Title
Author(s)
A single parent support centre (SPSC)
Lee, Chung-yee, Christina.; 李頌儀.
Citation
Issued Date
URL
Rights
1996
http://hdl.handle.net/10722/25814
The author retains all proprietary rights, (such as patent rights)
and the right to use in future works.
Single Parent Support Centre:
A Housing Transformation of a
Public Estate Building
by Chñstina LEE Chung Yee
9
:
Li
Department of Architecture
Faculty of Archftecture
University of Hong Kong
I 995-1996
Thesis Supervisor: Mr. Patrick Lau
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to acknowledge with sincere thanks the kind help and
information provided by several individuals and organizations
during the preparation of the Thesis Report. Appreciation shall
go to the following people and organizations:
Mr. Patrick S. S. Lau, Thesis Supervisor
University ofHong Kong - Lecturer
Mr. Francis T. K Wong, Structural consultant
Mott Connell - Registered Structural Engineer
Ms. S. C. Yiu andMs. S. K Wong, Interviewees
Concern Group on Single Parent
Ms. Yuki Chan, Interviewee
Family Resource Centre
and
The Hong Kong Social Welfare Department,
for supplying those useful newspaper articles.
Lastly, I would like to thank those, especially my family, who
provided the patience and support for the past months.
Christina Lee
March 1996
û
Department of
A Siiigk Parent Support
>
-
Centre (SPSC)
CD
C)
LEE Chung Yee,
C
Christina
CD
:T
Thesis Report
1995/96
C
Bachelor of Arts in ArchitecturaI Studies
Master of Architecture
Master of Landscape Architecture
Master of Urban Design
Department of Archttecture The University of Hong Kong
Poktulam Road. Hong Kong Te] 852) 28592133 . Fax (852 2559644
?_
CONTENTS
Acknowledgments
Contents
Synopsis
LO
L3
1.4
L5
Social Deficiencies
Hypothesis
Objectives and Intentions
Assumptions
RESARCH
2. 1
2.2
2.3
2.4
3.0
ii
iii
INTRODUCTION
Li
Single-Parent Families in Hong Kong
i .2
2.0
i
Comparison of Single- and Duo-Parent Families
Analysis of Single-Parents Families and their Needs
Spatial Needs and Requirements
Architectural Deficiencies in Hong Kong Pub'ic Housing
DESIGN PROGRAMME
3 i
Planning Elements
io
-
3.2
:3.3
3.4
4.0
Schedule of Accommodation
Technical Considcrations
Design Factors
CASESTUDLES
Abigail West Shelter, Boston, United States
4.2
Passage Community, Minneapolis. United States
4.3
Hubertus House, Amsterdam, Netherlands
4_4
Family Resource Center, Tuen Mun, New town
15
4. 1
5.0
SITE and CONTEXT
5_ I
5.2
5_3
5_4
19
Location and Selection Criteria
Description
Site Analysis
Constraints and Opportunities
6.0
BIBLIOGRAPRY
26
7.0
APFENDICFS
7_ i
Single-Parent Population Calculation
7.2
Total Number ofResidential Units Calculation
25
11
SYNOPSIS
With a culture and population as diverse as Hong Kong's, the
arrange of housing typology is surprisingly limited. Hong Kong's
Housing developments, whether public or private, arc solely
designed for convenLional households, the nuclear family. lin
actuality, there exist other types of household. For these nonnuclear households, finding proper and suitable housing is often
very difficult. Present designs do not satisf' their different life
pattern. Within this unique group, families headed by one parent
suffer the most from lack ofappropnate housing. While
singletons and elderlies are also ill-provided, single-parent
families are far worse than them. This is because not only do the
single parents have to perform house chores, but they also have to
mind their children all by themselves. Single and elderly people,
on the other hand. only have to take care of themselves.
Moreover, societies tend to look down upon single-parent families.
Other countries had begun noticing this new household and their
new housing needs a couple of decades ago. Countries like the
NeLherlands and the United States had started designing housing
programs and developments to provide an integrative living and
social accommodation for single-parent families. The had
recognized and envisioned a new housing design which is tailormade for these non-nuclear families. Hong Kong, however
westernized, still falls short offollowing this housing trend: to
supply different housing types for different household groups.
Although one could not hope for changes in private housing
sector, one could expect to in the public domain.
Xn this Thesis Report, I hope to achieve some housing alternatives
and for single-parent families in Hong Kong. The first portion of
the paper will discuss the existing problems and deficiencies in
Hong Kong public housing sector, and possible changes which
could be made to improve the siwation. The mid-portion of the
Repofl will sununaiizc and analyze the users' needs and spatial
requirements. Finally, the last portion will suggest methods and
ways oftranslating the physical data into an architectural
prototype for this non-traditional household.
ill
1.0
INTRODUCTION
With the divorce figures' rising annually in Hong Kong , there are
increasingly more single-parent families. In an economically and
spatially demanding city. these families suffer greatly from
improper assistance in housing. readjustment. and importantly,
child-minding. Not only does this phenomenon place financial and
emotional burdens on the parents. but also on thcir children as
welL Both experience stigmatization and loneliness duc to
discrimination and neglect. Hong Kong's current resources,
unfortunately, are non-specific and insufficient to improve these
people's well-being. The city, therefore, needs an alternative
setting that encourages and integrates se1f family and conununity
development. This leads to an architectural prototype of
impartiality between sanctuary for self-healing and forum for social
interaction.
1.1
SINGLE-PARENT FAMILIES IN HONG KONG
D&5nffions
In this study, single-parentfamily refers to a domestic
arrangement wherc only one parent is available for family support.
Such a family has either a father or moLher absent, due to spousal
death. divorce or separation, and that the single parent is
accompanied by children I 8 and under.
Background
According to Hong Kong 199 1 Census, there were 34,538 singleparent families. with 23,059 (66.8%) headed by mothers and
i 1,479 (33.2%) by fathers. The main cause was death of spouse,
17,753 (51.4%) esses, and the rest being divorce and separation,
16,785 (48.6%). Ofthe total, 14,143 (63.1%) mothers worked,
earning between $2000 to $6000 and with an average monthly
income of $4650. 9,241 (86.5%) fathers worked, earning
between $4000 to $3000 and with an average monthly income of
$62 t. Approximately 30 percent of these families receive public
financial assistance. The average household size is 3.47: roughly
between 2 to 4 members per family. Three quarters of the families
have two to three children. with at least one under the age of i 5.
Currently, the estimated population of single-parent family is over
100,000.
1.2
Fncii
Assistance
SOCIAL DEFICIENCIES
Recent studies suggest that Hong Kong's single parents and their
families generally need better financial and housing assistance,
child-care and counseling services. Although the Hong Kong
government is providing support to help these families, the limited
amount is not enough. The benefits under the Comprehensive
Social Assistance Scheme is inadequate for basic family living; its
figures: There were 7,454 divorces in 1993 comparedlo 2,060
divorcesin 1981.
Source: Juanito Concepcion, "SingJc Pircnl Dileniina Who is Thcre to Look AlLer
Their Kids?" p. 9.
I SO(ne comparative
maximum-income limit also prevents parents from being
employed. Hence, families have to stay home and away from
social activities, which often require money.
(Re-)Hoising
PmbIm
Social Serces &
CljiId-cam
1.3
Hong Kong's housing design only caters to conventional duoparent families, and is not suitable for single-parent families. The
typical internal planning undermines single parents and their
families' needs. Since public housing suppiy is always
inadequate. the families are subjected to private market's high
rents and discriminations. Moreover, these families are forced to
re-locate often because of poor living conditions and security level
in their accommodations. Their environment is generally too
confined and unhealthy to raise a family.
On a brighter level, the Social Welfare Department along with
other concern groups are slowly generating public awareness of
and building social networks for single-parent families. They
have formed special forces aimed at serving parents, and are
quickly gaining support. However, the service still lacks depth
and networking in order to provide a comprehensive support
system. Those parents who work find child-care amenities
insufficient and/or expensive, and may even leave their children
unattended. There is also no child-care provision for emergency
situations so parents face a dilemma of where and with whom to
leave their children.
HYPOTHESiS
Time seems to be the most important factor affecting single-parent
families. If the parents were freed from the household chores and
child-minding tasks, then they could acquire training and work to
become less dependent on social welfare. However, current
housing is only designed for conventional families; it is not geared
towards meeting the needs of single parents and their children.
This program, therefore, proposes to establish an integrative and
communal housing re-development. The re-development will
combine a single-parent family residence and social services to
help relieve its residents from daily burdens. The communal
concept poses that families could assist each other through mutual
and social support based on common ground. The architecturai
design, moreover, will reflect and encourage this idea. Thus,
families will bave opportunities for personal, family and
conunuuLty development, such as re-training and working.
combination of residential, child care,
and social facilities. The residence will serve the single-parent
families while the other two will become an integral part of the
community. Since children's well-being is an important issue, the
design will gear towards creating uncoufined, exciting, and
adventurous spaces for them. The parent's, on the other band, will
be sheltered, serene, and rational. Social facilities will be
discreetly mixed in with the rest of the design.
The development will be a
1.4
OBJECTIVES & INTENTIONS
14.1
An Urban
A ChiIdrn's Play
House
An Informal
CaÑgNewo,k
Objectives
An urban sanctum implies creating a suitable housing and living
environment for single-parent families. The design shou'd aim at
satisfying the users and their needs. This housing prototype shall
be a quiet escape for the families as well as a secure and
comfortable dwelling.
Part of the re-development will point at providing enjoyable
spaces for children to play or study in. These niches will be
dispersed throughout the residence and community center.
Furthermore, these will serve as meeting points for children and
parent social interaction.
The re-development will become a communal point for sharing
and networking among the old and new residents. Moreover, this
shall create a healthier environment for informal socialization
and support, for social re-integration. With nearby child-care
facilities and spaces for neighbourly gathering, it hopes to
encourage development at various levels. It will be a place for
learning and (re-)establishing skills for bettering self, family and
community.
Ralzation Urban renewal shall bring a greater sense ofcommunity back to
the neighbourhood. Moreover, re-utilizing an existing building
through upgrading available resources will help reduce
construction cost and energy consumption. An enhanced and
revitalized living environment, hence, will boost residents and
community spirit.
1.4.2
Intentions
A building transformation is the intention for this housing project
to translate a public estate building into a conglomerate ofnew and
old. There involves several transforming processes. An alteration
and extension will not only generate a new building form but also
increase housing capacity. By letting in more natural light, the
interior space will become a series ofperforatcd layers and light
pockets. The add-on medular units, moreover, will form a new
skin to the old structure. Symbolically, such renewal is intended to
represent residents' own metamorphosis. By living in this
building, single parents and their children will hopefully be able to
re-establish themselves.
1.5
ASSUMPTIONS
1.5. 1
General Assumptions
The following is a list of general assumptions on which this Thesis
Report is based:
i.
the Hong Kong Housing Authority (HECHA) will finance the
re-development project, and hence, costs will not be considered
in this Thesis Report;
the number of new housing units will be proportional to the
estimated number of single-parent families in the area;
iii. the number of units, however, will be limited by Site conditions
and remaining gross floor area (GFA);
iv. the residency in the housing complex is for female-headed
families who meet the IIKHA's rental housing requirement;
y. each single-parent family must conSist of one parent and her
own child(ren); and
vi. once these parents re-marry, they and their families will no
longer qualifi for residency and will have to move out.
ii.
1.5.2
Structural Assumptions
In addition to the above premises, this Thesis Report is also based
on several stnictural assumptions. They are:
the existing structure, involving shear waIls and beams, is
stable enough for alteration and addition works;
ii. if interior longitudinal beams exist, however, these will not be
relocated, and only small changes will be made to them;
iii. the scheme will minimize the alteration and addition works to
be carried out on the structure;
iv. before each work stage begins, a structural engineer will
examine the old wail/frame structure and calculateits stability
and loading capability;
V.
the existing wall/frame stnicture is assumed to be structurally
sound, and with additional support and reinforcement, could
adopt the extra loading; and
vi. the exterior finishing will be minimal so as to reduce the visual
effects of joint movement along connections.
i.
2.0
2.1
RESEARCH
COMPARISON OF SINGLE- (SPF) AND DUO-PARENT
FAMILIES (DPF)
Similarities
Differences
Family
parents as heads to take on
family and child-caring
responsibilttles
sole versus shared parenting
and responsibilities in SPF and
DPF, respectrv&y; SPF is more
vulnerable because of one less
parent: SP tend to lack
someone to share problems
and conversions with
Lifestyle
parents
looked upon as the
main care.giv« and emotional
supporter in the family
time allocation for tending each
family task, such as chores
and child-care, is condensed
for 5FF because one parent ¡s
to fulfill roles normally
petformed by Iwo in DPF; SF's
health is generally worse
income
parents as the main source of
household income
generally a lower household
income for SPF
Social
built around family members,
relatives, neighbours and
friends
SPF has a smaller social
network due to time and
psychological restraints, but a
better similar-group network to
alleviate arid share similar
stresses and problems
Housing
public housing with
government rental assistance
br any family who qualifies
living endronment less stable
for SPF because of low Income
and discrimination;
compassionate re-housing for
newly separatedldivorced only
Social
Welfare
government Ilnancial
assistance rar any family who
qualifies. and social services
for those who require them;
among the services, child-care
is inadequate
no services or assistance
Netwoi*
.
2.2
Is
designed to help SP to reintegrate into society and work
force but rather encourage
them to stay home: extended
hours I emergency child-care
is non-existent for SPF
ANALYSiS OF SINGLE-PARENTS FAMILIES AND THEIR
NEEDS
2.2.1
Analysis
Single-parent families are worse off in a number ofways than duoparent families in Jiong Kong. First, economical, housing and
social aspects, and even their most valuable asset, time, arc
working against them. They are open to financial, psychological
and physical vulnerabiiities because of their status. Second, since
Hong Kong's welfare system is limited, the parents are left to
struggle on their own. They simply could not afford to live in a
safer and healthier environment, nor to attend paid activities.
Third, when one parent has to complete the work of two, then she
is often over-worked and does not have the time or energy to look
after anyone's needs. Subsequently, the children will mostly likely
suffer from mis-guidance and neglect. Fourth, living within
traditional communities and without a partner, makes it harder for
single parents to find others to share conversations and problems
with. This will eventually lead loneliness and frustration.
Therefore, single parents are better off in a common environment
where they could feel comfortable sharing these hardships and
discourse. Clearly, having these families grouped together would
offer them opportunities to support and enrich each other.
2.2.2
Needs
P&,sonal, Family
Development, whether personal, family or community, poses as a
good self-motivational and enhancing process. Providing spaces
for activities and interactions should encourage residents to build
a broader social and learned network. From her studies, Sherry
Ahrentzen concludes that. 'single parents often depend on social
support - relatives, neighbors and friends -to cope with daily
problems. Spaces in the neighborhood where neighbors can meet,
talk, and watch over their children can be created: shared
domestic facilities such as laundries, community rooms or
buildings, courtyards, and play spaces."2 Through social
interactions, people could share with, learn from and teach each
other experiences and lessons. Such support may broaden their
personal, family and community development.
Privacy
Private spaces are especially important for these residents. Within
their dwelling and surrounding, different levels of privacy should
exist. The variance will depend on spatial function and capacity,
ranging from bedrooms to commons. Individuals need their own
space, however small or temporary it may be. Single parents, in
particular, need personal spaces for temporal escape and
relaxation. The older the person, the more privacy- he/she will
need. Families must also have their own domain. such as living
rooms, for family gatherings. Furthermore, residents need larger
social but restricted areas, such as community rooms, to foster
mutual support. In short, these spaces are critical for self-renewal
and interpersonal growth.
Efficiency
D.fnsJble Space
Since time is a vital asset for single-parent families, designing to
reduce lime loss will be essential. Such design shall help
minimize maintenance in order to reduce and facilitate house
chores. Proximity to social and retail facilities will help shorten
traveling time. A smaller kitchen, for example, may fit better in
with a single parent's homelife where she might only require to
cook simple meals. Furthermore, a plain layout with efficient
fittings and storage spaces could ease maneuvering and save
living space. Families could. thus, spend the time saved for other
activities such as entertainment and outdoor play.
Orte of single parent's worries is security, both for herselfand her
children. A natural setting for security within dwelling and
immediate surrounding is to provide informal surveillance,
through what Oscar Newman calls "defensible space." This term
implies an environment within which one could easily survey the
i s_
Ahrentzen, "Overview ofHousng for Sng1c.Patnt HouschoId," New
Households. NewHos;ng, p.146.
area and feel safe front iotrasions. In a- lo-vv-risc residence.
enhanced -visoni and physical connection with the snrronndins
-will ir.doce its residents to enjoy social acti-vities Within a
b.ilding. for instance, a shorter, wider and brighter corridor will
provide a more cenrfortable ciroolation space, both physically and
psychologically A. rndocnd nornber of OntriCs and ontroild
sccnrity- pro-visions may also ofler a better sense of proteCtion.
Cormscqucntly, there will be little need for soper'visior. of children
beyond th residential flat.
23
SPA.rlA.L. t'ftsDS aral RtsQUIlftsNItfIS
The following table information5 is based on tire typical weekday of
a single parent and chilrL 1he tables smmmmariae the activities.
requisites and spatial requirements for a parent, employed or
homemaking. and a child. pm-school or schooL 'Fhe listed spatial
reqoirements will be considered and incorporated into the design of
the flat onits A.side from the provisions for the daily aCtivities.
there should also be some for emergenCies. These provisions rosy
inclode cate nded-hoor and over-night child-care facilities, with
sleeping and sanitary on its for stsrt and children.
b-o/ayed
Activity
- get children
Parent
salí reedy fer
-
sCtIooVplay r
work
-coo
k-.-eata
simple
breakfast
'
Fteq._.isites
- efficient
batltroom .kitchen iayo..lt
- 'new et yetmg
children while
performIng
taslcs/chores
- someone to
look after preschool children
- prooi.-r.ity to
child-care
facilitlea
bautroorn
- lntern
-I'-
connection
between UnIte
- nearby -chIld-
re-seflon/
l'ina, Ca,ekar
- get children
ready for
_
-
555001/
play
cock-.' eata
simple
breakfast!
lLAneO
p5.-form chores
-r tasks
eh,ld.caring
beby-s,tting
efr.cient
bathroom alcitctletta ayote
view of ynorg
children while
performing
tasks
clhild
Sc/cool
-
play insIde flat
play tritO other
children
rest a- sleep
- attend school
- play otttdoor
Watch rtf
- watch T'ti
- siLAdy
- social a- school
-
LAnder o onstan t
stmner'eision
-silenoe dL.nng
safe-proof
envlronroarlt
well ventilatea
spaces
witlt other
children
S*IJdF 1101e
- promlinity to
other stLlderttsl
StLldy groUps
- more privacy
for cIder
children
- minimal
maIntenance
- mL,ttsal sappod
between LAnes
a, bathrocn,
- con-vertible
work aree
Intemal
connection
-. tnfom,ation im derived fi-Sn-.
-play
ereabe
roleso lval
- goret re area
- common play
- ymall-lit
-I.
stUdy area
-- group
n bedroom.,
study
Units
Units
iCtr'i'.' oOdUcted titi, single patenta
-7
Night-Time
Employed
Parent
Homemaker
cook + eat a
simple dinner
- perform chores
+ tasks
- child-caring
Activity
-
cook + eat a
simple dinner
- clean-up
- child.-canng
-
-
Requisites
efficient
kitchen layout
- good view of
young children
-
while
performing
taskslchoes
-
someone to
Fook after
-
- play with other
children
sleep
School
- rest.twatch TV
-
study
under constant
supervision
- safe-proof
environment
- well ventilated
spaces
-
silence dunng
study time
need academic
-
more pnvacy
for older
children
play area ori
ra4sed leei
quiet rest area
common play
area between
-
well-lit + qutel
study area
-
rest/watch TV
baby-sitting
efficient
krtchette layout
- constant view
of young
children
- privacy during
rest/sleep
- rest/TV area
not to disturb
-
young children
work area not
to disturb
Child
Pre-school
-
-
help
childrens
study/rest area
childrens
-
Physical
study/rest area
privacy during
rest/sleep
- small kitchette
Space
Required
-
bathroom
work area
screened from
other quiet
small kchette
bathroom
- internal
connection
between
ai eas
neigh botin rig
- internal
units
-TV/SoceI room
connection
between
neighbouring
units
2.4
-
-
-
tirets
-
own bedioan
student group
study area
between units
fot parents
between units
ARCHITECTURAL DEFICIENCIES IN HONG KONG PUBLIC
HO1,JSING
Deserted Public
Spacaa
fig. i view of podium
garden within site
The vast amount of open space contributed to public estates is
under-utilized and undermined. Open spaces, however. are often
unsafe and unpleasant to be in. There is little concern and effort
for creating inviting and multi-layered space for social enjoyment
and utilization. (see fig.l below)
Lack of Spatial
Organization
Restnctive
Internal Planning
There is a lack of spatial organization within public housing
design. It is simply public, private or leftover space, with no
transitional spaces in-between to ease residents from public to
private domain. There should be a multi-leveled spatial structure,
within which one could find zones for different activities.
Subsequently, this structure will thus eliminate leftover space and
encourage social interaction. tace hg. la below)
Restrictive internal planning inhibits improvements and changes
within the residential units. The planning not only limits
adaptability from one user type to another but also the usefulness
of the building itself. Enhancement is necessary to increase
spatial flexibility to cater for users' changing needs. (sec fig.2
below)
fig.2 plan of Nani Yiu
House located within
site. Nani SIsan Estaxc
i
11g. la (t'ai n&hi
view 01' public comdor
___j
E.,,
-
;
'L
-
'i
I
H
!
___ft
b H '1
9
3.0
DESIGN PROGRAMME
3.1
PLANNING ELEMENTS
R. id.nî.J Units
(se. Ig
,
-
J)
type I
Child-care
_::
.
"Ç)
¿.
t
/
'.-'
'.-'
J
..
The residents of the housing re-development will be single
parents and their children. The re-development shall consist of
two components: a renovated building and a new extension block.
The units in both will contain 2- aid 4-person flats for permanent
as well as temporary residents. Both unit type are convertible,
that is, two 2-person units could be combined to form one 4person unit. In the new building extension, 6-person units will be
included. The extension will have more flexibility because,
unlike the renovated building, it is not limited by any structural
components. The occupation density of 15.02 sq. m. per person
will be used to determine the Unit SIZC. Throughout the residence,
moreover, one could also find communal spaces, for socialization.
The child-care facility, though will also serve the neighborhood,
will mainly provide assistance to the housing residents. The
facility will include a day nursery, a daycare, and an extendedhour/ over-night unit, with the last receiving single parents'
childrcn only. It will have two separate entrances: one for the
residents and the other for the community centre. The residential
entrance shall give an easy access to the single parents, especially
during night hours.
.
.
type II
'-.-..
,-
Communal
,--
.
:c::.e5
Al
<'
'-T.
-;;;
;r'
:z:
'-.
_-.
)
-i
:-
,
'::z:'
(J (.::) .::9
The new community
all the residents living
within Nam Shan Estate and in the nearby estates. Other than
having a service unit for the single-parent families, the centre's
remaining social, educational and recreational facilities will be
opened to all users. Moreover, it will operate apart from the
residence and mainly to support the neighbourhood. The centre
will therefore be the focal point for the residential area, a place
for social gathering and networking. (for overall spatial layout
see fig. 6 and fig.7 next page)
type III
fig 3 (top left) tmflLctiÙnal
diaum ofresidcnliai unils
fig 4 (c«itf leti) IlinctiuflAt
diaam ofchiid-care faciliiiei
fig. 5 (right) functional
diagram ofco,nmunal facilities
Io
fig. 6 (top) functional diagrim for overall horizontal planning
fig. 7 (bottom) ftinctional diagram for overall vertical planning
7
/
SingIeParen
Res ¡den ce
a)
o
CD
u)
U)
CD
I-
C-)
C-)
U)
o
-a
-a
CD
3.2
SCHEDULE OF ACCOMMODATiON
Tables of Accommodauon:
Residential
Flat
Number of
Type
Units4
internal Floor Area
per unit (sq. m4
(400 totaif
Type I: in renovated building (304 total units based on 4-person flat tvpe
2-persone (convertible to 4-person)
88 (44)
3004
4-person (wIth 16 temporary unIts)
6OE08
260
lype li in new extension (96 total units based on 4-person flat tvpe
2-person (convertible to 4-person)
4-person
6-person7 (convertible to 4-person)
36 (18)
60
12 (18)
3OE04
6008
9012
Child-care
Number of
Units
Activity
Internal Floor Area
(sq. m4
day nursery lorchjldren poed 2-6
activity area
WC space (or 13 latrines, 3 service
sinks (for under 2), + 7 wash-basins
daycaf e
forctijldren eoed
6
-
I
i
200
20
unisex
12
activity area
outdoor play area with covered area
WC with separate bath
2
I boys,
i
girls
300
free space
50
special area for extended hourlpver-nìaht use
children rest area - with beds
sleeping quartertor staff
i
1
50
WC with bath br staff
1
15
r
i
CiD
Others
pantry
common eating area
1
1
ollice
1
closet
storage room
3
2
total
20
100
50
15
20
940
Communal
Activity
main activity hail
office
conference room
family service conter
outdoor activity area
group activities area for children
group activities area for youths
group activities area for adults
group activities area for elderly
reading room
Number of
Units
I
i
i
i
Internal Floor Area
(sq. m.)
393
70
34
I 25
i
free se
i
see Child-care
253
93
1
1
i
studyroom
i
library
i
125
30
100
150
4
see Appendix li for Singlc-parcnt Populalion Calculation
see Appendix 7i for Total Number ofReadentia1 Units Calculation
'
Tha proportion o12- and 4-person units is based on the ratio of 1;3 derived from
single-partat family Statìtics.
i
Thc pTopotìon of2-. 4- and 6-person unitc is bascd on the ratio of 2:6:1.
3
12
I male, i female
uttìtyspace
1
kitchen
1
40
50
50
cafe
storage
i
ioo
2
30
WC
total
3.3
1,G43
TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS8
For the location of the new extension, there are two possibilities:
one on the podium space and the other on the back-facing slope.
For the former, it should be a relatively straightforward
construction. For the latter, however, several items must be
considered before building on a sloping site. Firstly, a ground
investigation is needed, examining soil nature and settlements.
Secondly, extei-nal forces such as soil pressure and loading
movement should be calculated to determine foundation type and
retaining structure. The steeper the site, the more complicated the
retaining structure will be. Lastly, the slope must be reconstructed and re-landscaped to prevent unsightliness and mudsliding.
Exisöng Structure
Detas
(5e:;
PO1f)
2.4
Users' Needs
Site Conons
There are a few things to consider with a structural alteration and
extension. The primary matter is the relevant structural element
capacity, whether the existing structure is capable of handling
such process. Another orte ta consider is additional loading
capacity for the foundation. With the increased width of the
building, one must also think about extra wind-loading effects on
the structure and foundation. finally, the overall effects must not
destroy the structural integrity of the original.
There are several points to keep in mind with detailing for
0flflCCt1Ofl5 and movementjoints. The initial point is the method
affixing and jointing, which will depend on material, time, labour
andcost. Another point is to waterproof connections and joints to
prevent water corrosion and increase structural durability. The
last is the finishing for movement joints. It should cover the gap
and be flexible enough to handle differential movements without
cracking.
DESIGN FACTORS
The overall design will be aimed at satisfying the needs of single
parents and their children. Their spatial requirements will be
used to generate the room-type, layout and arrangement of the
internal space. Special spaces will be generated such as
communal and common study rooms. Consequently, their needs
will have great effects on the design's spatial organization.
Site constraints will inhibit and influence the location and design
of the building. Constraints such as a slope's steepness could
I
This section is based on the stnctura co,sultation with Mr. Francis Woig. su
engineer from Mon Conocil, Hong Kong.
13
affect the site formation, building foundation and structure. The
distance between buildings is another factor which vill restrict
building design and placement.
Interna! Planning
Communal
Space
There are both technical and theoretical sides of planning internal
space. The former will deal with satisfying people's physical
needs while the latter with their psychological needs. Technically,
adequate services such as fire and water must be considered and
provided to each residential unit. Environmental aspects for
human comfort, including ventilation and acoustics, are also
under this topic. Theoretically, an environment must give a
suitable level of psychological comfort to its inhabitants. This
involves creating habitable spaces and arranging them
hierarchically to smooth transitions between zones.
A user-friendly communal space embraces several aspects. These
include the size, location, degree of sharing and exposure of a
space. To attract users, its size should be comfortably
proportioned to nearby population and its location tangent to
circulation paths. The degree of sharing and exposure will depend
on a space's function and its required intimacy level. In a
common study which is too crowded or too empty, for instance,
students may feel clausophobic or isolated because of the relative
confined or unenclosed distance between themselves.
14
4.0
CASE STUDIES
4.1
THE AGAIL WEST SHELTER
Boston. Massachusetts, United States
Architect / Developer : Womens Institute
LtJJ.FFJ
l_Lui_ui_u]
The West Shelter is a transitional housing development, aimed at
providing housing and support sewice needs to singk parents and
their childien. The spatial and physical organization is based on
creating private and shared living spaces, social services, flexibility
for accommodating families ofvarying sizes, and importantly,
denying an economical use ofspace and means of construction.
Factoiy-built modu'ar units were used, as opposed to conventional
construction at site, to lower costs.
FTTT1 1TTT i
I
Ø.I
L I i
Li;-L! IE!J-LJ
\
r; ----
E'
J_E1
_____
L-
k
_.
- _____
- p__
s
.._,__ ..____
Li1 . r-i
.I. L
______
L_J
----------..gÍ.--s--J_-j
Lpll
i
I-
I
_._ ba
r1
J -i:
i-L:J-Li I_1
f\r--_---t.-L
t - ri
--
-
- -
Merits
The main design goal was to develop a useful housing prototype for
single-parent families, Child care, counseling and housing services
arc integrated into the housing development. The interior is also
designed with users in mind. The design pays special attention to
answering the needs of individuals, such as providing them with
private and comfortable living spaces and play areas. For spatial
flexibility, modular construction was used to allow for design
modification. Residents have a different entrance than nonresidents, but they must pass through a communal area before
entering their flats. This, hence, forces them LO inLeract and
socialize with one anoLher.
k
Dc-merits
Some of the concepts are culturally and socially new to traditional
societies such as Hong Kong. The planning stages took too tong
Tì1
----
_«__t_ ..__ !__
and involved too many factors,
at certain design stageS.
wch cod easily be out of control
(iibove sptia1 diagrams of
aliernatives für thared and private
spaces, from a MIT atutho protect
tiop rì&fl) first floor plan: the
dotted Irnos ñidicates boundanes
for consiructton modules
(bottom nght) ground floor plan
15
THE PASSAGE COMMUNITY
Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
Architect / Developer Womens Community Housing
4.2
Passage Community, established in 1986. is an example oía
second-stage housing community for single-parents and their
families. It is located in a neighbourhood with a high single-paient
population. The passage conununity is housed in a three-and-onehatf-storey, extensively renovated apartment building. It has 17
units, a chi'd-care facility, community rooms and indoor and
outdoor play spaces. During a resident's stay, an executive director
assists her in attaining self-defined goals, using residential and
community resources. Children over age 12, however, are not
allowed to reside in this residence. Becaùse teenagers need special
programming and additional space, supervision and sta1 the
implied cost would be too high for a small housing development.
Merns
This is a well-planned housing community, designed with
community and social approval and with set goals. The renovated
building still blinds in with the neighbourhood architecture,
having similar construction methods and materials. Support
services, such as daycare and counseling, are incorporated into the
development. This provides opportunities for socialization and
encourage neighbourhood networking between the residents. The
overall integrative planning responds to needs ofwomen and
children by providing a supportive and affordable housing
environment.
be-merits
Some ofthe concepts are culturally and socially new to traditional
Societies such as Bong Kong. The planning stages took too long
and involved too many factors, which could easily be out of control
at certain design stages. Internally, the layout is inflexible, for
structural reasons. to changing needs. For instance, the child care
facility cannot be expanded to accommodate increasing demand for
child care space.
(above) elevation of Passage
IL
'----:=i
Cctwttunìiy
(right) ground flooc plan
- i
Ibottom) typical Iloor plan
-',''____I
.
.
.
'-'J
i
LU
I
.1
f-"
TL4.
-u
-%
I
(
'E:iiJ-u'1
____$.1-lII.
M
- er.-
I
''- I
(
16
43
THE HUBERTUS HOUSE
Amsterdmi, Netherlands
Architect: Aldo van Eyck
This is a transitional residence for single mothers and their
children. located in an historical neighbourhood. The present
building is comprised of the original Hubertus House, and a 1982
addition. This home provides various services to its' residents.
including temporary accommodation. child-care and social
assistance.
Merits
The use of transparent and natural materials, and warm colours
have brighten and positive effects on both the physical environment
as well as the residents' psyche. The spatial hierarchy is clearly
defined from private to semi-public: ensuite bedrooms, adjoining
living areas, social corridors, to a communal dinning area.
Furthermore, the children's quarters is enclosed by the public front,
allowing them to live and play in a free and safe setting. The
overall design is economical: the space within the limited boundary
is fully utilized. The roof and interior corridors, for instance, are
used as children's play area. The connections between the major
functional elements, mother and children's quarters and old and
new structures, are well thought out. Every junction is deliberate
emphasized to symbolize the home: a transition point between
endings and beginnings.
De-monts
The separation of the mother and children's living quarters might
have adverse emotional effects on the children, if not on the
parents Moreover, it does not have a physical closeness where the
children could receive a sense of security from their parents.
Although exciting, the multi-layered play area could be dangerous
for the younger children to play in.
photos) top: front elevation;
middle: interior view ol front
entrance; bottom: mol terrace
Legend
Chikirers apartments
_____ 2 Ptayroocn
3 Hubertus Foundation
4 Entry hail
i
II
V
.
E
E
-
5 Adminstration
6 Dining room
7 Social services
8 ParentS lodging
ENrRr LEVI,
GROUNO LEVEL
V
VV'
-
above lefti enu lcvcl plan
jbove nghi) ground level plan
17
4.4
FAMILY RESOURCE CENTER
Butterfly Estate, Teen Mun, New Town
Sponsor: Hong Kong Social Welfare Department
The Hong Kong Family Welfare Society's Family Resource Centre
functions as a single-parent families service unit mainly to Tuen
Mun residents. Although small, occupying an 1500 sq. ft space,
the centre gives people an easy access to social services in an
informal setting. The aim is to "show the value of flexibility in
service provision and the possibility of adopting a new and more
responsive approach in family service centres."9
Ments
The center's subtle and discreet environment suits Hong Kong's
cultural and social context; it lets people gradually build-up a
trust/network with the center. One could use the facilities and
services, such as the drop-in daycare, freely. The interior, cheerful
and furnished, create a home-like setting. There is a pantry with
cooking facilities, and sofa and chairs for anyone to use. its
planning is somewhat flexible: with a few adjustable partitions to
contract and expand for different occasions. This informal drop-in
approach is encouraging, successfully in attracting users.
De-merits
The centre's space is limited these is not enough space to
accommodate too many people. The children's playroom is too
enclosed and concealed, which reduces visual contacts and
supervision from other rooms. Indoor and outdoor connection is
only through the main entrance and barred windows. Though the
windows are relatively large, rooms are artificially lit. Natural
lighting is not fully utilized.
(nght) skctLi 0E intenor layout ut'
cantre; photoLphy was not
allowed
'Hong Kong Family Welfare Stcieiy,AnEvaivationResearch Reporr
Resource Centre. (Hong Kong:
on Family
Hong Kong Family Welfarc Society, June 1991) p. i.
18
5.0
SITE and CONTEXT
5.1
LOCATION AND SELECTION CRITERIA
residential population above 3OOOO (Shek Kip Mel's is
92,OOO5
high single-parent population (Sham Shui Po District is
while it is 557i2 in Shek Kip Mel)
area would not be cleared within three years
low income area - public housing area
close proximity to public transportation, commercial and
public facilities
away from main roads and heavy vehicular traffic; limited
vehicular access
within a residential neighbourhood, away from industrial sites
relatively safe area with nearby police station, and wcll-lit
neighborhood
site to be within a public housing estate to improve its
conditions and to economically justify the development
52
DESCRIPTION
Site: Nam Shan Estate, Shek Kip Mci,
Sham Sbui Po District, Kowloon.
(refer to fig. 8 for site photos)
i. for location see Location Map below
-
ShekKipMei
I, Hong Kong Ccnsus and Statistics Dept, Hongicong 199] Population Census:
Quarters. Eoiseho1ds andPopuiai:on by Type ofLivrng Quaners. (Hong
Kong: GovenunentPriides., 199)p.l.
Living
II 1992 source provided by the Hong Kong
niiy Wdfar CnIrc.
w Appcndix 7.1 for Singk-preni Fmi1y Popula*ion Calculmon
19
fig. S site photos
Nam Shan Estates main entrance
-
Nam Ytu 1-louse buitdtn5 to be
renovated
Podium playground in front of
Nam Yiu House
L--'
;
fl1_ri
I
pl'
Back side of Nam 'ñu House
I.,._
'I'!
J
J
2.
I
-
for site see Site Map below
_./'/
/rr1)
---W4t/.
ii
V.'
IIT
,
I
9
.
.
&.
1IJ
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-
\
r
,
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!
/ /,/J/ .,
-'
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- -a
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-.
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IaáÍìÍTT 4
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.
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r
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;
t JYAUIYATTSUEN
SeMap?
Scale 1:5000 J
A
w.rnrllna
Site
Nani Yiu House is located within Nain Shan Estate in Slick
Kip Mci, Kowloon. The Hong Kong Housing Authority
Gonstructed this IO-storey building in 1978 as one afthe Mark
VI Series. There are 540 5-person fiais located between
second and eighth floors, and 60 10-person flats on the ninth
and tenth floors.
4
owner of land
- Hong Kong Government
5. zoning
- R(A) = Residential, Group A
- zone one
6. no lease conditions
7. height, shadow restrictions
- maximum 5 1 meters
g. site information
3.
- classofsiteB
- netsitearea57,SOOsq. m.
- periTlitted site coverage 39% of net sit arca
-
39%(57,50Osq. m.)
permitted SC - 22,425 sq. m.
actual (existing) SC
13,404 sq. m.
remaining SC
= 9,021 sq. m.
21
-
9.
plotratio=7.0
permitted total gross floor area= 7.0 (site coverage)
= 7.0 (57,500 sq. im)
permitted total GFA= 402,500 sq. m.
- actual (existing) total GFA
172,500 sq. m.
- remaining (buildable) GFA = 230,000 sq. m.
density information
- development ratio = 5 (using 1996-2001 figures)
- gross design population density 1670 persons per ha
- average persons per flat = 3.60
- existing residential gross floorspace per person (RGF)
= 10 sq. m.
- recommended residential RGF = 18.77 sq. m.
- recommended residential net floorspace per person
(RNF) or occupation density = 80% of RGF
= 80% (18.77 sq. m.)
= 15.02 sq. m.
5.3
SITE ANALYSIS
Confexf
Nam Yiu House. located within Nam Shan Estate in Shek Kip
Mei, is situated in Sham Shul Po District. Its northwestern side is
protected by a steep slope, the southeastern by a park I playground
while the other two sides by two other estate buildings. The estate
itself is surrounded by markets and shops, primary and secondazy
schools. City Polytechnic University, playgrounds and parks, a
Shek K.ip Mci Police Station as well as other estates.
.
7W
I
/ iQ
%
"K.t"
.f
'-.-.-j
4.
L
I/
ÍL
ri ==
SRE KIP MEl
CONTEXT
-
,,
-s
-r
.)'
J!?
1F
WJ
0
5
t
\Ç.
S
\\\
-
-5
\V'
2
2
9
.
H
H..
A
/
-.
--
if
E 'j'
g
I.4lItV...
SITE
I
-
-
t
22
The arca immediately around Nam Yiu House is peaceful during
the day because outside and unwanted traffic noise is shielded by
the slope and other estate buildings. The park / playground in
facing it is open and tiered, with some seats shaded by mature
trees. The elderly population is high and most seem to spend their
time sitting in the park and chatting to each other. Most children
tend to use the playground in the late afternoon, possibly because
it is unshaded from the sun. (refer to fig. 9 below)
Inside Nam Yiu House is a series of long and dark corridors,
where the utility pipes are exposed. There are four sets of fire
escape staircase and four elevators serving the long building. Not
much activities occur within these internal areas. From sixth floor
and above, the views from both longitudinal sides are good.
viewing beyond other estates and lower-floor sighilines.
(above left) Opci cooked food
suill in Nain Shan Estate
(above right) Nain Shan Estat&s
playground
(bottom right) Another nearby
pla ground
Traffic
Both pedestrian and vehicular traffic is limited by the siting of the
estate buildings and restricted by few and highly visible entrances.
Vehicles cannot travel beyond the Nam Shan Estate boundary and
can be stationed in the parking building next to Nam Yiu House.
Only service vehicles can access the site and is separated from any
pedestrianized areas. The site is within a five-minute walking
distance from Shek Kip Mci's MTR station and is next to several
bus stops. (refer to fig. 10 below)
The park / playground within the estate is layered in such a way
that some platforms have more traffic than others. The busiest
level being the lowest and most protected, vsibly and physically.
The unoccupied areas are those which are either too exposed or
too enclosed.
(1g. IO Shek Kip Meis MTR
entrancc
RI
1b. .u:ji ulr1nflj
-Q* 4
F
..
VE-$ICULAR
Vt
TRAFFIC
'SI
U o, sa.,,
IL
i]
N*
'
le
24
54
Constraints
CONSTRAINTS AND OPPORTUNITIES
building structure - The basic building module and floor
height are restricted to the existing structural frame. In addition,
the loading is also limited to the existing structure.
existing
aircraft noise - Since it is located under the current flight path, the
site is very noisy. The design will, therefore, pay special attention
to acoustics to block aircraft noise.
Oppoitunìtios
human resource -The youth and elderly population is high by
observation at the Street level. These people are available for
conununity services, such as voluntary grandparents and big
brother & sister.
open space - The estate buildings are spaced comfortably apart
and reasonably well-kept. There are vast amount of open arca and
playgrounds.
established neighbourhood - The Nain Shan Estate bas been
established since 1978. This is considered to be a fairly stable and
settled neighbourhood. Plus a chance to rehabilitate part of the
estate and revitalize the neighbourhood.
existing amenities - There are many existing public amenities
such as schools (near City Polytechnic University and SPACE
Building), outdoor space (concrete form with a few trees),
neighbourhood centers (including religious halls), markets, and
shops.
25
6.0
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Ahrentzen, Sheriy. "Overview of Housing for Single-Parent
Households." in New Households, New Housing, pp. 143-146.
Sherry Ahrentzen and Karen Franck, eds. New York: Van
Nostrand Reinhold, 1989.
Cook, Christine. "Passage Community: Second-Stage Housing for
Single-Parents." in New Households, New Housing, pp. 208222. Sheny Ahrentzen and Karen Franck, eds. New York:
Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1989.
Concepcion, Juanito. "Single Parent Dilemma: Who is There to
Look Alter Their Kids?" Window. 17 March 1995: p. 9.
Crow, Graham and Hardey, Michael. "The Housing Strategies of
Lone Parents." In Lone Parents, pp. 57-65. Graham Crow
and Michael Hardey, eds, London: Harvester Wheatshea1,
1991.
Clover, Judith and Hardey, Michael. "Income. Employment,
Daycare and Lone Parenthood." In Lone Parents, pp. 88-109.
Graham Crow and Michael Hardey, eds. London: Harvester
Wheatsheaf 1991.
Gunts, Edward. "Architecture for Kids." Architecture, voL 82
(April 1993), 76-82.
Hong Kong Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong 1991
Population: Summary Results, Government Printer, 1991.
Hong Kong Council of Social Services, Role ofthe Family in
Community Care. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Council of Sociai
Services, April 1994.
Hong Kong Council of Social Services, The Five Year Plan for
Socìal Welfare Development in Hong Kong - Review 1993.
Hong Kong: Social Welfare Dept., 1993.
Hong Kong Family Welfare Society, An Evaluation Research
Report on Family Resource Centre. Hong Kong: Hong Kong
Family Welfare Society, June 1991.
Hong Kong Housing Authority. HousingAuthorilyAnnual Report
1993-1994. Hong Kong: Government Printer, 1994,
Hong Kong Planning Dept.. Hong Kong Planning Standards and
Guidelines. Hong Kong: Government Printer, 1995.
Hong Kong Social Welfare Dept., Family Services Division.
Childcare Centres Ordinance 1975 and Regulations - Code
Practice. Hong Kong: Social Welfare Dept., 1975.
of
Jones, Vincent, ed.. EnrstNeufert:Architects'Data. London:
Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1980.
26
Lam, Tak-Ho. "The Relationship Between Family Adaptability
and Social Support of Single Parent Families.' Hong Kong
University of Hong Kong, 1991.
Law Chi-Kwong,
Need.
ofSingle Parent Families: A
Hong Kong Family Welfare
Comparative Study. Hong Kong:
Society, March 1991.
Leung, Man-Kit. "Restructuring ofthe Nigh-Rise Community of
Public Housing - Hing Wah Estate 11." Hong Kong: University
ofHongKong, 1992.
Leung, Lai-Ching.
Research Report on Patterns ofFfealth ¿md
IlinessAmongst Lone Mothers in Hong Kong.
Hang Kong:
City Polytechnic ofHong Kong, March 1993.
Leung, Sai-Ho. "Redevelopment ofNorth Point Estate." Hong
Kong: University of}long Kong, 1995.
Lin, Sui-Ha. "Housing 2001 in Lei Yue Mun." Ilong Kong:
University of Hong Kong, 1995.
Newman, Oscar. Defensible Spaces: People and Design in the
Violent Cliv. London: Architeçtural Press, 1973.
Ngan, Man-Hung. "The Informal Caring Networks Among
Chinese Families in Hong Kong." Hong Kong: University of
Hong Kong, 1990.
Sprague, Joan. "Two Cases of Transitional Housing Development
in Boston." in New Households, New Housing, pp. 208-222.
Sherry Ahrentzen and Karen Franck, eds. New York: Van
Nostrand Reinhold, 1989.
Weissbourd, Bernice. "Design, Staffing, and Funding of Family
Support Programs." In America 's Family Support Programs,
pp. 245-268. Sharon Kagan, ed. Boston: Yale University
.Pres, 1987,
27
7.0
Appendix 7,1
APPENDICES
SINGLE-PARENT FAMILY POPULATION CALCULATION
Shek Kip Mci's single-parent population is based on the ratio of' its
residential population to its district's, Sham Shui Po, population.
The unknown, X, is then derived from the Sham Shui Po's singleparent population using that ratio. The calculation is as follows:
Shek Kip Mel Residential Population13 (5KM)
Sham Shui PO District Population (SSP)
Shek Kip Mel Single-parent Population (SPI)
Sham Shul Po Single-parent Population (SF2)
8KM
= 92,000
=
=
380,615
X
2,302
SPI
85F - SF2
92,000
380,615
X
2,302
X = 56.43 = 557 Sinole Parents residing in Shek Ki
Mel.
Percentage of Female Parents Population (P) =
Shek Kip Mei Singie-parent Population (SPi) =
Number of Female Parents in Shek Kip Mel (FP)
66.8%
557
=
Y
FP = P (SPI)
Y = 66.8% (557)
Y = 373 Female Parents residing in Shek Ki
Mel
the total number of residential flats to be provided in the
housing re-development should not be less than 372 units. To give
some allowance for some additional units, the number shall thus be
to rounded-off to 400 units.
Therefore,
I, Hong Kong Census and Slatistics Dept..JlóngKong 1991 Popuìai:on Censís:
LivrngQr«rt«rs,Househo1dswidPopu1anon by TypeofLiving Qiwrters. (Hong
Kong: Oovmment ?,inEet,,
1991) p.18.
28
Appendix 7.2
TOTAL NUMBER OF RESIDENTIAL UNITS CALCULATION
Aller renovation, the existing building could provide a maximum
of 304 residential units. The size of one unit is based on a 4-person
unit type flat. The spatial requirement for four persons is 60.08 sq.
m.. For the new extension, the remaining total gross floor area
((WA) is 230,000 sq. m.. This allows up to about 3800 more units
to be added to the housing estate. That is,
maximum new units allowed
= GFA / 4-person unit area
= (230,000 / 60.08) sq. m.
= 3828 new units allowed
Albeit this large figure, it would be densely inappropriate to force
so many units into the estate. Since the basic required number of
units is determined
to be 400, then the minimum units to be provided by the new
extension will be 400 minus 304. Hence, the minimum number of
residential in the extension is 96 units. More units may be added;
this will depend on other constraints, such as site conditions.
29
Precast Concrete System:
Its' application in building
renovation and addition
by Christina LEE Chung Yee
0
8
/liÎ
j
Department of Architecture
Faculty of Architecture
University of Hong Kong
1995-1996
Thesis Supervisor: Mr. Patrick Lau
SPECL4L STUDY
CONTENTS
Contents...................................................................................... i
1.0
INTRODUCTION .................................................................... i
1.1
1.2
1 .3
2.0
3.0
DESIGN STUDY
2.!
Principles
22
Design Considerations
TECHNICAL STUDY .............................................................. 5
3.1
3.2
3.3
4.0
Objectives
Design Criteria
Definitions
Feasible Building Systems
Fixing and Connection Methods
Technical Details
3.3.1
Weatherproofing Movement Joints
Surface Finishes
3.3.2
CASE STUDIES...................................................................... ii
Foreign Case Studies
4.2
Lovai Case Study
4.1
5.0
APPLICATION & CONCLUSION ....................................... 14
5.1
5.2
Building Renovation
Building Addition
6.0
BIBLIOGRAPHY
7.0
APPENDICES .......................................................................... 7
7.1
Preferred Dimensions, Increments, And Positioning Of
Functional Elements
7.2
Overall Tolerance Calculation
7.3
Glossary of Terms
16
SPECL4I-
LO
INTRODUCTION
Li
OBJECTiVES
This study. PrecaM Concrele Systems, explores the design and
technical aspects of precast concrete in architecture. The first
section will look at some design principles and considerations.
The second Will investigate the technologies in building systems.
fixing methods, and weatherproofing and finishing details. The
subsequent part will analyze three case studies relating to precast
concrete. In the final section, a summaiy will present some
possible applications in building addition and renovation design.
There are three basic objectives to this special study. The main
objective is to garn some understanding of precast concrete
design and application. The second is to analyze and evaluate the
information. The third is to apply it in the Thesis design,
involving a renovation of and addition to a Hong Kong public
housing block.
Ii
Technical
DESIGN CRIThRIA
Quality Control
There is a need to ensure the quality offinished products. Quality
control ofsite and manufacturing work, such as finishing details
and workmanship shall be properly monitored. The building
process should be simplified and standardized as much as possible
to assist such control
Ñex;bÜity
A flexible construction system, which is adjustable to different
building cases, is desired. Such system could be mixed with
different building methodologies to facilitate construction.
Econoimc
Standadzaton of utding Pcoces
There is a need for an efficient building system based on structurai
modules, which could be modified and mass produced. This mass
production will help minimize building time as well as o1ì-site
labour cost. This saving, subsequently. could be spent elsewhere
such as on higher quality finishing.
1.3
Architectural
Precast
Modular System
Fefabncaton
DEFINITIONS
This refers to any pre-cast concrete unit which is employed as an
element ofarchitectural design, whether for structural or decorative
purposes.
This implies a building system which is based on a specific coordinating size. The co-ordinating size is a dimension that is
common to two or more building components to permit their
assembly, including allowance for joints and tolerances.
This refers to a precasting process in which a required form is
replicated. The mould is re-used many times, without any
modification, to produce the same form. The casting is done either
in a factory or at a fixed location on the site. The elements are
SPECIAL STUDY
finally transported to the erection area
Precast
bivi$iOn into
Elements
Precast units, or architectural precasts, can be classified as small or
large, depending on their sizes and weights. Alternatively they may
be classified as homogeneous or composite, depending on the
number of different materials used in their fabrication A
homogeneous units consists of one material while a composite of
several layers.
This process suggests the
breaking down of a continuous structure
into components. These components are first prefabricated and
later installed together, with provisions for specially designed
connections and joints.
SPECIAL STUDY
2.0
DESiGN STUDY
2.1
PRINCIPLES
Modular
This dimensioning method is adapted to achieve a coordinated and
unified System for the spatial dimensions, the component sizes
incorporated in structures, and other fittings and equipment. This
creates a geometric order which allows the mass production of
standard constmction elements that are usable and interchangeable
to a greater extent. The internationally accepted basic module or
unit size is 100 mm which is denoted by the letter M. Component
dimensions are chosen so as to fit into the modular giid. The
recommended ruling vertical and horizontal measurements are the
heights between floors and the distances between the center lines of
the supports. respectively. The unit size determines the preferred
sizes', the overall dimension limits of units and structures while the
multimodular grid the positioning of ftinctiona] elements.
Cooitnaon
Since manufactured objects will always have slight dimensional
differences, one should make allowances for adequate joint widths
between precast members. When using bolts, the bolt holes should
be oversized so that they could absorb accumulated tolerances.
Moreover, deviations should be allowed fbr the various inaccuracy
which occur during the manutcturing process, and during on site
framework or precast unit assembly. More than one inaccuracies
may affect a single dimension of a component. Hence, one should
specify a component's permissible deviations and combine these to
arrive at a given dimension, its overall tolerance2
Tolerance
For facing or facade elements tighter tolerances are necessary. This
especially refers to the manufacturing tolerances and to the screw
holes and bearing pins locations for fastening and supporting. To
avoid accumulative tolerances during erection, one should check
the actual overall dimensions against those required before hoisting.
A simple sorting and rearrangement ofthe erection sequence is a
practical solution, in preference to carrying out statistical
calculations on the site - with a possible hold-up in the assembly
work.
Ratoîiaftzation
A rationalized and consistent design approach is needed The
designer should aim for consistency in dimensions, spacing and
positions ofelements and grid but avoid deviations from the chosen
system. Moreover, the numbers of different elements should be
limited.
Mechanization of
Manufacture
One must consider, in the mechanization ofthe manuthcturing
process, a fw factors. First, the design should be simple, avoid
holes, edges and inserts as much as possible. Second. simple
solutions should be sought for supports, joints and junctions.
Third, the shape ofeach element and the formwork itself should be
designed so that the formwork can easily be repeated and stripped.
I
2
s Appendix 7. 1 Ir Prcferred Dimensions rnd IncemenI
Appendix 7.2 (br overall Toleranec Caleu1aion
SPECL4L STUDY
2.2
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Manufactunng
Precast concrete manufacturing involves standardization of
components, with the casting mould as the common factor of
production. The basic consideration is in the economy in mould
use. Generally, between 30 to 40 uses could be expected from a
timber mould before a major remake is required. The usual practice
is to use several moulds concurrently to reduce precasting time.
The optimum is gained, therefore, by designing the different types
comprising a precast system as multiples of 30 to 40 castings. This
standardization of unit types proposes other benefits such as
reduction in detailing and pie-production period; availability of
identical replacements for damaged or rejected units on site.
Jornt
Joint sealing pioblems will arise during assembly of building
components. one must think about the effects ofthermal expansion
and contraction movements and the design ofjoints3 to allow for
fitting ofcornponents in place. Joint ftinctions include controlling
air, sand, eEc); maintenance (to
the environment (passage of
permit pariial or complete dismantling and re-assembly);
accommodation of deviations (variations in joint sizes). durability
(to resist damages); and economics (low initial and maintenance
costs)
Weatherproofing
waters
Failures:
Weathenng
Weathering could be detrimental to the structure and especially the
appearance ofa building. Even though this process could not be
prevented, there are ways in which the inevitable results of
weathering could be minimized. Morns summarized the following
points to reduce the weathering effects ofprecast concrete system:
(i) recognize weathering values inherent in darker. rougher types of
surface finish;
(ii) provide projecting overhangs and sills wherever practicable;
such projection could prevent graded-wash' effects on
individual units and edge beams;
(iii) control rainwater from running down exposed surfaces; and
(iv) recognize the role played by strongly expiessed joint patterns.
or the related visual emphasis or reliefprovided by other
elevational materials, in helping to reduce the apparent effects
of weathering change.
:
Glossary ofTernis
I
a pu1ia 'ist O.Iuint
irjoirn rdailed terms
inc1im from ine
uii3in Reseaîeh Estah%isnnierA's
Digest 137. Principle a/Join! Design.
A. E. J. Monis, Precast Concrete in.-lrchileclure. (1.n George Godwin
Ltd., I 978)pp. 3Q-3O9
4
SPECIAL STUDY
3.0
TECHNICAL STUDY
3.1
FEASIBLE BUILDING SYSTEMS
Large Pane!
.
EI
fig.] panels in various shapes
This system uses large panels both as walls and slabs (see fig. 1),
with each component weighing between 5 to 50 kN. These bulky
components require a spacious environment for production and
heavy equipment for handling. Structurally, this could be classified
into three categories (see fi.2): (i) long-wall; (ii) cross-wall; and
(iii) two-way systems. The first system is for buildings with 1are
open areas. such as schools or fä.ctories. The second ¡s for
residential buildings up to six storeys while the third is for blocks
with si,c storeys and above, because of even load distribution in two
directions. In the last case. the slab thickness is reduced and dead
load decreased.
TTh
R±J
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fig.2 structural systems
I_sJT O? fIlOUS OMS OP
flg.3 (fär right) examples ofskeleton system
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L1I4L SYITIM
1.11
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LW! Mfl TSIM
A
,-cn.d ALLÎC
UÄtS
Skeleta(
The skeletal system uses the same structural elements, such as
columns, beams and slabs. as those in monolithic or in-Situ framed
structures (see fig.3). For reduced constifiction time, beams and
columns could be pre-assembled into frames or even threedimensional uniti before erection. Shear walls or frames with stiff
corners should help resist horizontal loads, such as wind or seismic
forces.
UftS!ab
All the slabs are cast at the ground floor level, on top of each other,
having a non-adhesive membrane or 'bond breaker' to separate
each slab (sec fig.4). Each slab is thenjacked and hoisted in to
place; each has openings left in for columns placement The
reinforced or prestressed concrete columns bave plates and
connections cast in at the floor levels, and the slabs are installed
with matching steel collars. These are at last connected by welding.
The lift slab system is generally based on a grid ranging from 5 x 6
sq. m. to 9.5 x 9.5 sq. m.. The typical slab thickness is between
200-250mm..
Box
The box in this system represents one complete living unit,
providing privacy and acoustic insulation with its own walls. These
box units could be erected in stacks or as free-standing structures
___________ ___________I
fig.4 lift slab system
SPELAL STUDY
based on the width of a double bedroom,
which is about 2.2 to 3.0 m. (overall) or 2.5 to 28 m. (internal).
Fiat or ribbed precast panels are used to create each unit
Moreover, units may be more complex: with components such as
fittings and sanitaiy units pre-installed during production. Although
time saving, this system proves to be expensive and heavy because
et overlapped unit elements, such as walls and floors. An
alternative method to eliminate such duplication is to stack units up
in a way which allows them to share the slabs (see flg.5). This
could be achieved by using alternate complete unit and u-shaped
placed in-between voids.
The size is generally
- -
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IL-
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fig 5 box system
EVALUATION
--
Ofthe four systems, the large panel system provides intiinsic
stability in orthogonal directions. Itsjoint treatment is the simplest:
concrete cast-in-place or grouting. However, the internal location
ofthe structural walls are unalterable after assemblage. The simple
shapes ofthe components in the skeleton system are best for
transportation and assembly. But the assembly process could be
time-consuming and complicated because ofall the jointing
intersections. The lift slab system, on the other hand, is economical
for buildings from 4 to 1 4 storeys since slabs are precast on site, the
need for transportation or casting yard is eliminated. Design wise,
this grid-based system is too rigid and inflexible. Lastly, the box
system inherently has the mast privacy and best acoustic insulation.
Fittings and sanitaiy units could be pre-installed within the box
units, but would add more cost to transportation and weight to the
structure.
'Q.
.1.
3.2
1--
The terms fixings and connections are similar when used to
describe the process ofjoining components together. But
the fixings refer to "methods ofsecuring cladding
panels to the structural frame, or adjoining cladding panels to
each other," whereas the connections mean "the rigid joining
together ofpnmary structural elements."7 The latter involves
techniques: continuity reinforcement and insitu concrete; welded
projecting steeiwork; and bolting.
. --.
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o
itechnically,
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FIXING AND CONNECTiON METHODS
._i
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fig.6 fixing & connection
methods
cladding fixing to
a stnjcuraI
There are threes basic fixing and connection methods in precast
concrete design (see fig.6): (A) cladding fixing to a structural
frame; (B) permanent formwork to in-situ concrete structural
members; and (C) primaty structural components.
Claddings are secured in place on a building using fixings (see
flg.7). These fixings must then transfer loading forces from the
cladding components to the structural frame. Loadbearing lixings
are designed in the form of a continuous nib cast onto the inside
face oftbe panel and bearing directly on the floor edge beam. For
undersill panels, the nib is formed at or near the bottom edge.
Storey-height walls panels could then be either bottom supported or
top hung from a nib cast on, at or neai' the top. After panels are
positioned and leveled in place, the bed joint is dry packed with
mortar or a suitable proprietary compound.
A. E- J. Morris, Precut Concrete in Architecire. London: George Godin
T.td 1978)p .555
ibid. p. 555.
ibid., p. 259.
6
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fig,7 types offixings for
large-size panels
PsfmanBnt
Form work To
Members
_________________________________________
In addition to securing panels and transferring forces to the
structural frame, loadbearing fixings will also provide restraint
against lateral movement. One way is with the use ofa suitable
metal angle cleat bolted to cast-in sockets in both thc precast nib
and the in-situ edge beaim Mother way is by using a metal dowel
grouted into a hole formed in the nib and a matching socket in the
edge beam.
This connection method utilizes precast units as permanent
formwork which are cast onto in-situ concrete structural members
(see fig.8). Either the temporaiy formwork-support structure must
be capable of holding the precast units in position until the in-situ
concrete has hardened; or unsupported precast units must be
temporarily tied back to the internal formwork. This is crucial to
proper alignment of components because movement may occur
during initial placement and vibration, Usually, provision of
projecting reinforcement loops would be cast into the in-situ
concrete as precautions. Joints between panels must be adequately
sealed against leaking.
t
(top right) types of
formwork to in-situ
concrete structural
members
fig.
-
t
IIrxI.r
prit
fig.9 (bottom right) types of
wall units connection
Primasy
Sbvdural
Components
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We!! Units
Structural wall units are commonly connected to floor slabs, edge
or structurai acreed topping of precast floor construction
(see fig.9). There are three types of connections between the two
components: (A) reinforcement cast projecting from the wall unit.
and cast into the in-situ concrete floor slab; (B) welded connection
plates cast into precast wall and floor units; and (C) bolted
connection through bole in precast floor unit. There is normally no
requirement to provide direct connections between adjoining wall
units in addition to connections frined indirectly through the floor
slab construction
;=J
Cohimn, Beam & Slab Junr4ions
-a
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.-
..
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fig. i Oolinnn, beam & slab
junctions
Assembling different components together requires proper
connection methods. In multi-storey buildings, the intersection of
structural components may be accomplished by (see fig. 10): (a)
beam parallel to facade; (b) beam perpendicular to fcade; (c)
beams parallel and perpendicular to facade; and (d) slab
perpendicular to facade structure. These intersections should be
imphfld to relieve complications and difficulties with fittings.
7
SPEL4L S7WV
Generally, one should keep ¡n mind two principles9 when seeking
solutions: (i) column connections should not be located at
intersections but instead. locate them somewhere between floor
levels; and (ii) facade beams should not be connected at
intersections but at points within the spans, allowing the use of
cantilevered sections.
External St,vctural Scmens
These external screens are free-standing structure, located outside
the external wall enclosure (See fig. I I ) The majority of designs are
based on the use ofthe cruciform elevational components which
combine the part-functions ofcolumn and beam. The connections
between the horizontal members and the floor slabs are based on
the above section ofColuinn, BeWnAPVJSkJbJUPWIIOn. However,
IJ
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A
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B
Lt
C
D
I
fig. li types of column & beam
connections
VALUAT!ON
The first method requires fixings to be strong and durable in order
to transfer loading forces to structural frame. The cladding must
also be strong but light enough not to strain the fixings. Since bed
joints are dry packed, there is a risk ofwater seepage ifjoints are
not properly done. The second method, permanent formwork,
produces a homogeneous connection between precast components
and structural members. Nonetheless, this method is not suited for
large-panel connections because ofhigher inaccuracy due to
possible movement during initial placement and/or vibration period.
Lastly, the stmctural component method allows prefbrication of
individual members which are casier to transport and store on site.
However, the intersection where the components meet could be
problematic during assembly.
TECHNICAL DETAILS
33.I
Weatherproofing Joints
C
B
arc (A) nibs, or haunches, cast ori to the column and bolted or
dowel connection, grouted up. (B) welded connection with steel
plates cast on to the beam end, and matching on the nibs; (C)
recesses formed in the column with bolted or welded plate
connections; and (D) continuous beani spans over columns and
dowel connection
3.3
i:iii 3-E ][.
A
the connons for the columns and beams ofthe external screen
fig. 12 diagrammatic
weatherprooflngjoints
External-Sealed
There are several types ofjoints'°. They include compression.
filled, open and movementjoints. It is not vital to explain these
typologies; what is the treatment ofthesejoints. One paramount
treatment is weatherproofing. Weatherproofing "is a process of
protecting all joints and openings from the penetration of
moisture and wind"11 There are three basic ways of
westhCiProofill joints between precast concrete components (see
12): (A) external-sealed; (B) open drained; and (B) gasketsealed joints.
flij
¡
the most versatile weatherproofing method between pairs of
. A. M. ilsas, Freca-si Concrele; Design andApplìcaeion. (Lndoi: Applied
SciencePublishcrsLtd.. 1983.)
, søc Appendix 7.3 Glossaiy ofTerrns forjoint related Ims
u
A E. J. Moths. PrecOI Concrete inArchitecWTe. LondoTE George Godwth
Ltd. 1978)p. 5S6.
SPECL4L STUDY
F'
precast components, and is also well suited for bounding structural
frame members. A joint is weathcrproofbd at or near the external
face by the use of a suitable sealing material. This adhesive sealant,
a synthetic rubber product, is applied joint sides, with long-term
flexibility to accommodate joint movement. External-scaled joints
nearly always take the form of a butt joint. The sealing compound is
forced into the joint, against a suitable backing material, under
adequate pressure to ensure satisfactory 'wetting' of the joint faces.
Open Oraned
This method provides a weatherproofseal which involves the
provision of separate rainwater and air-pressure seals. This design
allows an au-tight barner at the back ofthejoint to prevent airflow
through it. The joint geometry helps trap most of rainwater in an
outer zone. An intermediate baffle normally divides the vertical joint
into two zones: the outer, from which most of the water entering the
joint is drained away; and the inner, which drains away what little
water is able to penetrate past the baffle.
Gasket-Sealed
sealing method is suitable forjoining dissimilar material
components together. The gaskets may be cast into the concrete
component forming one side of a joint. either to be compressed
during fixing ofthe second component; or compression may be
achieved by insertion into the joint after both components have been
positioned,
EVALUA11ON
The first type ofweatherproofing method, external-sealed, is the
most versatile and simple one ofall, But the sealing process must
be done properly to achieve a good bond. The second method,
open-drained, is more cautious since it has separate rainwater and
air-pressure seals to ensure airtightness and a path for water
drainage. The last type, gasket-sealed, is suitable for joining
dissimilar material units together. This is because the gasket
provides a thermal bridge between the components.
3.3.2
Sw*ce Finishes
The surfäce of cured concrete contributes to the overall
appearance as well as the maintenance frequency ola building.
Hence, ¡t is important to understand the surthce properties of
concrete finishes. Surface finishes are mainly divided into three
groups (see fig. 13): (A) exposed aggregate; (B) aggregate faced;
and (C) moulded and textured finishes.
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Exposed
Aggragate
Exposed aggregate finishes are created by revealing the surthcc
pieces ofthe aggregate used throughout the entire precast unit.
This finished concrete form is suitable for load-bearing structural
components because of its homogeneous mixture. The component
could thereby take on different loading pressures without cracking.
Aggregate Faced
Aggregate thoed finishes are achieved by exposing the surface pieces
of a selected aggregate used for a special facing layer of concrete
integrally cast onto a different base concrete. Otherwise, this type is
basically the same as exposed aggregate finished.
sPEcI4L SWOY
.
oi!d&if &
Textured
Moulded and textured finishes are accomplished in three ways:
(a) Using the mould textured and profiled technique, the concrete
is cast against special mould surfaces. This special mould
surfaces are selected to give the desired three-dimensional
aesthetic effect.
(b) With the surface worked - wet method, a wide range of surface
finishes may be created by impressions. This is done after
compaction but whilst the concrete is still at an impressionable
stage. One could create these impressions using techniques
such as tampmg, rollin& sawing, anddragging.
(c) Mother method, surface worked -thy, is used on the concrete
after it is cured and de-moulded. One may apply surface
grinding and/or incised grooving techniques to produce a
vanety of finishes, even to a polished-look.
EVALUATION
With aggregate faced finishes, it is not recommended for loadbeaiing structural components because of the two dissimilar mix
designs. This mixture could produce critically different
compressive strengths, with the risk ofpartial separation or
fracturing under load. The moulded and textured finishes could
produce the most creative surface finishing. Generally, the darker
and rougher the finished surface is, the it is less likely to be affected
by external forces. Since this is the case, the last type of finishes
may be the most eflèctive for precast concrete buildings.
lo
SPECIAL STUDY
4.0
CASE STUDIES
4.1
FOREIGN CASE STUDIES
Wall Replacement with Floor Extensions
The purpose ofthis renovation was to replace the 1960 curtain
wall. The old elements were removed one bay at a time and
replaced the rigid old facade. Projecting metal bays replaced an
existing curtain wall of concrete and aluminum The new bays are
supported by continuous structural steel tubes that connect at the
roof to steel-plate brackets fixed to a steel comice. Steel struts
extending from each floor were bolted to the existing concrete
slabs and welded to steel tubes New lightweight concrete slabs
over a metal deck extended the old slab out to the bays.. projecting
two feet from the original perimeter. The only precast components
used were panels and parapets.
Meíits
Technically, this is a clever and sounding solution to building
renovation. The steel tubes, concrete slabs and metal deck are
visually and physically light extension of the old building.
Aesthetically, the new contemporary facade adds presence to an
old deteriorating building, by re-defining it with a new expressive
structure, Although there is a strong contrast between the old and
new, it still allows the final design to keep the building's original
character.
Demerits
Economically, with the such a tedious removal process. this
solution would be expensive and time-consuming ifone wants to
apply it in housing construction Technically, old slabs must be
structurally stable to take on new fixings, such as bolts, to be
attached to the new components. Moreover, precast concrete is
not used extensively in this case, but if it were, the total renovation
cost might have been lower.
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far left: section of
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renovation
top left: building
before renovation
bottom left: building
after renovation
SPECIAL STUDY
Precast Concrete Exterior Wall
This office building was scheduled to be completed in early 1996
but was actually completed a few months ahead of time, The entire
building was designed using a 3D-modeling software, which
allowed the undulation and staggering of' the exterior skin.
Furthermore, the cad information was used to produce the precast
concrete elements and assist site erection. The computer drawings
and analyses assisted fabricators with creating reusable formwork
for casting the concrete panels. A computer routine sorted the
panel geometries into groups of five or six based on their surface
curvature. Each group was cast from the same form, which was
modified slightly after each pour for the next unique shape. The
pre-cast concrete, insulation-and-plaster finish, and metal window
were verified in a mock-up panel before construction began.
Merits
The wavy external wall system is atypical of the precast concrete
designs. In this case, the facade was the most difficult building part
to construct because accurate fitting is necessary. Consequently,
precasting was chosen to mould the panels as well as control
product quality. A good use of computer technology, moreover,
helped optimized the fixing details and make the formwork
possible. I-fence, the computer-generated components could be
easily moulded and assembled on site by a fewer workers, whereby
construction period was reduced.
Dements
Sophisticated computer modeling and manufacturing tools could be
a costly investment, especially on a restricted budget for a housing
scheme. Because of modeling and testing to derive the irregular
form, the designing process would take a good amount of coordination and man-power from conception to construction,
top left' building
during external wall
assembly
top right: computer
3D-model of a
precast concrete wall
panel
12
SPECiAL STUDY
4.2
LOCAL CASE STUDY
Housing Project with Precast Facade
A modular approach was taken in the design of this residential
building. Some building components were standardized and prefabricated near the construction site. The three identical wings of
the trident-shaped tower allowed rotational and repetitive use of
formwork One of the major precast component was the building's
facade,
above: view of building
under construction
Each facade consisted of concrete spandrels, walls, and windows.
The pieces were cast in a 20 x 60 m, yard. using steel formwork
maneuvered by a traveling crane. Concrete was poured into the
formwork with reinforcement bars already in place. The concrete
was let set for seven days and then sat upright for 14 more days
before demounting. Each was finished with mosaic tiles and spray
paint
Monts
A good first trial project for using a precast facade element in
Hong Kong housing construction The process made good use of
the available resources, such as large site area for a casting yard
and man and technical power for co-ordination.
Dements
Water seepage through vertical joints between structural frame and
precast facade was due to poor joint detailing and/or assembly
work. Quality control is needed for assembling components, as a
result ofunskilled labour The facade design is also monotonous,
making precast concrete design unexciting.
N
N.
//
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.
p. M
kt
POR
.
above: overview of site
casting yard
below de-mounted
precast concrete walls
--j:
RUBBeR STOP
L.41JLÇ.
FLAN OP
L
top left. a precast
facade wall: plan of
facade
wall
top: section of
facade wall
13
SPECIAL STUDY
5.0
EVALUATION & APPLICATION
This section deals with the overall application of precast concrete
in the Thesis design. The design touches mainly on two technical
issue. One is on the renovation of the existing housing block,
concerning an external wall replacement The other is on the
building addition.
5.1
BUILDING RENOVATION
The existing building f.cades will be replaced with precast ones
comprising of floor extension and modular sanitary units. The
following summary will discuss the application of precast
concrete design in building renovation.
Building System
Fixing and
Connection
Technica/ Details
5.2
suitable for this type ofrenovation work is the skeleton
system, where individual components could be precast. mass
produced. and later assembled on site. The number of
components should be minimal in avoid over-complicated
connections and assembly process. Since it is not advised to
transfer extra load to the old structure, the new external wall
structure shall therefore be structurally independent. It shall have
its own structura! framework, such as one similar to an external
structural screen. Moreover, special modules, such as sanitary
units, could then be slotted and fitted in-between these external
columns and beams, and to be connected to the existing building.
The system
The new components are best joined to the existing structure using
a connection method. Although the new external wall may be
structurally independent. one could utilize the connection methods
under Primary Slructural Components section. The most suitable
connecting technique should be the simplest and most
straightforward one, which is bolting. The process would be
similar to the one used in Foreign Case Study J, The American
Chemical Society Headquarters: where the steel struts from each
new floor are bolted to the existing concrete slabs.
Both the weatherproofing methods and surface finishes shall be
chosen according to the sections under 3.3. 1 Weatherproofing
3.3.2 Joints and Surface Finishes.
BUILDING ADDITION
A couple of new housing blocks will be added to the existing
building The following summary will discuss the application of
precast concrete design in building addition.
Building System
I seems appropriate to suggest using a mixture of systems for the
new building block. The large panel system could be combined
with either the skeleton, or a conventional building system. Since
the internaI wall panels limit the flexibility in spatial layout in the
first system. the second system could be used to create a freer
internai structural frame. This frame would then be incorporated
with the floor slabs Hence, slabs from the large panel system, and
14
SPECLAL STUDY
columns and beams from the second system would form a mixed
building system.
Fixing and
Connection
With a mixed building system, the most suitable connection method
sbo&d be as simple as possible in terms of form and detail. The
connection techniques summarized in Primary Structural
Components under section 3.2 are best suited for connecting
individual structural components.
Thchnical Details
Both the weatherproof Ing methods and surfhce finishes shall be
chosen according to the sections under 3.3.1 Weatherproofing
3.3.2 Joints and Surface Finishes.
15
SPECIAL STUDY
6.0
BIBLIOGRAPhY
Haas. A. M., Precal Concrete Design and Application.
London: Applied Science Publishers Ltd., I 981
Koncz, Tihamer, "New Technology Spurs Market for large Panel
Precast Concrete Buildings," PCIJournaI. vol. 40, no. I,
(January-February 1995), pp. 30-42.
Morris, A. E. J., Precast Concrete
George Godwin Ltd., 1978.
in Archìteciure
London:
Leung Man Kit, Kit, "Restructuring of the High-Rise Community
of Public Housing - Hing Wah Estate II," Thesis Report.
Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong, 1992
Rosen. Harold i, Construction Material
.c for Archìteciure
New
York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. 1985.
Sullivan, Ann C, "Computer-controlled Curvature," AIA
Architecture, vol. 84 (November, 1995). pp. 142-143.
Sullivan, Ann C.. "Curtain Wall Replacement," AIA
vol. 84 (November, 1995), p. 126.
Architecture,
Wong, Wah Sang, Building Materials and Technology in Hong
Kong. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1993.
Er1
SPECIAL STUDY
7.0
APPENDICES
Appendix 7.1
PREFERRED DIMENSIONS, INCREMENTS, AND
POSITIONING OF FIJNCTIONAL ELEMENTS
Prefeued
Dimensions
Floor to floor height:
Prefeffed
in multiples of 100mm up to 2800mm
in multiples of 200mm from 2800 mm to
3800mm
in multiples of 400 mm above 3800mm
Thickness of load-bearing
walls and columns:
in multiples of 25 mm
Thickness of partitions:
ìnmuliìplesof 10mm
Heights and widths of
openings:
inmultiplesof 100mm
Sfruct:ires
Beam -- lengths:
widths, and depths:
in multiples of 300 mm
in multiples of 25 mm
Slabs-- thickness
inmultiplesof 10mm
Component Sims, slab depths, load-bearing wall widths:
10mm
Column Sizes:
25 mm
tncrcments
Opening and structural member
Positioning Qf
:,::'
sizes:
100 mm
The positioning offùnctional elements is also important in fittings,
connections, and alignments. Columns, beams and internal loadbearing walls should be centered; joints between floor slab
components should be on; and external walls should be positioned
with their inside faces at a distance ofxMI2 from the lines of the
multimadular grid. Vertical joints between non-bearing wall
components should be positioned on the lines ofthe basic modular
grid. Openings in walls should be placed at least one edge
coincides with a line of either ga-id.
17
SPECIAL STUDY
Appendix 7.2
OVERALL TOLERANCE CALCULATION
Tolerances on a smgle component for induced inaccuracies which
occur independently should be statistically combined as tb1Iows
2
i
(t
2
'
1t2
2
where t0 is the overall tolerance, and t1, i , hare the tolerance
for length, the positional tolerance, and the tolerance for posit on
of the adjoining member (or of the existing network) respectively.
For example, if
rTómm
t4mm
tl0mm
the resulting tolerance will be
6I-4-l03 =12,3mm
whereas simple addition would give a value of 20 mm.
The spread is based on the Gaussian distribution from which the
standard deviation s, corresponding to . can be determined.
18
SPECIAL STUDY
Appendix 7.3
gap
jornts
GLOSSARY OF TERMS'2
This is the open space between adjoining components required to
facilitate theft assembly within limits of permissible deviation. An
individual gap will serve one of three possible functions.
cmpsssíon
A joint designed specifically to accommodate partial closure
resulting from shortening of the structure to which the cladding is
attached.
filled
A completed joint in which the space between aacent units or
between a unit and another part of the building is filled with joining
material.
movement
A vertical or horizontal joint designed specifically to accommodate
recumng cyclical movement of the structure or of the cladding, or
both, without detriment to the cladding or effecting its performance.
open
A completed joint taking the form of an intentional open gap
between adjacent units or between a unit and the structure. A baffle
strip may be located in vertical open joints.
open gap
stnjctijral
connectK,ns
The space is of adequate width to accommodate thermal and other
movement. The gap is neither filled nor weather-sealed.
This type ofgap provides for securing together adjoining
components to give primaiy loadbearing structural continuity.
Structural connections involve three basic techniques: continuity
reinforcement and insitu concrete; welded projecting steelworks,
and bolting structural continuity between components prevents
independent differential movement
12
from A. E. J. Morris. FrecastGonerele inArchitecflre. (London:
GeoxeGodwinLtd., 1978)p.231.
19
Department of Architecture University of Hong Kong
Record of First Jury on Thesis Design 1995 / 96
Date : November 15, 1995
Student Name : Christina LEE Chung Yee
Thesis Title
Class No.
27 1
4
95
An Alternative Family Care Centre ( A Single-Parent Service Centre)
Supervisor : Mr. Patrick Lau
1.
Synopsis of Presentation
-
2.
Synopsis of Staff's Observation
-
3.
topic introduction, i.e., single-parent families in Hong Kong
a bnef on their needs and an alternative architectural prototype to fulfill them
Site introduction, i.e., Nam Yiu House, Nani Shan Estate, in Shek Kip Mei, Kin, pius its existing facilities
design programme, mainly concerning the single-parent family accommodation
method of dealing with the existing building, such as renovation and rehabilitation
change Tree ofLife" to a more explicit and appropriate title, so others will immediately understand the
thesis's subject
find out the "mark" ofNam Yiu House, i.e., the type ofpublic housing as classified by the Housing
Authority. and whether or not Nam Yiu House actually needs and is ready for a major renovation
the number of single-parent families and members per family to accommodate within building
the strength of the existing structure, whether it needs reinforcement, and how to renovate and convert the
building without destroying its basic structure, i.e.. do a complete transformation ofthe building and derive a
new alternative to public housing
for a simpler design solution, convert the entire block into one single-parent family service complex. and not
to be integrated with other family-type housing
the ground-floor structure's spacing might limit the type of activities to be included, hence, must know how
far apart the structural walls are at ground level
need more understanding ofthe needs and the social relationships ofsingle-parent and traditional families
and their differences, and what activities are need to compensate the differences; the understanding could
help re-form the existing building and shape the centre' s design
should improve presentation techniques in terms ofcolour usage to reduce confusion
Student's Response
-.-
-
-..
the title was to create and give a more positive image to the single-parent service centre, making it sound
more approachable
the programme will accommodate up to 557 families, assuming 3 . I members per family
the initial intention was to keep the existing building and only add to it. creating extensions ("branches"), so
its structure was overlooked other than it being twenty years old and sturdy-looking
the design intention was to integrate and mix the single-parent and traditional family accommodations within
the same building to achieve a well-blended and non-stigmatized living environment for the former familytype
a thorough study ofsingle-parent families and their needs has commenced but has not been translated into
graphic format
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presentation boards
4 site model
Department of Architecture. University of Hong Kong
Record of Second Jury on Thesis Design 1995 /96
Date : January 12, 1996
Student Name : Christina LEE Chung Yce
Thesis Title
:
Class No. : 27
Single-Parent Family Housing: A Transformation of a Public Estate Building
Supervisor : Mr. Patrick Lau
Advisor : Mr. S. C. Lo
1.
Synopsis of Presentation
-
-
-
summary ofspecific needs of single parents and their fairiilies:
security and social network and support to help lighten their daily Work load and strengthen
their independence and social being
summary oftheir daily activities, which are similar to duo-parent families except there is only one parent in
the former group to perform the tasks, and often their children are unattended and neglected
the possible grouping of single-parent families into three basic types, determined by the children ages:
Type I : pre-school
Type II : primaiy I pre-teens
Type 11 : secondaiy I teenage
the possible architectural solutions to help organize/generate the prototypes for the above three types
- joint facilities, such as interconnected children's and study rooms between units, to share
supervision needs and increase social interaction between families, parents and children
organizing the flat layout according to children's ages and their needs
the overall organization of the existing estate building
-
-
-
2. Synopsis of Staff's Observation
-
-
centralization of care produces even longer conidors which are undesirable for security and identity reasons,
and therefore should be many cores spread all over the building to separate it into different sections, and
create own niches and reduce unnecessary corridor spaces
should be more use of exterior space and ground level, creating more functions in the program, such as a
nursery and clinic stretching into the community
should try to create a "different" building form while retaining the building's basic structure, by staggering
forms and addition and subtraction
try to design a "healthy" living environment for peopk to live in
mix into the residential programme some rooms to rent to single men and women
develop work spaces, eg. sewing factory, workshop and educational places for continue education
imagine activities and organize the landscape
3. Student's Response
-
-
centralization of core was to create a single entrance for security measures for entire building
the initial intention was to keep the existing building and only add to it, creating extensions ("branches"), so
its structure but was turned down in the previous jwy presentation
the design intention was to integrate and mix the single-parent and traditional family accommodations within
the sanie building to achieve a well-blended and non-stigmatized living environment for the former familytype
1
1
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26
Department of Architecture
.
F[
1996
University of Hong Kong
Record of Third Jury on Thesis Design 1995 /96
Date
Student Name : Christina LEE ChungYee
Thesis Title
:
:
February26, 1996
27
Class No.
Sifigle-Parent Family Housing: A transformation ola Publie Housing Estate
Supervisor : Mr. Patrick Lau
1.
Synopsis of Presentation
a continuation of design progress from second juiy
a summary of my design intentions
i.
to increase the housing density by appending additional housing blocks to the existing estate building
ii
to allow more natural lighting to filter into the building's interior by replacing the solid slabs with lightpermeable bridges and voids
iii. to create a more humanly livable and psychologically acceptable environment by breaking down the existing
long aid narrow interior corridor space into clusters of space
iv. to satisfj the programme requirements by visually connecting them without sacrificing the defensible spatial
requirements
v to increase the existing unit area by attaching to each a pie-fabricated living/sanitary unit to the outer skin
2.
Synopsis of Staffs Observation
observalio,, lo iii1e,itìoi i
general agreement with the additions but too close to existing building, ie, the latter units might not fulfill the
prescribed window requirement
-. should study the best location(s) for the additional blocks at site and possibly re-design the playground and
courtyard areas and integrate them into new housing design
- the additions should be freer in spatial planning and should be an idealized experimental housing design
- the old and the new should connect and yet compliment each other
in observation io inteizilon ii & iii:
- try to minimize circulation space. maybe even move it between the new and the old blocks
ìfl
-
in obsenaiio,i io in!ention iv
.-
-
increase natura! lighting into existing units because they are too deep for light to filter into from the exterior
windows
work more with the internal planning to provide a better environment for single parents and theìr families. ie.
by providing physically and visually comfortable communal and private spaces
to figure out a more efficient sharing of space between and within families, ie, how many should share the
facilities and what is needed per family
in observation io intenlion y
-
attach only the sanitary portion ofthe pre-fabricated unit to the outer skin to lessen the structural and
economical requirements
3. Student's Response
in response lo inlenlion i
- the locations for the additional blocks were chosen strictly based on the site's availability of space and not on
other factors such as prescribed windows
- the new blocks' layout was meant to spatially relate to the old one by grid only but the overall design of the
former has net been confirmed
in respon.w to i,,entio,i iv
- the unit layout re-designing was restricted to the existing structure and grid. hence, incorporating of natural
lighting into units and new spaces was minimized
¡n repo!?se to !?z!efltiüìi V
.-
the living portion ofthe pre-fabricated unit was to enhance the living area ofthe old units by increase the livable
space
IL
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t.-.
f
i
entrylevel
L1
light-filtering bridge
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Department of Architecture University of Hong Kong
Record of Fourth Jury on Thesis Design 1995 / 96
.
Date : Aprii 16, 1996
Student Name : Christina LEE Chun Vee
Class No. : 27
Thesis Title SingIe-Parcnt Support Centre : A Transformation ofa Pubhc 1Tousin Estate
Supervisor : Mr. Patrick Lau
:
Synopsis of Presentation
I
a continuation ofdesigrt progress from third jury
a summary ofmy design intentions and progresses showing
i the main concepts, based on the idea ofsbaring within the residential community and the
interdependence between single mothers thus freeing the them from domestic duties and giving them a
chance to go out and work to suppon themselves;
ii the refinement ofadditional housing blocks and existing building, the "ideal's against the
"transformed" type housing for single-parent families;
iii the transformation of the existing courtyard space into a landscape which draws estate residents from
hereon to the Nam Shan EsLate Park, behind Nam Yin House and beyond the site boundary;
iv the division of spaces from public to private, ranging from the community garden (landscape) to the
residential hail, to iift lobbies, to units' commons and to rooms shared by paired units;
V the planning and re-organization ofthe internal spaces to provide more natural lighting and flexibility.
Synopsis of Staff's Comments
2
-
-
-
-
-
.
in observation (o intention i:
good but the level and method ofsharing could vary from sharing between two families to sharing between
six families;
find out the maximum number of children a parent could supervise at one time;
could create arid promote and environment whereby the parents could share parenting and housing duties
such as baby-sitting from one parent to the next based on a daily rotation system;
.
in observation to intentEon U:
form and building level should vary more to create more interesting "terracing" spaces for children to play in;
use simple diagrams to show ideal planning situation;
the two new blocks do not have to be identical; variation is more interesting;
colour is important;
a
jfl observation Io inlention iii:
should design and landscape the spaces underneath the new structures. to create more opportunities for the
children to play and explore in;
work more with the back slope;
a
¡n observation to intention iv:
too much space has been allocated as units' commons; iL may be better if these were placed within different
sections and levels of the building where two or three floors could share and be viewed from; play areas
should have higher spaces (2/3 storey high);
look at public spaces, such as the community centre, and further develop it into a space which could link
between the residence and the rest of the community;
.
in observation to intention y:
use simple diagrams to show circulation and different types of units;
use a matrix diagram to illustrate the number of various units and the rooms and spaces provided;
colour code the floor plans to show which unit is what typology;
blow up typical plan (perspective) Lo show daily activities at different times ofthe day. varying between am,
pm and weekends;
use activity diagrams to illustrate diffcreni types of activities (private, semi-private and semi-public) which
could be taken within and between units, such as the use of the common rooms between units;
show shared and private spaces and areas;
rsìdnc
rf
childcare
community cenere
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ONCEPTS
common lobby
unìts common
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