F. Plank, LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF VERBAL ART
SS 14
9 credits, requirements:
(1) oral presentation on one of the following topics in class: sign up for one by May 9,
and (2) term paper on that topic: hand in by beginning of next winter semester at the latest
Always remember: This is a linguistics class!
Topics for class presentations and term papers, with basic reading list
GENERAL READING
two concise classics:
Jakobson, Roman. 1960. Linguistics and poetics. In Thomas A. Sebeok (ed.), Style in
language, 350-377. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. [Often reprinted.]
Kiparsky, Paul. 1973. The role of linguistics in a theory of poetry. Daedalus 102. 231245. [Reprinted in Donald C. Freeman (ed.) (1981), Essays in modern stylistics, 923. London: Methuen – a collection worth reading also for some of the other
chapters.]
and these textbooks (although we won’t really use them as textbooks):
Traugott, Elizabeth Closs & Mary Louise Pratt. 1980. Linguistics for students of
literature. New York: Harcourt.
Fabb, Nigel. 1997. Linguistics and literature. Oxford: Blackwell.
Fabb, Nigel. 2002. Language and literary structure: The linguistic analysis of form in
verse and narrative. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
-1-
FEELING RIGHT, SOUNDING GOOD: FREEZES (“ZWILLINGSFORMELN”)
Reference texts:
binomial collections in the references below;
http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/echoword/echodata.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamese_twins_%28linguistics%29
and you’re welcome to create your own binomials: it’s not difficult
Essential reading:
Dictionary/encyclopedia entries ICONICITY/ICONISM, REDUPLICATION, RHYME,
ALLITERATION, ASSONANCE, ECHO WORDS
Thun, Nils. 1963. Reduplicative words in English: A study of formations of the
types Tick-tick, Hurly-burly and Shilly-shally. Uppsala: Carl Blom.
Malkiel, Yakov. 1959. Studies in irreversible binomials. Lingua 8. 113-160.
Cooper, William E. & John Robert Ross. 1975. World order. In Robin E.
Grossman, L. James San, & Timothy J. Vance (eds.), Papers from the
parasession on functionalism, 63-111. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.
Ross, John R. 1980. Ikonismus in der Phraseologie: Der Ton macht die
Bedeutung. Zeitschrift für Semiotik 2. 39-56.
Müller, Gereon. 1997. Beschränkungen für Binomialbildungen im Deutschen.
Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft 16. 5-51.
Minkova, Donka. 2001. Ablaut reduplication in English: The criss-crossing of
prosody and verbal art. English Language and Linguistics 6. 133-169.
-2-
TWISTING THE TONGUE
Collections:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongue-twister
http://www.uebersetzung.at/twister/
http://www.alphadictionary.com/fun/tongue-twisters/index.html
http://www.geocities.com/athens/8136/tonguetwisters.html
http://www.fun-with-words.com/tongue_twisters.html
Essential reading:
Dictionary/encyclopedia entries ALLITERATION, RHYME
Schourup, Larry. 1973. Unique New York Unique New York Unique New York.
In Papers from the 9th Regional Meeting, Chicago Linguistic Society, 587596.
Kupin, Joseph J. 1982. Tongue twisters as a source of information about speech
production. Bloomington: Indiana University Linguistics Club.
Fromkin, Victoria A. (ed.). 1973. Speech errors as linguistic evidence. The
Hague: Mouton.
LAPSUS LINGUAE: SPOONERISMS (“SCHÜTTELREIME”)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoonerism
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sch%C3%BCttelreim
Watch:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GtL8PTpsalA
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aJ0nFQgRApY
http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0141lxw
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=moDPmNUnlA&list=PL2301CCEEA2ED06D9&index=7
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aJ0nFQgRApY&list=PL2301CCEEA2ED06D9&inde
x=4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M63dmXlORw&list=PL2301CCEEA2ED06D9&index=21
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BdMZZmTWhLs&list=PL2301CCEEA2ED06D9&in
dex=25
-3-
AFFECTED SPEECH
GEWÄHLT, GEZIERT SPRECHEN
to come later
Jakobson & Waugh, Lautgestalt der Sprache 41-44
“von einer tüfen Fünsternüss”
-4-
WORD-MAKING, or ONOMATOPOEIA AT WORK: Whoosh! Ka-BOOM! Bzzurkk!
Collections:
http://collection.nlc-bnc.ca/100/200/300/ktaylor/kaboom/
http://www.worsleyschool.net/socialarts/onomato/poeia.html
http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/Studios/9783/phond1.html
Essential reading:
Dictionary/encyclopedia entries MORPHEME, ICONICITY/ICONISM, PHONAESTHEME,
IDEOPHONE
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonestheme
Bolinger, Dwight L. 1950. Rime, assonance, and morpheme analysis. Word 6.
117-136.
Marchand, Hans. 1969. The categories and types of present-day English wordformation. München: Beck, 2nd edn. [397ff.]
Marchand, Hans. 1959. Phonetic symbolism in English word-formation.
Indogermanische Forschungen 64. 146-168, 256-277. [summarised in the
book above]
Voeltz, F. K. Erhard & Christa Kilian-Hatz (eds.). 2001. Ideophones. 2 vols.
Amsterdam: Benjamins.
-5-
PUZZLES: (LETTER) REBUS, “TEXTING” (txt)
Reference texts:
e.g., http://esl.about.com/b/a/035020.htm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/talking_point/2815461.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/2814235.stm
Essential reading:
Dictionary/encyclopedia entries ACRONYM, REBUS
http://www.fun-with-words.com/rebus_puzzles.html
Helene Hovanec (1978). The Puzzler’s Paradise: From the Garden of Eden to the
Computer Age. New York: Paddington Press.
POSSIBLE WORDS: ANAGRAMS AND PALINDROMES
to come later
http://www.fun-with-words.com/anagrams.html
http://www.fun-with-words.com/palindromes.html
http://www.wordsmith.org/anagram/
Starobinski, Jean. 1972. Les mots sous les mots. Paris: Gallimard.
-6-
THE VOCATIVE CHANT: (Engl.) Jo.
ohn!
Ethel.
bert!
(Bav.) Sep.
p-ee!
Reference texts:
easy to produce for yourselves
Essential reading:
Ladd, D. Robert. 1978. Stylized intonation. Language 54. 517-540.
Inkelas, Sharon & Draga Zec. 1988. Serbo-Croatian pitch accent: The interaction
of tone, stress, and intonation. Language 64. 227-248. p242
Hayes, Bruce & Aditi Lahiri. 1991. Durationally specified intonation in English
and Bengali. In Johan Sundberg, Lennart Nord, & Rolf Carlson (eds.), Music,
language, speech and brain, 78-91. London: Macmillan.
http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/people/hayes/papers/HayesLahiriDurationally
SpecifiedIntonation1991.pdf
Gussenhoven, Carlos. 1993. The Dutch foot and the chanted call. Journal of
Linguistics 29. 37-63.
http://todi.let.kun.nl/todi/level1_2.htm
Gussenhoven, Carlos. 2004. The phonology of tone and intonation. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press. pp313-315
Hammond, Michael. 1999. The phonology of English: A prosodic optimalitytheoretic approach. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp156-157
Rialland, Annie & Stéphane Robert. 2001. The intonational system of Wolof.
Linguistics 39. 893-939. pp914-915
Ko, Eon-Suk. 20 . Phonetics and phonology of vocative chant variation in
Korean. http://www.ling.upenn.edu/Events/PLC/plc23/ko.html
Ko, Eon-Suk. 2003. The laryngeal effect in Korean: Phonology or phonetics? In
Jeroen van de Weijer, Vincent van Heuven, & Harry van der Hulst (eds.), The
phonological spectrum I, 171-191. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
-7-
EXPLETIVE INFIXATION: abso-bloomin-lutely
HOMERIC INFIXATION: saxo-ma-phone
Reference texts:
The first example above is from Eliza Doolittle (Shaw, Pygmalion, then My Fair Lady.
Since then, such expletives may have changed (for better or worse), but they are still in
the same place.
The second is from Homer Jay Simpson.
Essential reading:
McCawley, James D. 1978. Where you can shove infixes. In Alan Bell & Joan B.
Hooper (eds.), Syllables and segments, 213-221. Amsterdam: North Holland.
McCarthy, John J. 1982. Prosodic structure and expletive infixation. Language
58. 574-590.
McMillan, James. 1980. Infixing and interposing in English. American Speech
55(3). 163-183.
Yu, Alan C. L. 2004. Reduplication in English Homeric infixation. North-Eastern
Linguistic Society 34. 619-633.
Yu, Alan C. L. 2007. A natural history of infixation. Oxford: Oxford University
Press. pp174-177
-8-
DISGUISE: LUDLINGS, or PLAY LANGUAGES
Reference texts:
produce or choose for yourselves
Essential reading:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_game
http://linguistlist.org/issues/5/5-764.html
http://linguistlist.org/issues/5/5-812.html
Hymes, Dell (ed.). 1964. Language in culture and society: A reader in linguistics
and anthropology. New York: Harper & Row. [Part VI, esp. Conklin, Haas,
with further references]
Bagemihl, Bruce. 1995. Language games and related areas. In John A. Goldsmith
(ed.), The handbook of phonological theory, 697-712. Oxford: Blackwell.
Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, Barbara (ed.). 1976. Speech play: Reseach and resources
for studying linguistic creativity. Philadelphia: U. of Pennsylvania Press.
Laycock, Don. 1972. Towards a typology of ludlings or play-languages.
Linguistic Communications (Working Papers of the Linguistic Society of
Australia) 6. 61-113.
Sherzer, Joel. 1982. Play languages, with a note on ritual languages. In Lorraine
K. Obler & Lise Menn (eds.), Exceptional language and linguistics, 175-199.
New York: Academic Press.
Bertinetto, Pier Marco. 1987. Lingue segrete, e segreti delle lingue. Annali della
Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, Classe di Lettere e Filosofia, Serie 3, Vol.
17(3). 889-920.
McCarthy, John. 1991. L’infixation réduplicative dans les langues secrets.
Langages 101. 11-29.
Plénat, Marc. 1995. Une approche prosodique de la morphologie du verlan.
Lingua 95. 97-129.
Lefkowicz, Natalie. 1991. Talking backwards looking forwards: The French
language game verlan. Tübingen: Narr.
Dominique Didier (2005). http://monsu.desiderio.free.fr/curiosites/verlan1.html
for references and examples:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_game
Trey Jones (1994): http://linguistlist.org/issues/5/5-764.html,
http://linguistlist.org/issues/5/5-812.html
Pig Latin: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig_latin
http://users.snowcrest.net/donnelly/piglatin.html
-9-
RHYMING SLANG
Collections:
Ayto, John. 2002. Oxford dictionary of rhyming slang. Oxford: OUP.
and lots on the web, including:
http://www.askoxford.com/worldofwords/wordfrom/slang/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockney_rhyming_slang
http://www.aldertons.com/
http://www.businessballs.com/cockney.htm
http://www.cockneyrhymingslang.co.uk/
http://www.phespirit.info/cockney/
http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/alabaster/A649
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education1190945.stm
and a movie or two:
Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels. Directed by Guy Ritchie, Ska Films 1998.
Clockwork Orange. Directed by Stanley Kubrick, 1971, based on novel by
Anthony Burgess.
Also watch:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ij5mw_eqKuc
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Ipa9rTSRJQ&list=PL2301CCEEA2ED06D9
Essential reading:
Butcher, Andrew & Claus Gnutzmann. 1977. Cockney Rhyming Slang.
Linguistische Berichte 50. 1-10.
Hansen, Klaus. 1966. Rhyming Slang und Reimformen im slang. Zeitschrift für
Anglistik und Amerikanistik 14. 341-366.
Lillo, Antonio. 2000. Bees, Nelsons, and sterling denominations: A brief look at
Cockney slang and coinage. Journal of English Linguistics 28. 145-172.
http://www.fun-with-words.com/cockney_rhyming_slang.html
- 10 -
SURROGATE LANGUAGES: WHISTLING, DRUMMING
Essential reading:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistled_language
http://www.lemondesiffle.free.fr/
Hymes, Dell (ed.). 1964. Language in culture and society: A reader in linguistics
and anthropology. New York: Harper & Row. [pp 305-311, 312-325, with
further references]
Sebeok, Thomas & D. Jean Umiker-Sebeok (eds.). 1976. Speech surrogates:
Drum and whistle systems. 2 vols. The Hague: Mouton.
Busnel, René-Guy & André Classe. 1976. Whistled languages. Berlin: Springer.
Carrington, J. F. 1949. Talking drums of Africa. London: Harry Kingsgate Press.
Cloarec-Heiss, France. 1999. From natural language to drum language: An
economical encoding procedure in Banda-Linda, Central African Republic. In
Cathérine Fuchs & Stéphane Robert (eds.), Language diversity and cognitive
representations, 145-157. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Rialland, Annie. 1974. Langages tambourinés et sifflés en Afrique. La
Linguistique 1974. 113-125.
Rialland, Annie. 2005. Phonological and phonetic aspects of whistled languages.
Phonology 22. 237-271.
http://annierialland.free.fr/wlanguages.pdf
Meyer, Julien. 2005. Typology and intellegibility of whistled languages. Doctoral
thesis, Lyon 2.
http://www.lemondesiffle.free.fr/whistledLanguages.htm
Dentel, Laure & Julien Meyer: http://www.lemondesiffle.free.fr/
Moreau, Marie-Louise (on Diola, in Senegal):
http://www.senegalaisement.com/NOREF/communicationsiffleediola.html
(also at: http://www.teluq.uquebec.ca/diverscite/bienvenue.htm)
Everett, Daniel L. 2005. Cultural constraints on grammar and cognition in Pirahã:
Another look at the design features of human language. Current
Anthropology 46. (see also:
http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/003175.html#more)
- 11 -
RHYTHM, NATURALLY: NURSERY RHYMES
Collection:
Opie, Iona & Peter Opie. 1959. The language and lore of schoolchildren. Oxford:
Oxford UP. [and many more]
Essential reading:
Fabb chapters 2-5
Traugott & Pratt ch. 2
Attridge, Derek. 1995. Poetic rhythm: An introduction. Cambridge: CUP.
Bràiloiu, C. 1984. Children’s rhythms. In Bràiloiu, Problems of ethnomusicology,
206-238. Cambridge: CUP.
Zwicky, Arnold M. 1986. Linguistics and the study of folk poetry. In Peter C.
Bjarkman & Victor Raskin (eds.), The real-world linguist: Linguistic
applications in the 1980’s, 57-73. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Hayes, Bruce. 1988. Metrics and phonological theory. In Frederick J. Newmeyer
(ed.), Linguistics: The Cambridge survey, vol. 2: Linguistic theory:
Extensions and implications, 220-249. Cambridge: CUP.
Hayes, Bruce P. & Margaret MacEachern. 1998. Quatrain form in English folk
verse. Language 64. 473-507.
Kiparsky, Paul & Gilbert Youmans (eds.). 1989. Rhythm and meter. (Phonetics
and Phonology, 1.) San Diego: Academic Press. [relevant chapters]
Aroui, Jean-Louis & Andy Arleo (eds.). 2009. Towards a typology of poetic
forms: From language to metrics and beyond. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
[relevant chapters]
Burling, Robins. 1966. The metrics of children’s verse: A cross-linguistic study.
American Anthropologist 68. 1418-1441.
- 12 -
MEMORABLE UTTERANCES: VERSE (slogans, chants, cheers)
Reference text:
make your own collection of advertisement slogans, sports cheers, etc.
or consult this archive:
http://fanchants.co.uk/
Essential reading:
as above, s.v. RHYTHM
Stein, David & David Gil. 1980. Prosodic structures and prosodic markers.
Theoretical Linguistics 7. 173-240.
Hayes, Bruce & Abigail Kaun. 1996. The role of phonological phrasing in sung
and chanted verse. The Linguistic Review 13. 243-303.
MEMORABLE UTTERANCES: PROSE (proverbs, clichés)
Reference text:
lots of proverb collections; also, try to coin your own proverbs
Smith, W. G. & F. P. Wilson (eds.). 1970. The Oxford dictionary of English
proverbs. Oxford: OUP.
Essential reading:
Jolles, André. 1930. Einfache Formen. Halle: Niemeyer. [chapter Spruch]
more
De Proverbio http://info.utas.edu.au/docs/flonta/
- 13 -
VERBAL MAGIC: BLESSING, CHARMING, CURSING etc.
also INSULTING
to come later
charm (Segen)
Dell Hymes (ed.) (1964). Language in Culture and Society: A Reader in
Linguistics and Anthropology. New York: Harper & Row. [pp 356-365, with
many references]
André Jolles (1930). Einfache Formen. Halle: Niemeyer. [ch. Spruch]
cursing
Geoffrey Hughes (1991). Swearing: A Social History of Foul Language, Oaths
and Profanity in English. Oxford: Oxford Univesity Press.
Timothy Jay (2000). Why we Curse: A Neuro-psycho-social Theory of Speech.
Amsterdam: Benjamins.
- 14 -
(NICK-)NAMING
to come later
see ONOMASTICS, Hymes 1964: 171-181 (Boas, Kwakiutl place names), 221-227 (EvansPritchard, Nuer address)
- 15 -
PUNNING
to come later
Reference texts:
check pun collections; Redfern has lots
Essential reading:
Dell Hymes (ed.) (1964). Language in Culture and Society: A Reader in
Linguistics and Anthropology. New York: Harper & Row. [Part VI; pp 299300, with further references]
Walter Redfern (1984). Puns. Oxford: Blackwell.
Richard John Alexander (1980). English verbal humour and second language
learning. L.A.U.T. Papers, Series B, No. 60. [with further references]
- 16 -
COMPETITION: VERBAL DUELLING
Reference text:
???
Essential reading:
Fabb ch. 9.4
F. B. J. Kuiper (1960). The ancient Aryan verbal contest. Indo-Iranian Journal 4:
- .
Dell Hymes (ed.) (1964). Language in Culture and Society: A Reader in
Linguistics and Anthropology. New York: Harper & Row. [Part VI; p 299
for further references]
- 17 -
ABNORMAL SPEECH: TALKING OF/TO SOMEONE NOT QUITE LIKE ONESELF
(e.g., female, child, mother-in-law, handicapped, foreigner, animal)
Reference texts:
???
Essential reading:
Hymes, Dell (ed.). 1964. Language in culture and society: A reader in linguistics
and anthropology. New York: Harper & Row. [Part
]
Sapir, Edward. 1915. Abnormal types of speech in Nootka. Reprinted in Sapir,
Selected writings, 179-196. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1949.
Sapir, Edward. 1929. Male and female forms of speech in Yana. Reprinted in
Sapir, Selected writings, 206-212. Berkeley: University of California Press,
1949.
also baby talk, foreigner talk, mother-in-law languages, talking to/like animals, etc.
- 18 -
TABOO
Essential reading:
Havers, Wilhelm. 1946. Neuere Literatur zum Sprachtabu. Sitzungsberichte der
Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Wien, Philologisch-historische Klasse, 223,
Abhandlung 5.
Jakobson, Roman, Lautgestalt der Sprache, 229-232.
Burridge, Kate & Keith Allan. 1991. Euphemism and dysphemism: Language
used as shield and weapon. New York: Oxford University Press.
Allan, Keith. 2006. Forbidden words. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Holder, R. W. 1987. A dictionary of American and British euphemisms. Bath:
Bath University Press.
- 19 -
FIGURATIVELY SPEAKING: METAPHOR
to come later
- 20 -
NARRATIVE STRUCTURE: TELLING A STORY
Reference texts:
any (short, everyday) narrative will do, preferably one of personal experience
Essential reading:
Fabb chapters 7 and 8
Traugott & Pratt ch. 6
Labov, William & Joshua Waletzky. 1967. Narrative analysis: Oral versions of
personal experience. In J. Helm (ed.), Essays on the verbal and visual arts,
12-44. Seattle: U. of Washington Press. [often reprinted]
Labov, William. 1972. Language in the inner city. Philadelphia: U. of
Pennsylvania Press. [esp. ch. 9]
Labov, William. 1997. Some further steps in narrative analysis. The Journal of
Narrative and Life History (online: http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~wlabov/sfs.html)
Toolan, Michael. 2001. Narrative: A critical linguistic introduction. London:
Routledge, 2nd edn.
- 21 -
NARRATIVE STRUCTURE: TELLING A JOKE
Reference texts:
any jokes you can (re-)tell
(perhaps a clean one like this, from http://www.3wave.com/~newsy/joke.htm, or
also http://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/edinburgh2002/funniest_joke/):
The linguistic lesson.
The li A linguistics professor was lecturing to his class one day. “In English,” he said,
“a double negative forms a positive. In some languages, though, such as Russian,
a double negative is still a negative. However, there is no language wherein a
double positive can form a negative.” A student piped up from the back of the
auditorium. “Yeah, right.”)
Essential reading:
Freud, Siegmund. 1905. Der Witz und seine Beziehung zum Unbewußten.
Jolles, André. 1930. Einfache Formen. Halle: Niemeyer. [chapter on Witz]
Sacks, Harvey. 1974. An analysis of the course of a [dirty] joke’s telling in
conversation. In Richard Bauman & Joel Sherzer (eds.), Explorations in the
ethnography of speaking, 337-353. Cambridge: CUP.
Alexander, Richard John. 1980. English verbal humour and second language
learning. L.A.U.T. Papers, Series B, No. 60. [with further references]
Ruch, Wilhelm, Salvatore Attardo, & Victor Raskin. 1993. Toward an empirical
verification of the general theory of verbal humour. Humor 6(2).
Attardo, Salvatore. 1994. Linguistic theories of humor. Berlin: Mouton de
Gruyter.
Attardo, Salvatore. 2001. Humorous texts: A semantic and pragmatic analysis.
Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
- 22 -
NARRATIVE STRUCTURE: TELLING/SINGING A TALE: FORMULAE
Reference texts:
to include Beowulf
Essential reading:
Fabb ch. 9
Kiparsky, Paul. 1976. Oral poetry: Some linguistic and typological considerations.
In B. A. Stolz & R. S. Shannon (eds.), Oral literature and the formula, 73125. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. [and other chapters in this
collection]
Lord, Albert B. 1960. The singer of tales. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard UP.
Finnegan, Ruth. 1992. Oral poetry: Its nature, significance and social context.
Bloomington: Indiana UP.
- 23 -
NARRATIVE STRUCTURE: POINT OF VIEW
(a)
Reference texts:
Georg Büchner, Lenz; Johann Friedrich Oberlin, Herr L...; Daniel Ehrenfried
Stoeber, Vie de J. F. Oberlin
George Moorse, Lenz (the movie – video in Mediothek)
English translations of Lenz by Carl Richard Mueller (1963) and by Michael
Hamburger (1972)
Essential reading:
dictionary/encyclopedia entries DEIXIS, EMPATHY
Traugott & Pratt 287-306
Fabb 183-185
Kuroda, Sige-Yuki. 1973. Where epistemology, style and grammar meet: A case
study of Japanese. In Stephen R. Anderson & Paul Kiparsky (eds.), A
festschrift for Morris Halle, 377-391. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
[and later related work by Kuroda, or inspired by him]
Simpson, Paul. 1993. Language, ideology and point of view. London: Routledge.
Uspenskij, Boris A. 1970. Poetika komposicii. Moskva.
Translated: A poetics of composition: The structure of the artistic text and
typology of a compositional form. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1973.
Poetik der Komposition. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1975.
... and there are tons of books on point of view from a literary rather than
linguistic point of view (Stanzel’s, Banfield’s, and Fludernik’s are among the
more instructive)
(b)
William Golding, The Inheritors
Essential reading:
dictionary/encyclopedia entries TRANSITIVITY, also Fabb 173-177 (or the work of
Hopper & Thompson summarised by Fabb)
Halliday, M. A. K. 1971. Linguistic function and literary style: An inquiry into
the language of William Golding’s The Inheritors. In Seymour Chatman
(ed.), Literary style: A symposium, 362-400. New York: Oxford University
Press.
- 24 -