Special Feature: CDM for Renewable Energy
A brief assessment of the
CDM Solar Cooker Project at
Aceh, Indonesia
Herliyani Suharta
Most households in rural areas use firewood for cooking. Exposure to firewood smoke
has a detrimental impact on children’s growth and women’s health, compounding the
latter’s burden and poverty. Greenhouse gas emissions contribute to change in the global
climate as well. The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Solar Cooker Project in Sabang
Islands and Badar city in South East Aceh, Indonesia, was planned to bring about a better
energy scenario in the future. Solar concentrator cooker (K14) and heat retaining containers (Wonder box) would be provided to the people. This project, in which each K14
solar cooker will prevent 3.5 tonnes carbon dioxide emissions per year, has applied for
renewable certified emission reduction (CER) verification and carbon credit for 7 years.
This paper describes the CER verification and excerpts the findings of a societal research
within CDM Solar Cooker Project Aceh 1.
Introduction
F
irewood is used in almost all
rural areas around the world. Its
consequences result in the loss
of forest area, loss of fertile soil due
to erosion, desertification, and escalation in poverty and conflicts.
Dr. Herliyani Suharta
The Centre for Energy Technology
(B2TE), BPPT
Kawasan PUSPIPTEK,
Serpong, Tangerang 15314
Indonesia
E-mail: herli@iptek.net.id
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), through its Global Forest
Resources Assessment, has been
coordinating a global effort involving
172 national assessment teams to
provide data from 229 countries and
territories. As per the Global Forest
Resources Assessment 2005 (FAO,
2005) forests now cover nearly four
billion hectares or 30 per cent of the
world’s total land area. Two-thirds of
all forest areas are located in Australia,
Brazil, Canada, China, the Democratic
Republic of the Congo, India, Indonesia, Peru, the Russian Federation
and the United States of America. Primary forests (forests with no visible
signs of past or present human activities) account for 36 per cent of total
forest area, but are being modified or
lost at the rate of 6 million hectares
per year through deforestation or
selective logging.
Through the 1990s, the annual net
loss was 8.9 million ha/year. This reduced to 7.3 million ha/year between
2000 and 2005, equivalent to an annual net loss of 0.18 per cent in the
TECH MONITOR z May-Jun 2009
23
Special Feature: CDM for Renewable Energy
world’s forests. Asia moved from a net
loss of around 800,000 ha/year in
forest areas in the 1990s to a net gain
of 1 million ha/year between 2000 and
2005, primarily because of large-scale
afforestation reported by China. Forest
areas in Europe continued to increase
but at a slower rate than that in the
1990s. The largest net loss of forests
between 2000 and 2005 occurred in
the following areas:
z
South America lost 4.3 million ha/
year;
z Africa lost 4 million ha/year as replanting trees in dry climate posed
problems;
z Oceania had a net loss of 356,000
ha/year; and
z North and Central America together had a net loss of 333,000
ha/year.
Forests are important to maintain
global balance, as they are havens of
biological diversity and resources of
recreation and wood products. About
11 per cent of the world’s forests get
used principally for the conservation
of biological diversity. Such areas have
increased by an estimated 96 million
ha since 1990. Around 348 million ha
of forests are used to conserve soil
and water, control avalanches and
desertification, stabilize sand dunes
and protect coastal areas. Forests
also act as carbon sinks absorbing
excessive carbon dioxide (CO2) in the
atmosphere. The amount of carbon
stored in forest biomass alone is
about 283 Giga tonnes of carbon. It
decreased globally by 1.1 Giga tonnes
annually between 1990 and 2005.
Smoke and health
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 33 million of the estimated 57 million global deaths were
attributed to chronic diseases such as
cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes and respiratory diseases (WHO,
2004). “Chronic diseases are a major
global health problem and a key barrier to development, to alleviating
poverty and to making progress towards the Millennium Development
Goals. Cost-effective preventive and
clinical interventions need to be implemented globally,” said Dr. Lee Jong
Wook, the Director General of WHO
from 2003 to 2006. Smoking-related
24
diseases are a major global health
issue with significant financial and
social implications for all countries.
Therefore, the Framework Convention
on Tobacco Control was adopted by
the World Health Assembly in 2003
and entered in to force on 27 February 2005.
Across the developing world, more
than 1.6 million children die annually
because of exposure to smoke from
indoor cooking. Exposure to smoke
throughout their life is reported to have
a detrimental impact on the growth
and development of more than 100
million children. These are obstacles
to successful socio-economic development, and there is an urgent need
for governments to act to address
these issues by committing the required resources and providing a
strong leadership for coordinated action at national level.
CDM: a chance for
transfer of solar cooker
technology
Most low-income rural houses use
firewood for cooking. For instance,
more than 90 per cent of the houses
in East Nusa Tenggara Province use
firewood to fulfill their primary energy
need. Firewood is gathered from the
surroundings, rather than purchased,
while wealthier households use kerosene. In Aceh, Indonesia, 66 per cent
of households use firewood, 27 per
cent use kerosene and 7 per cent
use gas and electricity (Figure 1).
The poverty line in Aceh is Rp 70,000,
and 17 per cent of its population lives
below this poverty line (Suharta and
Sayigh, 2005). When there is an increase in kerosene prices, its consumers tend to switch over to firewood
in order to save cash.
Human capital is regarded as the
basic resource in the socio-economic
development of a country. Indonesia,
the biggest archipelago in the world,
is a country with a huge population.
However, many of its islands lack the
required infrastructure and services.
The low quality of human resources,
low income per capita, high dependency on the government, low public
participation and limited funding are
its challenges.
TECH MONITOR z May-Jun 2009
Education is not limited to formal
education, but is geared to achieve
a well-informed society. This means
informal education is important to
improve awareness among firewood
consumers. Introducing solar cooking
is seen as an alternative to reduce
exposure to smoke and improve the
health of firewood consumers. Solar
cookers developed under the Clean
Development Mechanism (CDM) initiative would help address this issue.
However, majority of the firewood consumers are poor and cannot afford
solar cookers. Financial constraint is
thus a major barrier to the introduction of CDM in the energy sector.
Financial mechanism of CDM
The burning of a billion cubic metres
of firewood emits about 820 million
tonnes of CO2. This emission is equivalent to the annual CO2 emission of
Germany in 2000 (about 867 million
tonnes). More than 200 million K14
solar cookers would be necessary to
resolve this (Gadhia and others, 2004).
The Kyoto Protocol was developed
to, as its Article 12 says: assist NonAnnex I countries (developing countries) in achieving sustainable development; and assist Annex I countries
(developed countries) in meeting their
emission reduction commitments.
CDM is an arrangement devised for
achieving the goals.
Using CDM, the government and
private sectors in Annex I countries
can develop or invest in greenhouse
gas (GHG) mitigation projects. Proved
emission reductions will be credited
to the country that invests to provide
solar cookers for the people. This
Certified Emission Reduction (CER)
will be counted towards the national
CO2 emission reduction target of the
investing country, while the participating developing country gains the
solar cooking technology for sustainable development. Those who use
solar cookers instead of firewood are
saving on GHG-emission. Free energy will give extra profit for food sellers
who use solar cookers for cooking.
Solar concentrator cooker and
heat retaining box
The cooking technologies that will be
transferred in the CDM Solar Cooker
Special Feature: CDM for Renewable Energy
Figure 1: Percentage of household by province and types of cooking fuel
Indonesian provinces
Project (SCP) Aceh 1 are the solar
concentrator cooker (K14) for cooking
and the heat retaining box (Wonder
Box) for simmering (Figure 2). K14
evolved through 20 years of research
and development. It has a reflector
with a diameter of 140 cm. A sound
production technology that involves
elements of prefabrication provides
for large numbers of solar cookers in
Iriyan Jaya
Maluku
South-East Sulawesi
South Sulawesi
Central Sulawesi
North Sulawesi
East Kalimantan
South Kalimantan
Central Kalimantan
West Kalimantan
East Timor
East Nusa Tenggara
West Nusa Tenggara
Bali
East Java
DI Yogyakarta
Central Java
West Java
Lampung
DKI Jakarta
Bengkulu
South Sumetara
Jambi
Riau
West Sumatera
North Sumatera
Dista Aceh
Percentage of households
Electricity
Gas (LPG, LNG, etc.)
Kerosene
Firewood
Source: BPS, 2000
a short time. With some education as
well as training, the user communities
can assemble K14 from prefabricated kits. K14 has a life span of about
20 years, and its average operation
time is estimated at 1,500 hours per
year.
The cooking pot has a volume of
12 litres and a diameter of 28 cm, and
is made of steel with black enamel
Figure 2: The K14 solar
concentrator cooker with a
cooking pot (left), and heat
retaining container Wonder Box
(below)
on the outer surface. It can be used
for frying, steaming, baking, etc. In
the first term of CDM in Aceh, the lid
of the cooking pot was made of black
enamel; but in the second and third
terms, it was made of glass. K14 can
bring 6 litres water from 20°C to boil
within 55 minutes. A test in 2002 of
K14 at Neuoetting, Germany (48.2°
north latitude 12.7° east longitude) at
1100 AM using 12 litres of water, at
clear sky and windless conditions, returned comparable results (Figure 3).
Simmering inside the Wonder Box
takes place without energy and without any intervention. The field test in
Kupang, East Nusa Tenggrara, on 26
September 2005 proved that the box
is very useful to keep food/water hot
for a long time. The pot filled with 6
litres of boiling water and stored in
the Wonder Box at night, retained a
temperature of 70°C the next morning, after 7 hours (Suharta, 2005).
CDM Solar Cooker
Project Aceh 1
According to the project document, the
CDM-SCP Aceh 1 was a non-renew-
TECH MONITOR z May-Jun 2009
25
Special Feature: CDM for Renewable Energy
Figure 3: The test of K14 on 1 October 2002
12-litre pot filled with
10 litres of water
K14: 12-litre pot filled with 10 litres of water
Time
(h:min)
Temperature
(°C)
I
10 l
11:16
11:59
12:30
12:51
13:00
13:04
17.3
48:8
74.7
89:3
94.7
96.0
II
10 l
13:16
14:06
14:24
14:37
14:44
14:49
16.2
66.9
81.7
91.7
97.0
98.0
III
10 l
14.52
15:24
15:34
15:47
16:23
16:48
16:51
16:54
16:55
17.3
38.8
49.7
60.1
82.0
94.0
95.1
96.8
97.1
100
Temperature of water (°C)
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
10:30 11:30 12:30
13:30 14:30 15:30 16:30 17:30
Time
Note: Temperature measurement used a digital
thermometer having a range of -10°C to 200°C
able biomass project of small-scale
category (UNFCCC, 2005) aimed at
avoiding the use of non-sustainable
harvested firewood. The project was
initiated before the Tsunami disaster, when Indonesia had not healed
from the monetary crisis. The severe
natural disaster that followed caused
everyone to panic and led to hoarding.
Energy and other infrastructure were
washed away by the sea, resulting in
unparalleled suffering for the people
in Aceh. This situation spurred all involved in SCP to make it a success
and thus lay down a better energy path
for the future. The German proponent
considered the existing experience in
solar cooking, and planned to disseminate this knowledge in Indonesia
(Suharta and Sayigh, 2005).
The chronology of the project
Earlier to this, the author had met Dr.
Dieter Seifert at his Solar Kitchen Exhibition at Umbutu village, a side event
of World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg, July 2002.
She suggested that Dr. Seifert disseminate information about solar cooker
in Indonesia. To secure the funding
for the initiative, the author submitted
26
Source: Seifert, 2002
a proposal on “Global solar cooker
programme”, to Aluminium Canada
(ALCAN) in August 2002. The proposal also included the assistance of
Dr. Seifert, the patent holder of solar
cooker K14. This proposal was later
presented in the World Renewable
Energy Network (WREN) Meeting in
Brighton, United Kingdom in October
2002.
In 2004, Dr. Seifert wrote a Project
Design Document (PDD) of CDM-SCP
and PT Petromat Agrotech helped Mr.
Klaus Trifelner (Dr. Seifert’s partner)
to arrange the project in Aceh. On 16
December 2004, a presentation of
solar cooking was held for the officials of the Government of Aceh. The
government approved the project in
principle, and on 20 December 2004,
the first project proposal was submitted to the CDM Focal Point at the
Ministry of Environment, Jakarta.
On 26 December 2004, tsunami
struck to destroy much of Aceh and
matters were put on hold. Then in
April 2005, a PDD of CDM-SCP Aceh
1 was submitted to TÜV SÜD Energietechnik GmbH, a leading technical
service provider group in Germany, for
evaluation. In June 2005, the PDD was
TECH MONITOR z May-Jun 2009
verified and in the following month it
was published on the UNFCCC website for global stakeholder process.
In August 2005, the project validator from TÜV SÜD met the Regional
Parliament of Aceh and officials of the
Ministries of Energy and Mining in
Jakarta. Then the project developer,
Klimaschutz e.V. of Germany, met Mrs.
Nelly Hilman – the Head of Indonesian
Designated National Authority (DNA) –
and members of the Regional Parliament of Aceh. The DNA approved
the project in November 2005.
In November 2005, the Executive
Board of UNFCCC cancelled the nonrenewable biomass small-scale project category. However, an opportunity
was provided to any validated project
that seeks credit from switching nonrenewable biomass to resubmit for
approval (Trifelner, 2005). With letters
of approval from the German and Indonesian governments, the proposal
was resubmitted to UNFCCC by Klimaschutz e.V. on 23 December 2005.
On 6 February 2006, the UNFCCC
formally registered the CDM-SCP Aceh
1, which became the first joint CDM
of Indonesia and Germany. ALCAN
came in as an investor for the project,
though the funding for this CDM was
managed solely by the German side.
P = {(100 - 20) K × 4.18 kJ/kg/K ×
6 kg} / (55 × 60 second) = 600 Watt
Planning for
implementation of CDM-SCP
A UNDP survey found: “The most
common method of cooking throughout rural areas in the developing world
is the open hearth or three-stone fireplace, which typically transfers only
5-15 per cent of the fuel’s energy into
the cooking pot.” (UNDP, 2002)
After the project’s formal registration
with UNFCCC, Klimaschutz e.V. began
work on the project implementation
phase (Trifelner, 2006). Discussions
were initiated with the new strategic
investors and ALCAN prepared a budget for the project. As soon as funds
became available, Klimaschutz e.V.
ordered the production of solar cooker
kits and the heat retaining containers
for CDM-SCP Aceh 1. The schedule
was:
z
z
z
6 weeks for production of the kits;
6 weeks for shipping to Indonesia;
Announcement and local training
in the project area to be done within
the production and delivery period;
z 10 days for delivery of K14 solar
cookers and Wonder boxes to the
project areas in South-East Aceh
and Sabang;
z 60 days for assembly of all solar
cookers and their distribution to
the households; and
z Monitoring to commence 5 months
after the funding for the project is
confirmed. 1
Provision of spare parts and maintenance for the entire duration of the
project was the responsibility of Klimaschutz e.V. The local governments
provided a place to assemble the
equipment. Two local non-government
organizations and one private company assembled the solar cookers
at a community education programme.
CO2 emission saved by
the use of solar cooker
CDM-SCP avoids 3.5 tonnes of CO2
emissions per year for each K14 solar
cooker. It has applied for a CER for the
period of 7 years. The following is a
brief calculation (UNFCCC, 2005).
The nominal power P of cooker
K14 is written as:
(1)
P = {(T2 - T1) × cp × m} / t
Boiling 6 litres of water from 20°C
will give:
1
Because of the time lapse in the project,
the users could start using the solar
cookers only on 10 October 2006.
Taking overall efficiency η as 10
per cent, the primary energy saved
(SPE) by K14 in comparison with the
open fire can be expressed as:
SPE = P / η
(2)
The annual operation time of solar
cooker is assumed as 1,500 hours.
Thus, the primary energy saved per
year is:
SPE annually = (P / η) × t
(3)
The Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC) states that
the Carbon Emission Factor of solid
biomass is 29.9 kg C/GJ or 0.0299
kg C/MJ (IPCC, 1996).
Saved Carbon Emission mC is expressed as:
mC = (P / η) × t × CEF
(4)
Conversion ratio of saved amount
of carbon mC to saved amount of carbon dioxide mCO2 is equal to molecular weight ratio of CO2 to C, which is
equal to: 44 kg CO 2 / 12 kg C. Thus:
m CO2 = mC × 44 kg CO2 / 12 kg C (5)
= (P / η) × t × 0.0299 kg C /
MJ × 44 kg CO2 / 12 kg C
= (600 Watt /0.10) × (1500 ×
3600 second) × 0.0299 kg C/MJ × 44
kg CO 2 / 12 kg C
= 3.5 tonnes CO2 per year.
This means CO 2 abatement for
1,000 solar cookers K14 will be 3,500
tonnes per year and 24,500 tonnes
cumulative for 7 years.
Future prospects
of the CDM project
Many excessively exploit their natural
fuel resources, and sell them to the
industrial countries, which burn them
to run their industries. Overuse of
natural fuel resources around the
world causes global warming. This
changes the global climate and leads
to natural disasters, famine, epidemics and conflicts. The capability for
sustainable development declined in
some countries due to huge losses
in funding because of natural and
human created disasters. The international price of crude petroleum has
sharply increased, and this is causing
many governments to take political
risks to secure national energy position. CDM could bring hope to the
poor in such a situation.
The Impact of CDM-SCP Aceh
One of the main intentions of the pilot
CDM-SCP Aceh is to demonstrate that
solar cooker projects can be financed
by the revenues generated by the sale
of CER.
CDM-SCP Aceh gives:
z A chance to apply solar cookers
to reduce firewood consumption
in many areas of the world, leading
to a sustainable healing of the environment and helping to reduce
CO 2 emissions;
z A chance to avoid interior cooking,
to reduce the risk of lung and eye
diseases that affect millions of
people worldwide;
z A chance to incorporate community
education into the project, since
the monitoring of project is combined with an enduring educational
programme to ensure best use of
the cooking devices; and
z An opportunity to investigate an
approach that gives a better sustainable development in the future.
Therefore, there is need to encourage CDM solar cooker projects.
Monitoring and
CER Verifications
The sharing of work as described in
the project design document (PDD)
(Trifelner, 2007) is as follows:
z
Finance of project, supply of solar
cookers and supervision of monitoring are the responsibility of
Klimaschutz e.V., Bonn, Germany.
z Distribution of the solar cookers
and monitoring of project activity
are done by PT. Petromat Agrotech, Jakarta, in cooporation with
two local NGOs in Aceh.
z The parties will together prepare
the monitoring report.
Monitoring is very important, as it
would determine the hours of usage
TECH MONITOR z May-Jun 2009
27
Special Feature: CDM for Renewable Energy
of the solar cookers. The requirements
of the monitoring procedure are:
Table 1: A summary of the
monitoring report of the CDM
Solar Cooker Project Aceh 1
z
The user will sign an agreement
that obliges him/her to use the
equipment and to participate in
the monitoring activity;
z Monitoring will be done by filling
a simple monitoring card, which
will be provided to every user;
z The user has to indicate his/her
daily usage in hours; and
z The sum of the usage hours of
solar cooker K14 in every household will be added and converted
into emission reduction by using
a formula published in the PDD
(UNFCCC, 2005).
The amount of emission reductions achieved is proposed to be used
to pay back the costs of the project.
Monitoring constraints
z
The process leading to the issue
of CER is a tough one. It involves
a large number of users with various education levels, which may
lead to uncertainty;
z Limited ability of target users in
filling the monitoring form might
lead to a missing of some of the
data required for issuing CER;
z Each proponent involved in the
project has different knowledge
about CDM. They are:
y project developers
y targets who receive technology
to save CO2 emission
y the monitoring team
y institutes involved in the project
arrangement
z Funding flow mechanism is not
transparent, and this causes difficulties for PT. Petromat Agrotech,
the local project developer, to involve in the monitoring.
The monitoring report of the CDM
Solar Cooker Project Aceh 1, dated
12 December 2007 provided the data
for the period from 6 February 2006
to 31 October 2007 (Trifelner, 2007).
A summary is given in Table 1.
CER price
In July 2008, there was a dramatic fall
in carbon price (IDEAcarbon, 2008).
The December 2008 price of secondary CERs – credits produced by CDM
– fell by almost 20 per cent over the
28
Period
Mar-Dec 2006
January 2007
February 2007
March 2007
April 2007
May 2007
June 2007
July 2007
August 2007
Sept. 2007
Oct. 2007
Total
Emissions saved
(tonnes CO2)
0
0
0
29.3
60.5
200.5
269.8
307.0
73.9
86.8
61.4
1,089.2
same period. The price of European
Union Allowances (EUAs) fell by 25
per cent from a high price of €29.33
on 1 July to a low price of €21.21 on
4 August.
IDEAcarbon’s forecast of an average CER price in phase II (2008-12)
is €24. Its calculations suggest an
average price of €29 for EUAs in phase
II. The December 2008 future price
of EUAs is €26.5.
It is expected that CDM will produce 1.6 billion credits by the end of
2012. Joint implementation will add a
further 90 million tonnes. On the buy
side, government demand has remained steady at about 1.1-1.4 billion
tonnes. With political pressure on
governments to meet their Kyoto commitments, prices have remained fairly
inelastic. However, Green Investment
Schemes (GIS) are a ready alternative if CER/EAU prices rise too much.
The January 2008 climate change
package by the European Commission included an aggregate CDM/JI
quota of 1.4 billion tonnes for 200820, without any time constraints. The
financial merits will depend on the
cost of internal abatement.
For example, a compliance buyer
purchasing 100 CERs for phase III
use (after 2012) would today pay about
€2,000 (100 × €20). Swapping the
credits would yield some 80 EUAs.
Storing them until 2020 would incur
a ‘cost of carry’ of about €1,400. This
is attractive only if the 2020 cost of internal abatement is more than €40.50
TECH MONITOR z May-Jun 2009
[(2,000+1,400) ÷ 80]. Mitigation cost
data suggests that there are many
options to reduce emissions at less
than this price.
As per estimates of the Emissions
Trading System (ETS)–internal compliance costs in 2020, €45 per tonne
in current value seems reasonable.
This implies an average phase II price
of €29 for EUAs and €24 for CERs. If
this proves correct, the market may
have undershot its trend level.
Conclusion
It is true that the local government is
willing to improve the local energy infrastructure, to improve the condition
of poor people and to keep the environment green. On the other side,
there are business people from industrial countries looking for profit,
who are still producing CO2, but hoping that the CDM project will clean the
environment simultaneously. These
two contrasting standards of living
meet in the CO2 trading arena.
In the case of Aceh, the German
side is keeping the funding for CDM,
as they think it is a tool to reach the
monitoring target. This management
style (no data on funding breakdown
or funding flow mechanism) could be
a constraint to the local parties who
are obligated to share the tasks as
written in the PDD.
Contrary to what has been agreed
in the PDD, the German side wrote
the monitoring report on its own. Such
actions bring into question the meaning of knowledge transfer, as they
negate the opportunity to the local
party to learn about the CDM implementation from the beginning – from
project development to the end of the
project – as a package of knowledge.
The CDM project should be seen
as a learning tool that has a great
potential for social research on the
delivery of new cooking technology to
the poor. It should be seen as a tool
of social change that is very useful
for the world future.
Article 12 of Kyoto Protocol says:
“To assist Annex I countries in achieving their emission reduction commitments”. The firewood consumers who
used solar cooker have made an effort
to save GHG-emission. However, the
Special Feature: CDM for Renewable Energy
developed countries still produce CO2
in industrial production. Have the targets in CO2 emission reduction been
achieved?
6.
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13. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC). (2005). CDM Solar
Cooker Project Aceh 1, Indonesia.
Small-Scale Project Category.
Final PDF Version of the Project
Design Document, 10 October
2005.
http://cdm.unfccc.int/
Projects/DB/TUEV-SUED113534
5789.43/view.
14. World Health Organization (WHO).
(2004). News release at the Fourth
WHO Global Forum on Chronic
Disease Prevention and Control,
dated 3 November 2004, Ottawa,
Canada.ˆ
IGES CDM Programme
Promoting CDM activities in Asian countries and contributing to global efforts to combat climate change
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Programme conducts training and other activities in support of CDM in developing
countries in Asia. The programme disseminates information, contributes to the establishment of networks in Japan and the
target countries, and builds capacity to initiate, develop and implement CDM projects. The Programme aims to increase the capacities
of Asian countries related to institutional and operational aspects of CDM. The Programme is the one of the longest CDM capacity
building programmes focusing on Asia since 2003.
The Programme activities include:
CDM capacity building - enabling environment for CDM projects
The Programme conducts intensive project developer-oriented training and tutorial sessions in collaborating countries including
Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, the Philippines and Thailand.
Enabling environment for Joint Implementation (JI) and Green Investment Scheme (GIS) projects
To improve the policy and institutional frameworks for JI and GIS through identifying and promoting registration of promising JI
and GIS projects that can potentially deliver Assigned Amount Units (AAUs).
Enhancing developmental benefits of CDM projects
This activity is aimed at developing policy frameworks for effective implementation of CDM in sectors (e.g. waste management,
biomass and other renewable sources of energy, and small-scale projects), which have high potential to deliver sustainable
development benefits.
Carbon credit procurement assistance
The Programme identifies and develops CDM projects in the target countries and carries out purchasing support for the New
Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organisation (NEDO), which is affiliated with the Japanese government.
For more information, contact:
Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES)
2108-11 Kamiyamaguchi, Hayama-machi
Miura-gun, Kanagawa 240-0115
Japan
Tel: +81 (46) 855 3700; Fax: +81 (46) 855 3709
Web: http://www.iges.or.jp/en/cdm/
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