ESSENTIALS OF STRENGTH TRAINING AND
CONDITIONING MULTIMEDIA SYMPOSIUM
Presentation 5:
Measurement and Evaluation
by:
Andrew Fry, PhD, CSCS
NSCA Certification Commission®
3333 Landmark Circle
●
Lincoln, NE 68504
●
402-476-6669
●
888-746-2378
●
commission@nsca-cc.org
●
www.nsca-cc.org
Measurement and Evaluation
Presentation 5
MULTIMEDIA SYMPOSIUM OVERVIEW
This multimedia symposium was developed for the specific purpose of providing individuals who sit
for the Certified Strength and Conditioning Specialist® (CSCS®) certification exam with a review of
facts, concepts, and theories that are relevant to strength training and conditioning.
You are encouraged to simultaneously listen and watch the symposium video presentation, view the
PowerPoint® slide show, follow along in the presentation outline, and add your own notes in the
spaces within the outline (more paper may be necessary).
To maximize the value of the multimedia symposium when preparing for the CSCS exam, you may
find it helpful to first study the Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning (2nd edition) text.
Further, candidates who perform well on the CSCS exam typically have considerable practical
experience in strength training and conditioning athletes (e.g., designing programs, teaching proper
exercise technique, performing testing sessions) and a strong academic background in the exercise
sciences (i.e., anatomy, physiology, biomechanics, etc.). For additional suggestions for preparing for
the CSCS exam, go to www.nsca-cc.org.
NOTICE:
• Although this presentation was recorded live and then professionally edited for scope and length,
there are some room sounds, voice fluctuations, abrupt video “cuts” and piecing of video clips, and
content variations. Every possible effort was made to minimize these irregularities.
• All of the content of the multimedia symposium is protected by copyright. No part of the multimedia symposium may be reproduced or transmitted (in part or in full) by any means or in any form,
electronic or mechanical, including digital copying or recording, or via any information retrieval
system, including internet and intranet communications, without permission in writing from the
NSCA Certification Commission.
• While comprehension of the information provided by the multimedia symposium should certainly
increase the likelihood of passing the CSCS certification exam, it does not guarantee a successful
performance. The questions on the CSCS exam are developed from numerous resources in addition
to the multimedia symposium.
©2006 NSCA Certification Commission
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Measurement and Evaluation
I.
II.
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Purposes of Measurement and Evaluation
A.
Objectives of program
B.
Pre-post assessment
C.
Evaluation
Test Characteristics
A.
B.
C.
Validity
1.
General definition and example
2.
Types of validity
a.
Face/logical
b.
Content
c.
Predictive
d.
Criterion
Reliability
1.
Definition and example
2.
Objective vs. subjective tests
Relationship between validity and reliability
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III. Test Selection
A.
Appropriate for population
B.
Relevant to sport/activity requirements
C.
Based on gender and appropriate for age
D.
Consider prior experience of subject
E.
Be aware of the testing environment
F.
Remove bias
G.
Discriminate between high performers and low performers (Figure 1)
Exercise Testing and Sport Division Levels
Division Division
Division
I
II
III
144.5
135.2
128.6
Bench press (kilograms)
Squat (kilograms)
192.5
182.5
176.9
Clean (kilograms)
123
116.5
113
40-yard dash (seconds)
4.88
4.92
4.96
Vertical jump (centimeters)
72.8
69.3
67.4
IV. Statistical Analysis
A.
Measures of central tendency
1.
Mean
2.
Median
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3.
B.
C.
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Mode
Measures of variability (Figure 2)
1.
Normal bell-shaped curve or distribution
2.
Range
3.
Standard deviation
4.
Skewed data/scores (note: the speaker mentions the scores in the second view
of Figure 2 are skewed to the right, but they are skewed to the reader’s left
when you are looking at the figure)
Statistical techniques (to express data)
1.
Frequency plot
2.
Normative data
3.
Percentiles
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4.
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Correlations
a.
Perfect relationship (Figure 3)
275__
Negative
Correlation
Positive
Correlation
225__
1RM 175__
125__
75__
|
100
b.
|
|
|
|
110
120
130
140
Body weight (pounds)
|
150
Strong and weak relationship (Figures 4 and 5)
275__
225__
1RM 175__
125__
75__
|
100
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|
|
|
|
110
120
130
140
Body weight (pounds)
|
150
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13__
12__
1.5 mile run
1RM
(minutes) 11__
10__
9__
|
130
V.
|
|
|
|
140
150
160
170
Body weight (pounds)
|
180
Test Administration
A.
Planning
B.
Time constraints
C.
Test sequence (in this order)
1.
Non-fatiguing tests (e.g., skinfold and girth measurements, flexibility, height,
weight, vertical jump)
2.
Agility tests (e.g., T-test, Edgren Side Step test)
3.
Maximum power and strength tests (e.g., 3RM power clean, 1RM bench press)
4.
Sprint tests (e.g., 40-yard [37-m] sprint)
5.
Local muscular endurance tests (e.g., 1 minute sit-up test)
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6.
Fatiguing anaerobic capacity tests (e.g., 400-meter [437-yd] run, 300-yard
[275-m] shuttle run)
7.
Aerobic capacity tests (e.g., 1.5-mile [2.4-km] run or 12-minute run)
If an aerobic endurance test cannot be performed on a different testing date,
then it should be performed last (after an hour-long rest period)
D.
Recording scores
E.
Training testers and subjects
F.
Warm-up activities
G.
Practice trials
H.
Supervision
I.
Motivation
J.
Safety
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VI. Examples of Tests
A.
Muscular strength
1.
One repetition maximum (1RM)
a.
Free weights (Photos 1 and 2)
b.
Machines (Photo 3)
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Measurement and Evaluation
2.
Isometric tests (Photo 4)
3.
Isokinetic tests (Photo 5)
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4.
B.
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Concentric/eccentric testing (Photo 6)
Local muscular endurance
1.
Bodyweight calisthenics (Photo 7)
a.
Sit-ups
b.
Push-ups
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2.
Multiple repetition tests
a.
C.
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Estimating the 1RM (Photo 8)
Aerobic capacity
1.
Metabolic (treadmill) cart (Photo 9)
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Measurement and Evaluation
2.
Relationship of heart rate and VO2 (Figure 6)
3.
Sub-max bike test (Photo 10)
4.
Other modalities
5.
Walk/run test
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Measurement and Evaluation
D.
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6.
Step test (Photo 11)
7.
Arm crank (Photo 11, above)
Anaerobic power
1.
Vertical jump (VJ)
a.
Different types (Photo 12)
b.
Estimating power
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c.
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Varying start position, techniques, and approach (Photo 13)
2.
Margaria-Kalamen test (Photo 14)
3.
Wingate test (Photo 14, above)
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4.
Seated shot put/medicine ball test (Photo 15)
5.
Machine power tests (Photos 16 and 17)
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6.
E.
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Weightlifting movements (Photo 18)
Anaerobic endurance/capacity
1.
Wingate test (Photo 19)
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2.
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300-yard shuttle run (Figure 7)
25 yards (22.86 meters)
Athlete
X
Athlete
X
(6 round-trips)
Start/Finish Line
F.
Agility
1.
Considerations
a.
Type/number of direction changes (Photo 20)
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2.
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b.
Distance run (Photo 21)
c.
Sport-specific examples
Examples
a.
AAHPERD shuttle run (Photo 22)
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b.
Side-to-side agility test (Photo 23)
c.
NSCA T-test (Figure 8 and Photo 24)
C
Start / finish line
B
D
A
A to B = 10 yards (9.14 meters)
B to C = 5 yards (4.57 meters)
B to D = 5 yards (4.57 meters)
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d.
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Southeast Missouri agility test (Figure 9 and Photo 25)
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e.
Nebraska agility test (Photo 26)
f.
Spider run (Photo 27)
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G.
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g.
Hexagon agility test (Photo 28)
h.
Nelson choice response (Photo 29)
Speed
1.
Short distance
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Measurement and Evaluation
2.
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Starts
a.
Body positions (Photo 30)
b.
Stopwatch timing
c.
Flying start (Photo 31)
d.
Starting commands
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Measurement and Evaluation
3.
4.
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Surface (Photo 32)
a.
Turf
b.
Grass
c.
Wood
d.
Tile
e.
Track
Methods of timing
a.
Hand-held stopwatch
b.
Electronic
c.
Filming
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Measurement and Evaluation
H.
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Flexibility/ROM
1.
Sit and reach (Photo 33)
2.
Goniometer (Photo 34)
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3.
Leighton flexometer (Photo 35)
4.
Functional tests
a.
Shoulder flexibility (Photo 36)
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b.
I.
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Squat test (Photo 37)
Body composition
1.
Ultrasound
2.
DEXA (dual energy x-ray absorptiometry)
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Measurement and Evaluation
3.
Underwater weighing (Photo 38)
4.
Skinfolds (Photo 39)
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5.
Bioelectrical impedance (Photo 40)
6.
Infrared interactance (Photo 41)
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J.
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Anthropomorphic measurements
1.
Height-to-weight ratio [to determine body mass index (BMI)] (Photo 42)
2.
Waist-to-hip ratio (Photo 43)
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Aerobic power—the rate of oxygen uptake during exercise
Agility—the ability to change the direction of body movement or body positions
Anaerobic power—the rate of performing work using primarily anaerobic energy systems
Anthropometry—the measurement of body dimensions
Body composition—the measurement of relative proportions of fat and lean mass
Correlation—the nature of the association of one variable with a second variable
Criterion score—the test score actually used to determine test performance
Criterion variable—the test score used to predict an individual’s ability on a different task
Field test—tests performed outside the laboratory in an applied setting
Flexibility—the range of motion around a joint
Formative evaluation—testing performed at regular intervals to determine progress
Goniometer—a device for measuring the degrees of motion at a joint
Isokinetic strength—muscular forces developed at a constant limb velocity
Local muscular endurance—the ability of a muscle or muscle group to repeatedly contract against a
submaximal resistance
Mean—the average score of a distribution of scores
Measurement error—the scoring difference between two administrations of the same test
Median—the middle score of a distribution of scores
Mode—the most frequently occurring score in a distribution of scores
Muscular strength—the force that a muscle or muscle group can exert against a resistance at a
specified velocity
Normal distribution—a distribution characterized by a bell-shaped curve, and the mean = median =
mode
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Objectivity—the ability of multiple scorers to agree on test performance
Percentiles—a rating system based on the percentage of scores below a specific score
Program objective—the goals of a training program
Repetition maximum—the most resistance that can be moved for a specified number of repetitions
Range—the lowest and highest scores in a distribution
Reliability—the repeatability of a test performance
Standard deviation—the score in the middle 68% of a normal distribution
T-score—also known as a standard score, this system designates the mean = 50, and each standard
deviation = + 10
Validity—the extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure
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PRESENTATION REFERENCES
1.
American College of Sports Medicine. Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription (6th
ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lea and Febiger. 2000.
2.
American College of Sports Medicine. Resource Manual for Guidelines for Exercise Training
and Prescription (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lea and Febiger. 1991.
3.
Baechle, T.R. and R.W. Earle. (Eds.). Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning (2nd
ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. 2000.
4.
Fleck, S.J. and W.J. Kraemer. Designing Resistance Training Programs (2nd ed.). Champaign,
IL: Human Kinetics. 1997.
5.
Gore, C.J. (Ed.). Physiological Tests for Elite Athletes. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
2000.
6.
Heyward, V. Advanced Fitness Assessment and Exercise Prescription (4th ed.). Champaign,
IL: Human Kinetics. 2002.
7.
Knuttgen, H. and W.J. Kraemer. Terminology and measurement in exercise performance.
Journal of Applied Sport Science Research 1(1):1-10. 1987.
8.
Lacy, A.C. and D.N. Hastad. Measurement for Evaluation in Physical Education and
Exercise Science (5th ed.). Benjamin Cummings. 2002.
9.
Maud, P.J. and C. Foster. (Eds.). Physiological Assessment of Human Performance.
Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. 1995.
10.
Thomas, J.R. and J.K. Nelson. Research Methods in Physical Activity (5th ed.). Champaign,
IL: Human Kinetics. 2005.
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INDEX TO IMAGE REFERENCES
IMAGE NO.
F = figure
P = photo
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
F7
F8
F9
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
P6
P7
P8
P9
P10
P11
P12
P13
P14
P15
P16
P17
P18
P19
P20
P21
P22
P23
P24
P25
P26
P27
P28
P29
P30
P31
P32
P33
P34
P35
P36
P37
P38
P39
P40
TITLE OF IMAGE
Exercise Testing and Sport Division Level
Normal Bell Curve
Correlations
Strong Relationship, High Correlation
Weak Relationship, Low Correlation
An Example of Changes in Heart Rate with Increasing
Rates of Work
300-yard Shuttle Run
NSCA T-Test
Southeast Missouri Agility Test
Lower Body Muscular Strength Testing
Upper Body Muscular Strength Testing
Upper Body Machine Muscular Strength Testing
Isometric testing
Isokinetic Testing
Concentric (top) and Eccentric (bottom) Testing
Local Muscular Endurance Testing
Estimating a 1RM
Aerobic Capacity Testing using a Metabolic (Treadmill)
Cart
Aerobic Capacity Testing using a Sub-max Bike Test
Aerobic Capacity Testing using a Step Test (top) or Arm
Crank (bottom)
Sargeant VJ (top) and Step Approach VJ (bottom) Testing
Static, Non-counter-movement Start (top) and No Arm
Swing VJ (bottom) Testing
Margaria-Kalamen Test (top) and Wingate Test (bottom)
Seated Shot Put/Medicine Ball Testing
Machine Power Testing
Dynamometer
Power Testing using a Weightlifting Exercise (e.g., the
snatch)
Wingate Test
Type and Number of Direction Changes
Distance Run Testing
AAHPERD Shuttle Run
Side-to-side Agility Test
NSCA T-Test
Southeast Missouri (SEMO) Agility Test
Nebraska Agility Test
Spider Run
Hexagon Agility Test
Nelson Choice Response
Body Positions and Timing Methods
Flying Start Speed Test
Speed Surface Options
Sit and Reach Flexibility Testing
Goniometer Flexibility Testing
Leighton Flexometer Flexibility Testing
Shoulder Flexibility Testing
Squat Test Flexibility Testing
Underwater Weighing
Skinfold Pinch at the Thigh (top) and Skinfold Pinch at
the Triceps Brachii (bottom)
Bioelectrical Impedance Testing
©2006 NSCA Certification Commission
IMAGE REFERENCE
Data from: Fry, A.C. and W.J. Kraemer. Physical performance
characteristics of American football players. Journal of Applied Sport
Science Research 5(3). 1991.
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P41
P42
P43
Presentation 5
Infrared Interactance Testing
Height-to-weight Ratio
Waist-to-hip Ratio
The NSCA Certification Commission has made every effort to trace the copyright holders for borrowed and referenced material. If any material has been inadvertently
overlooked, the NSCA Certification Commission will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity.
©2006 NSCA Certification Commission
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