematic shift
of the absorption band edge to shorter wavelengths
was observed with increasing the Br content, which
resulted in the decrement of the photocurrent.
Remarkably, both the PbI2 film dipping time in halide
precursors and the concentration of halide precursors
were noted to play a crucial role in determining the
composition and thus the band-gap of the mixed halide
perovskites. The incident photon to current efficiency
(IPCE) clearly showed the systematic shifts towards
lower wavelengths with increasing Br content in the
perovskite films (Figure 2), in agreement with optical
absorption measurements. This work was published in
the Journal of Materials Chemistry A [5].
Figure 2. The normalised IPCE spectra of the mixed lead halide
perovskite devices. The number 1 to 7 represents the composition
of the mixed halide as MAPb(I1−xBrx)3 from x=0 to x=1.
New materials were also studied in order to synthesise hole transporting materials (HTMs) for perovskite solar
cells. A novel electron-rich molecule based on 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (H101) was reported in Angewandte
Chemie [6]. This material reached a power conversion efficiency of 13.8% under AM 1.5G solar simulation
when implemented in solar cell devices, comparable with that obtained using the well-known hole transporting
material 2,2’,7,7’-tetrakis( N,N-di-p-ethoxyphenylamine)-9,9’-spirobifluorene (spiro-OMeTAD). This was the first
heterocycle-containing material achieving >10% efficiency in such devices, and has great potential to replace
the expensive spiro-OMeTAD given its much simpler and cheaper synthesis.
A novel swivel-cruciform 3,3’-bithiophene based hole- transporting material (HTM) with low lying highest
occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level was synthesized as well. This new HTM (KTM3) showed higher Voc
(1.08V), and fill factor (78.3%) than spiro-OMeTAD in perovskite solar cells, mainly caused by a reduction of the
recombination characterized by photovoltage decay. These results were reported in a manuscript published in
the Journal of Materials Chemistry A [7].
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Device Architecture, Fabrication, & Characterization
The high extinction coefficient of the CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite and the organic layers used as a hole transporting
materials permit the fabrication of thin flexible solar cells if the electron transporting material is deposited onto
a flexible transparent conductive substrate. In order to achieve this, a ZnO compact layer was formed by
electrodeposition and ZnO nanorods grown by chemical bath deposition (CBD) were used as semiconductor
films for perovskites solar cells. This allows the processing of low-temperature, solution based and flexible solid
state CH3NH3PbI3 devices deposited on PET substrate (Figure 3a). Conversion efficiencies of 8.90% were
achieved on rigid substrates while the flexible ones yielded 2.62% (Figure 3b). The recombination resistance
(Figure 3c) extracted from the impedance spectroscopy fitting shows higher recombination in the nanorodbased devices compared to the planar ones, which justifies the difference in Voc. This increased recombination
could occur due to the higher interfacial area, and reduces the Voc of the nanorod-based devices although
their short circuit current is higher than the planar devices ones. These results have been published in Chemical
Communications.[8]
Figure 3. (a) Device on the flexible PET/ITO substrate (b) J–V plots of (i) FTO planar device, (ii) FTO nanorod device (iii) PET/ITO planar
device, (iv) PET/ITO nanorod device (c) recombination resistance extracted from the fitting of the impedance spectra
Innovative processes for semiconductor nanostructures deposition in perovskite solar cells have been investigated.
The electro-spinning is an attractive process because of potentially large area and low cost fabrications. The good
electrical and morphological characteristics of TiO2 nanofibers and the high extinction coefficient of CH3NH3PbI3
perovskite were combined for the first time to obtain a solar cell with power conversion efficiency of 9.8 % at
one sun. Interestingly, increasing the film thickness dramatically diminished the photovoltaic performance due
to a reduction of the porosity of the TiO2 nanofiber structure. The optimum device (~413 nm film thickness)
was compared to a planar device, where the latter produces higher Voc but lower Jsc, and consequently lower
efficiency at all measured light intensities. The efficiencies are mainly determined by the open porosity of the
electrospun nanofiber network which varies with TiO2 nanofiber photoanode thicknesses and fibre diameters.
Remarkably, the best device showed 11.8% conversion efficiency at 0.1 sun light intensity, which establishes
this technology as a very interesting option for indoor photovoltaic generation. This study was published in
Nanoscale.[9]
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Although classical dye sensitised solar cell standard
configuration uses the anatase phase of the TiO2,
perovskite solar cells have opened new possibilities.
We developed a highly efficient solar cell based on a
sub micrometre ( 0.6 μm) rutile TiO2 nanorod sensitized
with CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite. Rutile nanorods were
grown hydrothermally and their lengths were varied
through the control of the reaction time. Infiltration
of spiro-MeOTAD hole transport material into the
perovskite-sensitized nanorod films demonstrated
photocurrent density of 15.6 mA/cm2, voltage of 955
mV, and fill factor of 0.63, leading to a power conversion
efficiency (PCE) of 9.4% under the simulated AM 1.5G
one sun illumination. The photovoltaic performance
was significantly dependent on the length of the
nanorods, where both photocurrent and voltage
decreased with increasing nanorod lengths (Figure
4). A continuous drop of voltage with increasing
nanorod length correlated with charge generation
efficiency rather than recombination kinetics with
impedance spectroscopic characterization displaying
similar recombination regardless of the nanorod
length. Despite the significant reduction in surface
area compared to nanoparticle films, the observed
short circuit current densit Jsc was as high as over 15
mA/ cm2 because of the high absorption coefficient
of the CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite. Jsc was found to
be influenced by nanorod ordering, associated with
pore filling fraction. These results were published in
NanoLetters.[10]
Figure 4. (a) Cross-sectional SEM images of solid state DSSCs based on perovskite CH3NH3PbI3-sensitized rutile 500nm TiO2 nanorod
photoanode, the spiro-MeOTAD hole transporting layer, and the Au cathode. (b) Effect of length of TiO2 nanorod on current density− voltage
curves
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There was no obvious reason that could explain the observed high efficiencies. The high efficiency as well as
the different device configurations, lead to the hypothesis that the electron and hole transport lengths in these
semiconductors should be higher than that of other solution processed semiconductors. In addition, a balance
in the electron and hole transport lengths could be expected. In order to prove this hypothesis, femtosecond
transient optical spectroscopy measurements in CH3NH3PbI3 heterojunctions with selective electron and hole
extraction layers were performed to successfully decouple electron and hole dynamics. These measurements
showed clear evidence of long electron and hole transport lengths (both over 100nm). These findings indicate
that this class of materials does not suffer from the bottleneck of low collection lengths which handicap typical
low temperature solution processed photovoltaic materials (Figure 5). This work was published in Science. [11]
Figure 5. (A) Schematic of the energy levels of the heterojunctions and depiction of the exciton generation, diffusion and quenching
processes in the respective bilayers. (B) Time-integrated PL spectra and (C) Time-resolved PL decay transients for CH3NH3PbI3 alone
(black), CH3NH3PbI3 in contact with an electron acceptor (red) and in contact with a hole acceptor (blue). (D) A plot of exciton diffusion
length vs PL lifetime quenching ratios.
This family of organic-inorganic halides CH3NH3PbX3
(where X = Cl, Br, I), which has demonstrated excellent
photovoltaic properties, shows superior optical gain
which deserves further attention. Ultra-low threshold
amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) have been
achieved. The ultralow ASE in these solution processed
materials stems from the small bulk defect densities
and the insensitivity to the surface traps. Enhanced
photostability under continuous laser irradiation (over
26 hours) with minimal fluctuation of the ASE intensity
(0.2% variation) was observed. Typical multi-particle
energy loss mechanisms such as Auger recombination
are also found to be insignificant. Straight-forward
substitution of the halide ions (performed by
physical solution mixing) allows for wide wavelengthtunability with the ASE tunable across the entire
visible spectrum (390 – 790 nm). Its low temperature
solution processability allows for integration on flexible
substrates. The mutual exclusivity of high charge
carrier mobility with large stimulated emission that
plagues solution processed semiconductors for a long
time is overcome in this system. Importantly, these
materials with balanced ambipolar charge transport
characteristics may lead to realizing electrically-driven
lasing with solution-processed semiconductors. This
work was published in Nature Materials.[12]
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I.2 CIGS and CZTS type thin film cells
In short our activities on the solution processed thin film solar cell fabrication and characterization are
the following:
1) Development of an ambient aqueous spray pyrolysis process for the fabrication of CuInSSe solar cells.
2) Low temperature processing of absorber layers for CIGS and CZTS solar cells by Sb doping and
chemical welding.
3) Fabrication of CIGS device with aqueous spray pyrolysis with more than 10% efficiency.
4) Fabrication of solution processed CZTS devices by spray pyrolysis and spin coating.
5) Efficient Cd-free buffer layer for CIGS and CZTS type devices.
Summary of the work:
Even though the solution-based processes for CIGS device fabrication allows the possibility of controlling
the composition uniformity, most of them do not result in significant grain growth and hence limit the power
conversion efficiency. The formation of a carbon-rich interlayer between the molybdenum substrate and CIS
thin film also limits the power conversion efficiency. Moreover the process is highly heat demanding and thus
not desirable for solar cell fabrication on flexible polymeric substrates. To conclude, issues associated with
solution-processed CIGS thin film such as limited grain growth, carbon-rich interlayer, high thermal budget and
the presence of secondary copper-rich phases, still need to be addressed in order to realize a low-cost high
efficiency CIGS-device from solution processes.
(a)
(b)
Figure 6. (a) Schematic representation of nanoparticle induced grain growth (b) Current density-Voltage (J-V) characteristics under AM1.5G
(100 mW/cm2) condition (ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2013, 5 (5), 1533).
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We addressed these issues by formulating nanoink from as synthesized nanoparticles to electrodeposition. We
synthesized different CIS nanoparticles [14] and deposited CIS layer by electrodeposition [15]. We developed a
new technique to deposit large grain, carbon-free CISSe absorber layers from aqueous nanoparticle/precursor
mixture, which resulted in a solar cell with power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 6.2% [16]. Figure 6a schematically
represents our approach. CuCl2, InCl3, and thiourea were mixed with CuS and In2S3 nanoparticles in water to
form the unique nanoparticle/precursor solution. In order to investigate the photovoltaic performance of the
absorber layers deposited from two precursor designs (with and without nanoparticles), we fabricated the solar
cells by depositing CdS buffer layers, intrinsic ZnO, AZO and metal grid electrode on the absorber layers. We
found that the nanoparticle incorporated precursor film (700nm thick) exhibited a higher PCE (η=6.15%) as
compared to the device based on precursor film (800nm thick) (η=3.47%) (Figure 6b). We optimized the spray
process and found that an in situ temperature control of the spray deposition led to the best absorber layer. Our
optimized CISSe device selenized at 500 C without any nanoparticle had an about 6% efficiency [17].
To minimize the processing temperature we introduced antimony as an additive for grain growth in the absorber
layer, which was effective even at 400 C.
We also develop some new method to grow big grain CuInSSe crystals from nanocrystals of CuSe and In2S3
by chemical welding [18]. CuSe and In2S3 nanoparticles were synthesized with opposite surface charges by
stabilizing with polyacrylic acid and polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride. Upon mixing these nanoparticles
at room temperature, the electrostatic attraction induced coalescence of these nanoparticles and produced
CuIn(SxSe1-x)2 nanoparticles
Figure 7. Coalescence of nanoparticles (Chem. Commun., 2013, 49, 5351).
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Nanocrystalline CZTS materials were synthesised
successfully and experimental conditions were
reached to get phase pure CZTS. Surface Enhanced
Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) has shown to be an
excellent tool in characterizing synthesized CZTS
nanoparticles [20]. Using SERS, selective phase
formation of CZTS over CTS have been established
and conditions leading to pure CZTS phase have been
mapped out.
To increase the open circuit voltage of the PV device
by tuning the band gap of the absorber materials we
incorporate Ga in the spray solution. In our synthesis
technique, we used spray deposition approach to
prepared the Cu(In,Ga)S2 film from aqueous CuCl2,
InCl3, and GaCl3 and SC(NH2)2 precursors on Mo
substrate at 350 ºC. Using the selenized Cu(In,Ga)
(S,Se)2 thin film with CdS buffer and i-ZnO/AZO
window layers the power conversion efficiency of the
Ga incorporated CIGS solar cells are found to be more
than 10%.
After having optimized the absorber layer, we focused
our efforts to efficient cadmium-free buffer layers
for CIGS and CZTS type devices. Zinc based buffer
layers were chosen for the novel n-type materials.
Thickness controlled chemical bath deposition of
ZnS was achieved. Controlled oxidation on deposited
ZnS was done to minimize the band offset of the
absorber layer and the buffer layer. We deposited ZnS
buffer layers by spray pyrolysis method [21]. In order
to control the sulphur oxygen ratio to tune the band
offset we deposited Zn(OS) by atomic layer deposition
(ALD) method. The obtained device exhibited similar
efficiency as with CdS. We also made some Zn-Sn–O
based buffer layers for CIGS and CZTS devices by
ALD and chemical combustion method.
We fabricated the Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 CZTS thin film
solar cell by a spray pyrolysis method followed by
high temperature selenization [19]. Efficiencies up
to 7.5% have been obtained without anti-reflecting
coating. Though the efficiency is not as high as with
the champion device fabricated by hydrazine method,
our method is still promising as the absorber layer
fabrication is done at ambient atmospheres from
aqueous solution and as the thickness is lower than
other reported devices. Moreover, XRD and Raman
spectroscopy characterization has confirmed that the
CZTS materials fabricated by this method are phase
pure materials.
As to the novel absorber materials based on Cuchalogenide we start working on Cu2FeSnS4 (CFTS).
The material was synthesised by chemical spray
pyrolysis method and characterized by XRD and
RAMAN. The catalytic properties of as deposited
CFTS materials are quite promising and the deposited
film perform well as a counter electrode for standard
DSSC device.
To understand the charge carrier dynamics of these
materials we focused our study on the single crystalline
CZTS materials. Surface defects on single-crystalline
CZTS play a role on the transport properties across
the p-n interface. This opens up a research direction
which focuses on using spatially resolved techniques
to explore the defect physics on the surface and the
grain boundary. First principles calculation is on-going
to support and provide a theoretical model for the
experimental observation, especially on the physics of
CZTS’s surface and grain boundary.
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II. Solar Fuel Research
As shown in Scheme 1, the solar fuels could be produced and used not only for transport liquid, gaseous fuels,
but also as chemical feedstocks for the production of fertilizer, plastics, pharmaceuticals, liquid fuels, etc.
Scheme 1.
The chemical source for the solar fuel production could be water and carbon dioxide. Using water as the
source, solar energy splits water into hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2). Hydrogen (H2) can be used directly
as the transport fuel. Using carbon dioxide and water as the source, solar energy produces carbonbased fuels such as formic acid (HCOOH), methane (CH4), carbon monoxide (CO), methanol (CH3OH), etc.
These carbon-based fuels can be further used as feedstocks along with hydrogen produced from water for
chemical industries.
Using water as source, the solar fuel production includes two reactions:
• Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER):
E0 = 0 V vs. SHE
2H+ + 2e- → H2
• Oxygen evolution reaction (OER):
E0 = 1.23 V vs. SHE
2H2O → 4e- + 4H+ + O2
The standard potentials for HER and OER are 0 V and 1.23 V (vs. Standard Hydrogen Electrode, SHE), respectively.
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Using carbon dioxide and water as source, the solar fuel production includes one major reaction and one sidereaction:
• Major reaction: Carbon dioxide reduction:
CO2 + H+ + e- → CxHyOz
E0 depends on product and route
• Side-reaction: Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER)
The standard reduction potential for carbon dioxide reduction reaction depends on the product and the reaction
route. For example, a few reaction routes to give different products:
CO2 + 8H+ + 8e- → CH4 + 2H2O
E0 = 0.169 V vs. SHE
CO2 + 12H++ 12e- → C2H4 + 4H2O
E0 = 0.079 V vs. SHE
CO2 + 6H++ 6e- ↔ CH3OH + H2O
E0 = 0.02 V vs. SHE
CO2 + 2H++ 2e- ↔ CO + H2O
E0 = -0.103 V vs. SHE
CO2 + H++ 2e- ↔ HCOOE0 = -0.225 V vs. SHE
Ideally, these reactions occur at their standard reaction potentials (E0). However, the real reactions have to
overcome their activation energy (Ea) to occur. By choosing optimal catalysts, these reactions can be facilitated
by either lowered activation energy or optimized intermediates’ absorption. The development of solar fuel
techniques actually is focused on exploring catalyst materials for these reactions.
The mission of our solar fuel research is to develop robust catalyst systems to produce fuels and feedstocks from
solar energy efficiently and cost-effectively.
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HYDROGEN EVOLUTION REACTION
Hydrogen has the largest energy density over any other fuel. Burning hydrogen in air, the reaction is:
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
(ΔH=-286 kJ/mol)
which means that 1 mol of hydrogen can produce 286 kJ energy through reaction with oxygen. Obviously, the
energy density of hydrogen is 143 kJ/g, which is much higher than that of many other fuels. One important
application of hydrogen as an energy carrier is fuel cell, which can be used as power supply for electric vehicles.
The catalysts for hydrogen evolution include metals, alloys, metal sulfides, metal complex, etc. The best HER
catalyst is platinum. However, platinum is too expensive to be widely used. One of our efforts is to explore low
cost and efficient catalysts for HER. One example is the copper catalyst. By an in-situ electrochemical reduction
approach, we were able to produce a highly rough Cu electrode. This electrode was able to catalyze HER with
a very low over-potential of 50 mV, which is very close to the performance of platinum.
Figure 8. (a) A representative SEM image of Cu electrode surface. (b) XRD patterns of Cu2O and Cu electrodes. The Cu2O electrode was
electrochemically reduced to Cu. (c) The blue curve (I-t curve) is the current density recorded from the electrolysis at -0.277 V vs RHE and
the red curve is corresponding hydrogen amount tested by GC. The current density increased before reaching the stable state, while the
rate for the hydrogen production was slow. This is due to most of the electrons are used to reduce Cu2O to Cu. After stabilizing, the amount
of hydrogen product increase linearly. These results demonstrate that Cu is the active sites rather than Cu2O. Also, nearly 100% Faradaic
efficiency could be achieved after stabilizing. Polarization curve was recorded in H2PO4-/HPO42- solution (0.5 M, pH=7, O2 free). The current
density was recorded at every 20mV or 30mV interval when the current reached a steady state value after applying a certain potential. The
inset is the Tafel plot. A very low over-potential of 50 mV was achieved. This over-potential value is very close to the actual potentials at which
H2 evolution is experimentally detected by gas chromatography (GC). Unpublished data.
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Polarization curve was recorded in H2PO4-/HPO42- solution (0.5 M, pH=7, O2 free). The current density was
recorded at every 20mV or 30mV interval when the current reached a steady state value after applying a certain
potential. The inset is the Tafel plot. A very low over-potential of 50 mV was achieved. This over-potential value
is very close to the actual potentials at which H2 evolution is experimentally detected by gas chromatography
(GC). Unpublished data.
We also developed two novel ternary sulfides, cobalt/nickel–tungsten sulfides, as attractive alternatives to
platinum electrocatalysts for the HER.[22] These sulfides are easily electrodeposited on conducting electrodes
from an aqueous solution of readily available precursors. Moreover, we show that the HER activity is governed by
the nature of the metal M within M-S-W heterobimetallic sulfide centers, located in the WS2-like layered structure
of MWSx. Our work provides structural and mechanistic keys to understand how HER activity is promoted in
previously described nickel and cobalt-doped molybdenum and tungsten sulfide materials. Implementation of
these HER electrocatalysts within a water (photo)electrolysis device is feasible and promising.
Figure 9. Electrocatalytic activities of metal sulfide catalysts in neutral pH solution and with similar surface loading. (a) Apparent HER catalytic
current obtained with CoSx (black star curve), NiWSx (red triangle curve), CoWSx (blue circle curve) and CoMoSx (olive square curve)
electrodes. Lower limit turnover frequency normalized per mole of deposited materials: CoSx (black bulk curve), NiWSx (red bulk curve),
CoWSx (blue bulk curve) and CoMoSx (olive bulk curve). Lower limit turnover frequency resulted from normalization per relative electrochemical
surface area of CoWSx (blue dashed curve) and CoMoSx (olive dashed curve) electrodes compared with the NiWSx electrode were also
plotted. (b) Tafel plots collected for these catalysts by the chronoamperometry method.[23]
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To further explore cathode materials for photoelectrochemical HER, we developed a scalable process for
fabricating a multiple-layer hybrid photocathode, namely Cu2O/NiO/Cu2MoS4, for H2 evolution.[24] In pH 5
solution and under 1 sun illumination, the photocathode showed interesting photocatalytic properties. The onset
photocurrent was recorded at +0.45 V (vs. RHE), while at 0 V (vs. RHE), a photocurrent density of 1.25 mA/cm2
was obtained. It was found that the NiO interlayer enhances charge transfer from the Cu2O light harvester to the
Cu2MoS4 hydrogen evolution reaction electrocatalyst which in turn accelerates charge transfer at the electrode/
electrolyte interface, and therefore improves the photocatalytic properties of the Cu2O photocathode.
Figure 10. (a) SEM image (top view) of a pristine Cu2O electrode. (b) Cross section analysis of a Cu2O/NiO/Cu2MoS4 photoelectrode. The
NiO interlayer is not visible. Photoelectrochemical properties of Cu2O-based photocathodes in a pH 5 Na2SO4 (1 M) solution. (a) I–V curves
collected under 1 sun illumination of pristine Cu2O (ii), Cu2O/Cu2MoS4 (iii), Cu2O/NiO (iv) and Cu2O/NiO/Cu2MoS2 (v) photocathodes. Without
light illumination, these Cu2O-based photocathodes showed similar I–V curves. For clarification, only the curve collected for Cu2O/NiO/
Cu2MoS4 (i) is presented. (b) Generated photocurrent achieved at an applied potential of 0 V (vs. RHE), employing pristine Cu2O (curve (ii),
Cu2O/Cu2MoS4 (iii), Cu2O/NiO (iv), and Cu2O/NiO/Cu2MoS4 (v) photocathodes. [23]
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OXYGEN EVOLUTION REACTION
theoretically predicted to achieve a water splitting
efficiency of 12.4%. However, the practical efficiency of
hematite is limited by its short life time and external bias.
We developed a novel strategy for surface treatment
of hematite to produce a photoanode for efficient
water oxidation without any substantial changes in
morphology of the electrode. With this treatment the
photocurrent density increased from 1.24 for pristine
hematite nanorods to 2.25 mA/cm2 at 1.23 V (vs. RHE)
(i.e. 81% improvement). The increase in photocurrent
density was also accompanied by improved incidentphoton-to-current efficiencies and oxygen evolution.
The photocurrent improvement is mainly attributed to a
reduced electron–hole recombination at the hematite–
electrolyte interface through the formation of FexSn1xO4 layer at the hematite nanorod surface.
Oxygen evolution reaction is also called as water
oxidation reaction. It is an important reaction
to supply electrons for the cathode side in a
photoelectrochemical cell for either water splitting
or carbon dioxide reduction. To date, high efficient
oxygen evolution catalysts are mainly precious metals
and their oxides like Pt, Ir, Ru, etc. Recently, much
effort has been made to explore transition metal oxide
catalysts for this reaction. In one of our recent works,
we modified the surface of hematite with tin oxide and
improved the water oxidation efficient.[24] Hematite
(alpha-Fe2O3) has recently emerged as a promising
photoanode material for the generation of oxygen from
water due to its favorable optical band gap (Eg=2.2 eV),
excellent chemical stability in aqueous environments,
ample abundance and low cost. Hematite has been
Figure 11. (a) HRTEM image of hematite after treatment with 20 mM Sn(IV) solution. (b) Schematic effect of Sn(IV) treated hematite nanorod
arrays for efficient water oxidation. (c) I–V curves and (d) IPCE spectra of hematite photoanode with and without Sn(IV) treatment. IPCE
measurements were carried out at an applied potential of 1.23 V vs. RHE in a 1 M NaOH electrolyte. [24]
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OXYGEN REDUCTION REACTION
exhibited an impressive mass activity (21.0 mA/
mg @0.75V vs RHE) over other landmark reports
of perovskite LaMnO3 (1.2 mA/mg), MnO2 (2.0~5.3
mA/mg), B-doped CNTs (5.8 mA/mg) and N-doped
graphene (3.0 mA/mg). These small-sized MnO2
efficiently lowered the mass loading of MnO2 as well as
to facilitate the mass transportation of gas reactants
within the porous catalyst electrode. Most importantly,
these MnO2 flakes are free-standing, which offers the
flexibility to choose various conductive supports with
variable loading ratios.
Oxygen reduction reaction is a reaction that occurs
in fuel cell and metal-air batteries. Although it is not
a reaction to generate solar fuels, it is an essential
energy conversion reaction for solar fuels’ usage. The
theory for the oxygen reduction reaction on metals has
been long term established. Platinum was found the
best catalyst. But again, Pt is too expensive. Our effort
is to explore low cost non-precious metal catalysts for
oxygen reduction reaction. One of our recent works
is MnO2 nanoflakes with superior high mass activity.
[25] Shown in Figure 3, as-synthesized MnO2 flakes
Figure 12. (a) A typical TEM image of as-synthesized MnO2 nanoflakes: the average width is ~50 nm, by measuring over 200 flakes. (b) The
HRTEM image of a nanoflake: the average thickness is ~1.5 nm, by measuring over 200 flakes. (c) Tafel plot of mass activity normalized by
catalyst mass. MnO2 nanofalkes show highest mass activity as compared with other reported MnO2 catalysts. (d) The mass activity at 0.75 V
vs RHE: MnO2 nanoflakes show impressive activity, much higher than other Mn based oxides and doped carbon catalysts.[25]
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SOLAR ENERGY AND SOLAR FUELS
CARBON DIOXIDE REDUCTION
REACTION
On the other hand, the production selectivity should
be also improved to simplify the post-reduction steps
for product separation. Metal complex catalysts are a
class of unique catalysts that can generate fuels with a
very high selectivity. This is because the CO2 reduction
reaction route is unique and determined by the ligand
and the metal center. Our effort is to explore efficient
metal complex catalysts for formic acid production.
Figure 6 shows one Co centered complex catalyst
developed by us for CO2 electro-reduction in DMF and
water. The catalyst is designed based on a Co3+ redox
center. The vacant coordination site is available for
M-H and M-CO2 absorption. A very low over-potential
is required for the CO2 reduction (ca. 450 mV). The
study is under way now to explore the effect of ligands
with different proton concentration.
Reducing carbon dioxide is a complicated process.
It needs a catalyst surface for absorbing CO2 and
intermediate species. The reaction involves multiple
steps of hydrogenation to produce various carbonbased fuels, such as CO, CH4, C2H4, and etc. H2 is also
produced as a side-reaction due to their close reduction
potentials. The pioneer work has been focused on
exploring the types of products on metal electrodes.
Cu was found the most active metal with fairly high
selectivity to several useful products. However, to
make this technique feasible, the efficiency for fuel
production has to be improved. One of our efforts is
to modify the Cu catalyst with other metals or ligands
to regulate the absorption of CO2 and intermediates
and thus to regulate the hydrogenation process. As a
result, the production of carbon-based fuels can be
improved.
Figure 13. (a) Polarization curves of metal complex catalyst P300 in DMF and water. A significant reduction peak can be observed for the
mixture of DMF and water due to the presence of more protons. (b) The molecular structure pf P300
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References
1. T. Baikie, Y. Fang, J. M. Kadro, M. Schreyer, F. Wei, S. G.
Mhaisalkar, M. Graetzel, T. J. White, “Synthesis and crystal
chemistry of the hybrid perovskite (CH3NH3)PbI3 for solidstatesensitised solar cell applications.” J. Mater. Chem. A 2013,
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13. Nanoparticle-Induced Grain Growth of Carbon-Free SolutionProcessed CuIn(S,Se)2 Solar Cell with 6% Efficiency. Yongan
Cai, John C. W. Ho, Sudip K. Batabyal, Wei Liu, Yun Sun,
Subodh G. Mhaisalkar, and Lydia H. Wong; ACS Appl. Mater.
Interfaces, 2013, 5 (5), 1533–1537.
14. Nanocrystalline copper indium selenide (CuInSe2) particles
for solar energy harvesting. Mengxi Wang, Sudip K. Batabyal,
Zhenggang Li, Dehui Li, Subodh G. Mhaisalkara and Yeng Ming
Lam; RSC Adv., 2013, 3, 9829-9834
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“Current progress and future perspectives for organic/inorganic
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3. S. Sun, T. Salim, N. Mathews, M. Duchamp, C. Boothroyd, G.
Xing, T.C. Sum, Y. M. Lam, “The Origin of High Efficiency in LowTemperature Solution-Processable Bilayer Organometal Halide
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16. Spray pyrolysis of CuIn(S,Se)2 solar cells with 5.9% efficiency: a
method to prevent Mo oxidation in ambient atmosphere. J. C.W.
Ho, T. Zhang, K. K. Lee, S. K. Batabyal, A. I. Y. Tok, and L. H.
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4. T.M. Koh, K. Fu F. Yanan, C. Shi, T.C. Sum, N. Mathews, S.
G. Mhaisalkar, P. P. Boix, T. Baikie, “Formamidinium-containing
metal-halide – an alternative material for near-IR absorption
perovskite solar cells.” The Journal of Physical Chemistry C,
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sintering of CuSe and In2S3 nanoparticles for solutionprocessed CuInSxSe1−x solar cells. Hui Min Lim, Sudip K.
Batabyal, Stevin S. Pramana, L. H. Wong, Shlomo Magdassi and
S. G. Mhaisalkar; Chem. Commun., 2013,49, 5351-5353.
S.A. Kulkarni, T.Baikie, P. P. Boix, N. Yantara, N. Mathews, S. G.
Mhaisalkar, “Band gap tuning of lead halide perovskites using a
sequential deposition process.” Journal of Materials Chemistry
A,(Accepted)
6. H Li, K Fu, A Hagfeldt, M Graetzel, SG Mhaisalkar, AC Grimsdale,
“A Simple 3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene Based Hole-Transporting
Material for Perovskite Solar Cells,” Angewandte Chemie (2014)
– DOI: 10.1002/anie.201310877
18. Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 kesterite solar cell with 5.1% efficiency using
spray pyrolysis of aqueous precursor solution followed by
selenization. Xin Zeng, Kong Fai Tai, Tianliang Zhang, Chun Wan
John Ho, Xiaodong Chen, Alfred Huan, Tze Chien Sum, Lydia H.
Wong; Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2014, 124, 55-60.
7. K. Thirumal, K. Fu, P.. P. Boix, H. Li, T. M. Koh, W. Leong, S.
Powar, A. Grimsdale, M. Grätzel, N. Mathews, S. G. Mhaisalkar,
“Swivel-Cruciform Thiophene Based Hole-Transporting Material
for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells”. Journal of Materials
Chemistry A, (Accepted)
19. Low Temperature Synthesis of Wurtzite Zinc Sulfide (ZnS) Thin
Film by Chemical Spray Pyrolysis. Xin ZENG , Stevin Pramana ,
Sudip K. Batabyal , Subodh Gautam Mhaisalkar , Xiaodong Chen
and K.B. Jinesh; Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys, 2013, 15, 6763.
8. H. M. Kumar, N. Yantara, D. Sabba, M. Graetzel, S. G. Mhaisalkar,
P. P. Boix, N. Mathews, “Flexible, low-temperature, solution
processed ZnO-based perovskite solid state solar cells.” Chem.
Commun.2013, 49, 11089–91.
20. Understanding the Synthetic Pathway of a Single-Phase
Quarternary Semiconductor Using Surface-Enhanced Raman
Scattering: A Case of Wurtzite Cu2ZnSnS4 Nanoparticles. Joel
Ming Rui Tan, Yih Hong Lee, Srikanth Pedireddy, Tom Baikie,
Xing Yi Ling, and Lydia Helena Wong ; J. Am. Chem. Soc., Article
ASAP DOI: 10.1021/ja501786s.
9. S. Dharani, H. M. Kumar, N. Yantara, T.T.T.. Pham, N. G. Park,
M. Gratzel, S. G. Mhaisalkar, N. Mathews, P. P. Boix, “High
efficiency electrospun TiO2 nanofiber based hybrid organicinorganic perovskite solar cell.” Nanoscale 2013.
21. Phong D. Tran, Sing Yang Chiam, Pablo P. Boix, Yi Ren, Stevin
S. Pramana, Jennifer Fize, Vincent Artero, James Barber, “Novel
cobalt/nickel–tungsten-sulfide catalysts for electrocatalytic
hydrogen generation from water”, Energy Environ. Sci., 2013, 6,
2452.
10. H-S. Kim, J-W. Lee, N. Yantara, P. P. Boix, S. A. Kulkarni, S. G.
Mhaisalkar, M. Grätzel, N. G. Park, “High Efficiency Solid-State
Sensitized Solar Cell-Based on Submicrometer Rutile TiO2
Nanorod and CH3NH3PbI3 Perovskite Sensitizer.” Nano Lett.
2013, 13, 2412–2417.
22. Chen Yang, Phong D. Tran, Pablo P. Boix, Prince S. Bassi,
Natalia Yantara, Lydia. H. Wong, James Barber, “Engineering a
Cu2O/NiO/Cu2MoS4 hybrid photocathode for H2 generation in
water”, Nanoscale, DOI: 10.1039/c4nr00386a, 2014.
11. G. Xing, N. Mathews, S. Sun, S. S. Lim, Y. M. Lam, M. Grätzel,
S. G. Mhaisalkar, T. C. Sum, “Long-range balanced electronand hole-transport lengths in organic-inorganic CH3NH3PbI3”.
Science 2013, 342, 344–7.
12.
23. Lifei Xi, Sing Yang Chiam, Wai Fatt Mak, Phong D. Tran, James
Barber, Say Chye Joachim Loo, Lydia Helena Wong, “A novel
strategy for surface treatment on hematite photoanode for
efficient water oxidation”, Chem. Sci., 2013, 4, 16.
GC Xing, N Mathews, SS Lim, N Yantara, X Liu, S Dharani, M
Graetzel, SG Mhaisalkar, TC Sum, “Low-Temperature SolutionProcessed Wide Wavelength Tunable Perovskites for Lasing,”
Nature Materials (2014) – DOI: 10.1038/NMAT3911.
24. Chao Wei, Linghui Yu, Chenlong Cui, Jiadan Lin, Chen Wei,
Nripan Mathews, Fengwei Huo, Thirumany Sritharan, Zhichuan
Xu, “Ultrathin MnO2 Nanoflakes as an Efficient Catalyst for
Oxygen Reduction Reaction”, Submitted
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SOLAR ENERGY AND SOLAR FUELS
FACILITIES
advanced materials, nanostructures, optoelectronic
electrical testing protocols, device design and
modeling and the fundamental physics and chemistry
of electron transport in complex systems. The program
consists of two distinct technology development
thrusts, a technology thrust (Thrust 1: Photon to
electron) for direct conversion of solar energy to
electricity, and another for generation of renewable,
clean fuel using solar energy (Thrust 2: Photon
to fuel). The former will be based on the principle
of photovoltaic effect (PV) while the latter will be
based on photo-electrochemical cell (PEC) concept.
Following the scientific developments achieved in
the two thrusts, strategies to integrate into functional
systems will be required to maximize efficiency and
to steer the technology towards commercialisation.
This forms the basis for the third thrust (Thrust 3:
Integrated devices and Demonstration), an essential
step towards commercialisation.
Solar Cell fabrication facilities are housed in a Class
100k clean room with a floor area of 400 square metres
and include large area processing tools such as
screen printers, automatic sprayer as well as chemical
vapour deposition (CVD) / sputtering and complete
device fabrication tools. Solar cell characterization
tools include solar simulators, IPCE, as well as various
electrochemical characterization tools.
COLLABORATORS
École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
ERI@N researchers collaborate with Professor Michael
Graetzel, the director of the Laboratory of Photonics
and Interfaces (LPI), EPFL. LPI pioneered research
on semiconductor nanocrystallites and mesoscopic
oxide films. The current research in LPI, EPFL focuses
on optimisation of key parameters such as spectral
response, photocurrent, photo-potentials and longterm stability. Collaborative projects between ERI@N
and LPI, EPFL include identifying new methodologies
and nanomaterials for improved light scattering,
non-noble metal based alternative counter electrode
materials, and fundamental studies to understand the
charge separation and the charge transport processes
at the dye-nanoparticle interface.
Solar Fuels Laboratory, Imperial College London
ERI@N collaborates closely with the laboratory of
Professor James Barber, Ernst Chain Professor
of Biochemistry at Imperial College London, to
synthesise engineered materials that could mimic the
performance and capabilities of Photosystem Two.
Photosystem Two is a remarkable biological machine
that uses light energy to split water into oxygen and
reducing equivalents, a reaction upon which we are
all dependent, by exploiting the use of solar energy
in the water splitting process. The goal is to develop
cheaper and more efficient water splitting devices
through a fundamental understanding on how nature
optimises this process through millions of years of
evolution.
University of California, Berkeley
SinBeRISE explores novel inexpensive approaches
to convert solar energy into electrical energy
(Photovoltaics) and to catalyse the conversion of CO2
into liquid fuel (Photoelectrochemical approaches). To
accomplish these goals, we leverage the strong set
of expertise in the Berkeley campus encompassing
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FACULTY AND RESEARCH
TEAM MEMBERS
Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU)
Professor Nam Gyu Park, in SKKU, was one of the
pioneers in the use of organic-inorganic perovskites
in photovoltaic devices. ERI@N collaborates with
his laboratory to develop novel device architectures
by implementing semiconductor nenostructures
in perovskites solar cells. This project focuses
on the charge selective layers employed in the
photovoltaic devices, which are the key elements
in the charge extraction, including both organic and
inorganic materials. The joint efforts include the
device development and power conversion efficiency
improvement as well as a physical and chemical
characterisation of the working principles.
Chen, Hongyu
Chen, Zhong
Choo, Fook Hoong
Fan, Hongjin
Grimsdale, Andrew Clive
Huo, Fengwei
Kloc, Christian
Lam, Yeng Ming
Loo, Say Chye Joachim
Mathews, Nripan
Mhaisalkar, Subodh
Shen, Zexiang
Srinivasan, Madhavi
Sritharan Thirumany
Sun, Darren Delai
Sun, Xiaowei
Tan Thatt Yang, Timothy
Tze Chien, Sum
Tok, Alfred Ling Yoong
Wang, Junling
Wong, Lydia Helena
Xu, Rong
Xu, Shuyan
Xu, Zhichuan Jason
Xue, Can
Zhao, Yang
DYESOL Limited
ERI@N has signed a research agreement with Dyesol.
Dyesol is a global supplier of Dye Solar Cell (DSC)
materials, technology and know-how. As a part of this
agreement both parties will see a sharing of resources
to create scalable and commercially feasible solid state
perovskite solar cell technology, a low-cost renewable
energy technology. The project aims to optimise the
solar cells, in order to achieve high efficiency devices
which are more reliable and more amenable to scaling
and manufacturing than conventional liquid electrolyte
based solar cells.
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RENEWABLES
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Annual Report 2012-2014
WIND AND MARINE RENEWABLES
WIND AND MARINE
RENEWABLES
ERI@N’s Wind and Marine research program is
aimed at improving the performance, lowering costs
and accelerating deployment of Wind and Marine
renewable energy generating technologies. It focuses
on developing the best technologies, in collaboration
with industry, for the tropics where unique technology
challenges exist. In these efforts it closely works
with the government agencies to understand regional
needs, and with local and global renewable energy
firms to identify technology gaps. Research efforts
are principally concerned with bringing technologies
developed in the lab into the field, involving test beds
in real field conditions. Thereby the risks are evaluated
and technologies are matured.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
(i) The Urban Wind Resource Assessment project
The Urban Wind Resource Assessment project
being carried out by NTU in collaboration with the
Housing & Development Board of Singapore (HDB)
aims to study the feasibility of small wind turbine
installation in urban Singapore. Wind sensors have
been deployed in various locations of Singapore and
are being monitored in real time to evaluate the wind
resource potential.
Singapore experiences two monsoon seasons during
which the island experiences heavier winds; the
Northeast monsoon lasting from December to March,
and the Southwest monsoon season from June to
September. The wind measurement stations were
thus set up to measure the wind potential during these
two monsoon periods in Singapore, with stations
set up on both the southern and northern coasts
of Singapore.
In 2013, the research team engaged in various
technology studies at both fundamental and industrial
scales. The research tasks spanned from wind
and tidal energy resource studies to test bedding
novel wind and marine turbines in various locations
of Singapore.
In all these efforts, fundamental
research was key in studying new simulation methods
specifically in hydrodynamics and aerodynamics,
novel bulk materials, functional coatings and new
turbine designs. In the following sections, a few
prominent efforts will be highlighted.
With a limited number of weather stations being
installed on the island, strategic placement of these
stations is vital in order to capture the most complete
picture of wind flow over the island. There are four
locations where sensors have been installed or
are planned for installation: Marine Drive, Pandan
Gardens, Woodlands Crescent, and Havelock Road.
The sensors have been installed at the highest points
of the HDB blocks so as to have as little obstruction
from neighbouring blocks as possible. Typically,
sensors are located between 2.5-4m above the roof
level. Short term wind measurements have been
taken using remote sensing SOnic Detection And
Ranging (SODAR) devices. SODAR data analysis
shows how wind varies with height, which is important
information in balancing the cost of turbine masts and
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Figure 1. shows locations at which wind measurements
have been taken. Yellow markers indicate HDB rooftop
installations, and “flag” markers indicate locations
where LiDAR campaigns were conducted during this
year.
power density. ERI@N has also recently purchased a
Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) profiler. LiDAR
profilers offer advantages over SODAR devices such
as better accuracy and range, easier transportation
and installation and most importantly silent operation.
Hence, at several locations we have deployed LiDAR
for short term measurement campaigns.
Statistical processing of the wind data and preliminary
economic analysis has been carried out for the sites
at Pandan Gardens, Marine Drive and Woodlands
Crescent. Analysis of data collected at Woodlands
Crescent shows that the wind speeds are extremely
low throughout the year.
Analysis with current
commercial turbines shows that the average payback
period would be slightly greater than typical turbine
design life suggesting that wind turbines would
not reach breakeven within their design lifetimes.
However, analysis of data collected at Pandan Gardens
and Marine Drive make a good case for technology
adaptations and cost reduction, to further reduce
payback period. A further wind measurement station
is currently being setup at Havelock Road.
Statistical and preliminary economic analysis has
been carried out for the data collected at Pandan
Gardens and Marine Drive. Statistical analysis of
data collected at Woodlands has been presented,
however the wind speeds at the site were found to
be extremely low throughout the year. The analysis
shows with the current few commercial turbines
tested, the average payback period would slightly
greater than typical turbine design life suggesting that
wind turbines would not reach breakeven within their
design lifetimes. Several factors however are yet to be
included within the analysis.
Further work includes the setting up of the
remaining two wind measurement stations. With the
completion of the wind data sets at these locations, a
more comprehensive picture of wind flows in
Singapore can be obtained. Combining full year wind
statistical data sets with wind short term wind profiles
measured using newly acquired LIDAR will greatly
improve the available information on wind power at
different heights.
Combining full year wind statistical data sets with short
term wind profiles measured using LiDAR equipment
will greatly improve the available information on wind
power at different heights. With the aid of long term
wind measurements from these locations and short
term LiDAR campaigns at many locations throughout
the year, a more comprehensive picture of wind flows
in Singapore can be obtained.
Low wind speeds in Singapore indicate the need for
new turbine designs as most of the turbines in the
market cater to locations which experience much
higher wind conditions. The reduction in the costs
of small wind turbines would cut down on payback
periods. Such a reduction is possible since at present,
small wind turbine technology is still at a nascent stage
and has yet to take advantage of many of the benefits
afforded by larger markets. Improvement over existing
turbine designs and new designs to suit lower wind
conditions can possibly lead to further cost reductions
and shorter paybacks.
The much lower capacity factors indicate the need
for a redesign of turbines to be suited to the current
wind conditions. The reduction in future small turbine
costs would cut down on payback periods. Such a
reduction is likely since at the current moment, small
wind turbine technology is still at a very nascent stage
and has yet to take advantage of many of the benefits
afforded by larger markets. Improvement over existing
turbine designs and new designs to suit lower wind
conditions can possibly lead to further cost reductions
and lower paybacks.
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Figure 1. Location of wind measurement installations and wind flow visualisation.
(ii) Wind turbines for Low wind flow conditions
Wind turbines for high wind speeds of more of than
8 m/s are extensively studied in various parts of the
world and the turbines are at peak efficiency. As the
tropical conditions are characterised by high solar
radiation and low wind speeds, current research
activity in ERI@N focuses on optimising these
turbines to extract power at mean wind speed lower
than 8 m/s .As the turbine power decreases 3 fold
for every decrease of 1m/s of wind speed, most of
the internal components of the turbine such as rotor
blades, drive train, generator , wind turbine tower has
to be optimized .The power output of turbines less
than 10kW can be increased by having an auxiliary
rotor providing higher starting torque through auxiliary
means coupled with energy storage to start in lower
wind speeds.
Current research is developing roof top mountable
wind turbines integrated with an array of solar panels
to have maximum energy yield with a minimum foot
print. In order to ensure aesthetic appeal, ERI@N is
collaborating with the NTU School of Arts, Design and
Media (ADM) to come up with creative designs that
can be integrated into buildings, national parks and
tourist attractions.
Research focuses on the development of a single
stage hybrid planetary gearbox which is more
efficient in lower rotational speeds, and light weight
with smart conditional monitoring sensors. The
research addresses the reliability issues and reduces
the dependence on rare earth minerals which are a
substantial constituent in the production of permanent
magnets for direct drive generators.
There is a greater attention towards the development
of urban wind turbines (UWT) for mounting on
roof tops on high rise buildings. Challenges in the
development of UWT are low noise, low visual
impact, and negligible radar signal interference.
Figure 2. Wind flow visualisation and wind tunnel testing of the
developed wind turbine.
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WIND AND MARINE RENEWABLES
(iii) Wave Energy Resource Assessment in
Singapore
Wave energy resource estimation is a necessary
step in identifying areas suitable for siting Wave
Energy Converters (WECs) and also in selecting the
appropriate WEC for a site. ERI@N, in collaboration
with the Tropical Marine Science Institute (TMSI),
has done a wave energy resource assessment of
Singapore’s waters.
The accuracy of the wave model results are dependent
on the input wind data. It is therefore common to
validate results by calibrating against measured wave
data. Measurements techniques are either direct, e.g.
wave buoys, or indirect, e.g. satellite altimeter.
Wave information can be obtained through measurement
or numerical wind-wave model simulations. Numerical
wave models take wind fields and use them to force
wave fields based on the physics of wave generation,
propagation and decay. Shown below are flexible
mesh grids for the domain used to simulate waves
in Singapore.
Figure 4. Deployment of the Datawell Waverider
A Datawell Waverider directional buoy is being used to
validate the model data. In October-November 2012,
the buoy was deployed at Tuas Extension, Singapore
(latitude 1.15, longitude 103.6).
An example of the wave conditions from a point in
this data set can be seen below. The wave rose (left)
shows the frequency and significant wave heights in
each direction (following the convention of showing
direction to, rather than from).
The frequency
occurrence diagram (right) is a form of the commonly
used scatter table, giving the frequency of occurrence
of wave height and period value pairs. Isolines
indicate the energy flux according to deep water
approximations.
Figure 3. South East Asia (SEA) domain covering South China Sea,
Malacca Strait and Singapore Strait. Flexible mesh ranges between
111 km (1 degree) and 100m as highlighted.
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Figure 5. Wave Data – Left: Wave Rose showing wave frequency, height and direction, Right: Frequency Occurrence diagram showing
frequency, height and energy content
Using the data gathered from the WaveRider, the
model was tuned to yield more accurate results for
the wave resource assessment of the Singapore
domain. The estimated annual wave energy potential
of Singapore is ~53GWh/yr.
The next phase now involves extending the analysis
and methodologies used in assessing the wave
energy resource around Singapore to cover the
whole of South East Asia (SEA). It will also involve
expanding the time-scale to 10 years’ worth of wave
simulation data to characterize the variability of the
wave resource including El Niño and La Niña years.
The resolution of the SEA simulation will be sufficient
to describe waves around smaller islands and show
detail of energy variation around coasts.
Figure 6. Wave energy potential for Singapore
The next phase now involves extending the analysis
and methodologies used in assessing the wave
energy resource around Singapore to cover the
whole of South East Asia (SEA). It will also involve
expanding the time-scale to 10 years’ worth of wave
simulation data to characterize the variability of the
wave resource including El Niño and La Niña years.
The resolution of the SEA simulation will be sufficient
to describe waves around smaller islands and show
detail of energy variation around coasts.
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WIND AND MARINE RENEWABLES
(iv) Marine test bedding activities
Tidal energy generators extract energy from the motion of the tides, which are governed by the gravitational
pull of the moon and sun on Earth’s water bodies. Tidal energy therefore has the advantage of being highly
predictable, unlike solar or wind energy which are susceptible to weather fluctuations. However there are
reliability challenges due to salinity and placement of tidal turbines. Research in ERI@N has focused on coming
up with cost-effective and modular installations. One such effort is the tidal turbine test bed that was launched
at the Sentosa Boardwalk, a themed pedestrian walkway connecting Singapore and Sentosa. The test bed has
the dual role of facilitating the development of ERIAN’s marine energy technologies for regional conditions, and
contributing to Sentosa’s green initiatives to reduce its carbon footprint. The test bed currently supports several
pilot tidal stream generators employing both conventional and novel technologies.
Figure 7. Tidal turbine test bed in Sentosa (Singapore) with underwater view of the turbine
For feasible power capture, tidal generators are
preferably located at natural coastal features which
can converge and amplify water flow, such as
channels and estuaries. The test bed at the Sentosa
Boardwalk benefits from amplified flow due to the
narrowed channel between Singapore and Sentosa,
and bridge piers which provide manmade flow
convergence. Marine energy harvesting, of which tidal
energy is a part, is a new field in Singapore, with much
potential for small-scale generation and applications.
The energy generated from the pilot tidal turbine is
being used to power up an educational exhibit at the
Sentosa Boardwalk.
Figure 8. Educational exhibit at the Sentosa Boardwalk.
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WIND AND MARINE RENEWABLES
MARINE RENEWABLE ENERGY @ TANAH MERAH FERRY TERMINAL
In recent years, there has been unprecedented interest in ports, harbours, and jetties as viable locations for
marine renewable energy. ERI@N has been successful in securing a fund under the Maritime Clean Energy
Research Program (MCERP) between the Maritime Port Authority (MPA) and NTU. The project aims to
investigate potential marine renewable energy resources available at jetties in Singapore. In collaboration with
the Singapore Cruise Centre who operate a number of ferry terminals including the Tanah Merah Ferry Terminal
(TMFT), ERI@N has done a resource assessment of marine renewables that can be harnessed in a terminal /
jetty setting.
ERI@N envisions that energy harvested from marine renewables in such ports/jetties in Singapore can result
in (1) self-powered jetties/ports, (2) provision of excess power to nearby installation, and (3) shore power to
berthing boats.
Tidal Energy (40% Eff)
Ave Power
Annual Energy
1,500 sq m
345.6 Watts
3 MW h/yr
10,000 sq m
2,304 Watts
20 M Wh/yr
18,000 sq m
4,147 Watts
36 M Wh/yr
Pontoon 1 (15.65m)
203.5 Watts
1.787 M Wh/yr
Pontoon (20m)
272 Watts
2.284M Wh/yr
Figure 9. Marine energy resource studies in Tanah Merah Ferry Terminal
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WIND AND MARINE RENEWABLES
The assessment of the Tidal In-Stream Energy (TISE) and wave energy potential of TMFT began in July
2013. The project has 4 phases: (1) preliminary site survey & CFD modelling, (2) in-situ resource measurement
and analysis, (3) power & energy analysis and economic feasibility study, and (4) device development and
installation. The project is aligned with ERI@N’s on-going efforts in TISE and Wave Energy resource assessment
and feasibility studies in Singapore. The device development aspect of this project matches the resources
available at the locations of interest with suitable technology and a prototype will be installed.
Globally, there are hundreds of ports, harbours, and jetties that may make use of the methods and technology
developed in this project. The proposed project is crucial in providing a correct estimate of TISE and wave
energy resource as well as in helping in the design of efficient and optimized TISE turbine design fit for low-flow
locations or wave energy extraction devices for low-wave climate conditions such as sites present in Singapore.
Ultimately, the implication of a successful proliferation of such a concept of energy harvesting is a cleaner
coastal environment for Singapore & beyond, powered by reliable/predictable renewable energy sources.
(v) Advanced materials and coatings development for new turbine markets
One of the technology peaks at ERI@N focuses on fundamental study to develop advanced materials and
functional coatings. Advanced composites research work is one key area that focuses on collaborative projects
with large wind turbine manufacturers. These projects focus on characterising and improving strength of
composite laminates, with particular focus on some of the manufacturing variations that can occur with this
type of material. At the labs in NTU, representative composite panels have been produced, both by “prepreg”
and “infusion” techniques. This material is then subjected to mechanical testing to ascertain the strength of the
different material and details being investigated.
Figure 10. Example of infusing glass fibre composites panel and Quasi-static and fatigue tensile testing of composite coupon.
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WIND AND MARINE RENEWABLES
Another example of fundamental research is in functional coatings, where the aim is to develop non-wetting
type coatings with self-cleaning, anti-icing, and antifouling functionality. The coatings are organic-inorganic
hybrid nanocomposites with excellent water and oil repellent properties. The coatings show water contact
angles up to 150⁰ and water rolling angles as low as 5⁰. The coatings comply with various ISO standard tests
(such as ISO 2409, ISO 4624, ISO 15184) for paints and coatings and have good resistance to abrasion and
erosion. The coatings show low strengths of adhesion with ice, and low dirt accumulation properties in the
preliminary tests. The group has developed various test facilities essential for testing of paints and coatings
according to industry standards. Special test set ups to study durability, ice nucleation and adhesion are also
being studied by special climate chamber and dirt interaction methods.
Today, the focus is on improving the durability of the functional coatings which is the key to realise this
technology. By understanding the micro-structure property relations in these coatings, we are developing
formulations suitable for long term durability. Currently, the research effort is testing new applications of the
coatings. Some of the examples include testing against marine fouling at sea, dust accumulation and removal
inside home appliance products etc. Systematic tests on the ice accumulation and ice adhesion strengths will
be carried out in future. The formulation of the coatings will be tuned for specific applications and pilots, and
commercialisation of the technology will be targeted.
Figure 11. Novel coatings with good self-cleaning and durable behavior.
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WIND AND MARINE RENEWABLES
COLLABORATIVE EFFORTS IN
OFFSHORE RENEWABLES
Joint Industry Program on Offshore renewables
Today more than 25 doctoral projects are in progress,
spanning resource forecasting, sub-structure studies,
power generation, transmission, grid, installation, and
maintenance. Some of the key research topics are:
• Integrated wave loads analysis of offshore wind
turbine platform under special and complex
conditions
• System optimisation of tidal turbine
• Modelling and control of offshore wind turbines
• Efficiency enhancement studies of large scale
electrical generator design
• Offshore renewable power generation station
• Computational intelligence in offshore wind
• Energy grid study and analysis of thunderstorm
extreme wind gust speed near the ground and
extreme wind load on wind turbines
• Optimal structural design for offshore wind energy
system
• Analytical modelling of erosion of offshore wind
turbine foundation
• Wind mapping utilising CFD techniques
• Complex interactions between tidal turbine farms,
multiple wakes and seabed terrain in energy
capture array and its associated environmental
issues
• Wave energy harvester using snap-through
mechanism
• Computational
intelligence
algorithms
for
scheduling in renewable energy systems
• Heat treatments and coatings to reduce wear and
micro-pitting in bearing steels under rolling contact
fatigue conditions
• Preparation of polyurethane coating for wind
turbine blades
• Numerical simulation of flow in a convective
atmosphere for estimation of wind energy potential
• Lubricant disintegration studies for offshore
conditions
• Fatigue studies of wind turbine blade composites
• Development of a coupled simulation methodology
for offshore wind turbines
• Coupled CFD and depth-integrated modelling of
marine structures
This research is being developed with leading
companies engaged in various parts of the value
chain, such as turbine manufacturers, transport
and installation firms, small technology firms and
classification societies. Commercial firms in this
consortium are: Lloyds, Vestas, Gamesa, DNV,
Keppel Corporation, CenEntek, IBM, DHI and CIMNE.
In addition, the research is supported by leading
research partners such as National Renewable Energy
Labs (NREL) in USA, the Norwegian University of
Science and Technology (NTNU), the University of
Colorado, and Danish Technology University (DTU).
The consortium platform provides various benefits,
including alignment of complementary technologies,
managed open innovation, shared resources, costs
and knowledge. Such efforts help the co-creation
of technology, supply chain, design rules and new
markets. Research outcomes have been published in
international peer reviewed journals such as IEEE and
Wind Engineering, and in international conferences
and reports with our international partners in NREL
and NTNU.
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Regional cooperation in diffusing renewable
energy technologies
Southeast Asian Collaboration for Ocean
Renewable Energy (SEAcORE) has been initiated by
ERI@N with partners from the Southeast Asian region
to promote renewables and create new markets for
partner industrial firms. SEAcORE is envisioned to
be a platform for the exchange of ideas, initiatives, &
experiences from R&D, policymakers, and industry. It
forms a collated and active core network of expertise
and technical know-how in Southeast Asia (SEA) to
set, assist, augment, and facilitate adoption of Ocean
Renewable Energy (ORE) in the region.
Thailand
SEAcORE supports the development of ORE and
highlights the interests of SEA countries in the
International Energy Agency-Ocean Energy Systems
(IEA-OES). Strategic programs and meetings will be
spearheaded by SEAcORE to promote ORE activities
in the region and initiate projects in collaboration with
different ORE groups to evaluate the feasibility of
offshore renewables in the region.
A tidal resource study called The Ocean Pixel Project is
as an example of SEAcORE’s collaborative potential.
In conjunction with the University of the Philippines,
regional marine spatial planning was conducted and
a web-based Geographic Information System (GIS)
platform for ORE planning was developed. This
platform featured Collated Ocean Energy Resource
Maps, Environmental Impact Scores, Resource
Analysis, Navigation and Shipping Considerations.
An example of how this tool can be used is in the case
of how it has helped to understand the tidal energy
potential between islands such as Verde, Matnog,
Cebu and Davao in the Philippines.
Vietnam
– King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology
Ladrakrabang (KMITL); King Mongkut’s
University of Technology Thonburi
(KMUTT)
– Hanoi University of Science and
Technology (HUST); Institute of Energy
Science (IES)
International Collaborators:
Ocean Energy Systems (OES); International
Network on Offshore Renewable Energy (INORE);
Asian Wave and Tidal Energy Conference Series
(AWTEC)
Core Founding Members of SEAcORE include the
following institutions:
Brunei
– Universiti Brunei Darussalam (UBD)
Indonesia – Indonesian Ocean Energy Association
(INOCEAN); Indonesian Counterpart for
Energy and Environmental Solutions
(ICEES)
Malaysia – Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM);
Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR)
Myanmar – Myanmar Maritime University (MMU);
Myanmar Engineering Society (MES),
Union of Myanmar Federation of
Chambers of Commerce and Industry
(UMFCCI)
Philippines – University of the Philippines (UP), UP
Marine Science Institute (UPMSI)
Singapore – Nanyang Technological University
(NTU)
Figure 12. Technical working group of ASEAN Centre for Energy
In partnership with the ASEAN Centre for Energy (ACE),
SEAcORE has been proposed to be the technical
working group of ACE in ocean renewable energyrelated research work and activities in Southeast Asia.
The discussion is on-going with the Director of ACE,
Dr. Hardiv Situmeang and the SEAcORE Team.
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ELECTROMOBILITY
Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
ELECTROMOBILITY
ELECTROMOBILITY
Electric propulsion has been widely adopted in mass
rapid transit systems in Singapore since decades.
Electrifying road transport system is essential
due to its manifold benefits for society: business
competitiveness, creating market value chain, low
CO2 emissions, creating a higher quality of life,
achieving sustainable smart growth, transitioning to a
resource-efficient economy and attractive green city.
methods such as flash charging for the bus at the
bus stations, using Super-capacitors are analyzed.
And in the domain of wireless power transfer, effort
constitutes towards designing novel transmitter &
receiver cores/coils, power electronics, interfaces
and alignment mechanisms. Collaboration with the
partners is embarked for integration of the developed
technologies into vehicles and infrastructure.
Electro-mobility in ERI@N mainly fosters to address
these transport and energy system demands
contributing towards developing mobility solutions best
suited for tropical conditions. Research, development
and innovations on electric vehicles lead ERI@N to
hedge highly promising pioneering technologies and
pilot applications on urban transportation.
Infrastructure and Communication Systems: The
commercialization of electric mobility in metropolises
inherently involves shaping the infrastructure of land
transport system to provide connectivity for the EV
users. Smart infrastructure management system
integrated with smart vehicle / fleet management
system could potentially serve such purposes when
large numbers of EV’s are in roads. The emphasis in
this field is on the charging station infrastructure and
in developing a cloud based on vehicle information,
to provide a software service platform. This backend
support renders the vehicle users with value added
services for coordination and decision making.
FOCUS AREAS:
The research encompasses all aspects of electric
vehicles including energy systems, drive systems,
control systems, optimization of power-train
topologies and test facility to validate drive trains. The
key focus areas are on E-bus, E-cars, Autonomous
electric vehicles, electric bicycles and development of
innovative solutions to improve the urban environment.
Smart grid and Grid connectivity: Load management
and electricity distribution that makes use of the
information and communications technologies
referred to as ‘Smart grids’ promise to facilitate the
integrations of EV’s to the grid. Holistic approach for
Power routing management and smart grid demand
responses (E-bus and E- cars) are main areas of study
in this domain; to reduce the peak load and support
for staggering power demands in terms of increasing
energy efficiency and optimum stability.
Charging solutions: : In the realm of battery charging,
the focus is predominantly on the rapid charging for
E-cars, Taxis and E-buses which addresses mainly on
the charging time and convenience. Different charging
techniques that could greatly reduce the charging
time for the electric vehicles are being researched.
Dynamic charging and semi-dynamic charging
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ELECTROMOBILITY
Project 1 - WIRELESS CHARGING
Dr. Anshuman Tripathi, Robin Tanzania, Aaron H Pereira, Cheng
Chai Siang, Dr. Tan Yen Kheng
ERI@N has been working on a wireless charging
system for electric vehicles. The developed system
has been installed on TUM EVA, electric taxi show
cased at Tokyo Motor show 2013. It is being tested
with precast concrete slab for electrified road, both
projects of TUM-Create. It was designed to provide
users with an alternative, convenient and safe method
to charge the electric vehicle’s battery.
Secondary-side modules installed on EVA
The wireless power system transfers power from the
primary side to the secondary side. On the primary
side, a high frequency inverter powers the transmitter
coil, generating magnetic field. On the secondary
side, magnetic field induces power in the receiver
coil, which goes to the converter system to charge the
battery. Both the transmitter and receiver coil functions
by resonating at a frequency of 100 kHz. Magnetic
shielding is been added to ensure the system does
not interfere with other on-board electronics of the
vehicle. . The system is designed to provide wireless
power of 1.5 kW to the battery charger, and with a
separation distance between ground and receiver coil
of up to 17 cm.
Precast concrete for electrified road
The secondary-side modules that are fitted on-board
the vehicle, had a weight constraint not to exceed 7
kg. So it was designed to be less than 6 kg. All the
components were developed to be water and dust
resistant, and to comply with automotive standards.
EVA Electric Taxi
The further aim of this project is to charge electric
buses and do quick charging, which would require
power levels of tens of kilowatts.
WPT demo unit
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ELECTROMOBILITY
Project 2 - QUICK CHARGING- NAVIA
Dr. Anshuman Tripathi, Jyothi Nirupam, Nishanthi Duraisamy
Navia is completely electric, 10 passenger road vehicle, with fully automated driving capabilities. It has been
designed to be cost effective, environmentally friendly and safe solution to solve the last mile problem; and ease
traffic congestion in urban areas. To achieve this, Navia needs to be available on-the road most of the time and
thus charging time is one of the key critical factors for such application scenario.
The existing Navia is equipped with Lithium Iron phosphate batteries as ESS with energy density of 13.5kWh
and takes maximum of 7 hours to charge. A modular quick charging system is being designed, that reduces
the current charging time to about an hour. The system includes the On-board Battery modules and off-board
Charging system. It’s been designed to work on the existing drive train of the Navia without affecting any power
and the drive requirements. The system ensures that the space dimensions, weight and mechanical stability are
maintained similar to the existing system.
Navia – Electric Autonomous vehicle
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ELECTROMOBILITY
Project 3 - NANYANG VENTURE 7:
A BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLE AT
INNOVATION @MAE LABORATORY,
MAE, NTU
Prof. Ng Heong Wah, Cheng Chai Siang & NTU MAE students
The aim of the project is to encourage students with a
keen interest in vehicles or electro-mobility to develop
a deeper understanding in their respective area of
expertise as well as apply engineering knowledge from
their university studies into practical development of
the system.
An impression of the NV-7
This battery powered vehicle is built specifically for
highly urbanized countries such as Singapore. The car
is designed to accommodate four adults comfortably
and still have adequate boot space for any shopping
trips. The completed vehicle will serve as a test-bed
for future alternative energy sources such as fuel-cells
or new battery technology. The project is on schedule
to produce a drivable bare-frame vehicle by May 2014.
The research project is supervised and funded by
ERI@N. This project is into its 3rd year with Mechanical
and Electrical Engineering students undertaking this
project as their Final Year Project (FYP). The students
are involved in various areas of development such as
chassis, vehicle dynamics, drive train, low and high
voltage systems, energy storage systems, ergonomics
and wireless power charging.
Student discussion over chassis design issues
Revised seating design of NV-7
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ELECTROMOBILITY
Project 4 - CONCEPTION, DESIGN AND BUILD OF A FOLDABLE PEDELEC A
GLOBAL DRIVE PROJECT BETWEEN NTU AND TUM STUDENTS.
Dr. Anshuman Tripathi, Jyothi Nirupam, Nishanthi DuraisamyNTU
and TUM students
In the context of the educational program ”Global Drive“ by the Lehrstuhl für Fahrzeugtechnik (FTM) at the
Technische Universität München (TUM), the project “bike to go” is conducted in cooperation with the company
REHAU AG+Co. A team, comprised of four mechanical engineering students from TUM and two mechanical
engineering and two design students from NTU is assigned the task of designing and building a foldable
pedelec as an innovative mobility concept.
FACILITIES:
School of Mechanical and Aerospace engineering- NTU
• Innovation lab
Clean Tech One - JTC
• Drive Train lab (motor genset, converter, 100 kW), Wind / Water tunnel testing, Tribology
• Energy Harvesting Lab
COLLABORATORS:
1. Technische Universität München (TUM) - Nanyang Technological University (NTU) :
The TUM CREATE Centre for Electromobility is a joint-research collaboration program sponsored jointly by
National Research Foundation (NRF), TUM and NTU. The five year program will support 100 researchers in
Singapore and Germany and includes collaborations with companies such as Bosch, EADS, IBM, Siemens,
Infineon, SERIS, TUV, STKinetics and Gemalto.
2. Induct:
The two-year collaboration will contribute to optimize Induct’s electric shuttle named NAVIA and enable it to
intermingle safely with traffic in Singapore. ERI@N and Induct will also work to improve and enhance electric
vehicle battery reliability and charging speeds.
TEAM MEMBERS:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Anshuman Tripathi
Kei Leong Ho
Prof. Ng Heong Wah
Ang Zhi Yoong
Jyothi Nirupam
Nishanthi Duraisamy
Satyajit Athlekar
Krithika Kandasamy
Leong Kok foo
Cheng Chai Siang
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FLAGSHIP
PROJECTS
Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
FLAGSHIP PROJECTS
RENEWABLE ENERGY
INTEGRATION DEMONSTRATOR
- SINGAPORE (REIDS)
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FLAGSHIP PROJECTS
The energy transitions initiated in industrialized
countries globally hinge around two main challenges:
a broader deployment of renewable energy sources
and the necessary associated integration of energy
storage, on one hand, and an ever more rational enduse of energy, on the other.
The REIDS objective is to test and demonstrate, at
a large-scale level, the proper integration of a broad
range of renewable energy production – onshore and
offshore, energy storage and rational energy end-use
technologies to provide for the supply of a wide palette
of industrial, commercial and residential loads. The
REIDS initiative will provide a broad range of private
and public sector entities with a unique platform in
support of their on-going R&D efforts, as required for
early testing, followed by large scale demonstration
and eventually show-casing all along the usually long
energy technology and product development cycle.
R&D efforts are key to successfully implement any
energy transition policy; equally important are the
design and deployment of large-scale demonstrators
to illustrate the short-term progress which is possible
by way of the proper integration of technologies
already available or soon to be.
Onshore projects conducted under REIDS are to
be carried out on the Pulau Semakau landfill. The
ashes of Singapore’s four large waste incineration
plants, which are fully integrated within Singapore’s
exemplary waste management, are deposited on
Pulau Semakau which, as a result, provides a highly
symbolic site to develop and promote the deployment
and integration of renewable energies.
Recognizing that the specific energy supply
requirements related to isolated villages and islands,
as well as those arising during various natural
disasters or conflict emergency situations, can be
attractively addressed by way of micro-grids, NTU
and ERI@N have launched a broad R&D effort in this
technology and have recently proposed a significant
extension of these efforts by way of hybrid AC/DC
micro-grids providing for “plug-and-play” connectivity
of key renewable energy sources, using either AC or
DC, to provide energy to a wide range of AC or DC
loads. The micro-grid approach also facilitates the
integration of several energy storage technologies
carefully selected to properly address the particular
renewable energy and load configurations.
The intent is also to see REIDS marine energy projects
conducted at two sites located offshore: Pulau
Semakau and St. John’s Island.
Hybrid micro-grid technologies will allow for flexible “plug and play” - interconnectivity between the various
sources, storage components and end-uses such as
required, for example, to provide for the electrification
of islands and remote villages as well as to rapidly
deploy energy supply and distribution systems during
emergency situations.
VISION and OBJECTIVE
The vision of the Renewable Energy Integration
Demonstrator in Singapore (REIDS) is to support
industry partners in the development and
commercialization of energy technologies through
Singapore, which would enable companies to address
opportunities in the growing renewable energy
and micro-grid integration technologies markets
globally. With its primary focus on support of industry
development, REIDS will also enhance Singapore’s
position as an energy innovation hub. At the same
time, REIDS will also support Singapore’s efforts to
diversify our energy mix, and increase efficiency in the
end-use of energy.
REIDS is to be a partnership, structured as a
consortium between: (a) Singapore public agencies,
(b) corporations active in the energy arena with a focus
on the integration of a broad range of sources, enduses and storage, and (c) academia and public R&D
institutions. ERI@N will lead the Consortium, with the
support of the Economic Development Board.
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FLAGSHIP PROJECTS
ECOCAMPUS INITIATIVE
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FLAGSHIP PROJECTS
The goal of the EcoCampus Initiative is to develop
a novel campus-wide sustainability framework with
demonstration sites to achieve 35% reduction in
energy, water and waste intensity by 2020 (baseline
2011). The EcoCampus covers the grounds of NTU’s
200 hectare campus in Singapore along with an
adjoining 50 hectares of JTC Corporation’s CleanTech
Park, which is Singapore’s first eco-business park,
hosting companies and institutions in the Clean
Environment Technology domain. The NTU campus
has more than 100 existing buildings and will be
adding a few new developments, consistent with
its longer term master plan. CleanTech Park started
construction in 2010 (with one building in operation
since early 2012) and will have 25 buildings upon
completion in 2030.
The three underlying thrusts for EcoCampus are:
1. Research, Development, Demonstration and
Deployment for innovative technologies in the
energy efficiency and sustainability domain
2. Living lab philosophy using own buildings and
infrastructure for technology test-bedding
3. Industry collaboration as a corner-stone for greengrowth and sustainable development
The EcoCampus Initiative was officially launched on
30 April 2014. Approximately 100 people attended
including government representatives, company
delegates, media, and NTU professors and staff.
Minister S. Iswaran served as the Guest of Honour for
the event.
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EVENTS
AND VISITS
Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
EVENTS & VISITS
EVENTS & VISITS 2012
JAN
• Visit by Paul Jacquet, President of Grenoble
Institute of Technology, and MOU Signing
• SinBerBEST Workshop
• UK - Singapore Symposium: New Approaches to
Emerging Energy Systems
• Visit by Prof Gregor Henze, University of Colorado
Boulder, and seminar on “Advanced Building
Controls: Opportunities and Challenges”
MAY
• Lecture on “Application of Nanoparticles for the
development of modern building materials with
improved performance” by Dr. Torsten Kowald
• JIP Quarterly Workshop (#2)
• Seminar on “AC Current Regulation, Fact and
Fiction” by Professor Grahame Holmes, Royal
Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT)
• Visit by President and NTU Chancellor Dr Tony Tan
• Visit by Prof Juan Bisquert and seminar on
“Concepts of solar energy conversion with
nanoheterostructures”
• Seminar on “Light trapping in thin-film solar cells:
towards the Lambertian limit” by Prof Lucio Claudio
Andreani, University of Pavia, Italy
FEB
• Joint Industry Programme (JIP) on Offshore
Renewables Quarterly Workshop (#1)
• Maritime Security Workshop
• Visit by China Guangdong Nuclear Solar Energy
Development Company (CGN-SEDC) and MOU
Signing
JUN
• Signing of RCA between NTU, Housing
Development Board (HDB) and Akzo Nobel
• ERI@N Joint Management Board & Scientific
Advisory Board (SAB) Meeting
• 2nd International Workshop on Natural and Artificial
Photosynthesis, Bioenergetics and Sustainability
• Official Launch of Interdisciplinary Graduate
School (IGS)
• Seminar on “Research and Development of DyeSensitized Solar Cells at the Center for Molecular
Devices” by Prof Anders Hagfeldt, Uppsala
University, Sweden
• Seminar on “Applying Science and Mathematics to
Big Data for Smarter Planet” by Dr Young Min Lee,
Researcher, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center,
USA.
MAR
• Singapore Maritime Institute (SMI) - Maritime
Energy Systems Workshop
• CGE and Energy-Economy Modeling Workshop
• Visit by International Center for Numerical Methods
in Engineering (CIMNE) and MOU signing
• Seminar on “Graphene-Based and GrapheneDerived Materials and their Properties” by Prof
Rod Ruoff, Cockrell Family Regents Chair, The
University of Texas at Austin
APR
• Visit by National Renewable Energy Laboratory
(NREL) and Workshop
• Visit by Dr Michael Häupl, Mayor and Governor of
Vienna, and joint workshop with Austrian Institute
of Technology (AIT) “Smart and Sustainable Cities
– A Dialogue between Vienna and Singapore”and
MOU signing between NTU, AIT and Building &
Construction Authority (BCA)
• Seminar on “Canadian Tar Sands, US National
Energy Security & Striving for Sustainability:
Is There an Incompatibility?” by Visiting Prof
Alexander J.B. Zehnder
JUL
• Seminar on “Positive Electrode Materials from
Earth-Abundant Elements for Advanced Li/Na
batteries” by Asst Prof Naoaki Yabuuchi, Tokyo
University of Science
• Workshop on “Memsys V-MEMD (Vacuum MultiEffect Membrane Distillation)” by Mr Wolfgang
Heinzl, Shareholder and Director of Memsys
Clearwater
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EVENTS & VISITS
• Seminar on “Powered Paint: Nanotech Solar Ink”
by Prof Brian Krogel, Department of Chemical
Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin
• Visit and Seminar on “Nano-structured Oxide
Platforms for Chemical Sensing and Beyond: A
Materials Design” by Prof Sheikh A. Akbar, Ohio
State University, USA
• Visit by Prof Horst Friedrich, Director, German
Aerospace Centre (DLR) Institute of Vehicle
Concepts and MOU Signing between NTU, DLR
and Technical University of Munich (TUM)
• Science Festival 2012 : Talks and X-periment 2012
• Talk by Prof Davide Comoretto (University of
Genoa, Italy) on “Overviewing Energy Materials
Research at University of Genoa and possible
collaboration Projects with NTU”
• Offshore Renewable Energy Conference (OREC)
2012
• Seminar by Dr Abir Al-Tabbaa, Cambridge
NOV
• Distinguished Visitor Lecture: “Nuclear Energy
Options – A Quickly Evolving Landscape” by
Professor Robin Grimes, Imperial College
• Seminar on “Template synthesis of Nanomaterials
for energy and sensing applications” by
Mohammed Es-Souni, Institute for Materials &
Surface Technology, University of Applied Sciences
Kiel, Germany
• Maritime Institute (MI@NTU) Maritime Energy
System (MES) Workshop
• Seminar on “New Frontiers in Polymer Based
Supercapacitor Materials” by Prof. Chapal Kumar
Das, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur,
India
• Seminar by Prof Dr. Dieter Gantenbein
• Launch of CREATE Campus
• Seminar on “Power Systems with Renewable
Energy Sources: Modeling, Simulation and Control”
by Visiting Assoc Prof Jan Tadeusz Bialasiewicz
(EEE)
• Launch of BEARS - SinBeRISE and SinBeBEST /
Open House
• Seminar on “System Characterization through Its
Signals Analysis Using Wavelet Scalogram and
Coscalogram” by Visiting Assoc Prof Jan Tadeusz
Bialasiewicz (EEE)
• SMI Forum 2012
• Workshop on “ASHRAE Recommended Demand
Ventilation Control Solution -Slash Singapore
Energy Up to 50% with Demand Based Control”
by Mr Gordon P. Sharp: Chairman Aircuity, Former
President/CEO Phoenix Controls, Board of
Directors I2SL
AUG
• Seminar on “Cobalt-based Catalysts for Watersplitting” by Dr Vincent Artero, Commissariat à
l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives;
Université Joseph Fourier, CNRS, France
• Sustainable Earth Peak launch event and party
SEP
• 3rd TF-NTU Vietnam Programme
• Singapore Climate & Energy Sustainable
Programmeme
• NTU-Toshiba Green Data Centre Completion
Ceremony
• Visit by Prof Nick Collings, University of Cambridge
+ Seminar on oxygen sensors (UEGO’s) for IC
engine measurements
• National Energy Efficiency Conference 2012
OCT
• Seminar on “Impedance Spectroscopy Analysis of
Intercalation Compounds: Charging and Kinetics
Mechanisms” by Prof Germà Garcia-Belmonte,
, Department of Physics (Photovoltaic and
Optoelectronic Devices Group), Universitat Jaume
I, Castelló, Spain
• Seminar on “Understanding Mechanical Properties
of Disordered Solids: How Computer Simulations
Can Help” by Professor Jean-Louis Barrat,
Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble and Institut
Universitaire de France
• Seminar by Prof Julie K. Lundquist (UC Boulder)
on “Addressing energy and air quality challenges
with boundary-layer meteorology: modeling and
observational studies”
DEC
• Workshop on Scalable Innovation based on the
Stanford curriculum
118
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EVENTS & VISITS 2013
MAR
• JIP Quarterly Workshop (5th)
• ERIAN-BCA Consultancy Workshop #2
• Environmental Awareness Campaign 2013
JAN
• Visit by University of Maryland (students)
• Visit by NRF Fellowship Finalists, 18-25 January
2013
• Visit to ERI@N by foreign journalists (GYSS)
• Visit by Prof Freddy Boey, NTU Provost
• Visit by participants of Global Young Scientists
Summit (GYSS@one-north) - Presentation
• Visit by Prof Eric Cornell
• Visit by NAP Finalists to Research Centres
• Visit by Ministry of Trade and Industry
APR
• Visit by Deputy Prime Minister Teo Chee Hean
• Workshop on Technologies for solar cooling in
tropical climates
• Visit by Chancellor of University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign and delegation
• Seminar on “Evolution of Global Electricity
Markets: Lessons for Singapore?” by Dr. Fereidoon
Sioshansi from Menlo Energy Economics
• Introduction to Carbocrete Workshop on Carbon
Fiber Reinforced Concrete
• BMW-NTU Future Mobility Research Joint
Laboratory Opening and Master Research
Collaboration Agreement Signing Ceremony
FEB
• ERIAN-BCA Consultancy Workshop #1
• Workshop on “Green Building Envelopes and
Materials in the Tropics – Challenges and
Opportunities” - jointly organised by NTU, IMRE
and AIT
• Workshop on Southeast Asian Collaboration on
Ocean Renewable Energy (SEAcORE): What Do
Experts Say?
BMW-NTU Future Mobility Research Joint Laboratory Opening
119
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EVENTS & VISITS
MAY
• Seminar by Dr James Brasseur, Pennsylvania
State University on “The Structure of Atmospheric
Turbulence as a Function of Stability State with
reference to Wind Turbine Function”
• ERI@N - EEE World First Hybrid AC/DC Grid
Energy Management
• JIP Quarterly Workshop (6th)
• Unity Secondary School Innovation Challenge
Workshop
• Seminar on “Perspectives on Managing Water
Resources” by Dr. Sean McKenna, Senior Manager,
Smarter Cities Technology Center, IBM Research,
Ireland
• Seminar on “Non-Imaging Optics and Solar
Thermal Energy” by Professor Roland Winston,
School of Engineering, School of Natural Sciences,
University of California Merced
• Green Data Centre Symposium
• Future Systems For Building Technology
• Visit and Seminar on “The Energy Challenges in
Switzerland in the Context of a Nuclear Power
Phase-Out and UE Relations” by Prof Prof Hans
Björn Püttgen, École polytechnique fédérale de
Lausanne (EPFL)
• Urban Sustainability R&D Congress 2013 Exhibition
JUL
• Visit/Seminar on “Multiscale modeling of nanoengineered composites: A roadmap towards virtual
testing” by Javier LLorca
• Seminar on “The Opto-Electronic Physics Which
Just Broke the Efficiency Record in Solar Cells”
by Prof Eli Yablonovitch, University of California,
Berkeley
• Design Charrette for SPS for North Spine Academic
Building
• SinBerBEST ERI@N Workshop
• Official Opening of Rolls-Royce@NTU Corporate
Lab
JUN
• UK-South East Asia Nuclear Safety and Technology
Conference (NSTC)
• Visit by Minister for National Development Khaw
Boon Wan
Official Launch of the Rolls-Royce@NTU Corporate Lab
120
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EVENTS & VISITS
EVENTS & VISITS 2013
AUG
• Official Opening of CleanTech One
• JIP Quarterly Workshop (7th)
• Seminar on “Innovation in reducing energy
consumption and turning to renewables opportunities for entrepreneurs?” By Prof Uwe
Schulz, Lucerne University of Applied Science and
Arts, Switzerland
• Seminar on “Diametric Strategies for Ultra-Efficient
Photovoltaics” by Prof Jeffrey Gordon, Department
of Solar Energy and Environmental Physics, BenGurion University of the Negev
• Seminar on “Modelling and Simulation of Electrical
Energy Systems through a Complex Systems
Approach” by Dr Enrique Kremers, European
Institute for Energy Research (EIFER)
• Asia
Future
Energy
Forum
2013(AFEF),
incorporating OREC 2013
• Asia Smart Grid & Electromobility (ASGE) 2013
(with TUM-CREATE)
SEP
• Seminar on “The California Lighting Technology
Center-a laboratory to marketplace perspective
in energy efficiency” by Prof Michael Siminovitch,
Director of the California Lighting Technology
Center and Rosenfeld Chair in Energy Efficiency,
University of California Davis
• Public Lecture on “The Science of Materials:
From Commonly Encountered Materials to Tailormade Materials” by Prof Yves Brechet, Professor
of Materials Science and Engineering at the
University Grenoble INP, adjunct Professor at Mc
Master (Canada) and Jiaotong (China)
NOV
• MOU Signing with European Marine Energy Centre
(EMEC)
• MOU Signing with National Ocean Technology
Center (NOTC), China cum visit by Mr Luo Xuye,
Director-General of NOTC
• NTU- Sentosa Development Corporation (SDC)
tidal turbine official commissioning and exhibit
launch
• ERI@N Scientific Workshop #1
• EDB Mid Term Review
• Visit by Dr Tony Tan, President of Singapore
OCT
• College de France Lecture Series by Prof Yves
Brechet, Professor of Materials Science and
Engineering at the University Grenoble INP, adjunct
Professor at McMaster (Canada) and Jiaotong
(China)
• Seminar on “Novel Solar and Lamp Ablation
Methods for Synthesizing Inorganic Nanomaterials”
by Prof Jeffrey Gordon, Department of Solar Energy
and Environmental Physics, Ben-Gurion University
of the Negev
DEC
• Visit and Seminar on “Open Innovation Activities
in the Field of Energy at Total” by Prof Dr Philippe
A. Tanguy, Vice-President, International Scientific
Development, Total, Berlin. Adjunct Professor of
Chemical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique, Mont
121
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EVENTS & VISITS
Official Launch of the EcoCampus Initiative, 30 April 2014
122
SELECTED
PUBLICATIONS
Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
PUBLICATIONS
SELECTED PUBLICATIONS
Rashedi, I. Sridhar and K.J.Tseng (2012)
Life cycle assessment of 50 MW Wind Turbines and strategies for Impact Reduction
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
Chen Shuaixun, Gooi Hoay Beng, Wang MingQiang and Xia Nan (2012)
Modelling of Lithium-ion Battery for Online Energy Management Systems
IET Electrical Systems in Transportation, 2(4), 202-210
Guichuan Xing, Yile Liao, Xiangyang Wu, Sabyasachi Chakrabortty, Xinfeng Liu, Edwin K. L. Yeow, Yinthai Chan, and Tze
Chien Sum (2012)
Ultralow Threshold Two-Photon Pumped Amplified Spontaneous Emission and Lasing from Seeded CdSe/CdS
Nanorod Heterostructures
ACS Nano, 6, 10835 – 10844
V. Aravindan and P. Vickraman (2012)
Effect of ionic conductivity during the aging of polyvinylidenefluoride-hexafluoropropylene (PVdF-HFP) membrane
impregnated with different lithium salts
Indian Journal of Physics
Tran, PD; Nguyen, M; Pramana, SS; Bhattacharjee, A; Chiam, SY; Fize, J; Field, MJ; Artero, V; Wong, LH ; Loo, J; Barber,
J. (2012)
Copper molybdenum sulfide: a new efficient electrocatalyst for hydrogen production from water
Energy and Environmental Science, 5(10), 8912-8916
Tran, P. D., Pramana, S. S., Kale, V. S., Nguyen, M., Chiam, S. Y., Batabyal, S. K., Wong, L. H., Barber, J., Loo, J. (2012)
Novel Assembly of an MoS2 Electrocatalyst onto a Silicon Nanowire Array Electrode to Construct a Photocathode
Composed of Elements Abundant on the Earth for Hydrogen Generation
Chemistry - A European Journal, 18(44), 13994-13999
Phong D. Tran and J. Barber. (2012)
Proton reduction to hydrogen in biological and chemical systems
Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 14, 13772-13784
S.M.G. Yang, V. Aravindan, W.I. Cho, D.R. Chang, H.S. Kim and Y.S. Lee (2012)
Realizing the performance of LiCoPO4 cathodes by Fe substitution with off-stoichiometry
Journal of the Electrochemical Society
Y.L. Cheah, V. Aravindan and S. Madhavi (2012)
Improved elevated temperature performance of Al-intercalated V2O5 electrospun nanofibers for lithium-ion
batteries
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
125
Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
PUBLICATIONS
Prabhakar, RR; Pramana, SS; Karthik, KRG; Sow, CH; Jinesh, KB (2012)
Ultra-thin conformal deposition of CuInS2 on ZnO nanowires by chemical spray pyrolysis
Journal of Materials Chemistry, 22(28), 13965-13968.
Tran, PD; Batabyal, SK; Pramana, SS; Barber, J; Wong, LH; Loo, SCJ (2012)
A cuprous oxide-reduced graphene oxide (Cu2O-rGO) composite photocatalyst for hydrogen generation: employing
rGO as an electron acceptor to enhance the photocatalytic activity and stability of Cu2O
Nanoscale, 4(13), 3875-3878
H.C. Foong, Y. Zheng, Y.K. Tan, M. T. Tan. (2012)
Fast-Transient Integrated Digital DC-DC Converter With Predictive and Feedforward Control.
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I-Regular Papers, 59(7), 1567-1576.
Y.K. Tan, T. P. Huynh, Z.Z. Wang (2012)
Smart Personal Sensor Network Control for Energy Saving in DC Grid Powered LED Lighting System IEEE
Transactions on Smart Grid, in-third-review
Jayantha Siriwardana, Saman K. Halgamuge, Thomas Scherer, Wolfgang Schott (2012)
Minimizing the thermal impact of computing equipment upgrades in data centers
Energy and Buildings, 50, 81-92
Saliya Jayasekara, Jayantha Siriwardana, Saman K. Halgamuge (2012)
Enhanced thermal performance of absorption chillers fired by multiple dynamic heat sources
International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing, 13(7), 1231-1238
V. Aravindan, Y.L. Cheah, G. Wee, B.V.R. Chowdari and S. Madhavi (2012)
Fabrication of high energy density hybrid supercapacitors using electrospun V2O5 nanofibers with self-supported
carbon nanotube network.
ChemPlusChem
P. Suresh Kumar, R. Sahay, V. Aravindan, J. Sundaramurthy, W. Chui Ling, V. Thavasi, S.G. Mhaisalkar, S. Madhavi and S.
Ramakrishna (2012)
Free standing electrospun carbon nanofibers - A high performance anode material for lithium-ion batteries
Journal of Physics D-Applied Physics, (Accepted)
V. Aravindan, M.V. Reddy, G.V. Subba Rao, B.V.R. Chowdari and S. Madhavi (2012)
Electrochemical Performance of α-MnO2 Nanorods/Activated Carbon Hybrid Supercapacitor Nanoscience and
Nanotechnology Letters
M. Kakran, N. G. Sahoo*, L. Li, Z. Judeh. (2012)
Fabrication of Quercetin Nanoparticles by Anti-solvent Precipitation Method for Enhanced Dissolution
Powder Technology, 223, 59-64
126
Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
PUBLICATIONS
Subiantoro A., Ooi K.T. (2012)
Experimental Investigation of the Revolving Vane (RV-I) Expander
Applied Thermal Engineering, accepted
Lifei Xi, Phong D. Tran, Sing Yang Chia, Saurabh Bassi Prince, Wai Fatt Mak, Hemant Kumar Mulmudi, Sudip K. Batabyal,
James Barber, Joachim Say Chye Loo, Lydia H. Wong (2012)
Co3O4 decorated hematite nanorods as photoanode for solar water oxidation
Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 116, 13884-13889
V. Aravindan, W. Chui Ling, M.V. Reddy, G.V. Subba Rao, B.V.R. Chowdari and S. Madhavi (2012) Carbon coated nanoLiTi2(PO4)3 electrode for non-aqueous hybrid supercapacitor
Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
Phong D. Tran, Sudip K. Batabyal, Stevin S. Pramana, James Barber, Lydia H. Wong, Joachim S. C. Loo (2012)
Cuprous Oxide/ reduced Graphene Oxide (Cu2O/rGO) Composite PhotoCatalyst for Hydrogen Generation:
Employing rGO as Electron Acceptor to Enhance Photocatalytic Activities and Stability of Cu2O
Nanoscale, In press, 10.1039/C2NR30881A
Prabhakar, R. R., Mathews, N., Jinesh, K. B., Karthik, K. R. G., Pramana, S. S., Varghese, B., Sow, C. H., Mhaisalkar, S
(2012)
Efficient multispectral photodetection using Mn doped ZnO nanowires
Journal of Materials Chemistry, 22, 9678-9683
Lifei Xi , Prince Saurabh Bassi , Sing Yang Chiam, Mak Wai Fatt, Phong D. Tran, James Barber, Joachim Loo and Lydia
Helena Won (2012)
Surface treatment of hematite photoanodes with zinc acetate for water oxidation.
Nanoscale, In press, DOI: 10.1039/C2NR30862B
Subiantoro, K.T. Ooi. (2012)
Analysis of the revolving vane (RV-0) expander, part 2: Verifications of theoretical models
International Journal of Refrigeration, In Press
Than Zaw Oo, R. Devi Chandra, Natalia Yantara, Rajiv Ramanujam Prabhakar, Lydia H. Wong, Nripan Mathews, Subodh
G. Mhaisalkar (2012)
Zinc Tin Oxide (ZTO) electron transporting buffer layer in inverted organic solar cell
Organic Electronics, 13(5), 870
N.G. Sahoo, Y. Pan, L. Li, S.W. Chan (2012)
Graphene-based Materials for Energy Conversion
Advanced Materials
Fengxia Wei, Tom Baikie, Tao An, Christian Kloc, Jun Wei, and Tim White (2012)
Crystal Chemistry of Melilite [CaLa]2[Ga]2[Ga2O7]2: a Five Dimensional Solid Electrolyte
Inorganic Chemistry, 51(10), 5941-5949
127
Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
PUBLICATIONS
Tom Baikie, Martin K. Schreyer, Chui Ling Wong, Stevin S. Pramana, Wim T. Klooster, Cristiano Ferraris, Garry J. McIntyre,
and T. J. White (2012)
A Multi-Domain Gem-Grade Brazilian Apatite
American Mineralogist, in press
K. Karthikeyan, S. Amaresh, G.W. Lee, V. Aravindan, H. Kim, K.S. Kang, W.S.Kim and Y.S. Lee (2012)
Electrochemical performance of cobalt free, Li1.2(Mn0.32Ni0.32Fe0.16)O2 cathodes for lithium batteries
Electrochimica Acta
D.Y.W. Yu, Y. Reynier, J. Dodd Cardema, Y. Ozawa and R. Yazami (2012)
Thermodynamic Study of Lithium-ion Battery Materials
MRS Proceedings, 1388
Kale, V. S., Prabhakar, R. R., Pramana, S. S., Rao, M., Sow, C.-H., Jinesh, K. B., Mhaisalkar, S. G (2012)
Enhanced electron field emission properties of high aspect ratio silicon nanowire-zinc oxide core-shell arrays
Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 14, 4614-4619
R. S. Chaughule, S. Purushotham, R. V. Ramanujan (2012)
Magnetic Nanoparticles as Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section A: Physical Sciences, IN PRESS (IN PRESS), IN PRESS
Subiantoro, K.T. Ooi. (2012)
Analysis of the revolving vane (RV-0) expander, part 1: Experimental investigations
International Journal of Refrigeration, In Press
Bhaarathi Natarajan, Luigi Genovese, Mark E. Casida, Thierry Deutsch, Olga N. Burchak, Christian Philouze, Maxim Y.
Balakirev (2012)
Wavelet-based linear-response time-dependent density-functional theory
Chemical physics
Ashish Panda and Thambipillai Srikanthan (2012)
Psychoacoustic Model Compensation for Robust Speaker Verification in Environmental Noise
IEEE Transactions on Audio Speech and Language Processing, 20(3), 945-953
Chen SX, Gooi HB and Wang MQ (2012)
Sizing of Energy Storage for Microgrids
IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 3(1), 142-151
R. Prasanth, V. Aravindan and S. Madhavi (2012)
Novel polymer electrolyte based on cob-web electrospun multi component polymer blend of polyacrylonitrile/
poly(methyl methacrylate)/polystyrene for lithium ion batteries-Preparation and electrochemical characterization
Journal of Power Sources, 202, 299-307
128
Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
PUBLICATIONS
Y.L. Cheah, V. Aravindan and S. Madhavi (2012)
Electrochemical lithium insertion behavior of combustion synthesized V2O5 cathodes for lithium-ion batteries
Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 159(3), A273-A280
Zheng Bang Lim, Hairong Li, Shuangyong Sun, Jun Yan Lek, Abbie Trewin, Yeng Ming Lam, Andrew C. Grimsdale. (2012)
New 3D supramolecular Zn(II)-coordinated self-assembled organic networks
Journal of Materials Chemistry, 22, 6218-6231
Jenny Gun, Sneha A. Kulkarni, Wang Xiu, Sudip K. Batabyal, Sergey Sladkevich, Petr V. Prikhodchenko, Vitaly Gutkin,
Ovadia Lev (2012)
Graphene Oxide Organogel Electrolyte for Quasi Solid Dye Sensitized Solar Cells
Electrochemistry Communications, 19, 108-110
R. Cho, J. N. Son, V. Aravindan, H. Kim, K. S. Kang, W. S. Yoon, W. S. Kim and Y. S. Lee (2012)
Carbon supported, Al doped-Li3V2(PO4)3 as a high rate cathode material for lithium-ion batteries
Journal of Materials Chemistry, 22(14), 6556-6560
Wang Zhiyu, Zhou Liang, Lou Xiong Wen(2012)
Metal oxide hollow nanostructures for lithium-ion batteries
Advanced Materials, 24, 1903
Yi Zeng, Wenyu. Zhang, Chen Xu, Ni Xiao, Yizhong. Huang, Denis Y.W. Yu, Huey Hoon Hng, Qingyu Yan (2012)
One-Step Solvothermal Synthesis of Single Crystalline TiOF2 Nanotubes with High Lithium-ion Battery Performance
Chemistry - A European Journal, 18, 4026
Pushkar Kanhere, Jianwei Zheng, Chen Zhong (2012)
Synthesis, optical properties and photocatalytic hydrogen evolution over Bi3+ Doped NaTaO3 photocatalyst
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
MNA Hawlader and Zakaria Mohd. Amin (2012)
Desalination Of Seawater Using Solar, Ambient Energy And Waste Heat From Air Conditioning System
Desalination and Water Treatment Journal, 42(1-3), 235-240
H.K.F. Cheng, T. Basu, N.G. Sahoo*, L. Li, S.H. Chan (2012)
Current Advances in the Carbon Nanotube/Thermotropic Main-chained Liquid Crystalline Polymer Nanocomposites
and Their Blends
Polymers, 4, 889-912
S.A. Mousavi Shaegh, N.T. Nguyen, S.H. Chan (2012)
Air-breathing membraneless laminar flow-based fuel cell with flow-through anode
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 37(4), 3466–3476
129
Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
PUBLICATIONS
Y. Luo, J. Jiang, W. Zhou, H. Yang, J. Jiang, X. Qi, H. Zhang, D.Y.W. Yu, C.M. Li and T. Yu (2012)
Self-assembly of Well-ordered Whisker-like Manganese Oxide Arrays on Carbon Fiber Paper and Its Application
as Electrode Material for Supercapacitors
Journal of Materials Chemistry, 22, 8634
Juan Sun, Cheng Sun, Sudip K. Batabyal, Phong D. Tran, Stevin S. Pramana, Lydia H. Wong, Subodh G. Mhaisalkar.
(2012)
Morphology and stoichiometry control of hierarchical CuInSe2/SnO2 nanostructures by directed electrochemical
assembly for solar energy harvesting
Electrochemistry Communications, 15(1), 18-21
Li, H., Baikie, T., Pramana, S. S., Shin, J. F., Slater, P. R., Brink, F., Hester, J., Wallwork, K., White, T. J. (2012)
Synthesis and characterisation of vanadium doped alkaline earth lanthanum germanate oxyapatite electrolyte
Journal of Materials Chemistry, 22(6), 2658-2669
X. M. Ge, Y. N. Fang, and S. H. Chan (2012)
Design and optimisation of composite electrodes in solid oxide cells
Fuel Cells, 12(1), 61-76
Muthu MS, Kulkarni SA,Liu Y, Feng SS. (2012)
Development of docetaxel-loaded vitamin E TPGS micelles: formulation optimization, effects on brain cancer cells
and biodistribution in rats
Nanomedicine, 7(3), 353-364
Muthu MS, Kulkarni SA, Raju A, Feng SS (2012)
Theranostics liposomes of TPGS coating for targeted co-delivery docetaxel and quantum dots
Biomaterials, 33(12), 3494-3501
Teck Lip Tam, Hong Hup Ronnie Tan, Wanting Ye, Subodh G. Mhaisalkar, and Andrew C. Grimsdale (2012)
One-Pot Synthesis of 4,8-Dibromobenzo[1,2-d;4,5-d ]bistriazole and Synthesis of its Derivatives as New Units for
Conjugated Materials
Organic Letters, 14(2), 532-535
V. Aravindan and M. Umadevi (2012)
Synthesis and characterization of novel LiFeBO3/C cathodes for lithium batteries
Ionics, 18(1-2), 27-30
Rashedi, I. Sridhar, K.J. Tseng (2012)
Multi-objective material selection for wind turbine blade and tower: Ashby’s approach
Materials and Design, 37, 521-532
Ahmad Serjouei, Idapalapati Sridhar, Wong Ee Hua (2012)
On the design of Bi-Layer Armor Materials
Solid State Phenomena, 185, 48-50
130
Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
PUBLICATIONS
Y. Luo, J. Luo, J. Jiang, W. Zhou, H. Yang, X. Qi, H. Zhang, H. Fan, D.Y.W. Yu, C.M. Li and T. Yu (2012)
Seed-assisted Synthesis of Highly Ordered TiO2@ -Fe2O3 Core/Shell Arrays on Carbon Textiles for Lithium-ion
Battery Applications.
Energy and Environmental Science, 5, 6559
Phong D. Tran, Lydia H. Wong, James Barber, Joachim S.C Loo (2012)
Recent advances in hybrid photocatalysts for solar fuel production
Energy & Environmental Science, 5, 5902-5918
H.K.F. Cheng, Y. Pan, N.G. Sahoo, K. Chong, L. Li, S.H. Chan, J. Zhao (2012)
Improvement in Properties of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube/Polypropylene Nanocomposites Through
Homogeneous Dispersion with the Aid of Surfactants
Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 124, 1117-1127
Tang, Y, Wee, P., Lai, Y., Wang, X., Gong, D., Kanhere, P.D., Lim, T.-T., Dong, Z , Chen, Z (2012)
Hierarchical TiO2 nanoflakes and nanoparticles hybrid structure for improved photocatalytic activity
Journal of Physical Chemistry C
M. Kakran, R. Shegokar, N. G. Sahoo, S. Gohla, L. Li, R. H. Müller (2012)
Long term stability of quercetin nanocrystals prepared by different methods
Journal Of Pharmacy And Pharmacology
M. Kakran, R. Shegokar, N. G. Sahoo, A. Shaal, L. Li, R. H. Müller (2012)
Fabrication of quercetin nanocrystals: Comparison of different methods
European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 80, 113-121
M. Kakran, N. G. Sahoo, I-L. Tan, L. Li. (2012)
Preparation of Nanoparticles of Poorly Water Soluble Antioxidant Curcumin by Antisolvent Precipitation Methods
Journal of Nanoparticle Research
J. Liu, L. Lai, N.G. Sahoo*, W. Zhou,Z. Shen, S.W. Chan (2012)
Carbon Nanotube-Based Materials for Fuel Cell Applications
Australian Journal of Chemistry
H.K.F. Cheng, N.G. Sahoo, Y.P. Tan, Y. Pan, H. Bao, K. Chong, L. Li, S.H. Chan, J. Zhao (2012)
Poly(vinyl alcohol) Nanocomposites Filled with Poly(vinyl alcohol)-grafted Graphene Oxide
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
Muthu MS, Kulkarni SA, Xiong J, Feng SS (2012)
Vitamin E TPGS coated liposomes enhanced cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of docetaxel in brain cancer cells
International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 421, 332-340
131
Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
PUBLICATIONS
X. Feng, H. B. Gooi and S. X. Chen (2012)
An Improved Lithium-ion Battery Model with Temperature Prediction Considering Entropy
IEEE PES ISGT
Nirnaya Sarangan and Y.K. Tan (2012)
Optimal Power Interface Topology for DC Grid Connected LED Lighting System (in-review)
3rd IEEE International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies (ICSET’12)
Subhadeep Bhattacharya and Y.K.Tan (2012)
Design of Static Wireless Charging Coils for Integration into Electric Vehicle (in-review)
3rd IEEE International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies (ICSET’12)
Nirnaya Sarangan, Yen Kheng Tan (2012)
Optimal Power Interface Topology for DC Grid Connected LED Lighting System
IEEE-ICSET 2012
Heshan Fernando, Jayantha Siriwardana, Saman Halgamuge (2012)
Can a Data Center Heat-Flow Model Be Scaled Down?
IEEE International Conference on Information and Automation for Sustainability
Leong Hai Koh, Yen Kheng Tan, Peng Wang, Kingjet Tseng (2012)
Renewable Energy Integration into Smart Grids: Problems and Solutions - Singapore Experience
2012 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting
M. Q. Wang, and H. B. Gooi (2012)
Spinning Reserve Estimation in Microgrids
IEEE Power&Energy Society General Meeting, 2012
Subiantoro A., Ooi K.T. (2012)
Investigation of the Centrifugal Force Effect to a Revolving Vane (RV) Machine
21st International Compressor Engineering Conference at Purdue
Jayantha Siriwardana, Saman K. Halgamuge (2012)
2012 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation: Fast Shortest Path Optimization by Shuttle Streaming of
Physarum Polycephalum
2012 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (pp. 1-8) Brisbane, Australia: IEEE
Wei Fei, Hao Yu, Kiat Seng Yeo, Xiong Liu, and Wei Meng Lim (2012)
A 44-to-60GHz, 9.7dBm P1dB, 7.1% PAE Power Amplifier with 2D Distributed Power Combining by Metamaterialbased Zero-Phase-Shifter in 65nm CMOS
IEEE International Microwave Symposium (IMS), Montreal, Canada, (pp. 1-3)
Michael L. S. Abundo; Ma. Rosario C. O. Ang; Mario Buhali Jr.; Arjay Cayetano (2012, May ) Development of an Integrated
Multi-Site & Multi-Device Rapid Evaluation Tool for Tidal Energy Planning
11th International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering (EEEIC), Venice-Athens-Italy-Greece
132
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PUBLICATIONS
Michael L. S. Abundo; Ma. Rosario C. O. Ang; Mario Buhali Jr.; Arjay Cayetano. (2012, May )
Tidal In-Stream Energy Density Estimates for Pre-Identified Sites in the Philippines Using a Tide Height DifferenceBased Metric
11th International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering (EEEIC), Venice-Athens-Italy-Greece
Pushkar Kanhere, Jianwei Zheng and Chen Zhong (2012)
1. Design and Synthesis of Visible-light Active Photocatalysts for Solar Hydrogen Production: An Example with
Doped NaTaO3 System
UK-Singapore symposium: New approaches to emerging energy systems
Michael Abundo, Allan Nerves, Enrico Paringit, Cesar Villanoy (2012)
Energy Procedia Vol 14: A Combined Multi-Site and Multi-Device Decision Support System for Tidal In-Stream
Energy
2nd International Conference on Advances in Energy Eng ineering (pp. 812-817)Elsevier Ltd
Ge Xiaoming (2012)
Lanthanum Strontium Vanadate in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing GmbH & Co. KG.
Yen Kheng Tan and King Jet Tseng (2012)
Low Voltage DC Grid Powered LED Lighting System with Smart Ambient Sensors Control for Energy Conservation
in Green Building
Smart Grid Infrastructure & Networking. (pp. Chapter 10).
Josep M. Guerrero and Yen Kheng Tan (2012)
Multiple Distributed Smart Microgrids with Self-Autonomous Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network
Smart Grid Infrastructure & Networking. (pp. Chapter 11)
Yen Kheng Tan, Yuanjin Zheng, Huey Chian Foong (2012)
Ultralow Power Management Circuit for Optimal Energy Harvesting in Wireless Body Area Network
Advanced Circuits for Emerging Technologies. (pp. Chapter 7)
Mark E Casida, Bhaarathi Natarajan, Thierry Deutsch (2012)
Non-Born-Oppenheimer dynamics and conical intersections
Fundamentals of Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (pp. 279--298)
Bhaarathi Natarajan, Mark E. Casida, Luigi Genovese, Mark E. Casida, and Thierry Deutsch (2012)
Wavelet-based linear-response time-dependent density-functional theory
Theoretical and Computational Methods in Modern Density Functional Theory. (pp. in press)
Guichuan Xing, Nripan Mathews, Shuangyong Sun, Swee Sien Lim, Yeng Ming Lam, Michael Grätzel, Subodh Mhaisalkar,
Tze Chien Sum,
Long-Range Balanced Electron- and Hole-Transport Lengths in Organic-Inorganic CH3NH3PbI3
Science 18 October 2013: Vol. 342 no. 6156 pp. 344-347
133
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PUBLICATIONS
Guichuan Xing,
Low-temperature solution-processed wavelength-tunable perovskites for lasing
Nature Materials, 13, 476–480 (2014)
Li Baosheng, Chan Siew Hwa
PtFeNi tri-metallic alloy nanoparticles as electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction in proton exchange
membrane fuel cells with ultra-low Pt loading
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Volume 38, Issue 8, 19 March 2013, Pages 3338–3345
Chang Wei-Chung, Zhou Jin
An improved life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) approach for assessing aquatic eco-toxic impact of brine
disposal from seawater desalination plants
Desalination, Volume 308, 2 January 2013, Pages 233–241
Chang Wei-Chung
Decentralized optimization for vapor compression refrigeration cycle
Applied Thermal Engineering, Volume 51, Issues 1–2, March 2013, Pages 753–763
Bernard Ng Jia Han, Zhang Jiefeng, Apostolos Giannis, Chang Wei-CWang Jing-Yuan
Adaptation of urine source separation in tropical cities: Process optimization and odor mitigation
Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2013 Apr; 63(4):472-81.
Liu Bianxia, Apostolos Giannis, Zhang Jiefeng, Chang Wei-Chung, Yang Linyan, Wang Jing-Yuan
Air stripping process for ammonia recovery from source-separated urine: Modeling and Optimization
Water Research
Liu Bianxia, Apostolos Giannis, Zhang Jiefeng, Chang Wei-Chung, Wang Jing-Yuan
Characterization of induced struvite formation from source-separated urine using seawater and brine as
magnesium sources
Chemeosphere, 2013 Nov;93(11):2738-47
Chang Wei-Chung
Removal of cytostatic drugs from aquatic environment: A review
Science of the Total Environment, 2013 Feb 15;445-446:281-98
Chang Wei-Chung
Human health and thermal comfort of office workers in Singapore
Building and Environment, Volume 58, December 2012, Pages 172–178
Han Zhenan, Chang Wei-Chung, Wang Xiaoping, Lim Teik Thye, &Lynn Hildemann
Experimental study on visible-light induced photocatalytic oxidation of gaseous formaldehyde by polyester fiber
supported photocatalysts
Chemical Engineering Journal, Volume 218, 15 February 2013, Pages 9–18
134
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PUBLICATIONS
Youngho Chang, Yanfei Li
Power Generation and Cross-border Grid Planning for the Integrated ASEAN Electricity Market: A Dynamic Linear
Programmeming Model
Energy strategy reviews, Volume 2, Issue 2, September 2013, Pages 153–160
Riko. I Made; Eric Phua Jian Rong; Stevin Snellius Panama; Wong Chee Cheong; Chen Zhong; Alfred Tok Ling Yoong;
Gan Chee Lip
Improved Mechanical and Thermomechanical Properties of Alumina Substrate via Iron Doping
Scripta Materialia, Volume 68, Issue 11, June 2013, Pages 869–872
Zhang, Y. Y.; Tang, Y. X.; Liu, X. F.; Dong, Z. L.; Hng, H. H.; Chen, Z.; Sum, T. C.; Chen, X. D.
Three-Dimensional CdS–Titanate Composite Nanomaterials for Enhanced Visible-Light-Driven Hydrogen Evolution
Small, Volume 9, Issue 7, pages 996–1002, April 8, 2013
Gao J, Cao S, Tay Q, Liu Y, Yu L, Ye K, Mun PCS, Li Y, Rakesh G, Loo SCJ, Chen Z, Zhao Y, Xue C, Zhang Q
Molecule-Based Water-Oxidation Catalysts (WOCs): Cluster-Size-Dependent Dye-Sensitized Polyoxometalates
for Visible-Light-Driven O2 Evolution
Scientific Reports, 5/17/2013, Vol. 3, p1
Ahmed Sharif, Lim Jun Zhang, Lau Fu Long, Riko I Made, Eric Phua Jian Rong, Lim Ju Dy, Wong Chee Cheong, Gan Chee
Lip, Chen Zhong
Pb-Free Glass Paste-A Metallization-Free Die Attachment Solution for High Temperature Application on Ceramic
Substrates
Journal of Electronic Materials, August 2013, Volume 42, Issue 8, pp 2667-2676
Gilbert Foo, Z. Xinan, D. M. Vilathgamuwa
A Novel Speed, DC-Link Voltage and Current Sensor Fault Detection and Isolation in IPM Synchronous Motor
Drives using an Extended Kalman Filter
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 60(8), 3485-3495
T. D. Nguyen, Gilbert Foo, K. J. Tseng, D. M. Vilathgamuwa
Sensorless Control of a Dual-Airgap Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Machine for Flywheel Energy Storage System
IET Electric Power Applications, Volume 7 , Issue 2 , Feb. 2013, 140 - 149
Y. Chen, B. Schmidt and D.L. Maskell
A hybrid short read mapping accelerator
BMC Bioinformatics, 2013, 14:67
L.L. Jiang, D. L. Maskell and J. C. Patra
A Novel Ant Colony Optimization-based Maximum Power Point Tracking for Photovoltaic Systems under Partially
Shaded Conditions
Energy and Buildings, Volume 58, March 2013, Pages 227–236
135
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PUBLICATIONS
L.L. Jiang, D. L. Maskell and J. C. Patra
Parameter Estimation of Solar Cells and Modules using an Improved Adaptive Differential Evolution Algorithm
Applied Energy, Volume 112, December 2013, Pages 185–193
D. Nayanasiri, D M Vilathgamuwa and D L Maskell
Half-Wave Cycloconverter Based Photovoltaic Microinverter Topology with Phase Shift Power Modulation
IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Volume 28 , Issue 6, June 2013, 2700 - 2710
Jingshan Luo, Xinhui Xia, Yongsong Luo, Cao Guan, Jilei Liu, Xiaoying Qi, Chin Fan Ng, Ting Yu, Hua Zhang, and Hong
Jin Fan
Rational Designed Hierarchical TiO2@Fe2O3 Hollow Nanostructures for Improved Lithium Ion Storage
Advanced energy materials, Volume 3, Issue 6, pages 737–743, June, 2013
Liap Tat Su, Siva Krishna Karuturi, Jingshan Luo, Lijun Liu, Xinfeng Liu, Jun Guo, Tze Chien Sum, Renren Deng, Hong Jin
Fan, Xiaogang Liu, and Alfred Iing Yoong Tok
Photon Upconversion in Heteronanostructured Photoanodes for Enhanced Near-Infrared Light Harvesting
Advanced Materials, Volume 25, Issue 11, pages 1603–1607, March 20, 2013
B. Wu, X. Wu, C. Guan, K. F. Tai, E. K. L. Yeow, H. J. Fan, N. Mathews and T. C. Sum
Uncovering Loss Mechanisms in Silver Nanoparticle-Blended Plasmonic Organic Solar Cells
Nature Communications, 4, Article number: 2004
M. Liu, R. Chen, G. Adamo, K. F. MacDonald, E. J. Sie, T. C. Sum, N. I. Zheludev, H. Sun, and H. J. Fan
Tuning the influence of metal nanoparticles on ZnO photoluminescence by atomic-layer-deposited dielectric
spacer
Nanophotonics, Volume 2, Issue 2, pp.153-160
Guichuan Xing, Jingshan Luo, Hongxing Li, Bo Wu, Xinfeng Liu, Cheng Hon Alfred Huan, Hong Jin Fan, and Tze Chien
Sum
Ultrafast Exciton Dynamics and Two-Photon Pumped Lasing from ZnSe Nanowires
Advanced Optical Materials, Volume 1, Issue 4, pages 319–326, April 2013
B. Sivaneasan, P. L. So, H. B. Gooi, and L. K. Siow
Performance Measurement and Analysis of WiMAX-LAN Communication Operating at 5.8 GHz
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Volume 9, Issue 3, Aug. 2013, 1497 - 1506
Zhu JX, Yin ZY, Yang D, Sun T, Yu H, Hoster, HE, Hng HH, Zhang H, Yan QY
Hierarchical hollow spheres composed of ultrathin Fe2O3 nanosheets for lithium storage and photocatalytic water
oxidation
Energy and Environmental Science, Volume 6, Issue 3, p987-993, 2013
Tan LP, Sun T, Fan SF, Ng LY, Suwardi A, Yan QY, Hng HH
Facile synthesis of Cu7Te4 nanorods and the enhanced thermoelectric properties of Cu7Te4–Bi0.4Sb1.6Te3
nanocomposites
Nano Energy, Vol. 2, 2013, pp. 4-11 (Jan 2013)
136
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PUBLICATIONS
Hequn Min, Xiaoyang Huang and Qide Zhang
Active Control on Flow-Induced Vibration of the Head Gimbals Assembly in Hard Disk Drives
IEEE Transactions on Magnetics,
Xiaoyang Huang, Hequn Min, and Qide Zhang
Feedback control of flow-induced vibrations on head gimbals assembly inside hard disk drives
Fluid-Structure-Sound Interactions and Control: Proceedings of the 2nd Symposium on Fluid-Structure-Sound Interactions
and Control (Oct. 31 2012-Nov. 2 2012)
Hequn Min, Xiaoyang Huang and Qide Zhang
Active control of flow-induced vibrations on slider in hard disk drives: experimental demonstration
IEEE Transactions on Magnetics (Oct. 31 2012-Nov. 2 2012)
Hequn Min, Xiaoyang Huang and Qide Zhang
Active control of flow-induced vibrations on slider in hard disk drives by suppressing pressure fluctuations with
virtual sensing
IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Volume 49 , Issue 3, March 2013, 1088 - 1095
Yuefan Wei, Junhua Kong, Liping Yang , Lin Ke , Hui Ru Tan , Hai Liu, Yizhong Huang, Xiaowei Sun, Xuehong Lu and
Hejun Du,
Polydopamine-assisted decoration of ZnO nanorods with Ag nanoparticles: an improved photoelectrochemical
anode
Journal of Materials Chemistry, 1, 5045-5052.
Huang Yizhong
Nanoscale oxidation of copper in aqueous solution
Electrochemistry Communications
Guichuan Xing, Nripan Mathews, Shuangyong Sun, Swee Sien Lim, Yeng Ming Lam, Michael Graetzel, Subodh Mhaisalkar,
Tze Chien Sum
Long-Range Balanced Electron and Hole Transport Lengths in Organic-Inorganic CH3NH3PbI3
Science, 18 October 2013: Vol. 342 no. 6156 pp. 344-347
Yingxi Lu, Liang Liu, Wanling Foo, Shlomo Magdassi, Daniel Mandler, Pooi See Lee
Self-assembled polymer layers of linear polyethylenimine for enhancing electrochromic cycling stability
Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Issue 23, 2013, 1, 3651-3654
Junhua Kong, Yuefan Wei, Liping Yang, Wu Aik Yee, Yuliang Dong, Rui Zhou, Siew Yee Wong, Lin Ke, Xiao Wei Sun, Hejun
Du, Xu Li, and Xuehong Lu
Electrospinning-Derived “Hairy Seaweed” and Its Photoelectrochemical Properties
Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 04/2013; 117:10106-10113.
137
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PUBLICATIONS
Shu Huang , Liping Yang , Ming Liu , Si Lei Phua , Wu Aik Yee , Wanshuang Liu , Rui Zhou , Xuehong Lu
Complexes of Polydopamine-Modified Clay And Ferric Ions as the Framework for Pollutant-Absorbing
Supramolecular Hydrogels.
Langmuir, 2013, 29 (4), pp 1238–1244
Wanshuang Liu, Junhua Kong, Weilong Eric Toh, Rui Zhou, Guoqiang Ding, Shu Huang, Yuliang Dong, Xuehong Lu
Toughening of epoxies by covalently anchoring triazole-functionalized stacked-cup carbon nanofibers
Composites Science and Technology, Volume 85, 21 August 2013, Pages 1–9
Liping Yang, Si Lei Phua, Cher Ling Toh, Liying Zhang, Han Ling, Mengchee Chang, Dan Zhou, Yuliang Dong and Xuehong
Lu
Polydopamine-Coated Graphene as Multifunctional Nanofillers in Polyurethane
RSC Advances, 2013, 3, 6377.
Yuefan Wei, Junhua Kong, Liping Yang , Lin Ke , Hui Ru Tan , Hai Liu , Yizhong Huang , Xiaowei Sun , Xuehong Lu
and Hejun Du,
Polydopamine-assisted decoration of ZnO nanorods with Ag nanoparticles: an improved photoelectrochemical
anode
Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Issue 16, 2013, 1, 5045-5052
Junhua Kong, Wu Aik Yee, Yuefan Wei, Liping Yang, Jia Ming Ang, Silei Phua, Siew Yee Wong, Rui Zhou, Yuliang Dong ,
Xu Li and Xuehong Lu
Silicon Nanoparticles Encapsulated in Hollow Graphitized Carbon Nanofibers for Lithium Ion Battery Anode
Nanoscale, Issue 7, 2013, 5, 2967-2973
Phua, S. L.; Yang, L.; Toh, C. L.; Guoqiang, D.; Lau, S. K.; Dasari, A.; Lu, X.
Simultaneous enhancements of UV resistance and mechanical properties of polypropylene by incorporation of
dopamine-modified clay
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Feb 2013, 5(4), 1302-9
Dan Zhou, Rui Zhou, Chuanxiang Chen, Wu-Aik Yee, Junhua Kong, Guoqiang Ding, Xuehong Lu
Non-Volatile Polymer Electrolyte Based on Poly(propylene carbonate), Ionic Liquid and Lithium Perchlorate for
Electrochromic Devices
Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 2013, 117, 7783
Chuanxiang Chen, Guoqiang Ding, Dan Zhou, Xuehong Lu
Synthesis of poly(aniline-co-3-amino-4-hydroxybenzoic acid) and its enhanced redox activity under highly basic
conditions
Electrochimica Acta, Volume 97, 1 May 2013, Pages 112–119
Nguyen, Mai; Tran, Phong D.; Pramana, Stevin S.; Lee, Rui Lin; Batabyal, Sudip K.; Mathews, Nripan; Wong, Lydia H.;
Graetzel, Michael
In situ photo-assisted deposition of MoS2 electrocatalyst onto zinc cadmium sulphide nanoparticle surfaces to
construct an efficient photocatalyst for hydrogen generation
Nanoscale, vol. 5, num. 4, p. 1479-1482
138
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PUBLICATIONS
Ibrahim I.H. and Skote M.
Effects of the scalar parameters in the Suzen-Huang model on plasma actuator characteristics
International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat and Fluid Flow, Vol. 23 No. 6, 2013, pp 1076-1103
Skote M
Comparison between spatial and temporal wall oscillations in turbulent boundary layer flows
Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Volume 730 / September 2013, pp 273-294
Chen Y.H., Skote M., Zhao Y. and Huang W.M.
Dragonfly (Sympetrum flaveolum) Flight: Kinematic Measurement and Modelling
Journal of Fluids and Structures, Volume 40, July 2013, Pages 115–126
Chen Y.H., Skote M., Zhao Y. and Huang W.M.
Stiffness evaluation of the leading edge of the dragonfly wing via laservibrometer
Materials Letters, Volume 97, 15 April 2013, Pages 166–168
Samuel K. H. Pang, E. Y. K. Ng, and W. S. Chiu
Comparison of Turbulence Models in Near Wake of Transport Plane C-130H Fuselage
AIAA Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 50, No. 3 (2013), pp. 847-852.
Muhammad Jamil, E.Y.K. Ng
Ranking of parameters in bioheat transfer using Taguchi analysis
International Journal of Thermal Sciences, Volume 63, January 2013, Pages 15–21
K. T. Tan, P. L. So, Y. C. Chu, and M. Z. Q. Chen
Coordinated control and energy management of distributed generation inverters in a microgrid
IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Volume 28 Issue2, April 2013, 704 - 713
B. Sivaneasan, P. L. So, H. B. Gooi, and L. K. Siow
Performance Measurement and Analysis of WiMAX-LAN Communication Operating at 5.8 GHz
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Volume 9 Issue 3, Aug. 2013, 1497 - 1506
K. T. Tan, P. L. So, Y. C. Chu, and M. Z. Q. Chen
A flexible AC distribution system device for a microgrid
IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Volume 28 Issue 3,Sept. 2013, 601 - 610
Runqiang Chi, Ahmad Serjouei, Idapalapati Sridhar, Geoffrey E.B. Tan
Ballistic impact on bi-layer alumina/aluminium armor: A semi-analytical approach
International Journal of Impact Engineering, Volume 52, February 2013, Pages 37–46
Yee Wei Lim, Hae-jin Choi, Sridhar Idapalapati
Design of Alporas aluminum alloy foam cored hybrid sandwich plates using Kriging optimization
Composite Structures, Volume 96, February 2013, Pages 17–28
139
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PUBLICATIONS
A. Rashedi, I. Sridhar, K.J. Tseng
Life cycle assessment of 50 MW wind firms and strategies for impact reduction
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 21, May 2013, Pages 89–101
A. Banerjee, U. Singh, V. Aravindan, S. Madhavi and S. Ogale
Synthesis of CuO nanostructures from Cu-based metal organic framework (MOF-199) for application as anode for
Li-ion batteries
Nano Energy, Volume 2, Issue 6, November 2013, Pages 1158–1163
V. Aravindan, N. Shubha, W.C. Ling, S. Madhavi
Constructing high energy density non-aqueous Li-ion capacitors using monoclinic TiO2-B nanorods
Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Issue 20, 2013, 1, 6145-6151
Xiang Zhanga, Vanchiappan Aravindan, Palaniswamy Suresh Kumar, Huihui Liu, Sundaramuthy Jayaraman, Seeram
Ramakrishna and Srinivasan Madhavi
Synthesis of TiO2 hollow nanofibers by co-axial electrospinning and its superior lithium storage capability in fullcell assembly with olivine phosphate
Nanoscale, 2013 Jul 7, 5(13):5973-80
Nicolas Bucher; Steffen Hartung; Irina Gocheva; Yan L. Cheah; Madhavi Srinivasan; Harry E. Hoster
Combustion-synthesized sodium manganese (cobalt) oxides as cathodes for sodium ion batteries
Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, July 2013, Volume 17, Issue 7, pp 1923-1929
Yan Ling Cheah; Vanchiappan Aravindan; Srinivasan Madhavi
Synthesis and Enhanced Lithium Storage Properties of Electrospun V2O5 Nanofibers in Full-Cell Assembly with a
Spinel Li4Ti5O12 Anode
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2013 Apr 24;5(8):3475-80
A. Banerjee, S. Bhatnagar, D. Mhamane, V. Aravindan, S. Madhavi and S. Ogale
Superior lithium storage properties of α-Fe2O3 nano-assembled spindles
Nano Energy, Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2013, Pages 890–896
V. Aravindan, K.B. Jinesh, R.R. Prabhakar, V.S. Kale and S. Madhavi
Atomic layer deposited (ALD) SnO2 anodes with exceptional cycleability for Li-ion batteries
Nano Energy, Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2013, Pages 720–725
V. Aravindan, J. Gnanaraj, Y.S. Lee and S. Madhavi
LiMnPO4-A next generation cathode material for Lithium-ion batteries
Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Issue 11, 2013
V. Aravindan, P. Suresh Kumar, J. Sundaramurthy, W.C. Ling, S. Ramakrishna and S. Madhavi
Electrospun NiO Nanofibers as High Performance Anode Material for Li-Ion Batteries
Journal of Power Sources, Volume 227, 1 April 2013, Pages 284–290
140
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PUBLICATIONS
J. Sundaramurthy, V. Aravindan, P. Suresh Kumar, W.C. Ling, S. Ramakrishna and S. Madhavi
Synthesis of porous LiMn2O4 hollow nanofibers by electrospinning with extraordinary lithium storage properties
Chemical Communications, Issue 59, 2013, 49, 6677-6679
Cheah, Y. L.; Aravindan, V.; Madhavi, S.
Chemical Lithiation Studies on Combustion Synthesized V2O5 Cathodes with Full Cell Application for Lithium Ion
Batteries.
Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2013 160(8): A1016-A1024
Yan L. Cheah, Robin von Hagen, Vanchiappan Aravindan, Raquel Fiz, Sanjay Mathur, Srinivasan Madhavi
High-rate and elevated temperature performance of electrospun V2O5 nanofibers carbon-coated by plasma
enhanced chemical vapour deposition
Nano Energy, Volume 2, Issue 1, January 2013, Pages 57–64
Teh, P.F., Sharma, Y., Ko, Y.W., Pramana, S.S., Srinivasan, M. 90 90
Tuning the morphology of ZnMn2O4 lithium ion battery anodes by electrospinning and its effect on electrochemical
performance
RSC Advances, Issue 8, 2013, 3, 2812-2821
D. Mhamane, V. Aravindan, A. Suryawanshi, A. Banerjee, S. Ogale and S. Madhavi 91 91
Non-aqueous energy storage devices using graphene nanosheets synthesized by green route
AIP Advances, vol. 3, issue 4, p. 042112
T. Baikie, Y. Fang, J. M. Kadro, M. Schreyer, F. Wei, S. G. Mhaisalkar, M. Graetzel and T. J. White 92 92
Synthesis and Crystal Chemistry of the Hybrid Perovskite (CH3NH3)PbI3 for Solid-State Sensitised Solar Cell
Applications
Journal of Materials Chemistry, vol. 1, num. 18, p. 5628-5641
Guichuan Xing, Nripan Mathews, Shuangyong Sun, Swee Sien Lim, Yeng Ming Lam, Michael Graetzel, Subodh Mhaisalkar,
Tze Chien Sum
Long-Range Balanced Electron and Hole Transport Lengths in Organic-Inorganic CH3NH3PbI3
Science 18, October 2013: Vol. 342 no. 6156 pp. 344-347
Xiaoxiao Song, Zhaoyang Liu and Darren Delai Sun
Energy recovery from concentrated seawater brine by thin-film nanofiber composite pressure retarded osmosis
membranes with high power density
Energy and Environmental Science, Issue 4, 2013, 6, 1199-1210
M. Liu, R. Chen, G. Adamo, K. F. MacDonald, E. J. Sie, T. C. Sum, N. I. Zheludev, H. Sun, and H. J. Fan
Tuning the influence of metal nanoparticles on ZnO photoluminescence by atomic-layer-deposited dielectric
spacer
Nanophotonics, 2013; 2(2): 153–160
141
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PUBLICATIONS
Jeffrey C. K. Lam, Tsuhau Ng, Khalid Dawood, Fan Zhang, Anyan Du, Handong Sun, Zexiang Shen, Zhihong Mai
Evidence of Ultra-Low-k Dielectric Material Degradation and Nanostructure Alteration of the Cu/Ultra-Low-k
Interconnects in Time-Depende
Applied Physics Letters, 102, 022908 (2013);
T. C. He, Z. B. Lim, L. Ma, H.R. Li, D. Rajwar, Y. J. Ying, Z.y. Di, A. C. Grimsdale, and H. D. Sun
Large Two-photon Absorption of Terpyridine-based Quadrupolar Derivatives: Towards The Applications of Optical
Limiting and Biological Imaging
Chemistry: An Asian Journal, 2013 Mar;8(3):564-71
R. Chen, V. D. Ta, F. Xiao, Q. Y. Zhang, and H. D. Sun*
Multicolor Hybrid Upconversion Nanoparticles and Their Improved Performance as Luminescence Temperature
Sensors Due to Energy Transfer
Small, Volume 9, Issue 7, pages 1052–1057, April 8, 2013
R. Chen, Q.L. Ye, T. C. He, V. D. Ta, Y. J. Ying, Y. Y. Tay, T. Wu, and H.D. Sun
Excitons Localization and Optical Properties Improvement in Nanocrystals-Embedded ZnO Core-Shell Nanowires
Nano Letters, 2013 Feb 13;13(2):734-9
V. D. Ta, R. Chen, Lin Ma, Y. J. Ying, and H. D. Sun
Whispering Gallery Mode Microlasers and Refractive Index Sensing based on Single Polymer Fiber
Laser & Photonics Review, Vol. 7, No. 1, 133–139 (2013)
Y. Wang, X. Yang, T. C. He, Y. Gao, H. V. Demir, X. W. Sun, and H. D. Sun
Near resonant and nonresonant third-order optical nonlinearities of colloidal InP/ZnS quantum dots
Applied Physics Letters, Volume 102, Issue 2, id. 021917
V. D. Ta, R. Chen, D. M. Nguyen, and H. D. Sun
Application of Self-Assembled Hemispherical Microlasers as Gas Sensors
Applied Physics Letters, 102, 031107 (2013)
R. Q. Wee, W. F. Yang, T. J. Zhou, R. Chen, H. D. Sun, C. F. Wang, Alex Y. S. Lee, and H. Gong
Development of ZnO Nanostructured Films via Sodium Chloride Solution and Investigation of Its Growth Mechanism
and Optical Properties
Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Volume 96, Issue 6, pages 1972–1977, June 2013
S. Karamat, R. S. Rawat, T. L. Tan, P. Lee, S. V. Springham, Anis-ur-Rehman, R. Chen, and H. D. Sun
Exciting Dilute Magnetic Semiconductor: Copper-Doped ZnO
Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism, January 2013, Volume 26, Issue 1, pp 187-195
V. D. Ta, R. Chen, and H. D. Sun
Tuning Whispering Gallery Mode Lasing from Self-Assembled Polymer Droplets
Scientific Reports, 3, Article number: 1362
142
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PUBLICATIONS
S.C. Joshi, S.K. Bhudolia
Impact study of microwave-thermally cured cross and angle-ply CFRP prepreg composites [ Submitted on 30th
March 2013, Under Review]
International Journal of Aerospace Engineering
Joshi Sunil C., A. Dineshkumar
Heat transfer efficiency of aluminium substrates with embedded semi-active thermal control device
Heat Transfer Engineering, Volume 34, Issue 11-12, 2013, pages 985-993
S.C. Joshi, S.K. Bhudolia
Microwave -Thermal Technique for Energy and Time Efficient Curing of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Prepreg
Composites
Journal of Composite Materials, October 1, 2013 0021998313504606
T. Baikie, Y. Fang, J. M. Kadro, M. Schreyer, F. Wei, S. G. Mhaisalkar, M. Graetzel and T. J. White
Synthesis and Crystal Chemistry of the Hybrid Perovskite (CH3NH3)PbI3 for Solid-State Sensitised Solar Cell
Applications
Journal of Materials Chemistry, Issue 18, 2013, 1, 5628-5641
F. Wei, T. Williams, T. An, T. Baikie, C. Kloc, J. Wei and T. White
Observations of Atomic Scale Compositional and Displacive Modulations in Incommensurate Melilite Electrolytes
Journal of Solid State Chemistry, Volume 203, July 2013, Pages 291–296
T. An, T. Baikie, J. F. Shin, P. R. Slater, S. Li and T. J. White
Oxygen Migration in Dense Spark Plasma Sintered Aluminium-doped Neodymium Silicate Apatite Electrolytes
Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Volume 96, Issue 11, pages 3457–3462, November 2013
T. An, T. Baikie, F. Wei, S. S. Pramana, M. K. Schreyer, R. O. Piltz, J. F. Shin, J. Wei, P. R. Slater, T. J. White
Crystallographic Correlations with Anisotropic Oxide Ion Conduction in Aluminium-Doped Neodymium Silicate
Apatite Electrolytes
Chemistry of Materials (2013), 25 (7), pp. 1109-1120
T. D. Nguyen, Gilbert Foo, K. J. Tseng, D. M. Vilathgamuwa
Sensorless Control of a Dual-Airgap Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Machine for Flywheel Energy Storage System
IET Electric Power Applications, Volume 7 Issue 2,Feb. 2013, 140 - 149
A. Rashedi, I. Sridhar, K.J. Tseng
Life cycle assessment of 50 MW wind firms and strategies for impact reduction
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 21, May 2013, Pages 89–101
Shan Yin, King Jet Tseng, Jiyun Zhao
Design of AIN-based micro-channel heat sink in direct bond copper for power electronics packaging
Applied Thermal Engineering, Volume 52, Issue 1, 5 April 2013, Pages 120–129
143
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PUBLICATIONS
You S and Wan MP
Mathematical Models for the van der Waals Force and Capillary Force between a Rough Particle and Surface
Langmuir, 2013, 29 (29), pp 9104–9117
X. Liu, P. C. Loh, P. Wang and F. Blaabjerg
A Direct Power Conversion Topology for Grid Integration of Hybrid AC/DC Energy Resources
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Volume 60 Issue 12,Dec. 2013, 5696 - 5707
Q. Zhao, P. Wang, L. Goel and Y. Ding
Impacts of Contingency Reserve on Nodal Price and Nodal Reliability Risk in Deregulated Power Systems
IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2013, Volume 28 Journal number 3, Pages 2497-2506
P. Wang, L. Goel, X. Liu and F. Choo
Harmonizing AC and DC: A Hybrid AC/DC Future Grid Solution
IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, 11(3), 76-83
X. Liu, P. C. Loh, P. Wang and F. Blaabjerg
Distributed Generation using Indirect Matrix Converter in Reverse Power Mode
IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Volume 28 Issue 3,March 2013, 1072 - 1082
X. Liu, P. Wang, P. C. Loh, and F. Blaabjerg
A Three-phase Dual-Input Matrix Converter for Grid Integration of Two AC Type Energy Resources
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Volume 60 Issue 1, Jan. 2013, Pages 20 – 30
A. Mehrtash, P. Wang, L. Goel
Reliability Evaluation of Restructured Power Systems Using a Novel OPF-Based Approach
IET Proceedings Generation, Transmission & Distribution
D. Q. Dang, Y. Wang and W. J. Cai
Offset-free Predictive Control for Variables Speed Wind Turbines
IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, Volume 4 Issue 1, Jan. 2013, Pages 2 - 10
Si Wu, Youyi Wang and Shijie Chneg
Extreme Learning Machine Based Wind Speed Estimation and Sensorless Control for Wind Turbine Power
Generation System
Neurocomputing, Volume 102, 15 February 2013, Pages 163–175
W. Meng, W. Xiao, and L. Xie
A Projection Based Fully Distributed Approach for Source Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks
Ad Hoc & Sensor Wireless Networks, 2013, Vol. 18 Issue 1/2, p131
Tan LP, Sun T, Fan SF, Ng LY, Suwardi A, Yan QY, Hng HH
Facile synthesis of Cu7Te4 nanorods and the enhanced thermoelectric properties of Cu7Te4–Bi0.4Sb1.6Te3
nanocomposites
Nano Energy, Volume 2, Issue 1, January 2013, Pages 4–11
144
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PUBLICATIONS
Zhu JX, Yin ZY, Yang D, Sun T, Yu H, Hoster, HE, Hng HH, Zhang H, Yan QY
Hierarchical hollow spheres composed of ultrathin Fe2O3 nanosheets for lithium storage and photocatalytic water
oxidation
Energy and Environmental Science, 6 (3), (2013) 987 – 993
Ong, C.J., Yap, F.F., Djamari, D.W.
An Investigation Into The Use of Four – Bar Linkage Mechanism as Actuator for Hard-Disk Drive
IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Volume 49 Issue 6, June 2013, Pages 2466 - 2472
YS Zhang, FF Yap
A Knowledge-based Web Platform for Collaborative Physical System Modelling and Simulation
Journal of Computer Applications in Engineering Education, Mar 2013
Ashkan Haji Hosseinloo, Nader Vahdati, Fook Fah Yap
Parametric shock analysis of spade-less lightweight wheeled military vehicles subjected to cannon firing impact:
feasibility study of spade removal
Journal of Vibration and Acoustics-Transaction, Dec2013, Vol. 18 Issue 4, p183
A. H. Hosseinloo, F. F. Yap, L. Y. Lim
Design and analysis of shock and random vibration isolation system for a discrete model of submerged jet
impingement cooling system
Journal of Vibration and Control, July 8, 2013 1077546313490186
A. H. Hosseinloo, F.F. Yap, N. Vahdati
Analytical Random Vibration Analysis of Boundary-Excited Thin Rectangular Plates
International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics, Volume 13, Issue 03, April 2013
Deyun Cai, Yang Shang, Hao Yu, and Junyan Ren
Design of Ultra-low Power 60 GHz Direct-conversion Receivers in 65nm CMOS
IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 09/2013; 61(9):3360-3372
Hanhua Qian, Chiphong Chang, and Hao Yu
An Efficient Channel Clustering and Flow Rate Allocation Algorithm for Non-uniform Microfluidic Cooling of 3D
Integrated Circuits
Integration, the VLSI Journal, Volume 46, Issue 1, January 2013, Pages 57–68
Wei Fei, Hao Yu, Yang Shang, and Kiat Seng Yeo
A 2-D Distributed Power Combining by Metamaterial-Based Zero Phase Shifter for 60-GHz Power Amplifier in 65nm CMOS
IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Volume 61 Issue 1, Jan. 2013, Pages
505 - 516
145
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PUBLICATIONS
Wei Fei, Hao Yu, Yang Shang, Deyun Cai, and Junyan Ren
A 96 GHz Oscillator by High-Q Differential Transmission Line loaded with Complementary Split Ring Resonator in
65nm CMOS
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems Part II-Express Briefs, 60(3), 127-131
Deyun Cai, Haipeng Fu, Junyan Ren, Wei Li, Ning Li, Hao Yu, and Kiat Seng Yeo
A Dividerless PLL with Low Power and Low Reference Spur by Aperture-Phase Detector and Phase-to-Analog
Converter
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, Volume 60 Issue 1, Jan. 2013, Pages 37 - 50
Fang Gong, Sina Basir-Kazeruni, Lei He and Hao Yu
Stochastic Behavioral Modeling Analysis of Analog/Mixed-Signal Circuits
IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, Volume 32 Issue 1, Jan. 2013, Pages
24 - 33
Sina Basir-Kazeruni, Hao Yu, Fang Gong, Yu Hu, Chunchen Liu, and Lei He
SPECO: Stochastic Perturbation based Clock Tree Optimization Considering Temperature Uncertainty
Integration, the VLSI Journal, Volume 46, Issue 1, January 2013, Pages 22–32
Hao Yu, Wei Fei, Haipeng Fu, Junyan Ren, and Kiat Seng Yeo
Design and Analysis of Wide Frequency-tuning-range CMOS 60GHz VCO by Switching Inductor Loaded Transformer
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I-Regular Papers, Volume 61 Issue 3, March 2014, Pages 699 - 711
Yang Shang, Hao Yu, and Wei Fei
Design and Analysis of CMOS based Terahertz Integrated Circuits by Causal Fractional-order RLGC Transmission
Line Model
IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems, Volume 3, Issue 3, Sept. 2013, Pages 355 - 366
Tze Sian Pui, Yu Chen, Chee Chung Wong, Revanth Nadipalli, Roshan Weerasekera, Sunil K. Arya, Hao Yu, and Abdur R.
A. Rahman
High Density CMOS Electrode Array for High-throughput and Automated Cell Counting
Sensors and Actuators B-Chemical, Volume 181, May 2013, Pages 842–849
Wei Wu, Fang Gong, Hao Yu, and Lei He
Exploiting Parallelism by Data Dependency Elimination: A Case Study of Circuit Simulation Algorithms
IEEE Design & Test of Computers, Volume 30 Issue 1,Feb. 2013, Pages 26 - 35
Yang Shang, Hao Yu, Deyun Cai, Junyan Ren, and Kiat Seng Yeo
Design of High-Q Millimeter-wave Oscillator by Differential Transmission Line Loaded with Metamaterial Resonator
in 65nm CMOS
IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol.61, no.5, pp1892-1902, May 2013
146
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Annual Report 2012-2014
PUBLICATIONS
Gao J, Cao S, Tay Q, Liu Y, Yu L, Ye K, Mun PCS, Li Y, Rakesh G, Loo SCJ, Chen Z, Zhao Y, Xue C, Zhang Q
Molecule-Based Water-Oxidation Catalysts (WOCs): Cluster-Size-Dependent Dye-Sensitized Polyoxometalates
for Visible-Light-Driven O2 Evolution
Nature, Article number: 1853
Han Zhenan(CEE), Chen Ailu(CEE), &Wu Yaoxing, Chang Wei-Chung(CEE)
Air quality and personal exposure in a middle-sized shipyard in Singapore (Conference Paper)
Environment and Health—Bridging South, North, East and West, 19–23 August 2013
Dy, Lim Ju; Rong, Eric Phua Jian ; Riko, I Made ; Sharif, Ahmed ; Zhang, Lim Jun ; Long, Lau Fu ; Lip, Gan Chee ; Zhong,
Chen ; MinWoo, Daniel Rhee ; Cheong, Wong Chee
Study of thin film metallization adhesion in ceramic multichip module
Electronics Packaging Technology Conference (EPTC), 2012 IEEE 14th, 5-7 Dec. 2012, pages 67 - 71
Lau, Fu Long; Riko, I Made ; Putra, Wahyuaji Narotyama ; Rong, Eric Phua Jian ; Zhang, Lim Jun ; Dy, Lim Ju; Cheong,
Wong Chee ; Zhong, Chen ; Nachiappan, Vivek Chidambaram ; Lip, Gan Chee
Study of electrical property of Au-Ge eutectic solder alloys for high temperature electronics
Electronics Packaging Technology Conference (EPTC), 2012 IEEE 14th, 5-7 Dec. 2012,pages 30 - 33
Eric Phua Jian Rong, Liu Ming ,I Made Riko, Wong Chee Cheong, Chen Zhong, Gan Chee Lip
Novel encapsulation materials for High Pressure-High Temperature (HPHT) applications
International Conference and Exhibition on High Temperature Electronics Network (HiTEN) 2013, July 8-10 2013
Eric Phua Jian Rong, I Made Riko, Ahmed Sharif, Wong Chee Cheong, Chen Zhong, Daniel Rhee MinWoo, Gan Chee Lip
Electronic packages for high pressure applications
Electronic Components and Technology Conference (ECTC), 2013 IEEE 63rd, 28-31 May 2013, pages 2342 – 2348
Eric Phua Jian Rong, I Made Riko , Eva Wai Leong Ching, Jason Scott Herrin, Wong Chee Cheong, Chen Zhong, Vivek
Chidambaram Nachiappan, Gan Chee Lip, Daniel Rhee Min Woo
Investigation on the reliability of wire bonding with different pad surface finishes for harsh environment applications
I Made Riko, Eric Phua Jian Rong, Tan Key Wen, Ong Wei Chuan, Clare Huang Guanqi, Ong Hock Guan, Vivek Chidambaram
Nachiappan, Wong Chee Cheong, Chen Zhong, Gan Chee Lip
Evaluation of Refractory Metals for Package Level Interconnection in a Harsh Environment
International Conference and Exhibition on High Temperature Electronics Network (HiTEN) 2013, July 8-10, 2013
Xiaoyang Huang, Hequn Min, and Qide Zhang
Active control of flow-induced vibrations inside hard disk drives
Annual Conference on Information Storage and Process Systems (23rd : 2013)
Hequn Min, Xiaoyang Huang, Qide Zhang, and Xin Xia
Narrowband performance of active control on flow-induced vibrations inside hard disk drives
Annual Conference on Information Storage and Process Systems (23rd : 2013)
147
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PUBLICATIONS
Riko, I Made; Pramana, Stevin Snellius ; Rong, Eric Phua Jian ; Cheong, Wong Chee ; Zhong, Chen ; Yoong, Alfred Tok
Iing ; Lip, Gan Chee
Study of metal additives to alumina substrate for high temperature and pressure application
Electronics Packaging Technology Conference (EPTC), 2012 IEEE 14th, 5-7 Dec. 2012, pages 48 - 51
Ho Chun Wan John, Zhang Tianliang, Cai Yongan, Sudip Kumar Batabyal, Lim Hui Min, Alfred Tok Iing Yoong, Subodh
Gautam Mhaisalkar, Lydia Helena Wong
Carbon Free CuIn(S,Se)2 Devices on Mo Substrates by Aqueous Spray Pyrolysis
2013 MRS Spring Meeting & Exhibit, San Francisco, California, April 1-5 2013
Zeng Xin, Tai Kong Fai, Zhang Tianliang, Ho Chun Wan John, Lydia Helena Wong, Chen Xiaodong, Subodh Gautam
Mhaisalkar
Kesterite solar cell with 5.1% efficiency using solution based chemical spray pyrolysis of Cu2ZnSnS4 followed by
selenization.
2013 MRS Spring Meeting & Exhibit, San Francisco, California, April 1-5 2013
K. H. Kwan, K. T. Tan, and P. L. So
An unified power quality conditioner for load sharing and power quality improvement
2012 Asia-Pacific Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility (APEMC),21-24 May 2012, pages 963 - 967
B. F. Wang, K. T. Tan, and P. L. So
Low cross regulation SIMO DC/DC converter with model predictive voltage control
2013 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting (PES), 21-25 July 2013, pages 1 - 5
J. Hu, L. Xie and J, Xu
Vision-Based Multi-agent Cooperative Target Search
2012 12th International Conference on Control Automation Robotics & Vision (ICARCV), 5-7 Dec. 2012, pages 895-900
Yang Shang, Chun Zhang, Hao Yu, Chuan Seng Tan, Xin Zhao, and Sung Kyu Lim
Thermal-reliable 3D Clock-tree Synthesis Considering Nonlinear Electrical-thermal-coupled TSV
2013 18th Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference (ASP-DAC), January 2013
Deyun Cai, Yang Shang, Hao Yu, Junyan Ren, and Kiat Seng Yeo
A 76 GHz Oscillator by High-Q Differential Transmission Line Loaded with Split Ring Resonator in 65-nm CMOS
2013 IEEE 13th Topical Meeting on Silicon Monolithic Integrated Circuits in RF Systems (SiRF), 21-23 Jan. 2013, pages
111 - 113
Xiwei Huang, Jia Hao Cheong, Hyouk-Kyu Cha, Hongbin Yu, Minkyu Je, and Hao Yu
A High-frequency Transimpedance Amplifier for CMOS Integrated 2D CMUT Array towards 3D Ultrasound Imaging
Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (35th : 2013 : Osaka, Japan)
148
Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Annual Report 2012-2014
PUBLICATIONS
Wei Fei, Hao Yu, Wei Meng Lim, and Junyan Ren
A 53-to-73GHz Power Amplifier with 74.5mW/mm2 Power Density by 2D Differential Power Combining in 65nm
CMOS
2013 IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium (RFIC), 2-4 June 2013, pages 271 - 274
Yang Shang, Wei Fei, and Hao Yu
A Fractional-order RLGC Model for Terahertz Transmission Line
2013 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest (IMS), 2-7 June 2013, pages 1 - 3
Sai Manoj, and Hao Yu,
Cyber-Physical management for Heterogeneously Integrated 3D Thousand-core On-chip Microprocessor
Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), 2013 IEEE International Symposium on
Yang Shang, Haipeng Fu, Hao Yu, and Junyan Ren
A -78dBm Sensitivity 96GHz Super-regenerative Receiver with Quench-controlled Metamaterial Oscillator in 65nm
CMOS
IEEE International Symposium of Radio-frequency Integrated Circuits (RFIC), June 2013
Yang Song, Hao Yu, Sai Manoj P.D., and Guoyong Shi,
SRAM Dynamic Stability Verification by Reachability Analysis with Consideration of Threshold Voltage Variation
ACM International Symposium on Physical Design (ISPD), March 2013
H. Qian, H. Liang, C. H. Chang, W. Zhang and H. Yu,
Thermal simulator of 3D-IC with modeling of anisotropic TSV conductance and microchannel entrance effects
2013 18th Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference (ASP-DAC), 22-25 Jan. 2013, pages 485 - 490
Ali Mesgarani, Haipeng Fu, Mei Yan, Hao Yu, and Suat Ay
A 5-Bit 1.25GS/S 4.7mW Delay-Based Pipelined ADC in 65nm CMOS
2013 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), 19-23 May 2013, pages 2018 - 2021
Sai Manoj P.D., Kanwen Wang, and Hao Yu
Peak Power Reduction by Space-time Multiplexing based Demand-supply Matching for 3D Thousand-core
Microprocessors
2013 50th ACM / EDAC / IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC), May 29 - June 7 2013, pages 1-6
Yang Song, Haipeng Fu, Hao Yu, and Guoyong Shi
Stable Backward Reachability Correction for PLL Verification with Consideration of Environmental Noise Induced
Jitter
2013 18th Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference (ASP-DAC), 22-25 Jan. 2013, pages 755 - 760
Shunli Ma, Wei Fei, Hao Yu, and Junyan Ren
A 75.7GHz to 102GHz Rotary-traveling-wave VCO by Tunable Composite Right /Left Hand T-line
2013 IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference (CICC), 22-25 Sept. 2013, pages 1 - 4
149
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Annual Report 2012-2014
PUBLICATIONS
Kanwen Wang, Hao Yu, Benfei Wang and Chun Zhang
3D Reconfigurable Power Switch Network for Demand-supply Matching between Multi-output Power Converters
and Many-core Microprocessors
2013 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition (DATE), 18-22 March 2013,pages 1643 - 1648
Yuhao Wang and Hao Yu
An Ultralow-power Memory-based Big-data Computing Platform by Nonvolatile Domain-wall Nanowire Devices
2013 IEEE International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design (ISLPED), 4-6 Sept. 2013, pages 329 - 334
Youngho Chang, Yanfei Li
Chapter 9: Towards an Integrated Asia-Pacific Natural Gas Market
Deepen Understanding and Move Forward: Energy Market Integration in East Asia, Kimura, F. and X. Shi (eds.). ERIA
Research Project Report 2010-25, Jakarta: ERIA. pp.237-265.
Youngho Chang, Yanfei Li
Chapter 24: The Singapore Electricity Market: From Partial to Full Competition
Evolution of Global Electricity Markets, Fereidoon Sioshansi, Academic Press. Pages 739-756
Youngho Chang, Yanfei Li
Chapter 9: Rapid Growth at What Cost? Impact of Energy Efficiency Policies in Developing Economies
Energy Efficiency: Towards the end of Demand Growth, Fereidoon P. Sioshansi. Academic Press. Pages 227 - 250
CREDITS
Editor
Claude Guet (Prof)
Contributors
Anshuman Tripathi (Dr) | Arvind Singh (Dr) | Bassel de Graff |
Ding Ovi Lian (Dr) | Jo Zhang Zhe | Jyothi Nirupam | Kanhere
Pushkar Dilip (Dr) | Karthikeya BR | Kei-Leong Ho | Koh Eng
Kiong | Lydia Helena Wong (Asst Prof) | Marla Jill Goodman |
Mary Ann Joy Quirapas | Michael Lochinvar Sim Abundo (Dr)
| Mohan Kumar | Narasimalu Srikanth (Dr) | Nilesh Jadhav |
Nripan Mathews (Asst Prof) | Pablo P Boix (Dr) | Paul Hibbard
| Peng Li | Priya Pawar | Ravindran Pallaniappan | Sally Chan
Kam Sim | Simon Seah Kah Woon (Dr) | Sudip Kumar Batabyal
(Dr) | Tang Meng Ching | Zhichuan J. Xu
Additional Photography
Ong Day Cheng
Publication Compiler
Ahmad Zhaki Abdullah
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(ERI@N)
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Phone: (65) 6592 1786/ 2468
Email: d-erian@ntu.edu.sg
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