VISCOUS FLUID FLOW
Third Edition
Frank M. White
University of Rhode Island
Me
Graw
Hill
Higher Education
Boston Burr Ridge, IL Dubuque, IA Madison, Wl New York
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CONTENTS
Preface
List of Symbols
1 Preliminary Concepts
1-1
1-2
1-3
1-4
Historical Outline
Some Examples of Viscous-Flow Phenomena
Properties of a Fluid
Boundary Conditions for Viscous-Flow Problems
Summary
Problems
2 Fundamental Equations of Compressible Viscous Flow
2-1
2-2
2-3
2-4
2-5
2-6
2-7
2-8
2-9
2-10
2-11
2-12
2-13
Introduction
Classification of The Fundamental Equations
Conservation of Mass: The Equation of Continuity
Conservation of Momentum: The Navier-Stokes Equations
The Energy Equation (First Law of Thermodynamics)
Boundary Conditions for Viscous Heat-Conducting Flow
Orthogonal Coordinate Systems
Mathematical Character of The Basic Equations
Dimensionless Parameters in Viscous Flow
Vorticity Considerations in Incompressible Viscous Flow
Two-Dimensional Considerations: The Stream Function
Noninertial Coordinate Systems
Control-Volume Formulations
Summary
Problems
xiii
xvii
1
1
4
15
45
54
55
59
59
59
60
62
69
74
75
77
81
84
86
88
89
92
92
ix
X
3
3-1
3-2
3-3
3-4
3-5
3-6
3-7
3-8
3-9
3-10
4
4-1
4-2
4-3
4-4
4-5
4-6
4-7
4-8
4-9
4-10
4-11
4-12
4-13
4-14
5
5-1
5-2
5-3
5-4
5-5
CONTENTS
Solutions of The Newtonian Viscous-Flow Equations
96
Introduction and Classification of Solutions
Couette Flows Due to Moving Surfaces
Poiseuille Flow through Ducts
Unsteady Duct Flows
Unsteady Flows with Moving Boundaries
Asymptotic Suction Flows
Wind-Driven Flows: The Ekman Drift
Similarity Solutions
Low Reynolds Number: Linearized Creeping Motion
Computational Fluid Dynamics
Summary
Problems
96
98
106
125
129
135
141
144
165
183
205
205
Laminar Boundary Layers
Introduction
Laminar Boundary-Layer Equations
Similarity Solutions for Steady Two-Dimensional Flow
Free-Shear Flows
Other Analytic Two-Dimensional Solutions
Approximate Integral Methods
Digital-Computer Solutions
Thermal-Boundary-Layer Calculations
Flow in the Inlet of Ducts
Rotationally Symmetric Boundary Layers
Asymptotic Expansions and Triple-Deck Theory
Three-Dimensional Laminar Boundary Layers
Unsteady Boundary Layers: Separation Anxiety
Free-Convection Boundary Layers
Summary
Problems
The Stability of Laminar Flows
Introduction: The Concept of Small-Disturbance Stability
Linearized Stability of Parallel Viscous Flows
Parametric Effects in the Linear Stability Theory
Transition to Turbulence
Engineering Prediction of Transition
Summary
Problems
215
215
225
..230
251
257
261
271
278
287
290
300
307
318
321
328
328
337
337
344
357
370
378
394
394
CONTENTS
6
6-1
6-2
6-3
6-4
6-5
6-6
6-7
6-8
6-9
6-10
7
7-1
7-2
7-3
7-4
7-5
7-6
7-7
7.8
7-9
Incompressible Turbulent Mean Flow
Physical and Mathematical Description of Turbulence
The Reynolds Equations of Turbulent Motion
The Two-Dimensional Turbulent-Boundary-Layer Equations
Velocity Profiles: The Inner, Outer, and Overlap Layers
Turbulent Flow in Pipes and Channels
The Turbulent Boundary Layer on a Flat Plate
Turbulence Modeling
Analysis of Turbulent Boundary Layers with a Pressure Gradient
Free Turbulence: Jets, Wakes, and Mixing Layers
Turbulent Convective Heat Transfer
Summary
Problems
Compressible-Boundary-Layer Flow
Introduction: The Compressible-Boundary-Layer Equations
Similarity Solutions for Compressible Laminar Flow
Solutions for Laminar Flat-Plate and Stagnation-Point Flow
Compressible Laminar Boundary Layers under Arbitrary Conditions
Special Topics in Compressible Laminar Flow
The Compressible-Turbulent-Boundary-Layer Equations
Wall and Wake Laws for Turbulent Compressible Flow
Compressible Turbulent Flow Past a Flat Plate
Compressible-Turbulent-Boundary-Layer Calculation with a Pressure Gradient
Summary
Problems
Appendices
A
B
C
Transport Properties of Various Newtonian Fluids
Equations of Motion of Incompressible Newtonian Fluids in
Cylindrical and Spherical Polar Coordinates
A Runge-Kutta Subroutine for N Simultaneous Differential Equations
XI
398
398
406
411
414
425
433
440
454
473
485
498
498
505
505
511
514
525
539
544
547
....553
561
566
566
571
571
581
585
Bibliography
590
Index
xxx