General Assembly First Committee: Disarmament and International Security
Regulating the Trade of Conventional Arms in Middle East and
North Africa Focusing on Eradicating Illicit Trade
EuroAsia MUN
Training and Development Conference
6-8 December, 2013
ANKARA
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION
OF THE UNITED NATIONS
STUDY GUIDE
EuroAsia MUN 2014 Training and Development Conference
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General Assembly First Committee: Disarmament and International Security
Regulating the Trade of Conventional Arms in Middle East and
North Africa Focusing on Eradicating Illicit Trade
LETTER FROM THE SECRETARY-GENERAL
Esteemed participants,
I am Gökberk Ekinci, the Secretary-General of EuroAsia Model United Nations Training
and Development Conference 2014. I feel more than honored to be welcoming you to the 9 th
session of this ambitious work.
Organized under the framework of Model United Nations Association, in accordance with its
vision to familiarize MUN related activities to young people in the country, EuroAsia MUN
2014 is eager to reach wide range of attendants from high schools and universities who are
interested in diplomacy, international relations, politics and the United Nations itself while
constituting a unique experience of debating and socializing at the same time. This year, the
conference takes it a step further as it is composed of 10 committees chosen delicately to the
very attention of the mentioned variety of participants holding economic, social,
humanitarian and real-time crisis committees as well as a joint cabinet crisis simulation
which is a brand new practice for the training and development concept. The academic team
embraces an understanding of content which concerns actual and urgent problems that the
world faces currently in order to create awareness of the facts touched upon over the youth
to which it addresses.
General Assembly First Committee: Disarmament and International Security (GA-I) will be
discussing the agenda, Regulating the trade of conventional arms in Middle East and North
Africa focusing on eradicating illicit trade. The academic content and the structure of the
committee have been prepared by the respected Under-Secretary-General Mert Eney.
Carrying out his work outstandingly, Mr. Eney have prepared the academic document
regarding the very agenda which holds utmost importance currently in MENA region as it
occupies the agenda of the international community with his ambitious and visionary
performance on this delicate task.
I advise the participants of this well-prepared committee to read the provided guide
thoroughly. You may also go over further readings and key documents which you may find
on our website with the study guide.
For any further questions, please do not hesitate to contact me via ekinci@muntr.org.
Best regards
Gökberk Ekinci
Secretary-General of EuroAsia MUN Training and Development Conference 2014
EuroAsia MUN 2014 Training and Development Conference
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General Assembly First Committee: Disarmament and International Security
Regulating the Trade of Conventional Arms in Middle East and
North Africa Focusing on Eradicating Illicit Trade
LETTER FROM THE UNDER-SECRETARY-GENERAL
Dear participants,
It is a pleasure for us to welcome you all to the General Assembly First Committee:
Disarmament and International Security Council of Euroasia Model United Nations Training
& Development Conference 2014.
My name is Mert Eney and I will be serving as the Under Secretary General responsible for
the General Assembly First Committee: Disarmament and International Security and the
Arab League. I am currently studying Law in Bilkent University as a sophomore. I have
been a part of the global MUN platform since my first year in high school, participating in
various positions. MUN has become a vital part of my life, and I find it simply impossible to
imagine my life without it.
Consequently, designed both for experienced and inexperienced delegates, Euroasia MUN
with its high quality organization, is a perfect ground to welcome new comers—to serve the
best possible quality of debate, and the discourse environment—as well as those experienced
individuals. I believe that Euroasia MUN will provide all of its participants with satisfaction
derived from researching, creating and learning.
In Euroasia MUN 2014, by simulating DISEC, amongst the most dynamic and vital organs
of United Nations, the conference will hold a groundbreaking position in the universal
platform with addressing questions of illicit arms trade and conventional arms regulation. In
Euroasia MUN 2014, and especially in the DISEC, delegates will be exposed to
contemporary forms of discussion, with conceptual topics on the problem of the illegal arms
trade with a regional perspective.
I would like to distinctively thank our Secretary General Mr. Gökberk Ekinci and our
Academic Advisor Ms. Nezahat Yeşim Yargıcı, for their utmost effort in preparing this
document. I hope that this study guide will provide a pathway to your experience of Euroasia
MUN Training & Development Conference.
Mert Eney
Under-Secretary-General responsible for GA I: DISEC and Arab League
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General Assembly First Committee: Disarmament and International Security
Regulating the Trade of Conventional Arms in Middle East and
North Africa Focusing on Eradicating Illicit Trade
disarmament and the regulation of
Introduction to the General
armaments; promotion of cooperative
Assembly First Committee:
Disarmament and International
Security
arrangements and measures aimed at
strengthening the stability through
lower levels of armamentsv is among its
chief themes of discussion.
The United Nations General Assembly
(UNGA) is one of the six main organs of
‘‘DISEC works in close cooperation with
the United Nations, being a chief
two
deliberative,
Conference on Disarmament (CD) and
policymaking
and
bodies,
Geneva
the
Nations.ii
was
(UNDC) which was established by the UN
established
Special Session on Disarmament in
organs of the United Nations, holding its
1978.vi While the Commission deals with
first
GA
a smaller number of items than the First
comprises of all 193 Members of the UN
Committee and in greater detail; CD
with equal representation principle—
focuses on negotiation of treaties. vii
which is that each Member State has
Although CD sets its own agenda, it is
one vote.iv With this principle, the
funded by the UN and reports to the
General Assembly is the only organ in
General Assembly.viii Also reporting to the
which an equality of such is established.
General Assembly, it is decided by GA’s
The General Assembly focuses on a
decision that as of 2000, the UNDC would
broad spectrum of topics, including
normally comprise two substantive items
matter of peace and security, admission
per year from the whole range of
of
disarmament issues, including one on
amongst
the
meeting
new
Assembly
primarily
in
1945.iii
members
and
The
budgetary
Disarmament
based
representative organi of the United
General
UN
namely
Commission
regulations.
nuclear disarmament.ixx
DISEC also has an agenda spanning over
The sessions of DISEC are structured in
a wide
covering
three main parts of discussion: firstly, a
international
general debate is established for the
governing
given agenda item; secondly, a thematic
range
disarmament
security.
of topics
and
Principles
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General Assembly First Committee: Disarmament and International Security
Regulating the Trade of Conventional Arms in Middle East and
North Africa Focusing on Eradicating Illicit Trade
discussion is held for covering all
It is a well-known political fact that
aspects of the agenda item; and lastly
both the regions of Middle East and
member states take action on drafting a
North Africa have long suffered because
document that will be composed of
of complications nucleated by trade of
possible solutions to the problem given
illicit
in the agenda item.xixii
Originally being legitimate and legal,
arms
and
small
weapons.
these weapons are usually obtained
Charter of the United Nations discusses
through
the role of its establishment as ‘‘To
makes the trade illegal altogether.
maintain
Mostly
obtained
security, and to that end: to take effective
officials
and
collective measures for the prevention
conductors of an illegal arms trade
and removal of threats to the peace, and
almost never face any legal charges in
for the suppression of acts of aggression
their name. This illicit trade results in
or other breaches of the peace, and to
politically and militant-wise chaotic
bring about by peaceful means […]’’xiii
problems. When domestic unrest and
which closely parallels with every
careless law enforcement combine in
objective and asset of the Disarmament
these regions, governments of these
and International Security Council.
member states are faced with armed
international
peace
and
A. Introduction and Basic
Overview of the Issue
‘‘Insurgents, armed gang members,
illegitimate
by
means
which
unscrupulous
individuals;
these
non-state actors, who elevate terrorist
activity, armed political group threats
and militia related difficulties. Due to
this
unregulated
weaponry
trade
pirates, terrorists - they can all multiply
(illegal purchase and sale) amplifies
their force through the use of unlawfully
national unrest and fires conflicts in
acquired firepower. The illicit circulation
neighboring regions—likewise in the
of small arms, light weapons and their
Middle East and North Africa. The
ammunition destabilizes communities,
International Committee of the Red
and impacts security and development in
all regions of the world.’’ xiv
Cross
(ICRC)
summarizes
the
devastating effects of the continuation
of illicit arms trade by these five points:
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General Assembly First Committee: Disarmament and International Security
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North Africa Focusing on Eradicating Illicit Trade
Illicit Trade of small arms ‘‘facilitates
general unrest in given regions, and
violations of International Humanitarian
causing to unstoppable violations of
Law, increases civilian suffering, impedes
The Universal Declaration of Human
assistance for the victims, increases the
Rights; it is essential for the United
lethal effects and duration of conflicts,
Nations General Assembly’s (UNGA)
hampers the delivery of humanitarian
First Committee to propose a solid
assistance,
solution
reconstruction
and
reconciliation.’’xv These illegal purchases
for
the
illicit
trade
of
conventional arms.xvii
of powerful armaments spanning from
small arms —revolvers and self-loading
In 2001, the UN held the first global
pistols, rifles and carbines, submachine
Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small
guns, assault rifles, and light machine
Arms
guns (to light weapons) heavy machine
conference proposed the adoption of a
guns, grenade launchers, portable anti-
Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat
aircraft guns, portable anti-tanks guns,
and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small
recoilless rifles, portable launchers of
Arms and Light Weapons in All Its
anti-aircraft missile systems— carry an
Aspects. The United Nations Office for
extremely dangerous nature, and has
Disarmament
been
Office of the United Nations Secretariat,
politically,
economically
and
legislatively shattering.xvi
and
Light
Weapons.
Affairs
(UNODA),
The
an
works closely with UNGA and the
Disarmament Commission (DC) reviews
The international community, especially
the illicit trade of conventional arms by
the United Nations General Assembly,
statingxviii ‘‘In all parts of the world, the
has shown efforts in innumerable ways
ready
and angles to stop the flow of illicit
ammunition has led to human suffering,
trade within the context of black
political repression, crime and terror
markets, armed-conflict regions and
among civilian populations. Irresponsible
post-conflict nations. Because the trade
transfers of conventional weapons can
is often made between unscrupulous
destabilize security in a region, enable
officials and terrorist groups, it often
the violation of Security Council arms
leads the way to armed conflicts and
embargoes and contribute to human
availability
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of
weapons
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Regulating the Trade of Conventional Arms in Middle East and
North Africa Focusing on Eradicating Illicit Trade
rights abuses. Importantly, investment is
and North Africa, where conventional
discouraged and development disrupted
arms are traded and transferred from
in countries experiencing conflict and
one conflict zone to another.xxii
high levels of violence, which also affect
their ability to attain the Millennium
To meet with these goals, the United
Development Goals.’’xix
Nations member states have signed
documents regulating the trade of
All member states of the United Nations
conventional
arms—prohibiting
have responsibilities
illicit
thereof—the
regarding
the
trade
the
Firearms
safeguard of public well-being, and
Protocol, the Programme of Action on
national
security.
small arms and the Basic Principles on
Governments must be able to ensure
the Use of Force and Firearms by Law
that
from
Enforcement Officials.xxiii Because the
government stocks/private ownership
dynamics of the issue is extremely
are not misused and does not revolve in
difficult to follow and control, a basic
illicit circuits, which most definitely
illegal purchase of a conventional arm
leads to political instability and to
can result in issues like—including but
exacerbating
definitely
peace
and
conventional
arms
poverty.
Conventional
not
limited
to—armed
arms supply to areas of crisis is varied.
violence, child soldiers, the protection
Domestically, small arms can enter
of
illicit circulation through distribution,
ammunition, terrorist action, armed
theft, leakage, divergence, pilferage or
uprisings and related complex issues
resale.xx Small arms are often shipped to
regarding armed activities.xxiv
civilians
in
armed
conflicts,
conflict zones from abroad, and mostly
happening
in
small-scale
The orthodox use of complete types of
consignments—a steady smuggle of
conventional weapons in war time is
weapons across porous borderlines. xxi
structured by the Geneva Conventions
The cumulative destabilizing force of
and other international documents
such small-scale trade must not be
regulating
underestimated,
conflicts.
particularly
in
unstable regions like the Middle East
legislations
Certain
conventional
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on
other
weapons
armed
types
are
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General Assembly First Committee: Disarmament and International Security
Regulating the Trade of Conventional Arms in Middle East and
North Africa Focusing on Eradicating Illicit Trade
controlled or banned under the United
B. Explanation of Important
Nations
Terms
Convention
Conventional
on
Weapons.
Certain
Other
are
prohibited under the Convention on
I) Armed Conflict
Cluster Munitions and the Convention on
‘‘An armed conflict is defined as a
the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling,
contested incompatibility that concerns
Production
and
Transfer
Anti-
government and/or territory where the
Personnel
Mines
and
their
use of armed force between two parties,
Destruction. However, it is certain these
of which at least one is the government
conventions
of a state, results in at least 25 battle-
are
not
of
on
adequate
in
creating a safe and viable environment
related deaths in one calendar year.’’xxvi
for individuals to live in, especially in
the Middle East and North Africa.xxv
II) Asymmetric Warfare
Asymmetric warfare refers to a war in
Contemporary
fought
armed
with
conflicts
which the opposing sides have vastly
having,
differing
arms—
radically different strategies or tactics.
small arms and light weaponry—which
Asymmetric warfare often involves
predominantly
sides
are
conventional
are broadly accessible in areas of crisis.
military
power,
or
use
unconventional warfare, in an attempt
They are mostly used in inter-state
for each side to offset its weaknesses or
conflicts which arises many problems
deficiencies. Asymmetric warfare is also
regarding
used to describe guerrilla warfare,
political
disputes
and
economical clashes. Conventional arms
insurgency,
are mainly the weapons of choice in
counterinsurgency
civil wars and for terrorism, organized
counterterrorism.xxvii
terrorism,
or
crime and gang warfare. It is a pivotal
duty for DISEC to find a solution for this
dynamic, fundamental problem.
III) Arms broker
An arms broker is named for an
individual or an organized group of
individuals that assists the allocation of
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North Africa Focusing on Eradicating Illicit Trade
weapons
from
to
response to the cruelties of World War
purchasers. Arms brokers tend to dodge
II. The Declaration consists of 30
law by taking advantage from ambiguity
articles outlining the rights to which
in
every human is entitled.
certain
manufacturers
legislative
matters
in
international law. The arms broker, in
the aim to facilitate the weaponry sale
to unauthorized recipients, carries this
act.xxviii
VII) Open Border/Free Trade
An open border is defined as a border
which enables free, mostly unregulated
IV) Arms Control
movement of individuals amongst two
Arms control is a term for international
separate
sanctions put upon the development,
arrangement can be intentional, made
production, stockpiling, proliferation
possible
and usage of weapons. The term is
intergovernmental treaties, however it
predominantly used for weapons of
can also happen due to lack of adequate
mass destruction. Arms control is
enforcement and regulation, mostly in
basically exercised through diplomacy,
conflict zones. An example of open
and
the
border is structured between European
construction of international treaties
Union (EU) states, where individuals
and agreements, ‘‘although it may also
with an EU passport can travel between
comprise efforts by a nation or group of
member
nations to enforce limitations upon a
regulation.
it
shows
itself
through
jurisdictions.
by
states
legislations
with
almost
This
and
no
non-consenting country.’’xxix
An equivalent concept to open border
V) The Universal Declaration of
Human Rights
The UN General Assembly adopted the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
(UDHR) in 1948. The Declaration serves
as an expression of rights held by
humans internationally, and rose in
for the free flow of goods and services is
free trade. Free trade is the policy in
international markets where goods are
imported/exported without the (or
with a slight care) regulation of the
government. Free trade is exemplified
by the European Union / European
Economic Area.xxx
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VIII) Illicit arms trade
systems, and mortars of calibres of less
Illicit arms trade refers to illegal actions
than
in which weapons are trafficked. It is
comprise the Small Arms and Light
also
Weapons
known
as
the
international
100
mm.’’xxxiv
Together
(SALW)
they
protocol. xxxv
weapons blacks market. Hand guns,
According to the United Nations: "Since
pistols, sub-machine guns, mortars,
weapons in this class are capable of
landmines, grenades, light missiles and
being carried, if a small arm, by one
such small weapons are unlawfully sold
person or, if a light arm, by two or more
to
unlicensed
people, a pack animal or a light vehicle,
recipients.xxxi Insurgents, armed gang
they allow for mobile operations where
members, pirates, terrorists and other
heavy mechanized and air forces are not
illegal forms of armed groups practice
available or are restricted in their
illicit
capabilities owing to difficult mountain,
unintended
arms
and
trade.xxxii
The
illicit
channeling of small arms/light weapons
jungle
or
urban
terrain."xxxvi
and their ammunition to recipients
Throughout this study guide, the term
threatens
–
communities
with
conventional arms will be used as an
security
and
umbrella concept, comprising of small
overgrowing
developmental problems.xxxiii
arms and light weapons—
X)
Stockpiling
and
Stockpile
IX) Small arms and light weapons
Management
Both small arms and light weapons are
‘‘A stockpile is a pile or storage location
weapons that can be carried because of
for bulk materials, forming part of the
their easy logistics. ‘‘Small arms include
bulk material handling process.’’ xxxvii
revolvers and self-loading pistols, rifles
Stockpiling is also used for stocking
and carbines, assault rifles, submachine
weaponry that is in excess at the time of
guns and light machine guns. Light
a given countries military activity.
weapons include heavy machine guns,
These weapons are carefully managed
hand-held grenade launchers, portable
and can act as a danger for they can be
anti-aircraft
relocated
and
anti-tank
guns,
by
illegitimate
means.
recoilless rifles, portable launchers of
‘‘Stockpile management and control is
anti-aircraft
one of the most acute small arms
and
anti-tank
missile
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North Africa Focusing on Eradicating Illicit Trade
problems.
"Leaking"
Government
states are engaged to report to the UN
stockpiles are prominent sources of
regarding the development of their
illegal
implementation of the UN Programme
small
arms
in
circulation.
Generally, surplus and obsolete weapons
of Action (PoA)xl
are better destroyed than stored. In post
conflict
settings,
the
immediate
A review conference was held between
destruction of surplus weapons and
26th of June and 7th of July 2006, as
ammunition removes possible fuel for
requested
new instability.’’xxxviii
General Assembly. In between these
C. Detailed Background of the
Issue
I)
two
by
the
conferences,
United
a
Nations
substantive
controversy emerged regarding the
importance of illicit arms trade in
Regulating
and
Redefining
Conventional Arms Trade
organized crime & terrorist activity. The
question is not raised about the
extremely high instance of small arms
a. The Historical Development
violence and the occurrence of illicitly
of the Concept
obtained weapons in armed conflict
Although it is certain that the illicit
areas, but the effect they serve in
trade of conventional arms is going on
creating
for over decades, the first valuable
Because other societal factors also play
attempt to address it was the ‘United
a huge amount in creating armed crises,
Nations Conference on the Illicit Trade
many states questioned the importance
in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All
of illicit arms trade in these areas. Due
Its Aspects’.xxxix The conference was
to this controversy raised regarding the
held between 9th and 20th of July 2001
effect of illicit arms trade, the review
in New York. After the extensive two
conference
week duration, the conference adopted
disagreements
and
the 'Programme of Action to Prevent,
incapable
agreeing
Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade
substantive outcome.
turmoil
was
on
is
interrogated.
plagued
states
by
were
upon
in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All
Its Aspects.' In this report, member
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General Assembly First Committee: Disarmament and International Security
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North Africa Focusing on Eradicating Illicit Trade
Four Biennial Meetings of States were
companies are involved in small arms
conducted
production which challenges the claim
to
consider
the
implementation of the Programme of
regarding its adequacy.
Action, in the years 2003, 2005, 2008
and 2010.xli A second conference on the
The total annual value of global legal
issue assembled in New York, from 27
trade in small arms is estimated to be
August to 7 September 2012.xlii
about 4 billion USD.xlvi Moreover, an
undocumented trade of small arms in
b.
Contemporary
Issues
Regarding the Problem
the black market is an overgrowing
problem, in addition to these legal
Small Arms Survey, an independent
transactions.
research project providing impartial
estimates around 1 billion USD per year
and public information regarding small
for this undocumented black market
arms and light weapons, estimates
trade.xlvii The International Committee
around 90 countries that are currently
of the Red Cross exemplifies the
involved in small arms production. xliii
problem with stating ‘‘this constitutes
The
Russian
only a small proportion of the total value
Federation and China are among the
of the conventional arms trade (possibly
world’s largest producers of small arms
between
and light weapons. Nevertheless, the
weapons account for the majority of
production of such arms can be traced
casualties
in almost every region in the world,
conflicts.’’xlviii
United
States,
the
5-13
in
Small
Arms
percent),
most
yet
current
Survey
these
armed
with the majority being Europe and
Asia.xliv While a handful of surveys state
With the current political problems in
that the global small arms market
Middle
seems to shrink since its peak in 1980-
(aftermath of events known as ‘Arab
90, the current unrest in Middle East
Spring’, regime changes in Egypt and
and North Africa poses an overgrowing
Libya, terrorist activity of ISIS and
threat to the problem; thus refuting
related armed conflicts) the problem of
idea as a whole.xlv Moreover, an
illicit trade grows due to common
increasing number of countries and
unrest in the region. The illicit arms
East
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North
Africa
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North Africa Focusing on Eradicating Illicit Trade
trade will gain continuity if the unrest is
availability of small arms and light
not properly handled.
weapons is subject to few internationally
recognized rules and their regulation
Small arms and light weapons create a
poses particular challenges. In contrast
massive problem in a humanitarian
to weapons that have been banned
context. Conventional arms carry out
because they violate the basic norms of
almost all of the current armed activity
international humanitarian law—such
in Middle East and North Africa.
as anti-personnel mines—small arms are
Because of their highly durable, easy to
not in themselves unlawful weapons.
use nature and their easiness in
Most small arms have legitimate uses,
carrying and maintaining, they became
including for law enforcement and
the
national
weapon-of-choice
for
many
defence.
A
prohibition
is
decades.xlix With no requirement for
therefore not a solution. What is
excessive training in order to learn how
required instead is adequate regulation
to use the weapon, small arms become
of their availability and use.’’lii
‘highly lethal tools’.l When combined
with
low
cost
and
widespread
To reduce and degrade the devastating
have
effects of armed violence, specifically
elevated the usage of small arms,
dealing with illicit arms trade is not
making them the first choice for armed
enough. Complementary efforts must be
conflicts
and
terrorist
all
carried in order to influence the
around
the
world—thus
fueling
behavior of those bearing weapons and
law
to protect and assist the victims.liii Small
violations and insecurity in many parts
arms and light weapons are normally
of the world.li
produced
and
legitimate
means;
availability,
international
these
features
activity
humanitarian
acquired
through
however
their
The ICRC is highly active on the matter
entrance to the black market in huge
of illicit small arms trade regarding its
amounts interlocks the issue. Therefore,
humanitarian aspects; they explicitly
although the sole elimination of illicit
point to the complexity of the problem:
arms trade will not end armed conflicts
‘‘unlike major weapons systems, the
in Middle East and North Africa, it will
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certainly degrade the complexity of the
root causes of violent conflict – thus
issue to a much more simplified state—
presenting a tough problem for arms
which will, with regards to the problem,
trade policy.
create a vast difference towards a
The physical flow of arms in the
possible positive outcome.liv
transnational illicit market is dependent
on the functioning of the social network.
‘‘Transnational illicit trades are the
The broker is the central figure and
primary concern because they occur
coordinator of the illicit network that
beyond state control and because they
enables delivery of arms from producer-
clandestinely introduce new military
suppliers to end users.’’lv
capability (power) to users that would
otherwise be isolated from the global
supply of arms. While intra-state black
transfers are problematic, they are
generally
not
on
the
scale
II) Complexity of Illicit Arms Trade in
Regions
a. Complications originated from
Arab Spring and the North
of
African Trade
transnational flows. This typology allows
refinement of the “small arms problem”
The
to the disruption of transnational illicit
contemporary sociopolitical landscape
flows to specified states or regions.
of North Africa with interconnected
The global supply of small arms is
anti-regime riots all over the region.
sufficient to deliver vast quantities of
The radical occurrence also affected the
weapons and sufficient global trade
Middle East, thus creating a political
infrastructure enables transfer anywhere
unrest in the region, as mentioned
in the world. Group demand is primarily
above. The triggered instability in the
of the producer-possessor type: arms
region
demand stems from the instrumental use
governmental and regulatory bodies.
of the weapons in violent conflict.
Countries like Egypt, Tunisia and Libya
Demand, a function of motivation and
went through fundamental changes
means,
from
regarding its political structure, social
achievement of a group’s purpose. This
integration and economical stability.
kind of demand is strongly tied to the
Due to the breakdown of central
derives
(primarily)
Arab
Spring
succeeded
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swept
into
the
breaking
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regulatory bodies, the management of
stockpiles in Libya as well as ineffective
small weapons was lost, which created
border
armed individuals. Consequently, the
primary
Arab Spring has fueled the leakage of
proliferation and that Libya had become
small weapons into surrounding areas
a primary source of illicit weapons,
and neighboring countries, aiding the
including
black market small arms/light weapons
defense systems],” Gasana told the
trade
Council.1
and
violence
by
non-state
control
systems
obstacles
remained
to
MANPADs
countering
[portable
air
actors.lvi
Libya has let weapons fall into the
Post-Arab Spring political landscape,
hands of radical elements on several
notably
has
continents due to the fact that they
contributed in vast amounts to the
were unable to ensure their border
development of a small arms black
safety.
market. Libya has been named as the
reflected a highly diversified range of
primary source of the illicit arms trade
trafficking
in the region, which UN’s independent
trafficking from Libya was fueling
panel on Libya’s sanctions announced
conflict
that the trade is fueling armed conflicts
terrorism – on several continents,”
in at least 14 countries around the
Gasana added.lix
the
state
of
Libya,
“Transfers
to
14
dynamics;
countries
and
and insecurity
–
that
including
world.lvii In a report to United Nations
Libya
The illicit arms trade can result in
sanctions committee chair, Rwandan
surprising and unintended occurrences.
Ambassador Eugene Gasana, noted that
For
the
is
believed to be originated from Libya
struggling to protect the country in
holds a great responsibility in fuelling
which a number of armed tribal militias
the conflicts in Mali, which took place in
denounce Tripoli’s authority.lviii
2012—between
Security
Council
post-Gaddafi
(UNSC),
government
instance,
weaponry
Malian
that
was
government
and rebel groups.lx Also in 2012, Israeli
“The panel noted that the control of non-
officials stated that anti-aircraft missiles
state armed actors over the majority of
1
Quoted firstly in reuters.com
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of shoulder-launched type were fired
near the Gaza Strip, in an effort to
Consequently, ‘‘the demand for small
damage an Israeli aircraft.lxi The rear
arms in the Middle East is derived from
occurrence of the high-tech weaponry
the region’s persistent state of conflict
raised questions regarding its origin,
and
which was later traced back to Libya. It
International,
was the first time that such high tech
instability drive the import of arms for
weaponry was used by non-state armed
both
actors.lxii These events arguably hints to
Individuals and groups in the region
the possible future, where modernized
regard small arms as a symbol of power,
terrorist groups emerge by the help of
a product of the tribal culture that
these sophisticated weaponry.
dominates the region. The demand for
b. Chronic Instability in Middle
East
The Middle East is known for being the
largest body of arms market in the
developing world. Legal Sales in the
region account for almost partially to all
sales in the developing states, with the
U.S. providing nearly two-thirds of the
arms for the region.lxiii The scale of small
arms and light weapons sales to the
region is a clear indication to the
instability in the region, and common
terrorist activity dealt in the Middle
cultural
states
preference
regional,
and
for
arms.
and
state
non-state
actors.
arms is likely to endure with the region’s
values and instability. The region’s arms
imports vastly exceed arms exports,
representing both the strength of small
arms demand and the dependence on the
international arms market. As a result of
these conditions, non-state actors such as
terrorists and insurgents rely on illicit
arms trafficking networks to satisfy their
need
for
arms.
The
next
chapter
examines potential strategies to disrupt
the currently un-controlled flow of arms
to the region.’’lxv
East. It is known that up to 40 billion
USD is collected annually for legal sales
c. Arms Trade Treaty
of conventional arms. The unrest in the
The General Assembly adopted the
region is a product of international,
Arms Trade Treaty (ATT), a landmark
regional and intrastate level conflicts
in dealing with and regulating the
mostly arising from armed violence. lxiv
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international trade in conventional
arms flows to conflict regions. It will
arms, from small arms to battle tanks,
prevent human rights abusers and
combat aircraft and warships.lxvi It was
violators of the law of war from being
approved on second of April, 2013 with
supplied with arms. And it will help keep
121 states signing the treaty and it was
warlords,
passed from the General Assembly with
acquiring these deadly tools.’’lxviii It will
a voting of 154-3-23.lxvii UNGA explains
enter into force on 24 December 2014,
the treaty’s importance with the quote
having been ratified or acceded to by
‘‘The treaty will foster peace and security
the requisite 50 states.lxix
pirates,
and
gangs
by thwarting uncontrolled destabilizing
Figure 1.1 Amnesty International infographic on arms trade [amnesty.org]
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General Assembly First Committee: Disarmament and International Security
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Figure 1.2 Arms Trade Treaty for which states have signed or ratified the treaty (orange: signed, green:
ratified)
United Nations explain the treaty’s
content by "The Arms Trade Treaty
D. Major Parties Involved
obligates member states to monitor arms
I)
exports and ensure that weapons don't
Disarmament Affairs (UNODA)
cross existing arms embargoes or end up
UNODA was established in January
being used for human-rights abuses,
1998
including terrorism. Member states, with
Disarmament Affairs which was part of
the assistance of the U.N., will put into
the Secretary-General’s programme for
place enforceable, standardized arms
reform in accordance with his report to
import and export regulations (much like
the General Assembly (A/51/950).lxxiii
United
as
Nations
the
Office
for
Department
for
those that already exist in the U.S.) and
be expected to track the destination of
The Office promotes the following
exports to ensure they don't end up in the
assets:
wrong
hands.
Ideally,
that
means

limiting the inflow of deadly weapons
into places like
Syria."lxxlxxilxxii
Nuclear disarmament and nonproliferation

Strengthening
of
the
disarmament regimes in respect
to
other
EuroAsia MUN 2014 Training and Development Conference
weapons
of
mass
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
destruction, and chemical and
instance, for their annual meeting in
biological weapons
2014, the council discussed specifically
Disarmament efforts in the area
the problem of nuclear disarmament
of
and
conventional
weapons,
especially landmines and small
in
The
United
Office
on
Disarmament Affairs has repeatedly
pressed for increased legislation to
prevent illicit arms trade, where it also
examined the weapon stockpiles states
have. Its recent moves are according
with the ratification & update of the
Arms Trade Treaty—common aims
being
enabling
Organization (INTERPOL)
The
Nations
weapon
allocation
tracking and curbing diversion of
weapons.lxxv
nuclear
b. International Criminal Police
contemporary
conflicts.lxxiv
of
weapons.lxxvii
arms, which are the weapons of
choice
non-proliferation
International
Organization
(INTERPOL)
intergovernmental
facilitating
Criminal
Police
is
an
organization
international
police
cooperation. It was established in 1923
and adopted its telegraphic address as
its
common
name
in
1956. lxxviii
INTERPOL predominantly focuses on
matters of public safety such as: battling
terrorism, crimes against humanity, war
crimes, organized crime, and illicit drug
production, drug trafficking, weapons
smuggling and related civic security
a. United Nations Disarmament
questions.lxxix
Commission (UNDC)
In 1952, the General Assembly, by its
INTERPOL with its strict working force
resolution 502 (VI) of January 1952,
has aided United Nations member
created
Nations
states with access on shared databases
(UNDC)
regarding illicit arms trade, allowing an
the
Disarmament
United
Commission
under the Security Council with a
international
general
disarmament
states and organizations to prevent
questions. In the light of its function, the
arms trafficking. The organization also
UNDC focuses on a limited number of
provided states with the necessary
agenda items at each session.
utensils to monitor and track the
mandate
on
lxxviFor
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cooperation
between
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movement of arms.lxxx
Treaty
organization
c. African Union
arms trade and trafficking (and the
resulting armed violence), the African
Union has made countless attempts in
eradicating the trade of conventional
The
intergovernmental
organization oversees the functioning of
regional economic communities (REC’s)
and it signed a significant number of
treaties
controlling
put
on
declared
force,
the
international
cooperation and information sharing
Because of Africa’s suffering from illicit
arms.
was
and
regulating
arms, which all are in use at this time in
all African Union member states.lxxxi
regarding
the
problem.lxxxiii
The
following are key articles from the Arab
Convention on Terrorism (1999) which
reflects the position of Arab League
regarding the illicit arms trade.lxxxiv
‘‘To develop and strengthen systems for
the
detection
of
the
movement,
importation, exportation, stockpiling and
use of weapons, munitions and explosives
and of other means of aggression,
murder and destruction as well as
procedures for monitoring their passage
d. Arab League
organization
through customs and across borders in
constituting of 22 Arab states, the Arab
order to prevent their transfer from or
League promotes the overall well-being
Contracting State to another or to third-
of its member states and directs them
party other than lawful purposes.”
towards a common goal of peace and
-Article 3 on “Preventive Measures”
The
intergovernmental
security.lxxxii
‘‘Lead to the seizure of any weapons,
The Arab League is publicly supporting
munitions or explosives or any devices or
United Nations Security Council (UNSC)
funds used or intended for use to commit
Resolutions on arms embargoes, and to
a terrorist offence.”
further support the prevention of illicit
- Article 4 on “Exchanging Information”
arms trade, it established the League of
Arab States (LAS, also known as Arab
League) Regional Focal Point on Small
Arms in 2004. After the Arms Trade
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E. Possible Solutions
areas. If this problem is not dealt with,
I) Disarmament of civilians and
militias in post-conflict regions
it
can
result
in
the
eventual
recuperation of these weapons.
This is a key concept in preventing the
III) Ensuring strict border control in
illicit trade of small arms, as it ensures
regions of armed conflict
the disarmament after times of war,
Lack of border control and checkpoint
where civilians and militias gained
safety is undoubtedly one of the main
control over a range of small arms and
reasons why the small arms black
light weapons. This weaponry serves a
market is working in great efficiency
great risk in entering black market and
today. There must be international
returning
collaboration in this concept in order to
to
the
hands
of
non-
governmental armed actors. Because
ensure
governments become unstable and
especially in armed conflicts, to prevent
unbalanced after times of crises and
small weapon leakage to black market.
conflict, it is best that an international
IV) Illicit weapons trafficking law
intervention taking place to start a
ratification
region-based campaign on collecting
weapons. Where civilians and militias
refuse
to
return
their
weaponry,
military intervention can be discussed
to take place.
a
strict
border
control,
Another key point to deal with illicit
arms
trade
is
the
ratification
of
international law documents, in order
to battle this crucial problems legal
matter. Especially in Africa and North
II) Peacekeeping forces ratification
Africa, member states continue to suffer
Peacekeeping forces that are being sent
from
to conflict areas also serve a risk in
private sector arms sales—this factor
unlawfully acquiring small arms. To
allows corrupt arms brokers to make
prevent this, international cooperation
trade
on the ratification of peacekeeping
individuals/criminals.
very
non-to-little-regulated
with
crooked
forces sent to armed conflict areas can
took place, as well as a close monitoring
of which men/women to send to the
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V) Ratification of the arms trade
treaty
The Arms Trade Treaty must be ratified
serve such purpose.
F. UN Resolutions and Relevant
and put into force in order to establish a
Treaties and Events
solid regulation for illicit arms trade.
The United Nations, in all of its principal
VII)
Increased
transparency
on
weapons deals
The current devastating situation of
illicit arms trade depends in huge
amount to the lack of transparency of
governments and arms brokers. The
weapon deals are mostly carried out in
disclosed environments and often end
up being unrecorded and unregulated.
Increased
transparency
in
an
intergovernmental level will harden the
trade of small arms, and ensure a
organs, has been thoroughly involved in
this
of
illicit
trade
of
conventional arms through several
resolutions, conferences, conventions,
programs, and treaties. Its action plan
has been systematic, covering grounds
of both theoretical analysis and case
examination.
Programs and non-resolution treaties
include:

The UN Conference on Illicit
Trade in Small Arms and Light
significant drop in illicit sales of such
Weapons of 2001
arms.
VIII)
problem

Detection
of
corrupt
United
Nations
Program
of
Action to Prevent, Combat and
government and military officials
Eradicate the Illicit Trade in
Corrupt
Small Arms and Light Weapons
government
and
military
officials carry out, in large portions, the
trade of illicit arms in both North Africa
in All Its Aspects

UN Protocol against the Illicit
and Middle East. A close examination of
Manufacturing of and Trafficking
officials regarding the detection of
in Firearms, Their Parts and
corrupt individuals must be carried out
Components and Ammunition.
actively
by
states.
Economic
communities could ratify laws and
regional squads can be established to
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G. Conclusion
Resolutions include:



General
and
Complete
The United Nations is directly affected
Disarmament, 10 January 2002
by the absence of regulations or
(A/RES/56/24)
negligent controls on the arms trade.
Assistance to States for curbing
Because the United Nations is working
the illicit traffic in small arms
to improve lives and livelihoods around
and collecting them, 8 January
the world, and those who are affected
2003 (A/RES/57/70)
most by illicit arms trade is civilians
Promotion at the regional level
trapped in situations of armed violence,
in the Organization for Security
it is the General Assembly’s duty to
and Cooperation in Europe of the
ensure a secure environment free of
United Nations programme of
small arms trafficking. Civilians, often in
action on the illicit trade in small
conditions of poverty, deprivation and
arms and light weapons in all its
extreme inequality in areas of armed
aspects,
conflict, they are threatened by the
17
December
2003
(A/RES/58/55)

Addressing
misuse of arms by State armed and
the
negative
humanitarian and development
security forces, non-State armed groups
and organized criminal groups.lxxxvi
impact of the illicit manufacture,


transfer and circulation of small
Inadequate regulations on small arms
arms and light weapons and
and light weapons trade have led to
their excessive accumulation, 6
mainstreaming
January 2006 (A/RES/60/68)
through its widespread availability.
Towards an Arms Trade Treaty,
Civilians are not the only group of
6
individuals affected by the illegal usage
December
2006
of
such
weapons
(A/RES/61/89)
of small arms, but UN and other
Promoting development through
humanitarian organizations’ officials
the reduction and prevention of
are also endangered by the usage of
armed violence, 16 December
such weapons. It is DISEC’s duty to
2008 (A/RES/63/23)lxxxv
ensure international peace and security,
promote
EuroAsia MUN 2014 Training and Development Conference
social
and
economic
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development,
and
support
peacekeeping
operations,
peace-
building
efforts
7and
to

one another regarding their
monitor
transparency in handling small
sanctions and arms embargoes. It is a
pivotal duty for DISEC to find a solution
arms control

for this dynamic, fundamental problem.
integrated in the detection of
corrupt governmental & military
Should Cover

Measures to incorporate an

officials

Enhancing the means of
international behavior for the
communication such
disarmament of civilians and
international media to
militias in post-conflict regions
cover/spread awareness
Action plan for the United
regarding the problems small
Nations to update the current
arms cause
application process of

The assessment of whether
international involvement can be
H) Points That a Resolution

How can member states ensure

Definite solutions to enhance the
peacekeeping forces
past action plans and
Means for all member states to
reconsideration of the position
enhance for all of border control
of the United Nations towards
while making sure the
the illicit trade of conventional
procedures are transparent
arms, vis-à-vis methods for
international committees to act
stronger international
Analysis of the ratification trend
cooperation on the matter
and ways to increase the
ratification rates of illicit
weapons trafficking law
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lxxxvii
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North Africa Focusing on Eradicating Illicit Trade
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North Africa Focusing on Eradicating Illicit Trade
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iss.org/RevCon2/Documents/RevCon-
arms/salw/ [Accessed 13 Sep. 2014].
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xxxix
Poa-iss.org, (2014). Programme of
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smallarmssurvey.org, (2014). Small
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Arms
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http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/filea
xl
Ibid.
Transfers:
Importing
States.
Available
dmin/docs/H-Research_Notes/SAS-
EuroAsia MUN 2014 Training and Development Conference
Page 28
at:
General Assembly First Committee: Disarmament and International Security
Regulating the Trade of Conventional Arms in Middle East and
North Africa Focusing on Eradicating Illicit Trade
Research-Note-12.pdf [Accessed 16 Oct.
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https://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/d
xliv
Ibid.
ocuments/misc/small-arms-paper-
xlv
Ibid.
250506.htm#a8
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xlvi
lii
Ibid.
Oxford University Press, p.112.
liii
Ibid.
liv liv
xlviii
Ibid.
Icrc.org, (2014). Unregulated arms
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[Accessed
16
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THE MIDDLE EAST. Master of Science in
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lvi
Risk (2004).
Snyder, N. (2008). DISRUPTING THE
ILLICIT SMALL ARMS TRAFFICKING IN
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li
Un.org, (2014). UNODA - Small
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xlix
16
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xlvii
[Accessed
Ibid.
Icrc.org, (2014). Unregulated arms
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Page 29
General Assembly First Committee: Disarmament and International Security
Regulating the Trade of Conventional Arms in Middle East and
North Africa Focusing on Eradicating Illicit Trade
Rt.com, (2014). Libya is epicenter of
lvii
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arms
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Mujeed Khan, “Cauldron of Conflict:
lxiv
lviii
Ibid.
The
lix
lx
Ibid.
Basis
of
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lxv
Snyder, N. (2008). DISRUPTING THE
Al-Monitor, (2014). Hamas Launches
ILLICIT SMALL ARMS TRAFFICKING IN
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lxi
lxvi
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lxiii
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Richard Grimmett, Conventional
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to
Developing
lxvii
Ibid.
lxviii
Ibid.
EuroAsia MUN 2014 Training and Development Conference
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at:
General Assembly First Committee: Disarmament and International Security
Regulating the Trade of Conventional Arms in Middle East and
North Africa Focusing on Eradicating Illicit Trade
ARMS TRADE TREATY NEW YORK, 2
lxix
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lxxiv
Ibid.
https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication
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lxxvi
lxx
Un.org, (2014). UNODA - The UN
lxxi
Ibid.
Disarmament
lxxii
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lxxiii
Un.org, (2014). UNODA - About Us.
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EuroAsia MUN 2014 Training and Development Conference
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General Assembly First Committee: Disarmament and International Security
Regulating the Trade of Conventional Arms in Middle East and
North Africa Focusing on Eradicating Illicit Trade
Interpol.int, (2014). Name and logo
lxxxiii
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lxxxiv
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INTERPOL.
lxxxv
Un.org, (2014). UNODA - Small Arms
lxxviii
[online]
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lxxix
Disarmament
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lxxxvi
Un.org, (2014). The Arms Trade
Treaty - UN Office for Disarmament
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lxxx
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lxxxi
lxxxvii
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lxxxii
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EuroAsia MUN 2014 Training and Development Conference
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