Full Paper
Thematic Division: Chemistry and Technology of Plant Substances. ______________________________________________________
Subdivision: Chemistry of Natural Compounds.
Registration Code of Publication: 2pc011
Received July, 17. 2002
RESEARCH OF EFFECTS OF PLANT GROWTH STIMULANTS ON CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION OF LONG-FIBRED FLAX AT DIFFERENT VEGETATION STAGES
© S.L. Belopukhov,*+ I.V. Daydakova, and E.A. Malinovskaya
K.A. Timiryazev Moscow Agricultural Academy. Moscow. Russia. E-mail: belopuhov@imail.ru
____________________________________________
*Leader of the thematic course; +Corresponding author
Keywords: long-fibred flax (elongata), plant growth stimulants.
Abstract
The kinetics of heavy metal carry-over at harvesting the flax both treated and nontreated by growth stimulants at the stage of preseeding
treatment and in "herring-bone" phase in tank mixture with herbicides has been estimated. We have investigated the effects of previously unknown flax
growth stimulants based on the mixture of oxycinnamic acids and salicylic acid, which are involved in the formation processes of systemic acquired
immunity. As the subjects of investigation we have taken long-fibred flax seeds of the following sorts bred in the European part of Russia: Alexim,
Mogilyovskiy, Smolenskiy, Torzhokskiy-4, Pskovskiy-359, C-108. After treating the flax seeds with salicylic acid solution of optimum concentration
0.001M, the content of sodium, calcium and copper has practically shown no change practically either in the top or in lower overground parts of the plant.
The carried out study on growing different sorts of long-fibred flax has indicated the distinction in growth parameters both for sorts, and for techniques of
processing by growth stimulants.
Introduction
© Chemistry and Computational Simulation. Butlerov Communications. 2002. Vol.2. No.7.
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th.t.
Genus Linum of the family Linaceae numbers more than 200
Long-fibred flax planted areas in Russia in different years
species which predominantly grow in moderate and subtropical zones
of the Globe, with the species Linum usitatissimum being of most
agricultural importance. With the account of anatomic-physiological
2500
constitution, the latter is further subdivided into 5 species, among
which the Euroasian subspecies including 4 groups: long-fibred flax
2000
(elongata); v. вrevimulticaulia; v. intermedia and v. prostrata are
distinguished for economic significance.
1500
Flax is valued for its fibre and seeds. Linen fibre is the most
th.h.
perspective and pollution-free domestic raw product for
1000
manufacturing textile and a variety of materials, including composite,
for automobile, building and other industries. Flax has traditionally
500
been cultivated in many Russian agricultural regions (European part
of Russia, Volga region, Siberia, Altai). Linen fibre by its
0
physicomechanical characteristics surpasses cotton and woolen ones,
1
years
major sources of which have become inaccessible after USSR
2
dissolution. For example, 1 kg of high number flax yields about 10m
of lawn, or 3 m2 of cloth, or nearly 2 m2 of duck fabrics or canvas.
1881
1910
1925-29
1930-34
1935-39
1946-50
Flax also belongs to permanently renewable cellulose sources.
1951-53
1974
1984
1990
1995
1998
At present, flax waste is only partially consumed by industry (tow,
1999
2000
2001
cleaning material), and linen chaff is nearly fully burnt. However, 1 t
of chaff yields no less than 1 м3 of heat-insulating material for
Fig. 1. Areas under long-fibred flax in Russia.
construction and furniture industry - kostroplit (as binding material
phenolformaldehyde resin may be used) or modern chaff fibres
(binder - pectin). The same quantity of chaff, as raw material for pulp-and-paper and chemical industry, can give almost 500 kg of
cardboard, 250 l of technical alcohol, or 80 kg of resin, as well as other chemical products. The ash obtained at chaff burning, which
contains potassium, calcium, magnesium, microelements is usable as a mineral fertilizer on the fields.
Linseeds have been long used in Russia for
manufacturing linseed oil, valuable both in chemical
Linen fibre croppage in Russia ( th.t..)
composition (it is used in natural drying oil production),
120
and in nutritive characteristics, as well as for treating many
100
diseases in traditional medicine.
Linen manufacture in Russia has had ups-and80
downs over the last decades by the amount of cultivated
60
areas, as well as by linseed and linen fibre croppage, its
quality [1, 2]. Fig. 1. presents the data on the amount of
40
cultivated areas in Russia for the past century, in fig. 2. and
fig. 3. - on linseed and linen fibre croppage, and in fig. 4.
20
and fig. 5 - on linseed and linen fibre productivity. Fig. 6
0
diagram shows fibre resourses for different cultures,
years
including the textile ones, by the beginning of new
millenium. Despite Russia's leading position on cultivated
Fig. 2. Linen fibre croppage in Russia.
areas practically throughout the whole XX c., the
productivity of flax fibers and seeds, and, accordingly, croppage, have remained at rather low level. So, for example, potential
productivity of “Alexim”, one of the most widespread sorts of long-fibred flax, makes up 18.0 c/h in linen fibre (at average productivity
3-4 c/h for the past century), and 11.7 c/h in linseeds (average productivity 1.2-1.6 c/h for the last decade).
In view of the extreme actuality of the problems of production increase and quality improvement of linseeds, flax fiber and flax
processing products, great effort has been made to find the efficient ways for solving them. Recently the investigation in this area has
________ K. Marx St., 68. 420015 Kazan. Tatarstan. Russia. ________ 69
Subjects and research techniques
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Full Paper ____________________________________________________________ S.L. Belopukhov, I.V. Daydakova, and E.A. Malinovskaya
been carried out in two directions: sort selection and choosing agrochemical growth conditions suitable for the particular climatic zone
[3, 4].
Plant growth stimulants play an important
Croppage of long-fibred flax seeds (th.t.)
role not only in solving crop biomass augmentation
th.t.
problem, but also in growing the plants with
60
improved, from physiological and biochemical
standpoints, characteristics for further industrial
50
processing [5]. Two more important practical tasks
are to elaborate the quality control methods effective
40
in complex application of plant growth stimulants
together with other biological preparations, pesticides
30
and microelements, as well as to study their
compatibility under the conditions of preseeding seed
20
treatment and at different flax vegetation stages, and
finally their effect on the yield of flax and seeds, linen
10
fibre quality. It is also known [6] that flax is capable
for toxic metals selective absorption from soil, that is
0
why it would be interesting to estimate the kinetics of
heavy metal carry-over at harvesting the flax both
years
treated and nontreated by growth stimulants at the
stage of preseeding treatment and in "herring-bone"
Fig. 3. Flax-seeds croppage in Russia.
phase in tank mixture with herbicides. It is especially actual for the intensive technologies of crops and, in particular, long-fibred flax
cultivation with different crop rotation regimes and under present-day agroecological conditions.
The aim of this work is to study the effect of previously unused long-fibred flax growth stimulants based on the mixture of
oxycinnamic acids and salicylic acid, which are involved in the formation processes of systemic acquired immunity [6]. The compounds
under investigation also participate in the processes of lignine formation in plant cells and thus induce the synthesis of certain proteins.
For this reason they should exert the influence on the specified and adjustable flax growth parameters at vegetation stage.
Linen fibre productivity in Russia (c/h)
As the subjects of inquiry we have taken long-fibred flax
seeds of the following sorts bred in the European part of Russia:
5
Alexim, Mogilyovskiy, Smolenskiy, Torzhokskiy-4, Pskovskiy 4
359 and C-108. Plant growth is followed by agrochemical
growth parameters, content of biomass inorganic components
3
and by the comparative analysis of organic components after
solvent extraction. Seed germination in Petri dish is controlled in
2
sprout length and weight, experiment repetition - quadruple.
1
Seed soaking is carried out for 1 hour in growth stimulant
solutions: zircon (mixture of oxycinnamic acids) and salicylic
0
acid with different concentration. Prior to "herring-bone" phase,
plant growth is monitored in vegetative vessels according to the
years
following parameters: stalk height and diameter, flax stalk
growth intensity. Revealing sodium and potassium cations is
carried out by flame photometric method, calcium and copper
Fig. 4. Linen fibre yield in Russia at different times
cations - by atomic absorptive spectroscopy. Qualitative and
quantitative analysis of organic components are performed with organic, liquid-organic extracts with the help of liquid-gas
chromatography on the columns with nitrile- silicone phases (gas - carrier-helium, detector - catarometer or flame-ionization detector),
and for better selectivity of mixture separation - liquid chromatography in normal-phase variant. Chromatographic peaks in qualitative
analysis are identified by the indices of gas chromatography holding, in quantitative analysis inner standard method is used.
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1991
1985-1989
1976-1980
1966-1970
1935-1939
1925-1929
c/h
6
Results and discussion
Long-fibred flax seeds productivity in Russia (c/h)
1,8
1,6
1,4
1,2
1
c/h
Sprout length measurements performed for different
sorts of long-fibred flax have indicated that multifold
elongation occurs as early as the first day of germination
period. However, there exist the distinctions in sprout
growth intensity with preliminary seed soaking depending
on the reagents and sorts: even in distilled water the seeds
of sorts Torzhokskiy-4 and Alexim turned out to be most
susceptible. As for water-treated seeds of Alexim, 96 hours
later the sprouts elongated 9% of their original length; in
the case of Torzhokskiy-4 - 2%. The greatest amount of
information was drawn from mathematical treatment of the
results obtained as linear dependences such as y = a + bx
with correlation coefficient r =0.99 (table 1).
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
years
2001
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
0
Fig. 5. Productivity of long-fibred flax seeds for the last decade.
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Coefficients b, proportional to sprout growth rate,
World fibre resourses of various crops (thousand tons)
are the same for sorts C-108 without soaking (I) and with
preliminary soaking in distilled water, whereas for sort
18000
Torzhokskiy-4 a considerable increase of this coefficient
at soaking in water is observed. Coefficients b for sorts
25000
Alexim and Smolenskiy are the same without preliminary
seed soaking, the coefficient increasing at water treatment
for Alexim, and on the contrary decreases for sort
Smolenskiy. Coefficients a characterize germination
energy at initial growth stages. Alexim sort seeds, as well
cotton
as those of Smolenskiy sort after preseeding treatment,
3000
have maximum germination energy.
fibre crops
Preparation zircon, applied in our work, is rated in
100200
long-fibred flax
the last, poorly studied as to its effect on long-fibred flax,
classes of biostimulators, the mechanism of which is
sugar-cane
similar to the processes taking place at lignine formation
in plant cells.
Fig. 6. World fibre resourses of various crops.
We have investigated soaking effect on longfibred flax seeds of Torzhokskiy-4 sort in zircon solutions with different concentration. In zircon concentration range between 0.100 and
0.013 mg of e.d./ml, the best effect on stalk growth is reached at seed soaking in zircon solution with minimal studied concentration. In
the course of plant growing there has been observed the change in mutual ratio of the heights of the plants which were subjected to
preseeding treatment by zircon with different concentration. 10 days after the beginning of vegetation the stalk of the flax, the seed of
which had been treated by 0.013 mg/ml solution of growth stimulant, appeared to be almost two times higher in comparison with the
control experiment of flax growing without preliminary seed soaking. Plant growth data of vegetative experiments varied with zircon
solution concentration at intermediate investigation stage and over 10 days are given in table 2.
The data obtained in time range from 1 to 10 days were processed as mathematical dependences of the y = a . ebx + c type making
it possible to estimate the peculiarities of kinetic
Table. 1. Coefficients of equation y=a + bx for time dependences of long-fibred flax sprout
dependences on treatment with growth stimulants. Of
length (mm) without soaking (I) and with preliminary soaking in distilled water (II).
interest is the comparison of kinetic curves for average
sort
С-108
Torzhokskiy-4
Alexim
Smolenskiy
zircon concentration and for the most effective one (table 3).
I
II
I
II
I
II
I
II
As it is seen from table 3, preexponential factors a
-5.95
-6.83
-4.80
-6.84
0.85
1.40
-0.65
1.70
are scattered within ten units, and for the most effective
0.39
0.39
0.42
0.47
0.24
0.26
0.24
0.21
zircon concentration the factor a has average value.
Coefficients b, which practically do not make allowance for presumed distinction in total energy contributions to the process behavior,
are the same both for growth kinetics of the flax treated in zircon with most effective concentration, and for flax growth in control
experiment I without preliminary soaking. On the contrary, coefficient c has the maximum for the experiment with 0.001 mg/ml zircon
concentration. In these conditions the monotonous increase of the coefficient from control experiment I without soaking in water to
control experiment II with soaking in distilled water and further,
with the increase of zircon concentration from 0.005 to 0.001
Table 2. Variation of stalk length (mm) of Torzhokskiy-4 sort
mg/ml, is observed. As far as coefficient c corresponds to the
according to the concentration of zircon solution.
starting value of long-fibred flax growth at extrapolating zircon
Time,
control I
control II
Circon concentration, mg e.d../ml
concentration to infinitesimal quantity, its value appears to reflect
days
(without
(in water)
0.010
0.005
0.003
0.001
the rate increase of those processes at early flax development
water)
stages that are nonessential without treating by growth stimulants.
6
15.3
20.0
16.7
19.6
20.6
22.9
10
27.8
43.9
34.9
32.1
38.8
46.7
These may be the activation effect of root cell fission and the
maintenance of high growth intensity owing to normalizing growth processes on additing small quantities of the compounds analogous to
those appeared at lignine formation in plants.
To study in more detail the dependence of plant growth parameters on zircon treatment, stalk growth and diameter were
measured at small concentration of stimulant solution - 0.001 and 0.0006 mg e.d./ml (table 4).
On treatment with zircon solution in the concentration of 0.001 mg e.d./ml stalk height and diameter are greater throughout
vegetation period, as compared to the concentration of 0.0006 mg/ml. This fact proves the existence of the interval of growth stimulant
optimum concentration in the given concentration range.
The investigation of analogues dependencies of growth parameters on the treatment of long-fibred flax seeds of Smolenskiy sort
by salicylic acid (SA) has shown that SA solution optimum concentration is equal to 0.001 mg/ml. In this case, 4 days later, sprout length
becomes almost two times greater, than in the control
experiment with seed soaking in distilled water or in salicylic
Table. 3. Coefficients of dependencies y = a. ebx + c at stalk
length change of Torzhokskiy-4 sort (zircon-treated seeds).
acid solution with greater concentration.
The investigation carried out previously [7, 8]
Coefficients
control I
Control II
Zircon concentration mg e.d./ml
dealing with the definition of metal ions, first of all the toxic
(without water)
(water)
0.005
0.001
ones, which are the constituents of various organic
a
6.98⋅10-4
9.92⋅10-4
1.04⋅10-4
8.25⋅10-4
compounds contained in long-fibred flax processing
b
0.33
0.25
0.16
0.33
c
10.62
12.79
13.57
16.97
products, proved the regular linen fibre quality control with
the methods of chemical and physicochemical analysis to be urgent. The analysis of the content of inorganic and organic compounds, as
the characteristic of product quality, is also necessary for long-fibred flax growing at early stages, especially under the joint action of
pesticides, mineral and organic fertilizers and growth stimulants. Since the definition of organic components in the extracts from linen
fibre samples at different flax processing stages has revealed constant presence of several substances related to hydrocarbons and
carboxylic acids С18-С30 [8, 9], such as: nonacosane, squalene, octadecanoic acid etc., the control over the compound concentration
change and hence presumed change of biostimulator contribution to plant growth is fairly possible by the parameters of chromatographic
holding.
RESEARCH OF EFFECTS OF PLANT GROWTH STIMULANTS ON CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF LONG-FIBRED FLAX ________________________________
© Chemistry and Computational Simulation. Butlerov Communications. 2002. Vol.2. No. 7.
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Full Paper ____________________________________________________________ S.L. Belopukhov, I.V. Daydakova, and E.A. Malinovskaya
By growing Torzhokskiy and Alexim, long-fibred
flax sorts used as the test samples, the seeds of which were
treated by salicylic acid, the definition of sodium and
potassium, as well as calcium and copper cations
length, mm
Diameter, mm
concentration in overground part of plants has been carried
Time. h.
Сzircon=0.001
Сzircon=0.0006
Сzircon=0.001
Сzircon=0.0006
mg e.d./ml
mg e.d./ml
mg e.d./ml
mg e.d./ml
out. Flax-seeds being treated by salicylic acid with optimum
24
32.0
21.2
1.1
1.0
concentration 0.001M, the amount of sodium, calcium and
48
54.0
43.3
1.2
1.1
copper cations has been shown to be practically invariable
72
68.8
52.8
1.2
1.1
both in the top and lower overground part of plant. In this
96
77.3
60.9
1.2
1.1
case potassium content increases, on the average, by 16%.
On addition of heavy metal salt solution, for example, nickel chloride, to salicylic acid solution on treating the seeds of Smolenskiy longfibred flax, the change of flax growth character at early development stages takes place: the action of 0.004M salt solution suppresses
biostimulation effect, whereas the action of 0.002M solution in the first day of growth is similar to the effect of salicylic acid solution
with the concentration differing from optimal. The results obtained make it possible to prognosticate the effect of growth stimulants on
long-fibred flax cultivated as the crop under industrial pollution conditions.
Thus, the research carried out on different sorts of long-fibred flax has indicated the distinction in growth parameters both for
sorts, and for processing methods with growth stimulants. The increase of growth rate on preseeding treatment with zircon and salicylic
acid solutions has justified the predicted effect of these stimulants as the agents enhancing field germinating power, productivity and flax
quality. In the course of vegetation period the changes in qualitative and quantitative composition, in the ratio between the components
are observed for different sorts of long-fibred flax. Treating with growth stimulants changes the rate of plant growth and chemical
substance accumulation in plant biomass. The quality of linen fibre, determined by its chemical composition, can be improved by using,
for example, growth stimulants having growth-stimulant and immunomodulating properties for preseeding treatment or in different
vegetation phases.
Table 4. Dependence of stalk length and diameter of long-fibred flax
Torzhokskiy-4 on seed treatment in zircon solutions with small concentration.
References
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[2] V.V. Zhivetin, L.N. Ginzburg. Oil-bearing flax and its multipurpose application; Central Research Institute of Light Industry Complex Automation. M.: CRILICA. 2000.
96c. (Russian)
[3] E.I. Pavlov, V.P. Ponazhaev. Influence of biological properties and seed quality on long-fibred flax yield. Theses of reports to the International Scientific Conference
"Seed",Moscow. 14-16 December, 1999. M., Publishing house IKAR. 1999. P.152. (Russian)
[4] S.L. Belopukhov, N.N. Korsun. Application of growth stimulant zircon for treating long-fibred flax cultivated in the European part of Russia. Theses of reports to the VI
International Conference "Growth stimulants and plant growth in biotechnologies" 26-28 June, 2001. Moscow, Publishing house MAA. 2001. P.215. (Russian)
[5] S.L. Belopukhov, N.N. Korsun, A.V. Fokin, E.V. Fokin. Influence of growth stimulants on linen fibre quality. Materials of the International Scientific Conference "Highperformance technologies in flax production and processing". 5 March, 2002. Vologda, 2002. P.225-226. (Russian)
[6] G.S. Muromtsev, D.I. Chkannikov, O.N. Kulaeva, K.Z. Gamburg. Foundations of chemical control over plant growth and productivity. M.: Publishing house
"Agropromizdat". 1987. P.20.
[7] V.V. Zhivetin, O.M. Ol'shanskaja, A.V. Artemov. About the use of flax. J. Ecology and industry of Russia. March 2002. P.42-45. (Russian)
[8] I.V. Dajdakova, S.L. Belopukhov. Application of liquid-gas and liquid chromatography at different stages of long-fibred flax growth. Materials of the International Scientific
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