6/1/2015
'Everyone to the Plate:
Sustainable Food Production
Must be an Inclusive Solution’
Shawn Archibeque
Department of Animal Sciences
World Population
9000
1804: 1 Billion
1927: 2 Billion
8000
1960: 3 Billion
7000
1975: 4 Billion
6000
1987: 5 Billion
1999: 6 Billion
Population, millions of persons
10000
5000
4000
3000
2000
2011: 7 Billion
2025: 8 Billion
2045: 9 Billion
1000
0
10,000 BC
Year
2050
Source: US Census Bureau
1
6/1/2015
World Population
9000
1804: 1 Billion
1927: 2 Billion
8000
1960: 3 Billion
7000
1975: 4 Billion
6000
1987: 5 Billion
1999: 6 Billion
Population, millions of persons
10000
5000
4000
2011: 7 Billion
3000
2025: 8 Billion
2000
2045: 9 Billion
1000
0
10,000 BC
Year
2050
Source: US Census Bureau
SUSTAINABILITY =
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT?
No.
Economics and social issues must also be considered.
2
6/1/2015
Sustainability… a ‘wicked’ problem
Such a problem has the essential characteristic that it
is not solvable; it can only be managed.
• No clear definition of the problem
• No ‘right or wrong’ rather ‘better or worse’
• Stakeholders have different ways of looking
at the problem
• Causes and effects within the system are
complex, unknown and/or highly uncertain
Peterson, 2013
Economic
Long-term business viability, stewardship of natural
resources, and responsibility to community, family, animals
Environment
Social
3
6/1/2015
4
6/1/2015
Temperature and CO2
concentration
Temperature and CO2
concentration
5
6/1/2015
Current CO2 concentration higher
than past 650,000 years
Source: http://climate.nasa.gov/evidence/
Global Warming Potential
Carbon Dioxide CO2 1
Methane CH4
Nitrous oxide N2O
28
265
6
6/1/2015
Livestock’s Long Shadow
“The Livestock sector is a major
player, responsible for 18% of
GHG emissions measured in
CO2e. This is a higher share
than transport” (FAO 2006)
• Used Life Cycle
Assessment
7
6/1/2015
U.S. dairy carbon footprint
Life cycle assessment
59%
6% electricity
Footprint measured in metric tons of CO2e*
35% manure
methane
21%
12% fuel use
59% enteric
24% fertilizer
methane
7%
2% refrigerant
23% fuel
64% soil N2O
75% electricity
Crop
Production
Milk
Production
Processing
7%
35% container
formation
65% raw material
Packaging
3%
3%
28% refrigerant
100% Diesel
Transport/
Distribution
72% energy
Retail
Enteric methane
CH4
Photo Courtesy of Oklahoma State University
8
6/1/2015
Livestock’s Long Shadow
• Land use change = 35.4% of GHG
emissions
– Desertification = 1.4%
– Deforestation = 34%
Source: Savory Institute
9
6/1/2015
Author's personal copy
21
Clearing the Air: Livestock’s Contribution to Climate Change
Land degradation in dr ylands
Net loss of forest
Figure 8
Current forest cover
Net gain of forest
National boundar ies
Forest transition and land degradation in dry lands (FAO, 2006).
Russia and Brazil are home to the largest forested areas accounting for 21
and 10%of the total global forestland, respectively (Dixon et al., 1994). High
and low latitude forests contain the largest C pools; hence changes (anthropogenic or nonanthropogenic) to specific forested areas can have a greater
10
6/1/2015
Author's personal copy
12
Maurice E. Pitesky et al.
Livestock units per square km
0
0.1–0.5
0–0.1
0.5–1
1–2.5
>2.5
National boundar ies
Figure 4 Global estimates of aggregate distribution of pigs, poultry, cattle, and small
ruminants (FAO, 2006).
fermentation isthesecond leading source of GHG from livestock. Therefore,
when evaluating LLS(FAO et al., 2006) with respect to GHGs, domesticated
ruminants are the primary species studied. However, it is important to
recognize the significance of other nonruminant livestock. For example, in
the United States swine are the second greatest source of CH 4 and N 2O
emissionsfrom manuremanagement and havehad aCH 4 and N 2O emissions
increase of 34%between 1990 and 2006 (EPA et al., 2006). In addition, pork
and poultry production currently consume over 75% of cereal and oil-seed
based on concentrate that is grown for livestock (Galloway et al., 2007).
Therefore, while ruminantsconsume 69% of animal feed overall, nonruminatesconsume 72%of all animal feed that isgrown on arable land (Galloway
et al., 2007). Consequently, while enteric fermentation from nonruminantsis
not a significant source of GHG, indirect emissionsassociated with cropland
dedicated to nonruminant livestock might be significant.
• LLS
global
assessment,
should
not be
The
typesisofaLPSs
utilized
are typically based
on socioeconomics,
applied
regionally
tradition,
and available
resources. LLS states that extensive (i.e., grazing
animals)–and
intensive
(i.e.,
animals
are contained and feed is brought to
US: 3.4% of GHG
emissions
them) LPSsemit 5000 and 2100 Tg CO 2-eq yr 1, respectively (FAO et al.,
– Paraguay:
~50%numbers are not normalized to a per animal
2006). While
these emissions
unit scale,
the type of production
system utilized (i.e., landless vsgrassland)
– Ethiopia:
~90%
affects direct (i.e., from the animal) and indirect (i.e., emissions associated
Transport
was
not analyzed
with LCA
with• livestock)
emissions
quantitatively
and qualitatively.
For example, the
method
low animal
density coupled with high land areautilized by extensive systems
Provi
ded
fo
Not r non-co
for
m
m
repr
This
oduc ercial re
ch
tion,
se
publish apter w
distri arch an
as
bene ed by El original
bution d educ
fit
at
educ and for sevier, an ly publish
or co
at
d
th
mmerional use
send ional use e benefit the atta ed in the
cial us only.
ing it
ched
book
includ
of th
institu
co
Ad
to
e
e.
tion’ specific ing with author's py is prov vances in
ou
s adm
co
in
inistra lleagues t limitatio stitution, ided by El Agronom
y,
w
se
tor.
ho kn n use in for no
n-co vier for Vol. 10
ow yo
in
u, an structio mmerci the auth 3,
or's
n at
d prov
al
iding your in research
and
a copy stitutio
n,
to yo
ur
Clearing the air…
All ot
he
reprin r uses, re
prod
ts,
personselling or uction an
perm al or insti licensing d distrib
ut
issio
n may tution’s copies or ion, incl
web
ud
ac
be
http:// sought site or re cess, or po ing with
ou
fo
www
po
sti
From
.else r such us sitory, ar ng on opt limitatio
:
Mau
vier.c
Clea
e
n
ric
om/lo through e prohibite en intern commer
edito ring the e E. Pite
Else
et
cial
cate/p
d.
r: Ad
A
ermiss vier's pe For exce sites, your
vanc ir: Live sky, Kim
stock
es in
be
ptio
ionuse rmiss
rly
’s
Agro
mater ions sit ns,
nomy, Contrib R. Stackh
e at:
ial
ut
ouse
Vol
ion
ISBN . 103, Bu to Climat , and Fran
kM
© Co : 978-0- rlington: e Chan
ge. In . Mitloe
pyrig
12-3
A
ca
hn
demic
ht
74
D
Press, onald Sp er,
Acade 2009 Else 819-5
mic Pr vier In
2009 arks,
, pp.
c.
ess.
1-40
.
11
6/1/2015
New UN FAO report
• 14.5% of global
anthropogenic GHG
• Regions with more
modern, intensive
production systems
have lower GHG
emissions per unit of
beef
What is missing from the ‘debate’?
-Context.
Less than 1% of solar energy is
captured by photosynthesis
12
6/1/2015
Cellulose
Most abundant organic compound on the
planet… yet, humans cannot digest it.
13
6/1/2015
US Beef production
30
Beef Production, billions of lbs
25
20
15
10
5
0
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Year
Beef production and cow inventory
30
Beef Production, billions of lbs
25
20
15
10
Produce same amount of beef
with 30% fewer animals
5
0
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Year
14
6/1/2015
Historical context
-16%
-18%
Production efficiency:
More with less
-33%
-12%
-19%
-30%
0%
20%
40%
2007
60%
1977
80%
100%
Capper, 2011 JAS 89:4249-4261
Production efficiency
considerations
• Reproductive efficiency
• Animal health
• Genetics
• Nutrition
• Growth promoting technologies
Photo Courtesy of Oklahoma State University
15
6/1/2015
Food insecurity - Global
2011-2013 1 in 8 people
world-wide were suffering
from chronic hunger
• 842 million people
Food security has national security
implications…
16
6/1/2015
Food insecurity - US
Ruminant Digestion
A.
Herbivores
– Largest % of herbivores
B. Use the world’s largest
CHO source for energy
C. Evolution
– Available food
– Safety
17
6/1/2015
The Ruminant Digestive System
Sheep
Food Supply
Polar caps, swamps, deserts,
very high mountains
12%
75%
Water
10%
Too cold, wet, rocky,
steep, dry, paved, etc.
3%
Tillable
18
6/1/2015
Animal Ag & The World
• Increase in human population
• Socio-economic status and meat
consumption
• Animal Ag and competition with humans
– Alternative feeds/water
– Edible feeds not fit for humans
– Feed on non-arable lands
What does it mean?
• In ruminants, microbial fermentation
precedes enzymatic digestion and
intestinal absorption
• Non-competitive feeds
• Extensive use of forages
• Byproducts
19
6/1/2015
Long History of Waste Use
•
•
•
•
Desert ruminants
Pastoral societies
Potato Famine
Commercial Food
– Yellow Grease
– Brewers Grains
– Bakery Waste
– Etc.
U.S. Cattle Industry
• Approximately 33% of beef cattle
population enters a feedlot
• Enter at 314 kg
• Exit at 573 kg (45% of mass in feedlot)
• Very visible
• Concentration of nutrients
– Odor, N, and P
20
6/1/2015
Challenges
• Nutritional needs of cattle
• Ethanol production
– Reduced corn availability
– Increased competition for “other” feeds
– Distillers grains
• Nutrient balance/waste production
Potential
• Low- moderate quality forages
• Distillers grains supplements
• Improve nutrient availability for forage-fed
ruminants
• Determine optimum levels of distillers
grains to optimize production
• Utilize forages to improve manure value
– N:P ratio
21
6/1/2015
Conclusions
• We have to use a variety of methods to
produce food for future generations
• Balance of dietary plans
• Focus will be on efficient nutrient use
• Current methodologies may change
• Sustainability is a complex issue and not
as clear cut as many believe
Questions?
22