CCNA EXPLORATION V4.0
ROUTING PROTOCOLS AND CONCEPTS
INSTRUCTOR REFERENCE GUIDE
COMPARISON OF NEW CURRICULA WITH
EXISTING CURRICULA
Prepared by
Cisco Learning Institute
July 8, 2008
CISCO, INC.
ROUTING PROTOCOLS AND CONCEPTS
INSTRUCTOR REFERENCE GUIDE
Routing Protocols and Concepts Summary
New CCNA curriculum has been created to improve student experience, improve quality, and
increase flexibility.
March 24, 2008
Page 1
CISCO, INC.
ROUTING PROTOCOLS AND CONCEPTS
INSTRUCTOR REFERENCE GUIDE
Routing Protocols and Concepts Course Outline
Following is the outline for this new course with indications as to which topics contain new
content. Please note that P-New means that the original subject matter has been enhanced
and/or there is additional subject matter in the section.
Course Outline
1.0
1.1
1.1.1
1.1.2
1.1.3
1.1.4
1.1.5
1.1.6
1.2
1.2.1
1.2.2
1.3
1.3.1
1.3.2
1.3.3
1.3.4
1.3.5
1.4
1.4.1
1.4.2
1.4.3
1.4.4
1.4.5
1.5
1.5.1
1.5.2
Building the Routing Table
Introducing the Routing Table
Directly-Connected Networks
Static Routing
Dynamic Routing
Routing Table Principles
Path Determination and Switching Functions
Packet Fields and Frame Fields
Best Path and Metric
Equal Cost Load Balancing
Path Determination
Switching Function
Router Configuration Labs
Cabling a Network and Basic Router Configuration
Basic Router Configuration
P-New, 1.1.2
P-New, 1.1.2, 1.2.2
2.1.1
2.2.1, 5.1.1, 5.1.2
P-New, 1.2.3, 2.2.2
P-New, 1.1.3, 1.1.4
New
3.1.1-3.1.7,
3.2.2-3.2.4
P-New,
P-New,
P-New,
P-New,
New
1.2.5-1.2.7
1.2.5-1.2.7,
2.2.4, 2.2.9
New
Challenge Router Configuration
Static Routing
Routers and Network
2.1.1
Role of the Router
New
2.1.2
Introducing the Topology
New
2.1
6.1.2, 9.1.1
9.1.5
6.1.2
6.1.2
P-New, 9.1.4
6.3.1-6.3.3
7.2.9
P-New, 6.3.1
P-New, 6.3.1
1.5.3
2.0
March 24, 2008
Introduction to Routing and Packet
Forwarding
Inside the Router
Routers are Computers
Router CPU and Memory
Internetwork Operating System
Router Boot-up Process
Router Interfaces
Routers and the Network Layer
CLI Configuration and Addressing
Implementing Basic Addressing Schemes
Basic Router Configuration
New/ Existing
Content
Page 2
CISCO, INC.
ROUTING PROTOCOLS AND CONCEPTS
INSTRUCTOR REFERENCE GUIDE
Course Outline
2.1.3
2.2
2.2.1
2.2.2
2.2.3
2.2.4
2.2.5
2.3
2.3.1
2.3.2
2.3.3
2.3.4
2.4
2.4.1
2.4.2
2.4.3
2.4.4
2.5
2.5.1
2.5.2
2.5.3
2.5.4
2.6
2.6.1
2.6.2
2.7
2.7.1
2.7.2
2.7.3
2.8
2.8.1
2.8.2
2.8.3
3.0
3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.2
3.2.1
3.2.2
March 24, 2008
Examining the Connections of the Router
Router Configuration Review
Examining Router Interfaces
Configuring an Ethernet Interface
Verifying Ethernet interface
Configuring a Serial Interface
Examining Router Interfaces
Exploring Directly Connected Networks
Verifying Changes to the Routing Table
Devices on Directly Connected Networks
Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP)
Using CDP for Network Discovery
Static Routes with "Next Hop" Addresses
Purpose and Command Syntax of ip route
Configuring Static Routes
Routing Table Principles and Static Routes
Resolving to an Exit Interface
Static Routes with Exit Interfaces
Configuring a Static Route with an Exit interface
Modifying Static Routes
Verifying the Static Route Configuration
Static Routes with Ethernet Interfaces
Summary and Default Static Routes
Summary Static Routes
Default Static Route
Managing and Troubleshooting Static Routes
Static Routes and Packet Forwarding
Troubleshooting a Missing Route
Solving the Missing Route
Static Route Configuration Labs
Basic Static Route Configuration
Challenge Static Route Configuration
Troubleshooting Static Routes
Introduction to Dynamic Routing Protocols
Introduction and Advantages
Perspective and Background
Network discovery and routing table maintenance
Advantages
Classifying Dynamic Routing Protocols
Overview
IGP and EGP
New/ Existing
Content
P-New, 1.2.6, 1.2.7
3.1.4, 3.1.5, 3.1.7
P-New, 3.1.7
P-New, 3.1.7
P-New, 3.1.5
P-New, 3.1.5
3.1.5-3.1.7,
6.1.2, 9.1.1
New
P-New, 4.1.1
4.1.2-4.1.5
6.1.2, 6.1.3
P-New, 6.1.3
P-New, 6.1.5
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
6.1.2, 6.1.3, 6.1.6
New
New
P-New, 6.2.1
P-New, 6.2.1
New
6.2.4
6.3.3
Page 3
CISCO, INC.
ROUTING PROTOCOLS AND CONCEPTS
INSTRUCTOR REFERENCE GUIDE
Course Outline
3.2.3
3.2.4
3.2.5
3.3
3.3.1
3.3.2
3.3.3
3.4
3.4.1
3.4.2
3.4.3
3.4.4
3.5
3.5.1
3.5.2
3.5.3
3.5.4
4.0
4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3
4.1.4
4.2
4.2.1
4.2.2
4.2.3
4.2.4
4.3
4.3.1
4.3.2
4.3.3
4.3.4
4.4
4.4.1
4.4.2
4.4.3
4.4.4
4.4.5
4.4.6
4.4.7
March 24, 2008
Distance Vector and Link State
Classful and Classless
Convergence
Metrics
Purpose of a Metric
Metrics and Routing Protocols
Load Balancing
Administrative Distances
Purpose of Administrative Distance
Dynamic Routing Protocols
Static Routes
Directly Connected Networks
Routing Protocols and Subnetting Activities
Identifying Elements of the Routing Table
Subnetting Scenario 1
Subnetting Scenario 2
Subnetting Scenario 3
Distance Vector Routing Protocols
Introduction to Distance Vector Routing Protocols
Distance Vector Routing Protocols
Distance Vector Technology
Routing Protocol Algorithms
Routing Protocol Characteristics
Network Discovery
Cold Start
Initial Exchange of Routing Information
Exchange of Routing Information
Convergence
Routing Table Maintenance
Periodic Updates: RIPv1 and IGRP
Bounded Updates: EIGRP
Triggered Updates
Random Jitter
Routing Loops
Definition and Implications
Problem: Count to Infinity
Setting a Maximum
Preventing Routing Loops with Holddown Timers
Split Horizon Rule
Split Horizon with Poison Reverse or Route Poisoning
IP and TTL
New/ Existing
Content
6.2.4-6.2.6
New
6.2.3, 7.1.2
9.1.6
P-New, 9.1.6
7.2.9
9.1.5
P-New, 9.1.6
P-New, 6.1.1, 6.1.2
P-New, 9.1.5
9.1.1, 9.1.5, 9.1.6
New
New
New
6.2.1, 6.2.3, 6.2.4
6.2.4, 7.0
6.2.5
6.2.5, 7.1.1
P-New, 6.3.3, 7.1.2
New
7.2.2
7.2.2
P-New, 6.2.3, 7.1.2
P-New, 7.1.1,
7.1.3, 7.2.2
New
P-New, 7.1.6
New
P-New, 7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.3
7.1.7
7.1.4
P-New, 7.1.5
New
Page 4
CISCO, INC.
ROUTING PROTOCOLS AND CONCEPTS
INSTRUCTOR REFERENCE GUIDE
Course Outline
4.5
4.5.1
4.6
4.6.1
5.0
5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.2
5.2.1
5.2.2
5.2.3
5.3
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.3
5.3.4
5.4
5.4.1
5.4.2
5.4.3
5.4.4
5.4.5
5.5
5.5.1
5.5.2
5.6
5.6.1
5.6.2
5.6.3
6.0
6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.2
6.2.1
6.2.2
March 24, 2008
Distance Vector Routing Protocols today
RIP and EIGRP
Lab Activities
Lab Activities
RIP version 1
RIPv1: Distance Vector, Classful Routing Protocol
Background and Perspective
RIPv1 Characteristics and Message Format
RIP Operation
Administrative Distance
Basic RIPv1 Configuration
Basic RIPv1 Configuration
Enabling RIP: router rip command
Specifying Networks
Verification and Troubleshooting
Verifying RIP: show ip route
Verifying RIP: show ip protocols
Verifying RIP: debug ip rip
Passive Interfaces
Automatic Summarization
Modified Topology: Scenario B
Boundary Routers and Automatic Summarization
Processing RIP Updates
Sending RIP Updates
Advantages and Disadvantages of Automatic
Summarization
Default Route and RIPv1
Modified Topology: Scenario C
Propagating the Default Route in RIPv1
RIPv1 Configuration Labs
Basic RIP Configuration
Challenge RIP Configuration
RIP Troubleshooting
VLSM and CIDR
Classful and Classless Addressing
Classful IP Addressing
Classful Routing Protocol
Classless IP Addressing
Classless Routing Protocol
VLSM
VLSM in Action
VLSM and IP Addresses
New/ Existing
Content
P-New, 6.2.6, 7.2.1
New
P-New, 7.2.1
P-New, 6.2.5, 7.2.1
New
9.1.5
P-New, 7.2.2
7.2.2
7.2.2
7.2.5, 7.2.6, 9.1.1
7.2.5, 7.2.6
7.2.6
7.2.7
New
P-New, 7.2.3
New
P-New, 7.2.3, 7.2.6
P-New, 7.2.3, 7.2.6
New
New
P-New, 9.1.1, 9.1.2
New
New
New
P-New, 7.2.2, 7.2.3
New
P-New, 7.2.3
New
New
Page 5
CISCO, INC.
ROUTING PROTOCOLS AND CONCEPTS
INSTRUCTOR REFERENCE GUIDE
Course Outline
6.3
6.3.1
6.3.2
6.4
6.4.1
6.4.2
6.4.3
6.4.4
6.4.5
6.4.6
7.0
7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4
7.1.5
7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.4
7.4.1
7.4.2
7.4.3
7.5
7.5.1
7.5.2
7.5.3
8.0
8.1
8.1.1
8.1.2
8.1.3
8.1.4
March 24, 2008
CIDR
Route Summarization
Calculating Route Summarization
VLSM and Route Summarization Activity
Basic VLSM Calculation and Addressing Design
Activity
Challenge VLSM Calculation and Addressing Design
Activity
Troubleshooting a VLSM Addressing Design Activity
Basic Route Summarization Activity
Challenge Route Summarization Activity
Troubleshooting Route Summarization Activity
RIPv2
RIPv1 Limitations
Lab Topology
RIPv1 Topology Limitations
RIPv1: Discontiguous Networks
RIPv1: No VLSM Support
RIPv1: No CIDR Support
Configuring RIPv2
Enabling and Verifying RIPv2
Auto-summary and RIPv2
Disabling Auto-Summary in RIPv2
Verifying RIPv2 Updates
VLSM and CIDR
RIPv2 and VLSM
RIPv2 and CIDR
Verifying and Troubleshooting RIPv2
Verification and Troubleshooting Commands
Common RIPv2 Issues
Authentication
RIPv2 Configuration Labs
Basic RIPv2 Configuration
Challenge RIPv2 Configuration
RIPv2 Troubleshooting
The Routing Table: A Closer Look
The Routing Table Structure
Lab Topology
Routing Table Entries
Level 1 Routes
Parent and Child Routes: Classful Networks
New/ Existing
Content
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
3.1.4, 4.2.5, 7.2.5,
9.2.2, 7.2.6
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
Page 6
CISCO, INC.
ROUTING PROTOCOLS AND CONCEPTS
INSTRUCTOR REFERENCE GUIDE
Course Outline
8.1.5
8.2
8.2.1
8.2.2
8.2.3
8.3
8.3.1
8.3.2
8.3.3
8.3.4
8.3.5
8.4
8.4.1
8.4.2
9.0
9.1
9.1.1
9.1.2
9.1.3
9.1.4
9.1.5
9.1.6
9.1.7
9.1.8
9.1.9
9.2
9.2.1
9.2.2
9.2.3
9.2.4
9.2.5
9.2.6
9.3
9.3.1
9.3.2
9.3.3
9.3.4
9.4
9.4.1
March 24, 2008
Parent and Child Routes: Classless Networks
Routing Table Lookup Process
Steps in the Route Lookup Process
Longest Match: Level 1 Network Routes
Longest Match: Level 1 Parent and Level 2 Child
Routes
Routing Behavior
Classful and Classless Routing Behavior
Classful Routing Behavior: no ip classless
Classful Routing Behavior – Search Process
Classless Routing Behavior: ip classless
Classless Routing Behavior – Search Process
Routing Table Labs
Investigating the Routing Table Lookup Process
The show ip route Challenge Lab
EIGRP
Introduction to EIGRP
EIGRP: An Enhanced Distance Vector Routing
Protocol
EIGRP Message Format
Protocol Dependent Modules (PDM)
RTP and EIGRP Packet Types
Hello Protocol
EIGRP Bounded Updates
DUAL: An Introduction
Administrative Distance
Authentication
Basic EIGRP Configuration
EIGRP Network Topology
Autonomous Systems and Process IDs
The router eigrp command
The network Command
Verifying EIGRP
Examining the Routing Table
EIGRP Metric Calculation
EIGRP Composite Metric and the K Values
EIGRP Metrics
Using the bandwidth Command
Calculating the EIGRP Metric
DUAL
DUAL Concepts
New/ Existing
Content
New
New
New
New
New
P-New, 7.2.3
New
New
New
New
New
P-New, 6.2.1,
6.2.6, 6.3.3
P-New, 7.3.1, 7.3.2
New
New
New
New
New
New
P-New, 9.1.5
New
New
P-New, 6.2.2, 6.2.3
P-New, 6.3.2
P-New, 6.3.2
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
Page 7
CISCO, INC.
ROUTING PROTOCOLS AND CONCEPTS
INSTRUCTOR REFERENCE GUIDE
Course Outline
9.4.2
9.4.3
9.4.4
9.4.5
9.4.6
9.5
9.5.1
9.5.2
9.5.3
9.5.4
9.5.5
9.6
9.6.1
9.6.2
9.6.3
10.0
10.1
10.1.1
10.1.2
10.1.3
10.1.4
10.1.5
10.1.6
10.1.7
10.1.8
10.1.9
10.2
10.2.1
10.2.2
10.2.3
11.0
11.1
11.1.1
11.1.2
11.1.3
11.1.4
11.1.5
11.1.6
11.1.7
11.1.8
11.2
March 24, 2008
Successor and Feasible Distance
Feasible Successor, Feasibility Condition and
Reported Distance
Topology Table: Successor and Feasible Successor
Topology Table: No Feasible Successor
Finite State Machine
More EIGRP Configuration
The Null0 Summary Route
Disabling Automatic Summarization
Manual Summarization
EIGRP Default Route
Fine-tuning EIGRP
EIGRP Configuration Labs
Basic EIGRP Configuration Lab
Challenge EIGRP Configuration Lab
Troubleshooting EIGRP Configuration Lab
Link-State Routing Protocols
Link-State Routing
Link-State Routing Protocols
Introduction to the SPF Algorithm
Link-State Routing Process
Learning about Directly Connected Routes
Sending Hello Packets to Neighbors
Building the Link-State Packet
Flooding Link-State Packets to Neighbors
Constructing a Link-State Database
Shortest Path First (SPF) Tree
Implementing Link-State Routing Protocols
Advantages of a Link-State Routing Protocol
Requirements of a Link-State Routing Protocol
Comparison of Link-State Routing Protocols
OSPF
Introduction to OSPF
Background of OSPF
OSPF Message Encapsulation
OSPF Packet Types
Hello Protocol
OSPF Link-state Updates
OSPF Algorithm
Administrative Distance
Authentication
Basic OSPF Configuration
New/ Existing
Content
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
P-New, 6.2.6, 6.3.5
P-New, 6.2.6, 6.3.5
P-New, 6.2.6, 6.3.5
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
Page 8
CISCO, INC.
ROUTING PROTOCOLS AND CONCEPTS
INSTRUCTOR REFERENCE GUIDE
Course Outline
11.2.1
11.2.2
11.2.3
11.2.4
11.2.5
11.2.6
11.3
11.3.1
11.3.2
11.4
11.4.1
11.4.2
11.4.3
11.5
11.5.1
11.5.2
11.6
11.6.1
11.6.2
11.6.3
Lab Topology
The router ospf Command
The network Command
OSPF Router ID
Verifying OSPF
Examining the Routing Table
The OSPF Metric
OSPF Metric
Modifying the Cost of the Link
OSPF and Multiaccess Networks
Challenges in Multiaccess Networks
DR/BDR Election Process
OSPF Interface Priority
More OSPF Configuration
Redistributing an OSPF Default Route
Fine-tuning OSPF
OSPF Configuration Labs
Basic OSPF Configuration Lab
Challenge OSPF Configuration Lab
Troubleshooting OSPF Configuration Lab
New/ Existing
Content
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
Routing Protocols and Concepts Summary of Skills and
Equipments Changes
There are new skills as well as new equipment being introduced in the CCNA Exploration
curriculum.
NEW SKILLS REQUIRED
Following is a list of the new skills that shall be required for the Routing Protocols and Concepts
course:
•
•
•
•
Advanced examination of routing tables
OSPF troubleshooting
EIGRP troubleshooting
Advance use of Packet Tracer 4.1 or greater
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
Academies adopting all CCNA Discovery courses and/or all CCNA Exploration
courses - Minimum Required Equipment Bundle:
In order to be able to implement the different topologies that are used in the lab exercises of the
CCNA curricula, Academies teaching the four courses of either CCNA Exploration and/or CCNA
Discovery require as a minimum the following equipment:
March 24, 2008
Page 9
CISCO, INC.
ROUTING PROTOCOLS AND CONCEPTS
INSTRUCTOR REFERENCE GUIDE
-
3 Cisco 1841 Integrated Services Routers (ISR) with Base IP IOS 12.4
3 2960 switches
2 Linksys wireless routers (Linksys 300N is preferred but 54G is alternative) or SOHO
equivalent (Linksys WRV200)
Note: The routers and switches in this equipment bundles can be substituted by other models
of Cisco routers and switches with equal or higher specifications.
Additional Lab Equipment Required:
In addition to the networking equipment specified above, the lab topologies of CCNA
Exploration and Discovery require the use of the following equipment and accessories:
- 1 PC acting as an Application Server
- 2 desktop/laptop PCs acting as clients
- NIC Cards for the PC server and PC clients
- 2 Wireless LAN Adapters for the client PCs
- Ethernet cables and Serial Cables
- Cable-making and testing equipment
IOS Option:
In order to keep equipment investment to a minimum, the Product Development team designed
all lab exercises for both CCNA Exploration and Discovery using the BASE IP IOS 12.4. For
those Academies that wish to drill deeper into some of the routing functionalities, Cisco
recommends an upgrade of the BASE IP IOS to the Advanced Services IOS. In addition to the
software itself, this upgrade requires additional DRAM and Flash memories for the 1841
Routers. Details of the upgrade can be found in the Advanced IP Options tab of this document.
Mounting Rack Accessories:
The 1841 is a desktop router. Academies that prefer to install lab equipment in standard 19”
racks can use the optional Rack Kit for the 1841.
March 24, 2008
Page 10
CISCO, INC.
ROUTING PROTOCOLS AND CONCEPTS
INSTRUCTOR REFERENCE GUIDE
Topologies:
CCNA Exploration 2 – Routing Protocols and Concepts Lab Topology
March 24, 2008
Page 11
CISCO, INC.
ROUTING PROTOCOLS AND CONCEPTS
INSTRUCTOR REFERENCE GUIDE
Summary of Changes
•
•
•
•
•
•
Integrated use of Packet Tracer for network visualization, skill building and simulation.
Removal of content related to IGRP, TCP, and ICMP. TCP and ICMP are covered in
Network Fundamentals.
IGRP is no longer supported by Cisco.
More challenging lab activities including skill building and troubleshooting practice.
Content covering Access-Control Lists has been moved to the fourth Exploration course for
managing traffic and security.
Core topic for the course is a higher level of routing and routing protocols brought down from
CCNA 3 and 4 courses such as OSPF, and EIGRP, VLSM and CIDR.
March 24, 2008
Page 12