lethal self-defense against a rapist and the challenge of proportionality

26.1 COLUMBIA JOURNAL OF GENDER AND LAW 123 LETHAL SELF-DEFENSE AGAINST A RAPIST AND THE CHALLENGE OF PROPORTIONALITY: JEWISH LAW PERSPECTIVE BENJAMIN PORAT* Abstract Is a victim of sexual assault permitted, similar to a victim of a life-threatening attack, to defend herself by using deadly force against the attacker? While the practical VLJQL¿FDQFHRIWKLVTXHVWLRQLVTXLWHVHOIHYLGHQWRIQROHVVHULPSRUWDQFHDUHLWVWKHRUHWLFDO IRXQGDWLRQVPDLQO\ZLWKUHJDUGWRWKHFRQFHSWXDOTXHVWLRQRISURSRUWLRQDOLW\7KLV$UWLFOH will analyze the issue from a Jewish law perspective, alongside an intensive comparative OHJDOGLVFXVVLRQ-HZLVKODZDSSHDUVWRSUHVHQWDQDSSURDFKIDUPRUHFRPSOH[WKDQZKDW PD\EHJOHDQHGDW¿UVWEOXVKZHDYLQJWRJHWKHUWZRSDUDOOHODQGFRPSOHPHQWDU\UHDOPV on the level of theoretical law, Jewish law maintains complete proportionality between the severity of the assault and the measure of self-defense employed to repel it, and as a result OLPLWVWKHSHUPLVVLELOLW\RINLOOLQJDUDSLVWLQVHOIGHIHQVH+RZHYHUWKHXQLTXHGHVLJQRI the law gives rise to an additional level of law in practice, in which deadly force against a potential rapist is broadly sanctioned in nearly all cases, and prohibition of such self- GHIHQVHLVUDUHWRQRQH[LVWHQW,QSUDFWLFHWKHSULQFLSOHRISURSRUWLRQDOLW\LVLQWHUSUHWHG OHQLHQWO\LQIDYRURIWKHYLFWLP7KLVGXDOLW\LVRIJUHDWVLJQL¿FDQFHDOORZLQJWKHODZWR PROGDFRPSOH[DSSURDFKFDSDEOHRIHPERG\LQJQXPHURXVFRQWUDGLFWRU\FRQVLGHUDWLRQV Such duality may lend a new perspective to the current discourse in legal literature on this LVVXHIRVWHULQJFRQFHSWXDOGLYHUVLW\LQWKHVWXG\RIVHOIGHIHQVH INTRODUCTION &ULPLQDOODZZLGHO\UHFRJQL]HVDQGMXVWL¿HVWKHXVHRIIRUFHE\DYLFWLPDJDLQVWDQ DWWDFNHUDWWLPHVHYHQLQOHWKDOPHDVXUHZKHQVXFKDFWLRQLVWDNHQLQVHOIGHIHQVH1:KHQ /HFWXUHU)DFXOWRI/DZWKH+HEUHZ8QLYHULVW\RI-HUXVDOHP0\KHDUWIHOWWKDQNVWR+DQLQD%HQ0HQDKHP $UQROG (QNHU 'RY )ULPHU 0LULDP *XU$U\H 0RUGHFKDL .UHPQL]HU <LW]KDN .XJOHU <HKRVKXD 3IHIIHU $PLKDL5DG]\QHUDQG5H¶HP6HJHYZKRZHUHNLQGHQRXJKWRUHDGHDUO\GUDIWVRIWKLV$UWLFOHHQULFKLQJPH ZLWKWKHLUHQOLJKWHQLQJLQVLJKWV,DPDOVRJUDWHIXOWR7HKLOD*LPSHOIRUKHUH[FHOOHQWDVVLVWDQFHLQSUHSDULQJ WKLVYHUVLRQ$OOWUDQVODWLRQVDUHWKHDXWKRU¶VRZQH[FHSWZKHUHRWKHUZLVHVSHFL¿HG 1 See generally JOSHUA DRESSLER, UNDERSTANDING CRIMINAL LAW >KHUHLQDIWHUDRESSLER, UNDERSTANDING];; GEORGE P. FLETCHER, RETHINKING CRIMINAL LAW >KHUHLQDIWHUFLETCHER, RETHINKING];; WHITLEY R.P. 124 COLUMBIA JOURNAL OF GENDER AND LAW 26.1 WKHOLIHRIDSRWHQWLDOYLFWLPFDQEHVSDUHGRQO\E\HPSOR\PHQWRIGHDGO\IRUFHDJDLQVWWKH DVVDLODQWLWLVSHUPLVVLEOH2IRUWKHYLFWLPRUDOWHUQDWLYHO\DWKLUGSDUW\SDVVHUE\FRPLQJ WRKHUDVVLVWDQFH3WRSURWHFWWKHYLFWLP¶VOLIHHYHQDWWKHH[SHQVHRIWKHDWWDFNHU¶V7KLV ULJKWWRVHOIGHIHQVHKDVEHHQUHFRJQL]HGVLQFHDQWLTXLW\4DQGKDVEHHQDFFHSWHGLQ-HZLVK ODZIURPWLPHLPPHPRULDO5,Q-HZLVKVRXUFHVJRLQJEDFNDVIDUDVWKHPLVKQDLFSHULRG6 WKHVDJHVUHODWHG³7KHIROORZLQJPXVWEHVDYHGHYHQDWWKHH[SHQVHRIWKHLUOLYHVKHZKR KAUFMAN, JUSTIFIED KILLING: THE PARADOX OF SELF-DEFENSE (2009);; WAYNE R. LAFAVE, CRIMINAL LAWWK HG)IONA LEVERICK, KILLING IN SELF-DEFENCE (2006);; ROLLIN M. PERKINS & ROLAND N. BOYCE, CRIMINAL LAW ±GHGPAUL H. ROBINSON, CRIMINAL LAW DEFENSES 105–34 (1984);; BOAZ SANGERO, SELF- DEFENCE IN CRIMINAL LAW (2006);; IRVING J. SLOAN, THE LAW OF SELF-DEFENSE: LEGAL AND ETHICAL PRINCIPLES (1987);; SUZANNE UNIACKE, PERMISSIBLE KILLING: THE SELF-DEFENCE JUSTIFICATION OF HOMICIDE 'DYLG /DQKDP'HDWKRID4XDOL¿HG'HIHQFH", 104 L. Q. REV )RUWKHSXUSRVHRIWKLVGLVFXVVLRQ,ZLOODVVXPHDOWKRXJKLWLVQRWDJLYHQWKDWVHOIGHIHQVHLVDMXVWL¿FDWLRQ DQGQRWPHUHO\DQH[FXVH,QWKLVFRQWH[WVHHFLETCHER, RETHINKING, supra note 1, at 759;; ROBINSON, supra note 1;; SANGERO, supra note 1, at 11;; JOHN C. SMITH, JUSTIFICATION AND EXCUSE IN THE CRIMINAL LAW 109 (1989);; -RVKXD Dressler, 1HZ7KRXJKWV$ERXWWKH&RQFHSWRI-XVWL¿FDWLRQLQWKH&ULPLQDO/DZ, 32 U.C.L.A. L. REV. >KHUHLQDIWHU'UHVVOHU1HZ7KRXJKWV@$OELQ(VHU-XVWL¿FDWLRQDQG([FXVH, 24 AM. J. COMP. L. 621 .HQW*UHHQDZDOW7KH3HUSOH[LQJ%RUGHUVRI-XVWL¿FDWLRQDQG([FXVH 84 COLUM. L. REV. 7KLVDVVXPSWLRQLVUHÀHFWLYHRIWKH-HZLVKODZSRVLWLRQZKLFKSHUFHLYHVVHOIGHIHQVHDVDMXVWL¿FDWLRQWREH HQFRXUDJHGDVH[SUHVVHGE\WKHVDJHV³,IVRPHRQHFRPHVWRNLOO\RXULVHDQGNLOOKLP¿UVW´BABYLONIAN TALMUD, %HUDNKRWE)XUWKHUPRUHLQWKHFRQWH[WRIDWKLUGSDUW\XVLQJVHOIGHIHQVHWRSURWHFWDSRWHQWLDO YLFWLP0DLPRQLGHV5DEEL0RVHVEHQ0DLPRQ±6SDLQ±(J\SWFRQVLGHUVWKLVDmandatory duty See MISHNEH TORAH, /DZVRI0XUGHUDQG3UHVHUYDWLRQRI/LIH(QJOLVKTXRWDWLRQVRI0LVKQHK7RUDKDUH WDNHQIURP7KH&RGHRI0DLPRQLGHV+\PDQ.OHLQWUDQV<DOH8QLY3UHVV)URPWKHVHVRXUFHVLWLV HYLGHQWWKDWNLOOLQJDQDWWDFNHULQVHOIGHIHQVHLVQRWRQO\SHUPLVVLEOHEXWDOVRPRUDOO\MXVWL¿HG,WVKRXOGEH QRWHGKRZHYHUWKDWDORQJVLGHWKHZLGHVSUHDGDVVXPSWLRQRIVHOIGHIHQVHDVDMXVWL¿FDWLRQ,WKHUHDUHWKRVHZKR FXUUHQWO\FRQVLGHUVHOIGHIHQVHDVDQexcuseSee:KLWOH\R.P. .DXIPDQ,V7KHUHDµ5LJKW¶WR6HOI'HIHQFH", 23 CRIM. JUST. ETHICS&DWKU\Q-R5RVHQ7KH([FXVHRI6HOI'HIHQVH&RUUHFWLQJD+LVWRULFDO$FFLGHQW RQ%HKDOIRI%DWWHUHG:RPHQ:KR.LOO, 36 AM. U. L. REV. )RUPRUHRQWKHVWDWXVRIDWKLUGSDUW\SDVVHUE\LQWKHFRQWH[WRIVHOIGHIHQVHVHHGLVFXVVLRQinfra3DUW ,9' 4 See SANGERO, supra note 1, at ³6HOIGHIHQVHLVQRWDODZWKDWZDVFUHDWHGE\PDQEXWDODZHQDFWHG E\QDWXUHLWVHOI´TXRWLQJ&LFHUR2UDWLRQLQ'HIHQVHRI0LOR%&(cfUNIACKE, supra QRWHDW 5 See SANGERO, supra note 1, at 31;; JOSEPH B. STERN, THE RIGHT OF SELF-DEFENSE AND ABORTION IN JEWISH LAW 0DULO\Q)LQNHOPDQ6HOI'HIHQVHDQG'HIHQVHRI2WKHUVLQ-HZLVK/DZ7KH5RGHI'HIHQVH, 33 WAYNE L. REV. 'RY,)ULPHU7KH5LJKWRI6HOI'HIHQVHDQG$ERUWLRQ, in MAIMONIDES AS CODIFIER OF JEWISH LAW 1DKXP5DNRYHUHG'DYLG-DFREV3ULYLOHJHVIRUWKH8VHRI'HDGO\)RUFH$JDLQVW D5HVLGHQFH,QWUXGHU$&RPSDULVRQRIWKH-HZLVK/DZDQGWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV&RPPRQ/DZ, 63 TEMP. L. REV. 7KH0LVKQDKDFROOHFWLRQRIODZVFRPSLOHGE\5DEEL-XGDKWKH3ULQFHDURXQGWKHHQGRIWKHVHFRQGFHQWXU\ &(VXPPDUL]HVWKHKDODNKLFZRUNVRIWKHVDJHVRIWKH/DQGRI,VUDHOIURPWKH¿UVWFHQWXU\%&(XQWLOWKHQ 26.1 COLUMBIA JOURNAL OF GENDER AND LAW 125 SXUVXHVDIWHUKLVQHLJKERUWRVOD\KLP´77KHIROORZLQJ$UWLFOHZLOOH[DPLQHZKHWKHUD SRWHQWLDOUDSHYLFWLPRUDOWHUQDWLYHO\DWKLUGSDUW\SDVVHUE\DWWHPSWLQJWRUHVFXHKHUPD\ HPSOR\GHDGO\IRUFHDJDLQVWWKHZRXOGEHUDSLVW VKRXOG KLV GHDWK EH WKH RQO\ HIIHFWLYH PHDQVRISUHYHQWLQJWKHUDSH8,VDSRWHQWLDOYLFWLPRIVH[XDODVVDXOWSHUPLWWHGVLPLODUWR DYLFWLPRIDSRWHQWLDOO\OLIHWKUHDWHQLQJDWWDFNWRXVHGHDGO\IRUFHDJDLQVWKHUDWWDFNHURU UDWKHULVWKHIRUPHUOLPLWHGH[FOXVLYHO\WRQRQOLIHWKUHDWHQLQJIRUPVRIVHOIGHIHQVH"9 :KLOH WKH SUDFWLFDO VLJQL¿FDQFH RI WKLV TXHVWLRQ LV TXLWH VHOIHYLGHQW RI QR OHVVHU LPSRUWDQFHDUHLWVWKHRUHWLFDOIRXQGDWLRQVDV,ZLOOHODERUDWHXSRQIXUWKHUWKHXVHRIOHWKDO IRUFHDJDLQVWDSRWHQWLDOUDSLVWSUHVHQWVDQLQVWUXFWLYHWHVWFDVHVKHGGLQJOLJKWRQEURDGHU FRQFHSWXDOTXHVWLRQVUHODWLQJWRWKHGRFWULQHRIVHOIGHIHQVHLQJHQHUDODQGFRQFHUQLQJWKH UHTXLUHPHQWRIproportionate forceLQSDUWLFXODU 7KHIROORZLQJ$UWLFOHZLOOIRFXVRQWKH-HZLVKODZDSSURDFKWRWKLVLVVXHDORQJVLGHD FRPSDUDWLYHOHJDOSHUVSHFWLYH10,ZLOODUJXHWKDWWKH-HZLVKODZDSSURDFKGLIIHUVVKDUSO\ 7UDQVODWLRQVRIPLVKQDLFDQGWDOPXGLFVRXUFHVDUHEDVHGRQWKH6RQFLQRHGLWLRQZLWKFHUWDLQPRGL¿FDWLRQVSee (QJOLVK%DE\ORQLDQ7DOPXG6RQFLQR7UDQVODWLRQ, HALAKHAH.COM, KWWSKDODNKDKFRPODVWYLVLWHG$XJ 7 See MISHNAH, Sanhedrin 7KH VDJHV RIIHUHG ELEOLFDO VRXUFHV IRU WKLV ODZ see ([RGXV ± Deuteronomy±cf+DLP6KDSLUDK7KH/DZRIWKH3XUVXHUDQGWKH6RXUFHRI6HOI'HIHQVHLQ-HZLVK /DZ 16 JEWISH L. ASS’N STUD. 250 7KH GH¿QLWLRQ RI UDSH LV QR WULYLDO PDWWHU DQG UDLVHV VHYHUDO TXHVWLRQV )RU H[DPSOH GRHV IRUFLEOH LQWHUFRXUVHEHWZHHQDKXVEDQGDQGKLVZLIHFRQVWLWXWHUDSH":KDWLVWKHOHJDOVWDWXVRILQWHUFRXUVHDVDUHVXOW RI SV\FKRORJLFDO FRHUFLRQ DV RSSRVHG WR SK\VLFDO FRHUFLRQ RU FRQVHQVXDO UHODWLRQV ZLWK D PLQRU" ,V WKH GH¿QLWLRQRIUDSHVHQVLWLYHWRWKHJHQGHURIWKHYLFWLPDQGRIWKHDVVDLODQW"$WWHQWLRQVKRXOGRIFRXUVHDOVR EHJLYHQWRWKHTXHVWLRQRIZKHWKHUUDSHLVOLPLWHGRQO\WRSHQHWUDWLRQRIWKHYDJLQDE\WKHSHQLV)RUDEURDG discussion, see ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RAPE (0HUULO'6PLWKHG>KHUHLQDIWHUENCY.];; CRAIG PALMER & RANDY THORNHILL, A NATURAL HISTORY OF RAPE: BIOLOGICAL BASES OF SEXUAL COERCION (2000);; 6RSKLH 'D\ What &RXQWV DV 5DSH" 3K\VLFDO $VVDXOW DQG %URNHQ &RQWUDFWV &RQWUDVWLQJ 9LHZV RI 5DSH $PRQJ /RQGRQ 6H[ Workers, in SEX AND VIOLENCE: ISSUES IN REPRESENTATION AND EXPERIENCE 3HQHORSH+DUYH\3HWHU*RZ HGV)RUWKHSXUSRVHRIWKLVDUWLFOHZKLFKIRFXVHVRQHDUO\-HZLVKODZVRXUFHV,ZLOOFRQFHQWUDWHRQWKH PRVWVWHUHRW\SLFDOFDVHRIDPDQUDSLQJDZRPDQ7KHUHIRUHLQWKLVFRQWH[W,¿QGXVHIXOWKHDQFLHQW5RPDQ GH¿QLWLRQRIUDSHDV³LQWHUFRXUVHE\IRUFH´See ENCY., supra,DW6RPHRIWKHRWKHUDVSHFWVRIWKHUDSH GH¿QLWLRQZLOOEHGHDOWZLWKIXUWKHURQ )RUH[DPSOHLQÀLFWLRQRIVHYHUHERGLO\KDUPWRWKHUDSLVWZLWKRXWNLOOLQJKLP )RUGLVFXVVLRQRIPRGHUQOHJDOOLWHUDWXUHRQWKHVXEMHFWRINLOOLQJDUDSLVWLQVHOIGHIHQVHVHHCYNTHIA K. GILLESPIE, JUSTIFIABLE HOMICIDE: BATTERED WOMEN, SELF-DEFENSE AND THE LAW 62 (1989);; LEVERICK, supra QRWHDW&KULVWLQH5(VVLTXH7KH8VHRI'HDGO\)RUFHE\:RPHQ$JDLQVW5DSHLQ0LFKLJDQ-XVWL¿DEOH +RPLFLGH" 37 WAYNE L. REV. -XGLWK)DEULFDQW+RPLFLGHLQ5HVSRQVHWRD7KUHDWRI5DSH$ 7KHRUHWLFDO([DPLQDWLRQRIWKH5XOHRI-XVWL¿FDWLRQ, 11 GOLDEN GATE U. L. REV. 'RQ%.DWHV 126 Columbia Journal of Gender and Law 26.1 from the currently accepted approaches in most major modern legal systems. Furthermore, Jewish law presents an approach far more complex than what may be gleaned at first blush, weaving together two parallel and complementary realms: theoretical law (halakha) and law in practice (halakha le-ma’aseh).11 On the level of theoretical law, Jewish law distinguishes between different categories of potential rape victims by their marital status, allowing the use of deadly force in self-defense by some but not others. This position stems from a general policy of maintaining complete proportionality between the severity of the assault and the measure of self-defense employed to repel it. However, the unique design of the law gives rise to an additional level of law in practice, in which deadly force against a potential rapist is broadly sanctioned in nearly all cases, and prohibition of such selfdefense is rare to non-existent. In practice, the principle of proportionality is interpreted leniently, in favor of the victim. This duality is of great significance, allowing the law to mold a complex approach capable of embodying numerous contradictory considerations. Such duality may lend a new perspective to the current discourse being held in legal literature on this issue, fostering conceptual diversity in the study of self-defense. Furthermore, the very distinction within Jewish law between theoretical law (halakha) and law in practice (halakha le-ma’aseh), as exemplified in this case, can itself enrich and inform the current legal discourse, particularly in the context of American legal realism, pertaining to the distinction between written law and the law in practice.12 The argument presented in the following Article is comprised of several stages. Following the introduction, Part I will be dedicated to a discussion of the unique characteristics of rape crimes in the context of the requirement of proportionality. Part II & Nancy J. Engberg, Deadly Force Self-Defense Against Rape, 15 U.C. Davis L. Rev. 873 (1982). For a criminological and practical legal perspective, see Elizabeth M. Schneider & Susan B. Jordan, Representation of Women who Defend Themselves in Response to Physical or Sexual Assault, 4 Women’s Rts. L. Rep. 149 (1978). 11 From a jurisprudence perspective, Jewish law differentiates between the realm of “halakha,” the abstract normative principle, and “halakha le-ma’aseh,” the practical imperative. See Menachem Elon, Jewish Law: History, Sources Principles 975, 1456 (Bernard Aurbach & Melvin J. Sykes trans., 1994); Menachem Elon, More About Research into Jewish Law, in Modern Research in Jewish Law 66, 89 (Bernard S. Jackson ed., 1980); Izhak Englard, Research in Jewish Law—Its Nature and Function, in Modern Research in Jewish Law 21, 40 (Bernard S. Jackson ed., 1980); Moshe Simon-Shoshan, Halachah Lema’aseh: Narrative and Legal Discourse in the Mishnah (2005) (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania), available at http://search.proquest.com//docview/305409093. 12 See American Legal Realism (William W. Fisher et al. eds., 1993); John H. Schlegel, American Legal Realism and Empirical Social Science (1995); Brian Leiter, American Legal Realism, in The Blackwell Guide to Philosophy of Law and Legal Theory 50 (W. Edmundson & M. Golding eds., 2003). 26.1 Columbia Journal of Gender and Law 127 will review the subject of deadly force against a potential rapist in several major modern legal systems. Part III will present the apparent approach of Jewish law, as perceived at first blush, within the realm of halakha. In contrast, Part IV will discuss three factors underlying the differing position of Jewish law as applied in practice (halakha le-ma’aseh). The Article concludes with discussion of various aspects and meanings of this duality. I. The Proportionality Requirement: Rape as a Test Case There are several accepted conditions for the legitimate use of self-defense.13 One of these conditions, at the focus of this Article, is the requirement of proportionality. In the following pages I will discuss several theoretical aspects of this requirement. A. The Degree of Proportionality Is a victim acting in self-defense necessarily required to maintain proportionality between his own interests (jeopardized by the assault), and the interests of the attacker (jeopardized by the act of self-defense)? This is no simple question, particularly in complex “gray” cases to be discussed further on, and much literature has indeed been written on the subject.14 It stands to reason, for instance, that killing an attacker would be a reasonable act of self-defense in the context of attempted murder, whereas it would seem wholly 13 The major requirements being that the attack is unlawful, poses imminent danger to the victim, and in no way results from fault on the part of the victim. Furthermore, the act of self-defense must employ the minimal force necessary to thwart the attack. These requirements may influence the discussion of such issues as battered women who kill their husbands, wherein the requirement of imminent danger may not be fulfilled, thus raising the question whether such cases may in fact be categorized as self-defense. Cf. Clare Dalton, Battered Women and the Law 716–23 (2001); Gillespie, supra note 10; Leverick, supra note 1, at 89; Robbin S. Ogle, Self-Defense and Battered Women Who Kill: a New Framework 106–29 (2002); Sangero, supra note 1, at 339; Holly Maguigan, Battered Woman and Self-Defense: Myths and Misconceptions in Current Reform Proposals, 140 U. Pa. L. Rev. 379 (1991); Richard A. Rosen, On Self-Defense, Imminence, and Women Who Killed Their Batterers, 71 N.C. L. Rev. 371 (1993). 14 Fletcher, Rethinking, supra note 1, at 870; Sangero, supra note 1, at 166; George P. Fletcher. The Right and the Reasonable, 98 Harv. L. Rev. 949, 951–52 (1985) [hereinafter Fletcher, The Right and the Reasonable]; George P. Fletcher, Proportionality and the Psychotic Aggressor: A Vignette in Comparative Criminal Theory, 8 Isr. L. Rev. 367 (1973) [hereinafter Fletcher, Proportionality]; Stuart P. Green, Castles and Carjackers: Proportionality and the Use of Deadly Force in Defense of Dwellings and Vehicles, 1999 U. Ill. L. Rev. 1 (1999); Mordechai Kremnitzer, Proportionality and the Psychotic Aggressor—Another View, 18 Isr. L. Rev. 178 (1983) [hereinafter Kremnitzer, Another View]; Mordechai Kremnitzer & Khalid Ghanayim, Proportionality and the Aggressor’s Culpability in Self-Defense, 39 Tulsa L. Rev. 875 (2004) [hereinafter Kremnitzer & Ghanayim, Aggressor’s Culpability]; Phillip Montague, Punishment and Societal Defense, 2 Crim. Just. 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REV. 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L. REV. .UHPQLW]HU *KDQD\LP $JJUHVVRU¶V &XOSDELOLW\, supra QRWH -HII 0F0DKDQ6HOI'HIHQVHDQGWKH3UREOHPRIWKH,QQRFHQW$WWDFNHU, 104 ETHICS 252 (1994);; 0LFKDHO2WVXND .LOOLQJWKH,QQRFHQWLQ6HOI'HIHQVH23 PHIL. & PUB. AFF. 74 (1994);; 6HJHYsupraQRWHDW-XGLWK- 7KRPVRQ 6HOI'HIHQVH DQG 5LJKWV, in RIGHTS, RESTITUTION AND RISK :LOOLDP 3DUHQW HG 'DYLG Wasserman, Justifying Self-Defense, 16 PHIL. & PUB. AFF. 356 (1987);; see also*UHHQsupraQRWHDWQ -XGLWK-7KRPVRQSelf-Defense, 20 PHIL. & PUB. 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SMITH & BRIAN HOGAN, CRIMINAL LAW WKHGRICHARD CARD ET AL., CRIMINAL LAW 525 WKHG'DYLG&RZOH\&ULPLQDO'DPDJH$FW²/DZIXO([FXVH, 53 J. CRIM. 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FOA & BARBARA O. ROTHBAUM, TREATING THE TRAUMA OF RAPE (1998);; $QQ:%XUJHVV/\QGD/+ROPVWURP5DSH7UDXPD6\QGURPH, 131 AM. J. PSYCHIATRY3DWULFLD 136 COLUMBIA JOURNAL OF GENDER AND LAW 26.1 WRJHWKHUDFULWLFDOPDVVRIGDPDJHVVXI¿FLHQWWRMXVWLI\NLOOLQJWKHUDSLVW53+RZHYHURWKHUV DUJXH WKDW WKHVH LQMXULHV VHYHUH DV WKH\ PD\ EH DUH QRW HTXLYDOHQW WR ORVV RI OLIH DQG WKHUHIRUHFDQQRWMXVWLI\NLOOLQJWKHUDSLVW54,QVWHDGWKH\SUHIHUWREDVHWKHMXVWL¿FDWLRQIRU NLOOLQJWKHUDSLVWXSRQDQRWKHUFKDUDFWHULVWLFRIUDSHEH\RQGWKHDIRUHPHQWLRQHGSK\VLFDO DQG HPRWLRQDO GDPDJHV DQG RI HYHQ JUHDWHU VHYHULW\ WKH GHKXPDQL]DWLRQ RI WKH UDSH YLFWLP55DQGWKHREOLWHUDWLRQRIKHUSHUVRQDOLW\E\KHUUHGXFWLRQWRDPHUHVH[XDOREMHFW56 $ 5HVLFN 7KH 3V\FKRORJLFDO ,PSDFW RI 5DSH, 8 J. INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE ± $V WR WKH TXHVWLRQVZKHWKHUWKHSV\FKRORJLFDOVFDUVRIDUDSHYLFWLPDUHFRQVLGHUHG³VHYHUHERGLO\KDUP´see infra note .DWHV(QJEHUJsupraQRWHDW7KHDVVXPSWLRQLVWKDWQRQHRIWKHGDPDJHVDORQHZRXOGMXVWLI\ NLOOLQJWKHUDSLVWEXWWKHFXPXODWLYHZHLJKWRIWKHGDPDJHVFRPELQHGLVVXI¿FLHQWWRWLSWKHVFDOHV 54 6HHHJ, LEVERICK, supraQRWHDWZKRQRWHVWKDWVRPHRIWKHHPRWLRQDODQGSK\VLFDOGDPDJHV HQXPHUDWHGDERYHPD\EHKHDOHGRYHUWLPHDQGWKDWWKRVHGDPDJHVWKDWDUHLUUHYHUVLEOHDUHQRWHTXLYDOHQWWR GHSULYLQJWKHYLFWLPRIKHUOLIH,WPD\DOVREHDUJXHGWKDWQRWHYHU\FDVHRIUDSHLQFXUVDOORIWKHFXPXODWLYH GDPDJHV PHQWLRQHG HJ LI WKH UDSLVW XVHV SURWHFWLRQ WKH YLFWLP PD\ EH VSDUHG WKH GDQJHUV RI XQZDQWHG SUHJQDQFLHVDQGRU67'VEXWHYHQVRWKLVGRHVQRWOHVVHQWKHVHYHULW\ZLWKZKLFKZHYLHZWKHUDSHDQG VKRXOGWKHUHIRUHQRWGHQ\KHUULJKWWRVHOIGHIHQVHHYHQDWWKHH[SHQVHRIWKHUDSLVW¶VOLIH7KHUHIRUHLWZRXOG VHHPWKDWWKHDERYHWKHRU\UHODWLQJWRWKHFXPXODWLYHGDPDJHVRIUDSHFDQQRWVHUYHRQLWVRZQDVDWKHRUHWLFDO MXVWL¿FDWLRQIRUNLOOLQJDUDSLVWLQVHOIGHIHQVH 55 6HHHJ&RNHUY*HRUJLD86GHVFULELQJUDSHDV³WKHXOWLPDWHYLRODWLRQRIVHOI´ See also ANDREA DWORKIN, LIFE AND DEATH: UNAPOLOGETIC WRITINGS ON THE CONTINUING WAR AGAINST WOMEN ±-RKQ*DUGQHU6WHSKHQ6KXWH7KH:URQJQHVVRI5DSH, in OXFORD ESSAYS IN JURISPRUDENCE, FOURTH SERIES - +RUGHU HG -HDQ +DPSWRQ 'H¿QLQJ :URQJ DQG 'H¿QLQJ 5DSH, in A MOST DETESTABLE CRIME: NEW PHILOSOPHICAL ESSAYS ON RAPE .HLWK%XUJHVV-DFNVRQHG 56 6HHHJ, LEVERICK, supraQRWHDW³>5@DSHLVDGHQLDORIKXPDQLW\DQGWKXVDSSURDFKHVWKHVDPH OHYHORIVHULRXVQHVVDVDWKUHDWWRWKHDFFXVHG¶VOLIH´&I.DWHV(QJEHUJ supra note 10, at 906, (arguing at WKHHQGRIWKHLUDQDO\VLVWKDW³VRPHDGGLWLRQDOHOHPHQWLQKHUHQWLQWKHFULPHRIUDSH²VRPHWKLQJLQWKHQDWXUH RIWKHYLRODWLRQZKLFKWKHODZDQGFRPPRQVHQVHUHFRJQL]H²MXVWL¿HVWKHSULYLOHJHWRUHVLVWUDSHE\DQ\DQG DOOPHDQV$OWKRXJKLPSRVVLEOHWRYHULI\RUTXDQWLI\WKLVVXEWOHXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHFULPHRIUDSHPD\EHWKH WUXHMXVWL¿FDWLRQIRUWKHVHOIGHIHQVHSULYLOHJHDJDLQVWUDSH´$VLPLODUDUJXPHQWLVIRXQGLQ)DEULFDQW supra QRWHDW± +XPDQOLIHLQYROYHVPRUHWKDQPHUHELRORJLFDOH[LVWHQFH7KHUXOHVRIVHOIGHIHQVHZKLFK KDYHDOZD\VSHUPLWWHGWKHXVHRIGHDGO\IRUFHLQSUHYHQWLRQRIFHUWDLQQRQGHDGO\FULPHV H[SUHVVDXQLYHUVDOMXGJPHQWWKDWFHUWDLQLQWHUHVWVDUHVRLPSRUWDQWWRWKHKXPDQTXDOLW\RI OLIHWKDWOLIHZLWKRXWWKHPGRHVQRWGHVHUYHWKHGHVLJQDWLRQ³KXPDQ´2QHZKRORVHVWKHVH YLWDOLQWHUHVWVLVQRORQJHUIXOO\DSHUVRQ5DSHLVDQDFWXDODQGV\PEROLFGHSULYDWLRQ RIWKHYLFWLP¶VYLWDOLQWHUHVWVLQVH[XDODXWRQRP\DQGERGLO\LQWHJULW\7KHH[SHULHQFHRI UDSHWKXVLUUHSDUDEO\LPSDLUVWKHYLFWLP¶VVWDWXVDVDIXOODQGIUHHSHUVRQ )DEULFDQWVXSSRUWVWKLVFRQFOXVLRQEDVHGLQSDUWRQWKHSUHIHUHQFHRIVRPHUDSHYLFWLPVWRGLHUDWKHUWKDQEH UDSHGIdDW&I5DVKLinfraQRWH 26.1 COLUMBIA JOURNAL OF GENDER AND LAW 137 <HWHYHQWKLVOLQHRIDUJXPHQWGRHVQRWIXOO\PDLQWDLQSURSRUWLRQDOLW\EHWZHHQWKHDVVDXOW DQGWKHDFWRIVHOIGHIHQVHUDSHLQDOOLWVLQFRPSDUDEOHKRUURULVVWLOOQRWHTXLYDOHQWWRWKH VHYHULW\RIORVVRIOLIH)LQDOO\WKHUHDUHVRPHZKRDWWHPSWWRDOORZIRUNLOOLQJRIDUDSLVW LQVHOIGHIHQVHEDVHGRQWKHSRWHQWLDOWKUHDWWRWKHYLFWLP¶VOLIHDFFRPSDQ\LQJWKHUDSH LWVHOI57:KLOHWKLVDUJXPHQWPDLQWDLQVFRQJUXHQFHEHWZHHQWKHGDQJHUWRWKHYLFWLP¶VOLIH DQGWKHDFWRIVHOIGHIHQVHHPSOR\HGWRSUHYHQWLWRWKHUVFRXQWHUWKDWVXFKDQDUJXPHQW DFWXDOO\LPSOLHVWKDWSUHYHQWLRQRIUDSHLWVHOILQGHSHQGHQWRIDQ\DFFRPSDQ\LQJGDQJHUWR WKHYLFWLP¶VOLIHdoes notMXVWLI\NLOOLQJWKHUDSLVW58 7KH IRUJRQH FRQFOXVLRQ WKHUHIRUH LV WKDW LW LV GLI¿FXOW WR FODLP WKDW UDSH LQ DOO LWV VHYHULW\LVHTXDOWRPXUGHU59DQGKHQFHDOORZLQJDYLFWLPWRNLOOKHUUDSLVWLQVHOIGHIHQVH QHFHVVLWDWHVDVLJQL¿FDQWO\UHGXFHGVWDQGDUGRISURSRUWLRQDOLW\ZLWKDOORIWKHDFFRPSDQ\LQJ WKHRUHWLFDOUDPL¿FDWLRQV60 .DWHV(QJEHUJsupraQRWHDW$VWXG\FRQGXFWHGLQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVIRXQGWKDW¿IW\IRXU SHUFHQWRIUDSHYLFWLPVIHOWWKHLUOLYHVZHUHLQGDQJHURUWKDWWKH\ZHUHLQGDQJHURIVHYHUHERGLO\KDUPEH\RQG WKHUDSHLWVHOISee5RQ$FLHUQRHWDO5DSHDQG3K\VLFDO9LROHQFH&RPSDULVRQRI$VVDXOW&KDUDFWHULVWLFVLQ 2OGHUDQG<RXQJHU$GXOWVLQWKH1DWLRQDO:RPHQ¶V6WXG\, 14 J. TRAUMATIC STRESS 58 LEVERICK, supraQRWHDW)DEULFDQW supra QRWHDW&I GILLESPIE, supraQRWHDW:KLOH FDVHV RI UDSH XQDFFRPSDQLHG E\ GDQJHU DUH QRW QHFHVVDULO\ WKH VWHUHRW\SLFDO UDSH FDVHV WKH\ DUH FHUWDLQO\ SRVVLEOH IRU LQVWDQFH LQ FDVHV RI UDSH LQ FRQWH[WV RI DXWKRULW\ RU DEXVH RI SRZHU ZLWKRXW XVH RU WKUHDW RI SK\VLFDOIRUFHRUFDVHVLQZKLFKWKHYLFWLP¶V³FRQVHQW´LVJLYHQE\DPLQRUDQGRUWKURXJKGHFHSWLRQIUDXGRU GUXJJLQJ$OVRFDVHVRIGRPHVWLFUDSHFRXOGEHFODVVL¿HGLQWKLVFDWHJRU\See6WHYHQ%R[POWER, CRIME AND MYSTIFICATION ± $VLVLQGHHGUHÀHFWHGLQWKHUDQNLQJRIFULPLQDOSXQLVKPHQWVSee supraWH[WDFFRPSDQ\LQJQRWH)RU DGLIIHULQJRSLQLRQZLWKLQ-HZLVKODZWKDWPD\HYHQVXJJHVWVLPLODULW\EHWZHHQWKHUDPL¿FDWLRQVRIUDSHDQG PXUGHUVHH5DEEL$FKDL*DRQ6KHLOWRW9D¶HUD³>6@LQFHKH>WKHUDSLVW@YLRODWHGKHULWLVFRQVLGHUHGDVLI KHNLOOHGKHU´ $JDLQVWWKLVEDFNGURSRISDUWLFXODULQWHUHVWLVWKHSRVLWLRQWDNHQE\/HYHULFN supraQRWHDW$V PHQWLRQHG/HYHULFNMXVWL¿HVWKHNLOOLQJRIDUDSLVWLQVHOIGHIHQVHLQOLJKWRIWKHGHKXPDQL]DWLRQRIWKHUDSH YLFWLPZKLOHDWWKHVDPHWLPHPDLQWDLQLQJWKDWVHOIGHIHQVHPXVWEHFRQGLWLRQHGRQSUHFLVHSURSRUWLRQDOLW\ VRPXFKVRWKDWLQKHURSLQLRQHYHQVHYHUHLQMXU\WRDYLFWLPLQFOXGLQJORVVRIOLPEGRHVQRWMXVWLI\NLOOLQJ DQ DWWDFNHU LQ VHOIGHIHQVH See supra QRWH /HYHULFN VWUXJJOHV WR EXLOG KHU DUJXPHQW WKDW UDSH LV RI IDU JUHDWHUVHYHULW\WKDQDQ\RWKHUSK\VLFDOLQMXU\HTXLYDOHQWWRWDNLQJDOLIH/HYHULFNDUJXHVWKDWWKHFRPELQDWLRQ EHWZHHQWKHGHKXPDQL]DWLRQRIWKHUDSHYLFWLPFRPELQHGZLWKWKHSK\VLFDODFWRISHQHWUDWLRQDPSOL¿HVUDSHWR SURSRUWLRQVMXVWLI\LQJNLOOLQJWKHUDSLVWVLPLODULQKHURSLQLRQWRRQJRLQJSK\VLFDOWRUWXUHZKLFKLQKHUYLHZLV DOVRRIJUHDWHUVHYHULW\WKDQLQMXU\DORQHMXVWLI\LQJNLOOLQJWKHDWWDFNHULQVXFKDFDVHDVZHOO+RZHYHUHYHQ LI/HYHULFNLVDEOHWRFRQYH\WKHVHYHULW\RIUDSHLQUHODWLRQWRRWKHUSK\VLFDOLQMXULHV,DPGRXEWIXOZKHWKHU KHUH[SODQDWLRQVVXI¿FLHQWO\H[SODLQZK\UDSHVKRXOGEHHTXDWHGWRPXUGHU 138 Columbia Journal of Gender and Law 26.1 On the practical level, this approach may encounter even more serious difficulties, due to the problem of placing the boundary line. Permitting the killing of rapists in selfdefense blurs the boundaries between permissible and impermissible behavior, creating a troubling lack of clarity.61 For example, may a potential victim of sodomy kill the offender in order to prevent the attack, similar to a rape victim?62 Does the same go for a victim of sexual molestation? It is safe to assume a consensus that sexual harassment, for instance, does not justify the use of deadly force against the harasser. If so, where do we lay down the boundary between rape and sexual harassment? Once the standard of proportionality has been reduced, it is hard to rationally and explicitly determine where to draw the line.63 Indeed, as will be shown further, it appears that the American legal system has struggled with this question quite a bit.64 Of course, this problem can be resolved technically by way 61 Kates & Engberg, supra note 10, at 894, argue that there is no reason for concern regarding the possible ramifications of expanding the permissibility of killing a rapist in self-defense, as rape victims tend to avoid the use of violent force altogether, therefore leaving little room for fear that rape victims would misuse such a license. However, it would seem to me that although this argument may be true for rape victims themselves, it is most certainly not the case regarding third parties attempting to come to the rape victim’s aid. Therefore, setting down boundaries as to the permissibility of killing a rapist remains significant nonetheless. 62 Similar to the issue of defining rape, supra note 8, defining sodomy is also a complicated task. See Ency., supra note 8, at 236. For the purpose of this article “sodomy” means all sexual acts outside of procreative sex—namely, both anal and oral sex. See also infra note 92. It should be noted that although the term “sodomy” is derived from biblical narrative, Jewish law did not use this term in sexual context, but rather as a term describing abuse of rights. 63 Cf. Fletcher, The Right to Life, supra note 38, at 1378: [L]et us suppose that the sexual aggressor merely wants to massage her breasts and he makes his purpose clear as he commences his assault. If we held to the first rationale of self-defense [an absolute privilege], the woman could use all the force necessary to repel the sexual assault. If under the circumstances that meant she had to kill him, so be it. But many people would regard this as an injustice, even as to a malicious and perverse aggressor. The woman should surely have the right to hit him, perhaps to wound him, but killing him would seem to be excessive. If she had no effective option short of killing the aggressor, the alternative rationale would require a weighing of the competing interests and presumably would issue in the requirement that she suffer the invasion of her breasts rather than kill the aggressor. If deadly force seems justified even in this context, we could further enlarge the disparity between the conflicting interests. What if the victim had merely to suffer repeated pats on the head or the aggressor’s searching through her purse? Should she be permitted to kill to prevent these assaults to her person and privacy? People might judge the competing interests differently, but for most people these would be a breaking point, a point after which the victim’s interest seemed so minor that it would be “unreasonable” to kill the aggressor rather than suffer the invasion. 64 See Gillespie, supra note 10, at 74: 26.1 Columbia Journal of Gender and Law 139 of an arbitrary determination, e.g., deadly self-defense may be used against rape but not sodomy, or against rape and sodomy but not against molestation and sexual harassment. However, arbitrary rules would reasonably raise questions as to their justification. Fletcher articulates this discomfort fittingly: Everyone seems to agree that a defender should be able to inflict more harm than he or she avoids by acting in self-defense, e.g., a woman threatened with rape should be able to kill to protect her sexual and bodily autonomy. The scales may be tipped in favor of the innocent victim and against the wrongful aggressor . . . . Yet no one knows how much more harm the defender may inflict on the aggressor, how much the scales may be tipped in favor of the person attacked, before reaching the point of perceived injustice. All we know is that at a certain point, we sense that the scales are so far out of kilter that criteria of justice displace our commitment to the right and the sanctity of individual autonomy. 65 II. Lethal Self-Defense Against Rapists in Contemporary Legal Systems There seems to be a consensus among contemporary criminal law jurists that while the crime of rape does not justify the death penalty,66 a rape victim may nonetheless protect herself even at the expense of her attacker’s life, and that such self-defense does not exceed the limits of proportionality.67 Furthermore, killing a rapist in self-defense is perceived as a The imminence requirement reaches the point of complete absurdity in the rape situation. If she acts too soon, before the man has actually initiated any specifically sexual activity, there is often a question about whether rape was precisely what was imminent when he approached her in sexually menacing way. If she acts too late, after intercourse is completed, she is presumed to be indulging in vengeance. The only point at which she can act in her own defense is the one at which she is least able to do so, when she is pinned down and the rape is actually taking place. See also id., at 186. 65 Fletcher, Punishment, supra note 19, at 214. See also Leverick, supra note 1, at 148. 66 See supra note 44. 67 See, e.g., Gerald H. Gordon, The Criminal Law of Scotland 315, 325 (3d ed. 2000); LaFave, supra note 1, at 541 n.15; Sangero, supra note 1, at 183–84; Fabricant, supra note 10, at 947; Kadish, supra note 21, at 888; Kates & Engberg, supra note 10, at 873; Kremnitzer & Ghanayim, Aggressor’s Culpability, supra note 14, at 893. 140 COLUMBIA JOURNAL OF GENDER AND LAW 26.1 legal MXVWL¿FDWLRQDQGQRWPHUHO\DVDQH[FXVH68 $V IRU OHJDO V\VWHPV UHMHFWLQJ WKH UHTXLUHPHQW RI SURSRUWLRQDOLW\ LQ VHOIGHIHQVH DOWRJHWKHU VXFK DV 6RYLHW ODZ DQG *HUPDQ ODZ DW FHUWDLQ SHULRGV LQ KLVWRU\69 WKH SHUPLVVLELOLW\RIGHDGO\VHOIGHIHQVHDJDLQVWDUDSLVWLVREYLRXVDQGJRHVZLWKRXWVD\LQJ ,IDYLFWLPPD\VWRSDQDWWDFNHUE\DQ\DQGDOOPHDQV²HYHQLQSURSHUW\FULPHVWKDWDUH OHVVVHYHUH²DOOWKHPRUHVRLQFDVHVRIUDSH707KHUHDOFKDOOHQJHWKHUHIRUHDULVHVZKHQ DWWHPSWLQJWRUDWLRQDOL]HVXFKDSRVLWLRQZLWKLQOHJDOV\VWHPVXSKROGLQJWKHUHTXLUHPHQWRI SURSRUWLRQDOLW\LQVHOIGHIHQVH &RPPRQODZV\VWHPVJHQHUDOO\DFFHSWWKHUHTXLUHPHQWRISURSRUWLRQDOLW\71 allowing RQO\ PLQRU ÀH[LELOLW\ ZLWK UHJDUG WR WKH GHJUHH RI SRZHU DSSOLHG DJDLQVW WKH DWWDFNHU72 $FFRUGLQJWRWKHVHV\VWHPVDYLFWLPLVXVXDOO\QRWSHUPLWWHGWRXVHGHDGO\VHOIGHIHQVHLQ FDVHVRISURSHUW\FULPHV73DQGPD\GRVRRQO\LIWKHDWWDFNHULVDWWHPSWLQJWRFDXVHVHULRXV ERGLO\KDUPLQWKHSURFHVV QRWHDW 68 SANGERO, supra note 1, DW)OHWFKHU7KH5LJKWWR/LIHVXSUDQRWHDWSee also)OHWFKHU 3XQLVKPHQW supra QRWH DW 6WDQOH\ 0 +<HR 1HZ 'HYHORSPHQWV LQ WKH /DZ RI 6HOI'HIHQFH LQ $XVWUDOLD, 7 OXFORD J. 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BOYCE ET AL., CRIMINAL LAW AND PROCEDURE WKHGLAFAVE, supra note 1, at )OHWFKHU 3URSRUWLRQDOLW\ VXSUD QRWH 7UXWK EH WROG WKH GLVWLQFWLRQ EHWZHHQ$QJOR$PHULFDQ DQG &RQWLQHQWDO ODZ RQ WKLV VXEMHFW LV QRW FOHDU DW DOO DV WKHUHDUH VHYHUDOOHJDOV\VWHPV ZLWKLQ WKH &RQWLQHQWDO ODZWKDWDFFHSWWKHUHTXLUHPHQWRISURSRUWLRQDOLW\6HHHJ$UW±7KH)UHQFK3HQDO&RGHRIDV $PHQGHGDVRI-DQ(GZDUG$7RPOLQVRQWUDQVsee also SMITH, supra QRWHDW)OHWFKHU 3URSRUWLRQDOLW\, supraQRWHDW)RUDQLQGHSWKUHYLHZRIWKHVWDWXVRIWKHUHTXLUHPHQWRISURSRUWLRQDOLW\ LQDYDULHW\RIMXULVGLFWLRQVVHH.UHPQLW]HU*KDQD\LP$JJUHVVRU¶V&XOSDELOLW\, supraQRWHDW)RU GHOLEHUDWLRQVLQ$XVWUDOLDQFRXUWUXOLQJVVHH/DQKDPsupra QRWHDW± +RZHYHUDWWLPHVLWLVSHUPLVVLEOHWRNLOODQDWWDFNHULQFDVHVRISDUWLFXODUO\VHYHUHSURSHUW\FULPHVSee supra note 35;; infra QRWH 26.1 COLUMBIA JOURNAL OF GENDER AND LAW 141 $JDLQVW WKLV EDFNGURS WKHUH LV DQ RQJRLQJ GHEDWH ZLWKLQ$PHULFDQ OHJDO OLWHUDWXUH RQ WKH VXEMHFW RI NLOOLQJ D UDSLVW LQ VHOIGHIHQVH74 6RPH VWDWHV KDYH HQDFWHG VSHFL¿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ee sources cited supraQRWH 75 6HHHJWKHZRUGLQJRIWKH3HQDO&RGHRI1HZ<RUN³$SHUVRQPD\QRWXVHGHDGO\SK\VLFDOIRUFHXSRQ DQRWKHUSHUVRQXQOHVVKHRUVKHUHDVRQDEO\EHOLHYHVWKDWVXFKRWKHUSHUVRQLVFRPPLWWLQJRUDWWHPSWLQJ WRFRPPLWDNLGQDSSLQJIRUFLEOHUDSHIRUFLEOHFULPLQDOVH[XDODFWRUUREEHU\Ń.Y. PENAL LAW &RQVRO6LPLODUODZVKDYHEHHQHQDFWHGLQWKHSHQDOFRGHVRIRWKHUVWDWHVVXFKDV&DOLIRUQLD7H[DV &RORUDGR,OOLQRLVDQG1HZ-HUVH\DVZHOODVLQWKH0RGHO3HQDO&RGHMODEL PENAL CODEE 76 6HHHJ6WDWHY+ROOLV6&5RPHURY6WDWH6:G7H[&W$SS 6FRWWY6WDWH6:7H[&ULP%XWVHH.DWHV(QJEHUJsupraQRWHDWVXJJHVWLQJWKDW WKHWUHQGRIFRXUWVLVWRZDUGOLPLWLQJULJKWWRNLOOWRGHIHQGDJDLQVWUDSHLWVHOI )RU DQ DSSURDFK VNHSWLFDO RI WKH DVVXPSWLRQ WKDW UDSH VKRXOG EH FRQVLGHUHG VHYHUH ERGLO\ KDUP VHH 3HRSOHY&DXGLOOR&DOG±5D\PRQG$7DEDU&RPPHQW&ULPLQDO/DZ²5DSH$ORQH 'RHV1RW&RQVWLWXWH*UHDW%RGLO\+DUPIRU3HQDOW\(QKDQFHPHQW3XUSRVH, 19 SANTA CLARA L. 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sexual harassers. On the other hand, delaying the possibility of such self-defense to the final stages of the rape may be too late and too cruel to the rape victim.91 I believe that these dilemmas aptly exemplify the inherent problems stemming from permissibility of deadly self-defense against a rapist. These dilemmas express the practical and theoretical difficulties encountered when loosening the standard of proportionality. On the one hand, it is difficult to accept the proposition that a rape victim should not be allowed to defend herself from rape in any way possible, even at the expense of the rapist’s life. On the other hand, it is difficult to rationally and explicitly explain the boundaries beyond which a victim should not be permitted to take the life of the attacker in contexts of sex crimes. In my opinion, these difficulties may help to clarify the Jewish law position on this matter. As I will discuss throughout the remainder of this Article, the duality of the Jewish law position on the issue of killing a rapist in self-defense—through both the dimensions of halakha and halakha le-ma’aseh—allows for a rethinking of the complexities described above, which modern legal systems continue to grapple with, each in their own way. III.“In Pursuit of a Maiden”—The Theoretical Law (Halakha) A. The Mishnaic Ruling Killing a rapist in self-defense was discussed in Jewish law by the sages, dating back as far as the Mishnah: “The following must be saved even at the cost of their lives: He who pursues after his neighbour to slay him, [or] after a male [for pederasty, or] after a betrothed maiden [to dishonour her].”92 Before discussing the legal conceptions reflected in this Mishnah, it is important to clarify some of the characteristics of the rape situation it discusses, in light of the differences between rape as described in ancient times and current understandings of the phenomenon. It seems that when the Mishnah mentions rape, it envisions a scenario of a man forcing himself violently on a victim, usually a woman (it nonetheless also addresses a same-sex rape scenario). The Mishnah also generally assumes that the passerby coming to the victim’s aid is a man as well. Thus, we see here a clear division in which operators of physical power—assailant and rescuer—are men, whereas 91 See, on this issue, the position taken by Gillespie, supra note 10, at 74. 92 Mishnah, Sanhedrin 8:7. As to the creative interpretation given by the sages to the verses of the Pentateuch as a basis for this halakhic ruling, see Israel Zvi Gilat, Exegetical Creativity in Interpreting the Biblical Laws on Capital Offenses, 20 Jewish L. 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lethal self-defense against a rapist and the challenge of proportionality

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