Rock
Bottom
Modern Slavery
and Child Labour
in South Indian
Granite
Quarries
SCL - Stop Child Labour
ICN - India Committee of the Netherlands
May 2015
Colofon
Authors: Glocal Research (Hyderabad) & India Committee of the Netherlands (Utrecht)
Lay out: Fridy Visser Knof
Photos: D.S.C. Boerema (page 1, 9, 38), Liesbeth Sluiter (page 15) & Glocal Research (page 17, 20, 24, 26, 31)
Acknowledgements
The main focus of this report is the primary data and information gathered from the granite
quarry sites, quarry workers and their families. Therefore ICN and SCL would like to thank Davuluri
Venkateswarlu, P. Kranthi Kumar and Ravi Raj, for their dedication to investigating the South Indian
granite industry. The publishers also would like to thank all 86 quarry workers for their time and the
information they provided for this report.
In addition, ICN and SCL colleagues and Meena Varma, Director of the Dalit Solidarity Network in
the United Kingdom, deserve special thanks for their contributions to this report.
This publication has been made possible with financial assistance from the European Union. The
content of this publication is the sole responsibility of ICN and SCL and can in no way be taken to
reflect the views of the European Union.
Published by:
India Committee of the Netherlands
Landelijke India Werkgroep
Mariaplaats 4e
3511 LH Utrecht, The Netherlands
Tel: +31 (0)30 2321340
E-mail: info@indianet.nl
Website: www.indianet.nl
Stop Child Labour
Raamweg 16
2596 HL Den Haag, The Netherlands
Tel: +31 (0)70 376 55 00
E-mail: info@hivos.nl
Website: www.stopchildlabour.org
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2
About the Authors
The India Committee of the Netherlands
India Committee of the Netherlands (ICN) is an independent non-governmental organisation
campaigning and doing advocacy work on human rights issues. Central to the work of ICN are the
issues of caste-based discrimination, labour rights and child labour & education. ICN co-operates
with organisations in India and elsewhere in combating discrimination, poverty, oppression,
exploitation and lack of education, focusing on the role of policy makers and companies. ICN is an
active member of networks like the Stop Child Labour coalition, the Clean Clothes Campaign, the
International Dalit Solidarity Network and the Dutch MVO Platform.
Stop Child Labour
‘Stop Child Labour – School is the best place to work’ (SCL) aims to eliminate all forms of child
labour and to ensure quality fulltime education for all children until the age of 15. Stop Child Labour
promotes an area-based approach towards the creation of ‘child labour free zones’ and ‘child
labour free production chains’. Stop Child Labour calls on consumers, companies, governments and
international organisations to be part of the solution.
Stop Child Labour is a coalition coordinated by Hivos. The coalition consists of four
non-governmental organizations and two trade unions based in the Netherlands as well as NGOs
and unions in Asia, Africa and Latin America.
Glocal Research
Glocal Research provides multi-disciplinary research and consultancy services to (state) governments, non-governmental organizations, corporate bodies and national and international development funding agencies. The organisation has expertise in the areas of agriculture, child labour,
natural resource management, rural development and rural livelihoods. In these areas Glocal
Research’ multi-disciplinary team of professionals has undertaken several research, monitoring
and evaluation studies and facilitates training workshops. Glocal Research is established in 2000
and based in Hyderabad, India.
Over the last 15 years Glocal Research has extensively contributed to policy and academic debates
on child labour and agriculture in India. The research carried out by Glocal Research on child labour
in cotton production has generated substantial debate among scholars, activists, seed companies
and policymakers and contributed to the development of several proactive interventions to address
child labour in the seed industry.
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3
Contents
Executive Summary
6
Chapter I: Introduction
9
Context
9
Labour rights violations in sandstone and granite quarries
9
Illegal mining in Tamil Nadu - A political issue
10
Social and environmental risks for natural stone companies 11
Objectives of the field study
11
Methodology 11
Retail of Indian granite in Europe 13
Structure of the report
14
CHAPTER II: GRANITE QUARRYING IN SOUTH INDIA: OVERVIEW 16
Natural stone in India
16
Concentration of production in south India
17
Granite mining - Public and private sector involvement
17
Granite mining and processing 18
Granite export
18
Processing and retail of Indian granite in Europe
18
Granite supply chain 18
CHAPTER III: FINDINGS FROM THE FIELD STUDY
20
Introduction
20
Workforce composition 20
Preference for migrant labour 21
Caste composition of workforce
21
Age and gender composition of workforce
21
Prevalence of child labour 22
Prevalence of debt bondage 25
Non-payment of minimum wage, overtime and social benefits
27
Occupational health and safety
29
Living conditions of migrant workers
29
Informal employment agreements 29
Working conditions in quarries producing for the international market 30
CHAPTER IV: NATURAL STONE COMPANIES’
RESPONSIBILITY TO RESPECT HUMAN RIGHTS
31
Methodology
32
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4
Remarks
33
Response of European natural stone companies
33
Companies’ efforts towards improved labour conditions in quarries
36
Concluding remarks
37
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
38
Conclusions
39
Recommendations
41
ENDNOTES
44
ANNEX 1: IMPORT AND RETAIL OF INDIAN GRANITE BY
EUROPEAN COMPANIES
47
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
Figure 1: State wise and category wise distribution of sample quarries
12
Table 1: India exports of granite and natural stone products 16
Figure 2: International granite chain and trade structure
19
Table 2: Workforce composition in sample quarries 22
Table 3: Activity wise division of labour
22
Table 4: Minimum wage rates for daily wage workers in the granite industry as prescribed
by Tamil Nadu and Karnataka state governments (Amount in INR and EU)
28
Table 5: Natural stone companies and their responses 34
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5
Executive Summary
Introduction
This report examines working conditions in 18 granite quarries in 2 South Indian states, Tamil Nadu
and Karnataka, producing both for domestic and export markets. The field study identified serious
human rights violations including child labour and bonded labour. Furthermore the field study
identified a decline in child labour in granite quarries in Tamil Nadu, as a result of increased state
government scrutiny on quarries. Through desk research and a review procedure with 26 European
natural stone companies, insights were gained in natural stone companies’ efforts to improve labour
conditions in lower tiers of their supply chains. The findings of the study are presented below.
The South Indian granite industry
India accounts for roughly 20 percent of the worlds’ granite resources. India is the second largest
exporter of raw granite after China. Major production of granite in raw as well as processed form is
presently concentrated in southern states of India: Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. The
granite stone produced in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka is being exported to different countries in the
world, among them China, Germany, Belgium, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands.
The majority of the workforce in granite quarries are male workers, out of the total of 705 workers
in the 18 surveyed quarries 77 percent are men and 23 percent are women. Women are mainly
involved in waste stone processing. Most of the workers engaged in stone quarry work are from
backward and scheduled castes (see chapter 3). Furthermore seasonal migrant labour constitutes
an important part of the workforce in granite quarries, especially in Tamil Nadu (73 % of the workforce). Often migrant workers are preferred over local workers; migrant workers are more flexible
and willing to work longer hours because they have fewer social and family commitments.
Prevalence of bonded labour
In the surveyed quarries in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, most workers are kept bonded to the quarry
through debt. About 54 percent of the local workers and 66 percent of the migrant workers interviewed, reported that they owe large sums of money to quarry owners or contractors. Most of the
interviewed workers often have been working in the same quarry for more than three years. Another
finding underlining the prevalence of bonded labour is the lack of freedom of workers to leave the
quarry and interact with people outside the quarry at one’s own choice.
Prevalence of child labour
The research findings indicate that there has been a decline in the magnitude of child labour in
granite quarries in Tamil Nadu compared to previous years.1 Out of the 12 quarries surveyed in Tamil
Nadu in 2 quarries direct or indirect employment of children was found. Out of the total of 510
workers in 12 quarries, 1 was a child below 14 years, 5 were in the age group of 15 to 18 years and
the remaining workers were adult workers.
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Executive summary
6
In Karnataka the situation is different from Tamil Nadu. Though there is some decline in the
incidence of child labour compared to previous years, they still constitute an important segment
of the workforce, mainly in waste stone processing. Children were present in five out of six quarries
covered in this research. Children accounted for almost 10 percent of the total workforce (4.6 %
below 14 years and 5.1 % between 15-18 years). Not much difference in numbers of working children
is found between quarries producing for domestic and export markets.
Active intervention from the state government is one of the key factors that has contributed to the
decline in child labour in granite quarries in Tamil Nadu. When illegal granite mining became a political issue in 2012, the government appointed special teams to visit all the granite quarries to check
illegal mining activities. During the visits labour rights violations such as the presence of children
at quarry sites, lack of safety measures and poor facilities for migrant workers were observed as
well. The special teams warned quarry owners to address these issues which put pressure on quarry
owners not to engage children in quarry operations. Furthermore this resulted in quarry owners
asking seasonal migrant workers not to bring their families to the worksite is an attempt to avoid
problems related to child labour and poor accommodation for workers’ families.
Informal employment agreements
More than ninety percent of the workers in sample quarries are hired on an informal basis without
any written contracts. Even in quarries directly managed by the government, written contracts
only exist for a small proportion of the workforce who are employed on a regular basis. Without
employment contracts it is hard for workers to claim their legal entitlements like minimum wages,
overtime compensation and compensation in case of work accidents.
Gender based wage discrimination
Another research finding is the prevalence of gender based wage discrimination. Female quarry
workers involved in waste stone processing earn less than the legal minimum wage rates prescribed
by the Karnataka and Tamil Nadu state governments for unskilled workers in granite quarries. The
daily wage rates paid to male workers may seem at par or even higher than the legal minimum
wages for skilled and unskilled quarry labour prescribed by the governments; but if we take the
number of working hours into consideration the actual wages fall short of meeting legal requirements. Overtime work is common but paid overtime is almost non-existent.
Poor living conditions and health and safety measures
In most of the quarries workers live in very poor conditions. Workers with families are provided a
small hut, while workers without families are housed in a common room without proper facilities.
The workers have limited access to healthcare or clean drinking water.
Workplace safety measures are almost always inadequate. Workers are exposed to occupational
hazards like silica dust, explosions and moving of heavy stones. Insufficient precautions are taken,
personal protective equipment and safety guidelines are often absent.
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Executive summary
7
Review procedure with natural stone companies
Out of the 26 European natural stone companies that were requested to review a draft version
of this study report only 12 companies responded. Most companies did not provide substantive
answers to the question about their insights in their supply chains at the level of quarries. Eight
companies clearly stated that they do not procure granite from the quarries surveyed in this study
while only two companies said that they have insight in their supply chain at the level of quarries.
Out of the twelve companies that responded to the request for review, four companies participate
in corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives (IGEP, TFT RSP, ETI) that aim to improve labour
conditions in natural stone supply chains. CSR initiatives claim to have insights in supply chains and
adverse human rights impact, but the publicly available information is insufficient to ascertain if
and how quarry workers in lower tiers of granite supply chains benefit from these initiatives.
Conclusion and recommendations
The prevalence of modern slavery, child labour and gender-based wage discrimination are serious
human rights violations. The United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights
(UNGP) and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises clarify that states have the duty to
protect and enterprises have the responsibility to respect human rights.2 According to the UNGP,
if a government fails to fulfil its duty to protect, this does not exempt companies at the buying side
from their responsibility to respect human rights. This responsibility includes performing a proper
due diligence procedure which identifies, prevents and mitigates actual and potential adverse
human rights impacts. The findings of this report show that to the extent the companies in this
research are exemplary for the natural stone sector, the sector fails to live up to this responsibility.
Furthermore in chapter V recommendations are given to natural stone companies and quarries in
India, the central government and state governments of India, the European Union and its member
states and European natural stone companies for addressing human rights and labour rights
violations in the South Indian granite industry.
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Executive summary
8
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Context
India is a leading producer and exporter of natural stone in the world. On average 10 percent of the
natural stone traded on the world market comes from India. Dimensional stones like granite, marble,
slate and sandstone constitute the bulk of India’s export in natural stone. India accounts for over 20
percent of the world’s granite resources. It is the second largest exporter of raw granite after China
and ranks fifth in the export of processed granite (value added finished) products.
Labour rights violations in sandstone and granite quarries
Studies conducted by international and Indian NGOs in the mid-2000s3 on conditions of workers
in Rajasthan’s sandstone quarries showed serious labour and human rights violations that include
child labour, bonded labour, sub-standard wages, wage discrimination, unsafe working conditions
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CHAPTER I Introduction
9
and absence of freedom of association.4 Most workers in sandstone quarries were low caste
migrants who are indebted to their employers and work under conditions of bonded labour. Child
labour was reported as a common phenomenon in sandstone quarries. Children tend to start
working in quarries long before they reach the age of 14 and often perform hazardous tasks. Wage
discrimination on caste and gender lines was also reported, women received low wages compared
to men and children received even less. Legal limits to working hours were not respected and excessive overtime seems to be part and parcel of the way work is organised in quarries.
Till recently most of the research on working conditions of the labourers in the Indian natural
stone sector was concentrated on sandstone quarries in Rajasthan. Little was known about the
conditions workers face in granite quarries which are largely concentrated in the South Indian
states Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. Many stakeholders in the granite industry
maintained that quarrying of granite is more mechanized and less labour-intensive, and therefore
not as prone to labour rights violations as sandstone quarrying. In 2007, the Indian granite industry
countered allegations in the European media that it is employing child labour in quarries and
processing factories.5 In order to examine the working conditions in granite quarries a study was
carried out in 57 granite quarries in Tamil Nadu in 2009 by a Tamil Nadu based NGO.6 This study
shows that granite quarry operators in Tamil Nadu treat their workers unethically and in many ways
they also violate laws. Workers are paid poorly and receive hardly any legally mandatory benefits.
Migrant workers live at quarry sites in small, unsanitary huts and have limited access to healthcare
or clean drinking water. Hazardous working conditions are common. Workplace safety measures
are categorically inadequate, leading to accidents and chronic disease. Many quarries keep migrant
workers confined through unfair wage and lending practices; some even employ young children.
Involvement of children was mainly observed in waste stone processing.
Illegal mining in Tamil Nadu - A political issue
Since 2010 many developments have taken place in the South Indian granite industry, particularly in
the state of Tamil Nadu. Illegal granite mining became a political issue in Tamil Nadu in 2012. In the
period 2005 - 2010 the export demand of China for iron ore and granite increased massively, among
other reasons due to the Beijing Olympics. Along with the increase in demand mining policies became
more export oriented.7 The involvement of political leaders and government officials in granite and iron
ore mining leases increased since the early 2000s. The reason is their influence on granting leases for
quarries and the related potential for corruption. These developments lead to illegal mining activities.
Subsequently civil society organizations raised concerns about the indiscriminate mining activities.
The issue went to the Supreme Court which resulted in a Court order for an enquiry into illegal mining
practices. The government appointed special teams to check illegal mining activities.8
The licenses of several units found involved in illegal mining operations were cancelled. In Madurai
district of Tamil Nadu itself, out of the 175 licensed granite quarries, 94 quarries had violated
license norms, while 51 others had committed major violations, including encroaching on revenue
(government) land and private land. During this period the quarry owners were alerted about labour
related issues as well (minimum wages, child labour, facilities for migrant workers etc.). Special
teams appointed by the government noted the presence of children at quarry sites, lack of safety
measures, poor facilities for migrant workers and warned the quarry owners to address these issues.
The issue of illegal mining also received wide attention and became a political issue in Karnataka.
The focus in Karnataka is mainly on iron ore and not on granite mining.9
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CHAPTER I Introduction
10
Social and environmental risks for natural stone companies
In 2013 the Dutch government contracted the consultancy firm KPMG to conduct a risk assessment
into the main economic sectors of the domestic economy. The report, published in September 2014,
has selected 13 priority risk sectors and describes the risks on environmental degradation, labour
rights and human rights violations for each sector.10 In the chapters on the wholesale, retail and
building sectors risks in the natural stone industry (including the granite industry) are indicated.
These chapters mention high risks for the production of natural stone in India and China. Risks
include land rights violations and land grabbing, depletion of natural resources, deprivation of a
save and healthy living environment, labour rights violations including child labour, bonded labour,
unlawful wage rates and working hours and unsafe and unhealthy working conditions. Furthermore
the chapter on the building sector states that it remains unclear if and how due diligence is conducted by natural stone companies and that there is room for improvement for (natural stone)
companies to be transparent about social and environmental risks in lower tiers of their supply
chains.
The risk of child labour and other labour rights violations in the Indian natural stone industry are
also addressed by the ‘The Global Slavery Index 2014’ and report on ‘2013 Findings on the Worst
Forms of Child Labour’.11 India ranks fifth in The Global Slavery Index 2014 by prevalence of
population in modern slavery. In the country sheet on India natural stone is mentioned as one of the
products known to be produced by using modern slavery like bonded and forced labour. The report
on the worst forms of child labour indicates the usage of (forced and/ or bonded) child labour in
quarrying stones and breaking stones.
In the context of the developments mentioned above, the present study makes an attempt to assess
the current situation of labourers working in granite quarries in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka states.
This study also aims to explore the current import and retail of Indian granite by European natural
stone companies.
Objectives of the field study
The main objective of the study is to examine the nature and magnitude of child labour12 in granite
quarry operations and processing of waste granite stone into cobbles and blue metal (small pieces
of stones crushed/pounded from quarry waste stones which are used as a construction material
for buildings and roads). The study will also examine the working conditions (type of labour
arrangements, wages and working hours) of adult workers, particularly the migrant labourers
whose children are more adversely impacted by the quarry operations.
Methodology
The field survey for the present study was conducted in April and May 2014. The study is mainly
based on the analysis of primary data collected through field visits to 18 sample granite quarries
in 2 districts (Krishnagiri and Dharmapuri) in Tamil Nadu and one district (Raichur) in Karnataka in
India. These 2 states have nearly 30 percent of the total granite reserves in India. Table 1 presents
the state wise break up of sample quarries included in the survey. Out of the 18 quarries surveyed,
12 are in Tamil Nadu and 6 are in Karnataka.
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CHAPTER I Introduction
11
Karnataka
Amar Granites
SGB Granites
Mudagal
Raichur
Mudagal
Raichur
Private
Export: no**
MML (Mysore
Minerals Ltd)
Sri Sathya
Jothi Granites
Private
Mudagal
Raichur
Mudagal
Raichur
Export: yes
Government
Private
Export: yes
Export: no**
Exporting to other counties
Type of quarry*: big
am
a
ARABIAN
SEA
Ownership: Government/ Private
a
ral
Ke
ak
Export: no**
Export: yes
District
adu
Private
Private
Adapur
Raichur
Village
BAY OF
BENGAL
a
Adapur
Raichur
SV Granites
Name of quarry, company/owner
Andhra
Pradesh
il N
AG Granites
Karnatak
Raichur
district
Karnat
T
small
Tamil Nadu
JR Granites
Panajapalli
Dharmapuri
Private
Export: no**
Bannari Aman
Granites
Sathish Kumar
Granites
Private
Panajapalli
Dharmapuri
Panajapalli
Dharmapuri
TAMIN (Tamil
Nadu Minerals
Limited)
Panajapalli
Dharmapuri
Export: yes
Private
Private
Government
Export: yes
Export: no**
Export: yes
Gem Granites
Panajapalli
Dharmapuri
Bannari Aman
Granites
Evershine
Granites
Shiva Shakti
Granites
Jagdev
Krishnagiri
Jagdev
Krishnagiri
Jagdev
Krishnagiri
Private
Private
Private
Export: yes
Export: no**
Export: no**
ESS Granites
Jagdev
Krishnagiri
Private
Export: no**
MK Granites
Chandarpalli
Krishnagiri
Private
Export: yes
Everking
Granites
Chandarpalli
Krishnagiri
Bhagianoor
Krishnagiri
Private
Private
Export: yes
Export: no**
Dharmapuri
distict
l Na
Sri Krishna
Granites
du
Krishnagiri
district
am
i
Rock Bottom | Modern Modern Slavery and Child Labour in South Indian Granite Quarries
Figure 1: State wise and category wise distribution of sample quarries
T
Name of quarry, company/owner
Village
District
Ownership: Government/ Private
Exporting to other counties
Notes: * For the purpose of this study quarries with a total number of workers employed below 50 are categorized
as small and above 50 workers as big/large.
**In case of ‘no’ it is likely that granite produced in these quarries are not entering into international markets.
However additional research is required to ascertain this.
As per the information provided by the company management and information published on
company websites13, 50 percent of the quarries are either directly or indirectly (through exporting
companies) exporting their products to different countries, mostly to European countries. The
European countries importing granite from Tamil Nadu and Karnataka include Germany, Belgium,
Spain, the Netherlands, Poland, Italy and France.
Since the study aims at examining working conditions of labourers in the whole quarrying industry,
both public and private quarry operations and small and big quarries were sampled for the study.
The public sector quarries are owned, developed and operated by the government under the Tamil
Nadu Minerals Ltd (TAMIN) in Tamil Nadu and Mysore Mineral Limited (MML) in Karnataka. Private
quarries are also owned by the government but are leased to various private companies who
undertake the quarry operations. The categorization of quarries into small and big is based on the
number of workers employed by the quarries. Quarries with a total number of workers employed below
50 are categorized as small and above 50 workers as big. Of the total 18 quarries surveyed, 11 are small
and 7 are big in size. Considering the difficulties in getting access to quarry sites, while selecting the
sample quarries, the issue of feasibility and accessibility was also taken into consideration.
The main source of data for this study is worker interviews. The data on workers’ profiles, labour
arrangements, wages and working conditions were collected from workers through individual
interviews and focus group discussions. In each quarry four to five workers were interviewed. The
total number of workers interviewed in all the quarries together is 86. A representative sample of
workers was selected for interviews based on factors such as gender, caste, type of activity they are
engaged in and migratory status.
This section describes the profile of the workers that were interviewed. Of the total 86 workers
interviewed 49 (57 %) are in the age of 19 to 30 years, 25 (29 %) are in the age of 31 to 50 years.
The age of 7 workers is below 18 years, 4 under the age of 14 years and 3 in the age group of 15-18
years. The gender composition of workers interviewed is 64 men and 22 women. In most of the
quarries in Tamil Nadu the study team did not find any female workers. Most of the female workers
interviewed for this study are working in quarries in Karnataka.
The caste composition of workers is 58 % Backward Castes (BCs), 25.6 % Dalits, officially called
Scheduled Castes (SCs) and 2.3 % Scheduled Tribes (STs); the remaining 13.9 % are from other
castes (Upper Castes). Of the total 86 workers, 50 % (43) are migrant labourers and the remaining
50 % are local workers. The educational background of workers indicates that 42 % are illiterate.14
The sample covered workers engaged in different types of activities: machine operators, vehicle
drivers, stone cutters, stone dressers and waste stone processing workers.
Retail of Indian granite in Europe
To gain insights in the import and retail of Indian granite in Europe, desk research is conducted.
At websites of European natural stone companies information is found about granite types, the
country of origin of (semi-)finished granite products and/ or information on the import of raw
materials and (semi-)finished granite products from India. Based on the desk research 26 European
natural stone companies and 3 trade associations for natural stone were approached to review
a draft version of this study report that included the results of the field study in Tamil Nadu and
ROCK BOTTOM
CHAPTER I Introduction
13
Karnataka. Chapter IV describes the responses of companies and their efforts to improve labour
conditions in lower tiers of their supply chains.
The responses provided by the companies and trade associations are reviewed in the context of
companies obligations under the 2011 United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human
Rights (UNGP) and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises. The UNGP and OECD Guidelines clarify that states have the duty to protect and enterprises have the responsibility to respect
human rights.15 Performing a human rights due diligence is one of the responsibilities through
which companies should identify, prevent and mitigate their potential and actual adverse human
rights impacts.
Structure of the report
Chapter II provides an overview of the South Indian granite industry including information on
the concentration of granite resources, mining, processing and exporting. In chapter III findings
from the field study, like workforce composition, labour conditions and prevalence of child labour
and bonded labour in sampled quarries are presented. Chapter IV describes the responses of
European natural stone companies to the request for review which includes information on
companies insights in their supply chains as well as their efforts to eradicate labour and human
rights violations in the natural stone sector. Conclusions and recommendations are given in
chapter V.
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CHAPTER I Introduction
14
Granite is used mainly in floor and wall coverings, kitchen worktops and memorials.
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CHAPTER I Introduction
15
CHAPTER II
GRANITE QUARRYING
IN SOUTH INDIA:
OVERVIEW
Natural stone in India
India possesses enormous deposits of all types of dimensional stones like granite, marble, slate and
sandstone. India’s granite deposits are rich in nature with a wide variety of over 200 shades. With
an estimated 42.916 billion cubic meters of granite reserves India accounts for roughly 20 percent
of the world granite resources. Granite is an important structural and decorative stone variety. Due
to its high compressive strength, longevity and beauty, it is the most preferred stone to be used as
building or decorative stone.
India is the second largest exporter of raw granite after China and ahead of Brazil and South Africa.
India ranks fifth in the export of processed (value added finished) products. The bulk (90 %) of
the Indian granite exports consists of rough granite blocks and only about 10 percent is by way of
value added or branded products.16 During 2012-13 India exported INR 93.196 billion/ EU 1.2 billion
worth of natural stone to different countries in the world. Out of this, the value of granite exports
accounted for more than 80 percent (INR 75.740 billion/ EU 971 million). See table 1 for an overview of the granite export values.
Table 1: India exports of granite and natural stone products
(Value in million INR and EU)
Description
2000-01
INR
EU
2005-06
INR
EU
2010-11
INR
EU
2012-13**
INR
EU
Granite
19540
251
34905
448
53841
690
75740
971
Marbles
2362
30
1668
21
2027
26
3145
40
Other stones
3086
40
9044
116
9998
128
14310
183
Grand total
24988
321
45619
585
65866
844
93196
1200
**Date for 2012-13: Provisional
Source: Ministry of Commerce, Government of India , Export and Import Data Bank.
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CHAPTER II Granite quarrying in South India: overview
16
Concentration of production in South India
State wise breakup of granite resources in India reveals that Karnataka with about 25 percent
resources has the highest concentration followed by Jharkhand (24 %), Rajasthan (23 %), Andhra
Pradesh (6 %) and Odisha (5 % each). Tamil Nadu has 1.7 percent of the deposits.17
The major production of granite in raw as well as processed form is presently concentrated in the
southern states of India, in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. Granite varieties found in
these states are of high value and quality and therefore in demand of the international importers.
The granite exporting companies in South India are largely concentrated in Tamil Nadu and ship
raw blocks and/ or granite products from Chennai (formerly called Madras). Part of the granite
exported from Tamil Nadu is imported from other states, like Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
Important granite producing centres in Tamil Nadu are Dharmapuri, Krishangiri, Erode, Madurai,
Salem, Virudhunagar and Vilupuram districts. In Karnataka the production is concentrated in
Mysore, Gulbarga, Hassan, Koppal, Raichur and Kolar districts.
Granite mining - Public and private sector involvement
In India the respective state governments are the owners of the minerals within their geographical
territory.18 In Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, the Department of Geology and Mining oversees the
administration, licensing and exploration of the mines and minerals. Prospecting is the first step
in opening a new quarry. Prospectors can obtain a two-year license to search a new area. If they
locate a granite deposit, they can lease the area from the Department of Geology and Mines for
a period between twenty and thirty years. The state governments also develop quarries through
their own agencies. In Tamil Nadu TAMIN (Tamil Nadu Minerals Ltd) and in Karnataka MML (Mysore
Minerals Limited) are state owned agencies which are involved in granite quarrying, processing and
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CHAPTER II Granite quarrying in South India: overview
17
marketing activities. The governments of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka maintain all the legal rights
over quarries in their respective states; only operational rights are vested in the lessee. More
than 90 percent of the quarries in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka are operated by the private sector
(individuals and companies) that takes the quarries on lease from the government. The field study
indicated that labour conditions are slightly better in quarries operated by state owned companies;
for instance better facilities for workers were observed in state operated quarries.
Granite mining and processing
Once a deposit is located, workers extract the stone. They use drills, chisels, and hammers to mark
the dimensions of the stone to be cut from the parent rock. Subsequently explosives are used to
separate the marked stone. Then the separated stones are cut into blocks and dressing workers give
the stones a fine shape. The stones are transported to processing factories where they are polished
and waxed. Waste stone pieces of granite unsuitable for processing are either shaped and sold as
one cubic foot bricks or are pounded into granite gravel and sold as blue metal.
Granite export
Granite stone produced in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka is being exported to different countries in the
world. Both semi-finished (unfinished blocks and slabs) as well as finished products such as tiles,
garden and art ornaments and tombstones are exported. Countries importing granite from Tamil Nadu
and Karnataka include China, the United States, United Arab Emirates, Japan, Hong Kong, Taiwan,
the Netherlands, Germany, Belgium, Spain, Poland, Italy, United Kingdom, France, Austria and Ireland.
Since the nineties China has emerged as the largest importer of Indian granite. Since China is the
biggest processer and re-exporter of natural stone, Indian granite is processed in China into finished
products and re-exported at the international market. In Europe Italy, Poland, Belgium, Germany and
the United Kingdom are the largest importers of raw and processed granite from India. In these
countries granite is further processed and/ or retailed for domestic and foreign markets.19
Processing and retail of Indian granite in Europe
Four key market segments of granite end-users can be distinguished. These include the granite
processing industry, building/ construction industry, funeral industry and retail (consumer market). In
general semi-finished products are used by the processing industry, whilst the other industries mainly
use finished products. The granite processing industry includes companies (wholesalers as well as
retailers) involved in cutting to size, polishing, carving and decorating granite. The building industry
uses different granite products, including floor and wall tiles for interior and exterior coverings and
custom-made products such as kitchen countertops, fireplaces, fountains, balustrades, street
furniture and municipal furnishing like setts and curb stones. Granite products sold by the funeral
industry are tombstones, gravestones and urns. The retail sector includes garden centres, Do It Yourself (DIY) centres, specialised interior design shops for bathrooms and kitchens, tilers and undertakers
that sell or use granite products.20 The by-product, granite waste stone in different sizes, is used as
ballast for railway tracks, gravel paving or processed into blue metal chips which is used in concrete
or other road construction projects. Government agencies are an important group of customers
buying granite and natural stone especially for paving public spaces and public buildings.
Granite supply chain
Figure 2 illustrates the granite supply chain and its related trade structure covering both India and
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CHAPTER II Granite quarrying in South India: overview
18
importing countries. The figure shows that wholesalers, importers, processors, retailers and endusers are all different entry points to markets of importing countries. Importers and wholesalers
of semi-finished and finished granite products in importing countries are the main trading partner
for Indian cutting, crushing and exporting companies. Additionally to the wholesale channel, the
cutting industry in importing countries also procure semi-finished and finished granite products
from Indian trade partners. Furthermore figure 2 shows that the building industry (end-user) may
import finished or semi-finished granite products directly as well.21
Figure 2 also depicts the involvement of agencies and middleman/ brokers that provide labour
for quarry operations. Particularly in government operated quarries labour is hired through labour
supply agencies. These agencies are responsible for providing accommodation and food and paying
wages to quarry workers. In case quarries are operated by the private sector, quarry owners often
work with middlemen/ brokers for labour supply. Middlemen/ brokers are kept responsible by quarry
owners for the provision of food, accommodation and wages.
Figure 2: International granite chain and trade structure
labour supply agencies;
middleman/ brokers
GRANITE QUARRY (produce of raw granite blocks)
WHOLESALER
CUTTING INDUSTRY
blocks to
slabs
slabs to
finished
product
intermediate
products: blocks
and slabs
CRUSHING INDUSTRY
finishing of
products
(e.g. polishing)
finished products (e.g.
tombstones, tiles,
kitchen countertops)
waste stone
processing
products
(e.g. grit, gravel)
WHOLESALER/ EXPORTING COMPANIES
INDIA
importing countries
WHOLESALER/ IMPORTING COMPANIES
CUTTING/ CRUSHING
INDUSTRY
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finished
products
END-USERS (e.g. building
industry, consumers, retail,
tilers, garden centers)
CHAPTER II Granite quarrying in South India: overview
19
CHAPTER III
FINDINGS FROM THE
FIELD STUDY
Introduction
The findings presented in this section are based on the primary data gathered through interviews with
quarry workers, management and on site observations from 18 sample quarries in 3 districts in Tamil
Nadu and Karnataka states in India. The data on workers’ profiles, labour arrangements, wages and
working conditions were collected from individual interviews and focus group discussions with workers.
In each quarry four to five workers were interviewed. The total number of workers interviewed in all the
quarries together is 86. Important findings from the field survey are presented below.
Workforce composition
The granite quarrying industry in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka is labour-intensive. Most of the
quarries are under-mechanized and depend upon large amounts of skilled and semi-skilled
labourers for carrying out various activities. Jockey drillers, stone cutters, dressing workers,
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CHAPTER III Findings from the field study
20
detonators and other skilled and semi-skilled labourers constitute the bottom of the labour pyramid.
Out of 18 quarries visited, only in four quarries the use of tools like compressors, drilling machines,
and cranes was observed.
Preference for migrant labour
Seasonal migrant labour constitutes an important component of the workforce in granite quarries
in Tamil Nadu. Migrant workers are preferred to local workers. ‘Compared to local workers migrants
are more obedient, work long hours and do not switch employers frequently. Migrants are able to
work flexible and longer hours as they often have fewer social or family commitments’, says Selvam, a
granite company owner in Tamil Nadu. Migrant labourers are brought in to work in the quarries from
other areas, often through a labour broker by paying advances. They can be divided into two
categories, migrant labourers from within the state and those from outside the state. Those hired
within the state are skilled and semi-skilled workers brought in to work in quarries. Those from
outside the state are mainly skilled workers brought in to work in the processing factories and they
typically come from Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan and Gujarat.
Compared to Karnataka, the dependence on migrant labour is more common in Tamil Nadu quarries.
Migrant labour accounted for 73 percent of the workforce in Tamil Nadu while it is 26 percent in
Karnataka. The 12 sample quarries surveyed in Tamil Nadu employed (directly or through contractors) roughly a total of 510 workers for various operations in 2014, out of which 373 were migrants
from both within and outside states (table 2). The migrants from outside states are mostly from
Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan and Gujarat. There is a lack of skilled labour to work in granite quarrying
and processing in Tamil Nadu. The skilled labourers from Rajasthan, Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh
migrate to Tamil Nadu because the wage rates are slightly higher in Tamil Nadu.
Caste composition of workforce
Most of the workers engaged in stone quarry work are from backward castes and so-called scheduled castes (‘Dalits’). They account for 77.3 percent in Tamil Nadu and 87.2 percent in Karnataka
(see table 2). Stone cutting and processing is a traditional occupation for some of the backward
caste groups like Vaddera and Uppara in South India. Especially in Tamil Nadu also a large number
of Dalits are involved. Due to the seasonal nature of the work these caste groups keep moving from
place to place. A large proportion of workers engaged in stone quarries are from these castes only.
‘Stone cutting and masonry is our traditional occupation and primary livelihood. We learn these skills
during our childhood. We do not have land and other assets’, says Basavaraj, a 16 year old boy who
stopped his studies to work in stone quarries.
Age and gender composition of workforce
The gender composition of the workforce clearly indicates that a large proportion of the workers
involved in quarrying operations are men. Of the total 705 workers, 77 percent are men and 23
percent are women. There is a clear gender division of labour in quarry operations. While men are
exclusively employed in the key operations like drilling, cutting and shaping the stones most of the
women are employed in waste stone processing. Women are also employed in housekeeping
activities such as office cleaning and preparing food for workers. Table 3 gives an overview of the
division of labour activities between men and women and local and migrant labourers.
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CHAPTER III Findings from the field study
21
Table 2: Workforce composition in sample quarries
Tamil Nadu
Karnataka
Total number of quarries surveyed
12
6
Total number of workers employed in quarries
510
195
% of children (below 14) to total workforce
0.20 % (1)
4.62 % (9)
Children 15 to 18
0.98 % (5)
5.13 % (10)
Adults (above 18)
98.82 % (504)
90.25 % (176)
Upper castes
19.80 % (101)
10.26 % (20)
Backward Caste
42.75 % (218)
69.74 % (136)
Scheduled Caste
34.51 % (176)
17.43 % (34)
Scheduled Tribe
2.94 % (15)
2.56 % (5)
Male
84.51 % (431)
58.47 % (114)
Female
15.49 % (79)
41.53 % (81)
Local
26.86 % (137)
74.36 % (145)
Migrant
73.14 % (373)
25.64 % (50)
Age group
Caste
Gender
Type of labour
Table 3: Activity wise division of labour
Category of workers/workforce
Gender
Local/Migrant
Supervisors
Men
Mostly local
Machine operators
Men
Mostly migrant
Vehicle drivers
Men
Mostly local
Stone cutters and dressers
Men
Local and migrant
House keeping & watchmen
Men and women
Local
Waste stone processing workers
Mostly women and children
Mostly local
Prevalence of child labour
Child labour is one of the key issues of concern in the granite quarrying and processing industry
in India. The Indian Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act 1986 prohibits the employment
of children in hazardous occupations such as mining. However the studies have confirmed the existence of child labour in granite quarries, albeit on a small scale. The previous studies conducted in 2005
in Karnataka and in 2009 in Tamil Nadu reported the involvement of a large number of child workers
in granite quarrying activities mainly in the processing of waste stones into cobbles and blue metal
chips.22 Though there was no precise estimate available about the total number of child workers in
granite quarries the studies do indicate that the number is significant.23 The 2009 Tamil Nadu study
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CHAPTER III Findings from the field study
22
in 57 granite quarries observed the existence of child labour in most of the quarries. The situation with
regard to child labour in granite quarries seems to have improved in recent years, particularly in the
state of Tamil Nadu. The data for 2014 gathered for this study indicate that there was a decline in the
magnitude of child labour in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka compared to previous years.
Tamil Nadu
Out of the 12 quarries surveyed in Tamil Nadu in 2 quarries direct or indirect engagement of child
labour was found. Direct engagement of child labour refers to the engagement of children in core
mining operations like blasting, cutting, edging, loading and unloading. Indirect engagement of
child labour concerns the involvement of children in waste stone clearing and processing and
helping out adult workers in supplying water and tea. Of the total of 510 workers in 12 quarries, 1
was a child below 14 years, 5 were in the age group of 15 to 18 years and the remaining were adult
workers. Five out of six children were involved in waste stone processing and one in stone cutting.
The interviews with the quarry workers do indicate that there is a decline in the magnitude of child
labour in quarry related activities in recent years.
There are two important factors that have contributed to the decline in child labour in Tamil Nadu
granite quarries. The issue of illegal granite mining and subsequent government interventions have
put the entire granite industry under scrutiny. Illegal granite mining became a political issue in Tamil
Nadu in 2012 after which the government appointed special teams to check illegal mining activities.
The licenses of several units involved in illegal mining operations were cancelled. In Krishnagiri
district where the present study is conducted 30 percent of the quarries were closed down due to
illegal mining. During this period all the quarry owners were alerted about labour-related issues as
well (minimum wages, child labour, facilities for migrant etc.). The special teams appointed by the
government visited all quarries, both legal and illegal, and noted the problems such as the presence
of children at quarry sites, lack of safety measures and poor facilities for migrant workers. The
special teams warned the quarry owners to address these issues.
The government also put restrictions on processing waste stones, which is the main activity where
children/ young workers are involved. Since 2012 quarry owners need permission from the government for processing waste stone. They also have to pay tax over earnings deriving from waste stone
processing. In most of the quarries visited the waste stone was dumped in a corner of the quarry
site itself and there was no activity to process it. Out of the 12 quarries visited waste stone
processing was only carried out at 2 quarries. ‘Due to slump in real estate and construction activity in
recent years the demand for blue metal has come down. Quarry owners are not showing much interest
in granite waste processing as it is not giving much income. We are dumping the waste stone in a
corner of the quarry site and it will be used to refill the quarry after the completion of mining’, says
the owner of a granite quarry in Dharmapuri district.
Since two years quarry owners are requesting migrant labourers not to bring their families. They
prefer to hire only individual migrant workers. The reason cited by the owners is that if the workers
come with their families they need to be provided with proper and separate accommodation for
the workers’ families. ‘We are asking the migrant workers not to bring their families. If they come
along with family members including children we need to provide proper facilities to all of them during
their stay at the quarry site. In 2012 labour department officials inspected the quarry sites and raised
several objections regarding accommodation and (lack of) other facilities (to be) provided to migrant
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CHAPTER III Findings from the field study
23
worker families. They also raised objections about the presence and movement of young children at
quarry sites even though children were not involved in any activity’, says the manager of a big granite
quarry in Tamil Nadu exporting its products to European countries. The study team observed the
presence of seasonal migrant workers in seven quarries and all of them are individuals migrated
without their families. This is also one of the important reasons for the low presence of women and
child workers in quarry operations in Tami Nadu.
Karnataka
With regard to child labour the situation in Karnataka quarries is different from Tamil Nadu. Though
there is some decline in the incidence of child labour compared to previous years they still constitute an important component of the workforce, mainly in waste stone processing. The study team
observed the presence of children in five out of six quarries visited.
Of the total 195 workers employed in six sample quarries in Karnataka, 19 were children under the
age of 18 (9 below 14 years and 10 between 15-18 years). Child labour accounted for almost 10
percent of the total workforce (4.6 % below 14 years and 5.1 % between 15-18 years). All the
children below 14 years were involved in waste stone processing. The situation here is somewhat
similar to the one reported in Tamil Nadu prior to 2012.
Case study of a girl child worker in granite waste stone
processing in Karnataka
Mahadevamma, a 14 year old girl, is working in
a granite quarry in Mudagal village in Karnataka
since one year. She is processing waste stone. She
studied up to 7th class and dropped out of the school
to support her family to earn additional income.
Another important reason for her dropout is her
parents’ unwillingness to send her to another village
for higher education. There is no school after 7th
class in her village. For 8th class children have to go
to another village travelling 5 kilometers. She has
one elder brother who also works along with his
parents. The whole family of four members comes
to work every day in the waste stone dumping yard
from morning to evening and to process a truck of
stone for which they get paid INR 700/ EU 8.97. This
family belongs to a backward caste known as
‘Vaddera’ whose traditional occupation is in stone
quarry and construction activities.
The daily routine of Mahadevamma starts with waking up early in the morning at 5 and getting ready
by 7.30 to go to the quarry site. In the morning she fetches water for daily use and helps her mother
with cooking and washing clothes. When she goes to the quarry site with her family she carries a
basket containing tools to work and a can of drinking water. The waste stone processing is done
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CHAPTER III Findings from the field study
24
outside the quarry. At the work place the waste stone most of the time has to be brought from the
quarry in a basket that is carried on her head. She has to walk down into the quarry and carry the
stone up and out of the quarry to the workplace. Sometimes the stone is dumped by a truck. Later
she has to sit along with her mother, father and brother to hit big stone pieces to small pieces using
a small hammer and a nail. When she was new to work she used to hit the hammer on her own hand
and get hurt, now she is perfectly hitting on stones.
While processing the stone, small pieces of stone are produced. After this Mahadevamma picks up
her basket and fills it with the smaller pieces of waste stone and carries the basket to another location where the stone is dumped. At the end of the day she has to carry the tools and drinking water
can in the basket back home. She returns home along with family members by 6.30 - 7.00 pm.
Most of the children found working in the surveyed granite quarries are school dropouts. The
reasons for dropping out of school are many. When parents and children were asked about the
discontinuation of education they sited reasons such as poverty, social norms and poor quality of
education. Of the total 19 child workers 14 dropped out of school and are fulltime workers. Five
were found going to school, but they were very irregular all through the year except during the rainy
season when there is little or no waste stone processing activity.
Prevalence of debt bondage
Long term binding contracts through loans and wage advances is a widely prevalent labour hiring
practice in the granite quarrying industry in South India. Quarry owners need a secure labour force
to carry out different quarrying operations. To ensure such labour they often prefer to make long
term arrangements with workers by paying loans and wage advances. Wage advances and loans are
used by the quarry owners as a means to bind the workers and curtail their freedom and mobility.
The agreements are oral in nature.
Debt bondage is a major issue of concern in most of the granite quarries. Workers are kept subservient to the quarry through debt. Typically, the quarry owners make a small loan to a worker to cover
some expenses and then charge such exorbitant interest rates that the worker finds it difficult, if
not impossible, to repay the loan. As long as the worker owes the quarry money, he cannot leave and
is essentially powerless.
The quarries employing local workers offer loans for a variety of purposes: meeting domestic
expenses; paying for weddings, festivals or cultural rituals; or coping with emergencies like illness,
accidents or death. However, workers are neither aware of the interest rate, which may be as high
as 48 percent per year, nor of the repayment deadline, which is typically sooner than they can pay.
Migrant workers are recruited through labour contractors or brokers. To lure migrant labourers into
bondage, quarries grant so-called wage advances. Labour contractors offer families sizable advance
payments proportional to the number of workers a family can offer, encouraging struggling families
to relocate to the quarry. The amount of wage advances paid for seasonal migrant workers varied
between INR 10000/ EU 128 to INR 30000/ EU 385 in Tamil Nadu and in Karnataka INR 10000/
EU 128 to INR 25000/ EU 320 per worker in 2014. Compared to monthly wage rates of INR 10000
- 12000/ EU 128 - 154 for skilled labour and INR 7500 - 9000/ EU 96 - 115 for unskilled labour in
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CHAPTER III Findings from the field study
25
Tamil Nadu and INR 9000 - 10000/ EU 96 - 128 for skilled labour and INR 7000 - 8000/ EU 90 103 for unskilled labour in Karnataka, advanced payments are high which makes workers vulnerable
to debt bondage.
About 54 percent of the local workers and 66 percent of the migrant workers interviewed reported
that they owe large sums of money to the quarry owners or contractors and have been working with
the same quarry for more than three years.
Kuncha (45 years): Case study of a migrant labour in Dharmapuri
district, Tamil Nadu
Kuncha, a 45 year old seasonal
migrant worker, is working in a
granite quarry in Dharmapuri
district in Tamil Nadu. Since
three years he is a skilled helper
in stone drilling and cutting. He
comes from a small village in
Mysore district in Karnataka
state and migrated to Tamil
Nadu along with 20 others from
his village. He explains the living
conditions at the quarry and the
risk he is facing.
Kuncha was a tenant farmer in
his village. He has two sons but
after getting married they moved
out of his house. Agriculture
was Kuncha’s main livelihood.
Five years ago when the crop failed Kuncha incurred a substantial debt and he had to repay the
outstanding loan to a financer. He decided to quit working in agriculture and look for an alternative livelihood. He approached Mr. Kasu, a broker (manpower supplier) from the same village. Kasu
arranges labour for quarry owners. Kuncha initially worked in a quarry near Mysore for two years
and later Kasu brought him to Dharmapuri. For three years Kuncha is working at the quarry in Dharmapuri now.
When Kuncha was working in a quarry near Mysore, he lived together with his wife. When he moved
to Dharmapuri his wife was not allowed to come with him, Kasu said that it is not permitted to
live with family on the quarry site. Now Kuncha is living in a shed that is filled with spare parts of
machinery. In each room about eight to ten workers are accommodated and there are no toilets for
them to use. Most of their spare time they spend in the open air.
At the worksite workers get covered with dust that comes from the stones during the drilling
process. The dust irritates the eyes and therefore Kuncha and his fellow workers requested for
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CHAPTER III Findings from the field study
26
protective glasses to cover their eyes. Glasses were not provided by the management. A first-aid kit
is placed at the worksite, but they never used it. When anyone falls ill, Kasu takes them to the local
doctor.
The quarry is situated 4 kms away from the village. There is a restriction on the movement of the
workers. Without permission they are not allowed to move out of the quarry site. Once a week they
are allowed to visit the local market.
The workers do not have any direct agreement with the quarry owners. The owners contract the
work on piece rate basis to Kasu (broker) and Kasu pays wages on a daily rate basis to the workers.
Kuncha gets INR 400/ EU 5.13 per day from Kasu for his work, out of this INR 50/ EU 0.64 is
deducted for food expenses. He is paid for the days that he works. Kuncha took an advance payment of INR 20000/ EU 265.41 from Kasu three months ago and while settling the payment the
advance is deducted. The payments are settled once every three months when workers go home for
a seven to ten days holiday.
Back at home there is no one to take care of his wife and she waits for Kuncha’s return alone.
Kuncha says ‘living alone at this age is not good for both of us but earning money is also important
for me as I have to clear the outstanding debt.’
Kuncha would like to go back to his village and get into agriculture again but his economic situation
does not permit him to work at his will. Living away from family is difficult, says Kuncha.
Non-payment of minimum wage, overtime and social benefits
Broadly there are three types of wage payments. Depending upon the nature of the arrangement
workers in quarries are paid on monthly, daily or piece rate basis. The permanent or regular workers
whose number is very small (less than 5 %) are paid on a monthly basis. The workers involved in
stone drilling, stone cutting and dressing are mostly paid on daily rate basis. The workers who
process waste stones are compensated by their output. They take stones unsuitable for processing
and convert them into bricks or crush them into small pieces for sale. Most of the workers involved
in waste stone processing activity are women and children. The per day wage earnings of women
workers in waste stone processing activity varied between INR 125/ EU 1.60 to INR 175/ EU 2.24
for eight to nine hours of work. This is below the legal minimum wage rates prescribed for unskilled
workers in granite quarries. The children who have some experience also work as intensively as
women and earn similar wages.
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27
Table 4: Minimum wage rates for daily wage workers in the granite industry as
prescribed by Tamil Nadu and Karnataka state governments (Amount in INR and EU)
Category
Minimum wage Wages paid
Karnataka
Karnataka
(31 March 2014)
Highly skilled
INR
EU
262
3.36
256
3.28
227
2.91
216
2.77
Minimum wage
Tamil Nadu
Wages paid
Tamil Nadu
(April 2014)
INR
EU
INR
EU
410
5.26
360
4.61
310
3.97
257
3.29
INR
EU
350 400
4.49
-5.13
250 300
3.21 3.85
(machine operators,
stone polishers etc.)
Skilled
300 350
3.85 4.48
(stone cutters/ dressers,
vehicle drivers etc.)
Semi-skilled
(assistant operators,
stone cutting helpers
etc.)
Unskilled
(housekeeping, cleaner,
loading/unloading etc.)
200 250
2.56 3.21
Note: This wage rate applies to men and women equally. The normal working day is eight hours; for overtime
work, the workers are entitled to wages at twice the minimum wage rate.
Table 4 presents minimum wage rates for daily wage workers in the granite industry as prescribed
by the Tamil Nadu and Karnataka state governments. Compared to Tamil Nadu, the minimum wage
rates prescribed for granite quarry workers in Karnataka are low. As per the information provided by
the workers the daily wage rates paid to skilled workers who are involved in drilling, stone cutting
and dressing activities varied between INR 350/ EU 4.49 to INR 400/ EU 5.13 in Tamil Nadu and INR
300/ EU 3.85 to INR 350/ EU 4.49 in Karnataka. For unskilled workers the daily wage rates varied
between INR 250/ EU 3.21 to INR 300/ EU 3.85 in Tamil Nadu and INR 200/ EU 2.56 to INR 250/
EU 3.21 in Karnataka. These rates may seem at par or even higher than the legal minimum wages
prescribed by the governments, but if we take the number of working hours into consideration, the
actual wages fall short of meeting the legal requirement. The normal working day is eight hours as
per the law; for overtime work, the workers are entitled to wages at twice the minimum wage rate.
In most of the quarries the normal working day is nine to ten hours. The work begins between 8.00
and 8.30 am and continues till 5.30 to 6.00 pm with one hour lunch break. Overtime work is very
common in quarries. During peak production season (summer months) the workers are required to
work an additional one or two hour. Overtime is usually not compensated at the legally-prescribed
premium of a double wage rate. However, it is normally compensated through incentives such as
providing tea and snacks during overtime work or a bottle of local liquor (for men) at the end of the
day. Consumption of alcohol is very common among quarry workers. The interviews with workers
indicate that they spend significant amount of their earnings (20 - 30 %) on alcohol. ‘Stone cutting
is very hard work. We get tired by end of the day. We get body pains. We drink liquor to relax a bit’, says
a quarry worker in Mudagal village in Karnataka. Alcoholism contributes to the indebtedness among
quarry workers.
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CHAPTER III Findings from the field study
28
Occupational health and safety
The work in quarries is hazardous in nature. Quarry workers face many occupational hazards like
explosions, large moving stones, dust, and backbreaking labour. Quarry workers are especially
vulnerable to work-related illnesses. Unsanitary living conditions, malnutrition, lack of clean drinking
water and substandard medical care contribute to a poor health, while insufficient protective
equipment exposes workers to silica and other dangerous factors.
The law requires quarries to provide appropriate safety equipment to workers - helmet, goggles,
boots, respiratory mask, gloves etc. Most of the quarries visited in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka are not
following work safety guidelines. Workers were seen working in quarries without any Personal
Protective Equipment (PPE). In 30 percent of the quarries (mostly small quarries) workers were unsure
if any protective equipment was available at the worksite. 72 percent of the workers interviewed
reported they are not provided safety equipment except during labour department inspections.
First-aid boxes are not available at the work site in eight quarries. Children were seen working
along with the adults with their bare hands with hammers and sieves. They do not have any safety
equipment, do not cover their heads or eyes and work barefooted sitting on the stones.
The absence of safety equipment and guidelines increases the vulnerability of workers to diseases
like bronchitis, tuberculosis and silicosis. This is caused by exposure to silica dust emitted into the
air during granite mining and processing.
Living conditions of migrant workers
Migrant workers in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka are provided accommodation within quarry premises.
They live in very poor conditions. With the exception of Gem Granites, in all other quarries the
accommodation provided to migrant workers is grossly inadequate.24 Workers with families are
provided a small hut, while workers without families are housed in a common room so small that
most workers prefer to sleep outside during warm nights. These common living rooms do not
have proper facilities. They provide neither privacy nor protection from the elements. Little or no
provision is made for sanitation or safe drinking water. In addition, in some quarries it is observed
that there are several restrictions on the movement of workers. There is a 24 hours guard watching
the quarry premises. The workers are generally forbidden from interacting with those outside the
quarry and can’t leave the quarry premises without permission.
Informal employment agreements
More than 90 percent of the workers in the sample quarries, both in Karnataka and Tamil Nadu,
were hired on informal basis. There were no written contracts between workers and management.
Even in large private quarries and quarries directly managed by the government written contracts
exists for only for a small proportion of the workforce who are employed on a regular basis. In
government quarries the majority of the operations are subcontracted to contractors on piece rate
basis. Except five, none of the 86 interviewed workers reported any formal employment agreements
with quarry owners.
Under the law (Industrial Establishments Acts) it is mandatory for businesses employing ten or more
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CHAPTER III Findings from the field study
29
workers, to provide formal employment contracts. However, in the surveyed quarries the official
number of workers is reduced by employing them informally without written contracts. Written
documentation enables the government to enforce all other acts protecting workers, particularly
in the unorganized sector. Without a written contract, workers cannot access government welfare
schemes or get compensation in case of work accidents.
Working conditions in quarries producing for the international
market
Of the total 18 sample quarries covered in this study 9 (50 %) are either directly or indirectly
(through exporting companies) exporting their products to different countries, mostly to European
countries. The European countries importing granite from Tamil Nadu and Karnataka include
the Netherlands, Germany, Belgium, Spain, Poland, Italy and France. The comparison of working
conditions between the quarries that mainly produce for export and those for domestic market do
indicate that the situation is slightly better in quarries that produce for the export market. Most
of the quarries that are producing for the international market are large in size (area as well as
number of workers employed) and have relatively better infrastructural facilities like first-aid boxes,
concrete accommodation for migrant workers, accessibility to Personal Protective Equipment etc.
Though there is not much difference in per day wages paid to workers. However, compared to
quarries producing for the domestic market, the quarries producing for export are more prompt in
timely paying wages to workers.
With regard to the situation of child labour there is not much difference between quarries
producing for domestic and those for export markets. None of the large quarries both producing for
domestic and export markets are employing children directly in any of the main quarry operations.
The involvement of children is observed more often in small quarries and mainly in waste stone
processing. No child labour was found in the two government operated quarries.
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30
CHAPTER IV
NATURAL STONE
COMPANIES’
RESPONSIBILITY TO
RESPECT HUMAN RIGHTS
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CHAPTER IV Natural stone companies’ responsibility to respect
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This chapter describes the level of supply chain transparency of Northern European natural
stone companies that, according to their own websites, source granite and/ or other natural
stone varieties from India and/ or other Asian countries. 26 natural stone companies and 3 trade
associations for natural stone were requested to review a draft version of this report. 12 companies
and the 3 trade associations responded. The responses are reviewed in the context of companies
obligations under the 2011 United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights
(UNGP) and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises. Under these international standards
companies have the obligation to perform human rights due diligence. While eight companies, that
replied to the request for review, claim not to source granite from the quarries that were part of this
study, the risk of similar human rights violations happening in other quarries cannot be ruled out
without a proper due diligence procedure.
Methodology
To gain insight in the import and retail of Indian granite varieties in Europe, desk research was
conducted. The desk research focussed on information given on European natural stone company
websites. On these websites information about the import, processing and/ or retail of different
natural stone varieties and products was found. Several company websites provide specific information about the retail of semi-finished and finished granite products that originate from India.
Based on the desk research, 26 European natural stone companies25 providing detailed information
on their websites about the import and/ or retail of granite varieties that origin from India (except
Bunnik Creations and Van den Ban Steen & Beton who only mention at their websites to import
natural stone varieties from Asian countries), were randomly selected and requested to review a
draft version of this report. The companies were contacted by e-mail and along with the draft report
questions were asked about their insight in the origin of their granite products at the level of
quarries in their supply chain and their possible sourcing from quarries included in this research.
Companies were requested to reply within two weeks; a reminding e-mail was send to companies
that did not respond within the given time period.
Out of the 26 companies, 14 are Dutch, 4 Belgian, 4 British and 4 German. The majority of the
companies are importers and wholesalers that have major shares in domestic and European natural
stone markets. Also some retailers operating in local European markets are included in the sample.
Some wholesalers are involved in cutting raw blocks into slabs but mostly wholesalers and retailers
are finishing and installing (polishing, carving and decorating) kitchen countertops, gravestones,
ornaments and other natural stone products. Furthermore the companies are operating in different
market segments; some companies are focussing on specific products like gravestones, tiles or
kitchen countertops while others focus on natural stone materials for the construction of stairs,
housefronts and sidewalks. See annex 1 for an overview of the information found on company websites and natural stone products that these companies wholesale and retail.
The draft version of this report was also shared (by e-mail) with one Belgian (Febenat) and two
Dutch (VVNI and ABN)26 trade associations for natural stone. The trade associations were asked
about the possible initiatives they take towards their member companies to promote corporate
social responsibility in the natural stone sector. They were also requested to bring the draft report
to the attention of their member companies.
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CHAPTER IV Natural stone companies’ responsibility to respect
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Remarks
There are two important remarks in respect to the companies mentioned in this chapter. First of
all the European natural stone companies mentioned do provide some transparency to consumers
about the origin of their granite products or import of natural stone varieties by sharing this
information on their websites. At websites of other companies that are processing, wholesaling and/
or retailing natural stone no information on the origin of their products is provided at all. Secondly,
according to the companies (8 out of 12) that reacted to the request for review they cannot be
directly linked to the quarries surveyed for this research. Additional research into supply chains is
required to gain insights in linkages between European natural stone companies and Indian granite
quarries.
Response of European natural stone companies
Out of 26 companies 12 companies responded to the request for review. The companies that
responded are listed in table 5. This table also provides an overview of companies’ responses to
the questions that were raised. Two companies, Nibo Stone and Hardscape, have responded to
follow-up questions, three other companies, Michel Oprey & Beisterveld, Holland Graniet and
Eck-Stone, did not.
More than half of the companies have not provided any response or comments to the draft report
and to the request to give insight in their sourcing or granite from India. The following companies
did not respond to the request for review, neither to the first e-mail nor the reminding e-mail:
Granito Natuursteen Design, Veenstra Natuursteen, Kluijtmans Natuursteen (Dutch companies);
AG Natursteinwerke, Granit Deutschland, Gräf Granit GmbH, KNKE Emsland (German companies);
Brachot-Hermant, Stone NV, BMB (Belgische Marmer-graniet Bedrijven), Maris Natuursteen (Belgian
companies); Granite UK Ltd., Eurostone, (British companies). Marshalls, also a UK company and
Ethical Trading Initiative (ETI) member, acknowledged the receipt of the review request, but has not
responded.
All three trade associations responded to the request for review. Febenat reacted that the poor
functioning of the Indian government and the caste system, as underlying causes of child labour,
cannot be changed by Febenat and its member companies. However in their reaction Febenat also
says: ‘We want to do anything to improve working conditions in countries where we source. Extending
the TFT Responsible Stone Program (TFT RSP) is evidence for this. Not all members are convinced
of its impact, since it’s not imposing rules to other countries but local governments that will bring
change. The positive changes in Tamil Nadu prove this. Therefore we think that negotiations with India
at European level, will bring change faster.’ Furthermore in their reaction Febenat states that child
labour used to be known in Europe and to combat child labour effectively, education is the only
solution.
ABN and VNNI did not provide any substantial response to the request for review and questions
raised. In their reaction VNNI states that member companies’ Holland Graniet, Bunnik Creations,
Norvold International, Michel Oprey & Beisterveld, Eck-Stone, Nibo Stone and Pelt & Hooykaas have
informed VNNI that they do not source granite from the quarries mentioned in the report.
However only one member company, Nibo Stone, answered the question if they have insight in their
full supply chain positive. According to another company, Troupin Natuursteen, ABN should be able
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CHAPTER IV Natural stone companies’ responsibility to respect
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Table 5: Natural stone companies and their responses
Companies
Insights
in supply
chain at
the level of
quarries
Procurement
Participation
of granite
in CSR
from quarries
Initiative
included in this
research
Additional information on supply chain shared
Through certification of IGEP (ISO 9001) we
can guarantee that our products are child
labour free.
Dutch companies
Holland Graniet
*
no
Bunnik Creations
*
no
Over the past year we did not import granite
from India.
no
Due to the economic crises and change in
trends at the moment we only procure small
amounts from Dutch and Italian wholesalers.
Norvold
International
no
IGEP
Michel Oprey &
Beisterveld
*
no
Eck-Stone
*
no
Nowadays we only sell granite on demand; we
procure from Diamond Spectrum Enterprises
and Brachot-Herman. For exterior paving we
procure granite from China. At the moment we
only procure Indian sandstone and limestone
through Arvicon International.
no
At the moment we do not procure Indian
granite. Through TFT RSP we contribute to CSR
in the natural stone sector.
Nibo Stone
yes
*
Pelt & Hooykaas
Natuursteen
Steenhouwerij
Jongerius
no
TFT RSP
no
don’t know
Troupin
Natuursteen
*
Van den Ban
Steen & Beton
*
Diamond
Spectrum
Enterprises
*
Due to the economic crises in Western
countries and the growth of building sectors in
emerging economies, natural stone markets in
emerging economies have become much more
relevant than the relatively small European and
irrelevant Dutch natural stone market.
We are a small retailer and only procure
semi-finished products from Dutch and European
wholesalers. We purchase gravestones made in
China through a Dutch intermediary.
*
We do not import from India, only from
China through an intermediary (Hong Shen
Natuursteen BV), however we do trade
materials that originate from India.
no
We mainly focus on European materials and
procure minor amounts from China but this will
end in the near future.
*
We sell semi-finished and finished products
that originate from India. The Indian factory we
do business with for our memorial stones is ISO
9002 certified. We agree with the response of
our supplier (see quote below).
British company
Hardscape
*
yes
*
ETI
All our supply chains are transparent with ETI.
= no clear answer to question
to give more insight in natural stone companies that are sourcing from India. Only Febenat has
indicated to bring the report to the attention of their members, as per our request.
Out of 12 companies 2 companies, Nibo Stone and Hardscape, responded that they have insight in
their supply chains at the level of quarries. Hardscape explained that all their granite and sandstone
supply chains are transparent with ETI. Two companies, Norvold International and Steenhouwerij
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CHAPTER IV Natural stone companies’ responsibility to respect
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34
Jongerius, responded that they do not have insight in their supply chains at the level of quarries.
Both companies do not directly import granite from India; they procure finished and/ or semifinished products from European wholesalers, mainly Dutch or Italian wholesalers. It is noteworthy
that Norvold International reacted that they do not have insight in their supply chain at the level
of quarries, whereas in the reaction of VNNI it is mentioned that Norvold International does not
procure granite from quarries surveyed for this research. Furthermore in their reaction Norvold
International mentions that working conditions can be improved but caste discrimination will deter
workers to get better jobs.
Eight companies stated that they do not source granite from the quarries mentioned in this report.
Steenhouwerij Jongerius does not know whether their granite products origin from the quarries
mentioned in this report because they do not have insight in their supply chain at the level of
quarries. Eckstone and Troupin Natuursteen were most transparent in their response, providing
names of the importers where they source granite.
According to Michel Oprey & Beisterveld, Norvold International and Nibo Stone the market for
granite collapsed since the economic crisis in 2008. For this reason Norvold International does
not directly import granite from India anymore and Nibo Stone removed Indian granite varieties
from its assortment. Michel Oprey & Beisterveld states that the domestic markets in emerging
economies are far more relevant than the small European and the irrelevant Dutch market. A report
of the Centre for the Promotion of Imports from developing countries (CBI) shows that natural
stone markets in emerging economies like China, are growing. However the report also states that
European Union countries are traditional users of natural stone products and have the highest per
capita consumption worldwide. Developing countries account for 54 percent of the natural stone
imported into the European Union and the top 10 European Union consuming countries represent
84 percent of the global consumption of finished stone products.27
In their response Troupin Natuursteen, Eck-Stone, Steenhouwerij Jongerius and Van den Ban
explain that they procure gravestones, granite tiles or other products directly or indirectly (through
wholesalers) from China. It remains unclear whether these products originate from China or are
imported from India, processed in China and re-exported. Only Troupin Natuursteen mentions
trading materials that originate from India.
Companies’ efforts towards improved labour conditions in quarries
Four companies mentioned in table 5 are participating in corporate social responsibility (CSR)
initiatives that aim to improve working and environmental conditions in their supply chains. Michel
Oprey & Beisterveld participates in the TFT RSP.28 In their response Michel Oprey & Beisterveld
mentions that they are aware of labour rights abuses in the production of natural stone and that all
involved stakeholders are responsible to improve the situation. Michel Oprey & Beisterveld does not
recognise itself in the ‘image’ that no attention is being paid to labour conditions at their suppliers.
For a more substantive response the company refers to the response of the trade association VNNI.
VNNI however has not provided any information on this subject. We have inquired with Michel
Oprey & Beisterveld on efforts the company undertakes to address labour conditions in its supply
chain, but did not receive a response.
In their reaction Nibo Stone mentions to be supporting member of TFT RSP. Nevertheless, at the
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CHAPTER IV Natural stone companies’ responsibility to respect
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35
CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY INITIATIVES IN
NATURAL STONE
Ethical Trading Initiative (ETI) is an alliance of companies, trade unions and NGOs that promotes
respect for workers’ rights around the world. By becoming a member of ETI a company commits
itself to adopt and implement the ETI Base Code. Furthermore within their program on the sandstone sector of Rajasthan, ETI and nine member companies are working towards improved labour
conditions for those working in the export sandstone sector of Rajasthan.
Indo-German Export Promotion (IGEP) was set up in 1988 as trade promotion foundation. In July
2005 IGEP has become a private foundation sponsored by the Ministry of Commerce & Industry of
the Government of India. IGEP runs a natural stone certification program that offers certification
against child labour and aims at social and environmental standards throughout the Indian natural
stone sector.
TFT Responsible Stone Program (TFT RSP) aims to improve working conditions and reduce environmental impact in natural stone quarries and processing factories. Member companies (12) are
expected to work towards implementing the RSP standards at all sights in their supply chain. The
standards are separated into three levels. The [Dutch] Sustainable Trade Initiative (IDH) is supporting
the RSP.
website of the TFT RSP Benelux chapter Nibo Stone is not included in the membership list.29
Furthermore Nibo Stone explains that corporate social responsibility is part of their corporate
culture. The company expects a similar vision of suppliers, one that rejects child labour, bonded
labour and discrimination. In the past when they sourced larger quantities of Indian stone, they
have set up their own factory in order to be able to guarantee that ethical standards were being
met. However, production has now shifted to cheaper China, so the factory does not exist anymore.
Holland Graniet states ‘child labour cannot be tolerated in any way.’ The company responds that they
contribute towards better working and living conditions of quarry workers through their association
with the Indo-German Export Promotion (IGEP) Foundation.30 All their Indian suppliers are monitored by IGEP. They explain: ‘With the IGEP certificate, we can guarantee that our products are child
labour free. […] We are proud to be the only importing company of memorial stones in the Netherlands
that is allowed to use this certificate. We pay 0.75 % of the value of the imported products to IGEP.
IGEP is 9001 certified.’
Hardscape is a member of the ETI Stone Group.31 The company states: ‘No doubt human and labour
rights abuse is prevalent across the Indian sandstone and granite industry. This is one reality why we
joined the Ethical Trading Initiative back in 2007 where we work at ground truth level to verify all tiers
to our supply chain across the globe.’ Furthermore Hardscape explains that the 9 base code
principles of ETI, which are based on international labour rights, are translated into action plans
and implemented in all their Indian supply chains.
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CHAPTER IV Natural stone companies’ responsibility to respect
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A quote from an Indian supplier was included in the response of Diamond Spectrum Enterprises:
‘The issue of child labour in Indian quarries is going on for centuries (from Taj Mahal days I suppose)
and India has been denying it from time immemorial. We believe that whenever these guys
(researchers in general) are disturbed from their sleep they wake up suddenly and start blabbering
about the child labour in India. Children cannot work in the quarries because it involves heavy duty
work and simply they do not have that stamina. Government has put in a lot of restrictions these days
and it is difficult for the mosquitoes to hide in quarries. Moreover, there are independent agencies
from Germany conducting regular checks at the quarry sites and they are also able to catch only
flies.... These people go around shooting videos while the children of the labourers that are playing
around the debris (they stay with their parents at the quarry sites). That’s about it. Beyond this
nothing is going on in the quarries or in the manufacturing units as far as I know (it’s my 97th time I am
telling this story!!) (Siva Subramanian).’ Diamond Spectrum Enterprises adds that they fully support
this statement and that they have never seen any child labour in the quarries, only children who
play in the quarries since their families live next to the quarries. The company adds that if ‘we [here
in the west] would be prepared to pay a x percentage more for our stone products, then producers in
India could use some of this money to invest in education and child care for these children.’
Eck-Stone says it engages in dialogue on labour conditions with its Indian supplier of sandstone and
limestone, Arvicon International. Steenhouwerij Jongerius responds that it does not import directly,
but sources from importers. The company states that its importer is striving to responsibly source
and produce stone. This cannot be verified, since Steenhouwerij Jongerius does not mention the
name of its supplier.
Concluding remarks
Eight companies that responded to the request for review did not respond to the question about
their insights in their supply chain at the level of quarries. Therefore it remains unclear whether
these companies have insight in the working conditions in which their stone is produced. Only two
companies claim to have insights in their supply chain at the level of quarries, while eight
companies stated that they do not procure granite from the quarries surveyed for this research. As
a company, you can only be sure not to source granite from the quarries mentioned in this report if
you have insight in your supply chain at the level of quarries.
Furthermore the responses show that companies and trade associations recognize the issue of
child labour and poor working and living conditions of workers in the south Indian granite industry.
However, they mainly point to structural problems, such as the caste system and failing Indian
government and state governments as underlying causes of labour right violations. The companies
and trade associations barely mention their own responsibility to respect human rights and perform
human rights due diligence as required by the UNGP.
Detailed insights in the achievements of CSR initiatives like IGEP, ETI and TFT RSP, especially in lower
tiers of supply chains at the level of individual companies were not shared by the companies and are
not available at websites of the companies and initiatives. For this reason it remains unclear to what
extent quarry workers at the bottom of granite supply chains benefit from these CSR initiatives.
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CHAPTER IV Natural stone companies’ responsibility to respect
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
The 2011 United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGP) and the OECD
Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises clarify that states have the duty to protect and enterprises have the responsibility to respect human rights.32 This responsibility includes performing a
due diligence process in the supply chain. Human rights due diligence is understood as a process
through which enterprises actively identify, prevent and mitigate their potential and actual adverse
human rights impacts. Furthermore it is expected that companies communicate externally how they
address their human rights impact. This study documents violations of the ILO core conventions
using a sample of 18 granite quarries in South India. The risk that similar human rights violations
exist in other quarries in South India is significant. Therefore it can be expected that natural stone
companies sourcing Indian granite follow a proper due diligence procedure. This report aims to find
out if European companies live up this responsibility.
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CHAPTER V Conclusions and recommendations
38
CONCLUSIONS
Many labourers in the quarries work under conditions of modern slavery as per the ILO convention
on all forms of forced and compulsory labour (ILO convention 29).33 The ILO has formulated indicators of forced labour of which several apply to South Indian quarries. Quarry workers are bonded
labourers who are tied to their employers by debts with excessive interests. About 54 percent of
the local workers and 66 percent of the migrant workers interviewed, reported that they owe large
sums of money to the quarry owners/contractors. They are physically confined to the work location
and cannot leave the quarries at will.34
Child labour as defined by ILO conventions on the worst forms of child labour (ILO convention 182)
and the minimum age to work (ILO convention 138) has decreased in Tamil Nadu stone quarries. Out
of the 12 quarries surveyed in Tamil Nadu in 2 quarries direct or indirect engagement of child labour
was found. Out of the total of 510 workers in 12 quarries, 1 was a child below 14 years. However,
5 workers were in the age group of 15 to 18 which due to the hazardous working conditions falls
under the worst forms of child labour convention. Hazardous working conditions include heavy
physical work like digging, crushing stones and carrying heavy loads and health and safety risks
such as falling rocks, inhaling of dust and poor access to clean drinking water.35
In Karnataka child labour is still common, mostly in side activities such as waste stone processing.
Children were present in five out of six quarries covered in this research. Children accounted for
almost 10 percent of the total workforce. No significant difference in numbers of working children
is found between quarries producing for domestic and export markets.
The wages male workers earn with skilled and unskilled quarry labour seem to be in par with the
legal minimum wages but when taking into account the number of working hours and overtime
work, wages fall short in meeting the legal requirements. Wages female workers earn, involved in
waste stone processing, are below the legal minimum wage rates prescribed by the Karnataka and
Tamil Nadu state governments for unskilled workers in granite quarries. Gender based wage discrimination is a violation of the core ILO labour standard on discriminationin respect of employment and
occupation (ILO convention 111) and the equal remuneration convention (ILO convention 100).36
Larger quarries have relatively better infrastructural facilities, such as first-aid boxes, concrete
accommodation for migrant workers, accessibility to personal protection equipment (PPE) etc., to
protect and support their workers. They are more prompt in timely paying wages to workers. There
is no significant difference in labour hiring practices, wages and working hours between quarries
producing for the export and those for the domestic market.
The Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 (MMDR), and the Mines Act, 1952,
together with the rules and regulations framed under them, constitute the basic laws governing the
mining sector in India. The minor minerals including natural stone come under the purview of the
state governments. However, labour laws are basically the same for every state. Some of the laws of
particular relevance to workers in granite quarries are:
•
The Contract Labour Regulation and Abolition Act, 1970, protects contract labourers. The act
makes a number of provisions for the welfare of contract workers including payment of min-
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CHAPTER V Conclusions and recommendations
39
imum wage, social security benefits and others. The government can also decide to prohibit
the use of contract labour to complete core activities of the enterprise of perennial nature.
•
The Industrial Establishments Acts requires businesses employing ten or more workers at any
time to write out formal employment contracts.
•
The Interstate Migrant Workmen Act, 1979, concerning migrant workers, prescribes that
companies need government documentation and approval to employ migrant workers.
The Act allows for payment of migration, payment of travel and/or suitable residential
accommodation.
•
The Bonded Labour System Abolition Act, 1976, exists to prohibit the practice of bonded
labour, where quarry owners may enslave their workers.
As described in the previous chapters, the study shows that (structural) violations of these laws
seem to occur in most of the researched granite quarries in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. The weak
enforcement of law is a major reason for poor working conditions at granite quarries, especially
in Karnataka. More effective law enforcement by the Government of India and state governments
will help to improve the situation considerably, as shown by the child labour example. Vigilance of
the labour department in Tamil Nadu after 2011 helped to reduce the prevalence of child labour in
granite quarries. The state governments of both Tamil Nadu and Karnataka should increase their
efforts to combat child labour and bonded labour and implement labour laws in granite quarries.
However, according to the UNGP, the fact that government fails to fulfill its duty to protect, does
not exempt companies at the buying end of the supply chain from their responsibility to respect
human rights. Transparency is an important prerequisite for a proper due diligence procedure which
identifies, prevents and mitigates actual and potential adverse human rights impacts. The majority
of stone companies that have been requested for the review is still reluctant to reveal its supply
chain or does not seem to have insight in its supply chain. Out of the 12 companies that responded
to the request for review, 8 companies stated that they do not procure granite from the quarries
surveyed for this research while only 2 companies said that they have insight in their supply chain
at the level of quarries. CSR initiatives claim to have gathered insight in supply chains and adverse
human rights impacts, but the publicly available information is too little to ascertain the impact of
their work. The lack of transparency makes it hard to assess the effectiveness of corporate actions
to mitigate adverse human rights impacts in India.
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CHAPTER V Conclusions and recommendations
40
RECOMMENDATIONS
TO NATURAL STONE COMPANIES AND QUARRIES IN INDIA
•
Implement Indian labour laws and respect trade union rights
•
Mandatory written contracts
The absence of written contracts makes it hard for workers to claim legal entitlements
like minimum wages, overtime compensation, government welfare schemes, compensation
for work accidents etc. The large quarries, even the ones that are government-owned, are
subcontracting most of the operations to labour supply agencies and middlemen who hire
workers. The owners of the quarries and importing companies should make sure that written
contracts are provided to all workers, including workers employed by middleman and labour
supply agencies.
•
Mapping of supply chain and traceability
Like Western buyers, exporters of granite and other natural stone companies should also map
their supply chain, get insight in the supply chain actors and be able to provide full traceability.
•
Transparency
Be transparent about the full supply chain, actors involved in the supply chain and measures
taken to monitor and improve the labour conditions in different levels of the supply chain.
•
Grievance mechanism
Company level grievance mechanisms are an important way for workers to get their problems
heard and remedied. Access to remedy for victims of human rights abuse is an obligation
under the UNGP.
•
Cooperation with local government and civil society groups
Quarries are often located closely together. The issues of poor living conditions and lack of
access to healthcare can be tackled at community level instead of quarry level. Access to
medical facilities can be facilitated by starting health sub-centers in mining zones. Local
governments are responsible for the provision of healthcare services that meet the healthcare needs of quarry workers. Mine owners and quarry worker communities can join forces
to keep the government accountable for the provision of proper healthcare services. Cheap
housing can also be provided with the help of government rural housing schemes. The issue
of child labour can be tackled by a combination of strategies that involve all key stakeholders
like (local) government agencies, parents, communities, quarry owners, buyers and importers.
An area-based approach to tackling child labour (Child Labour Free Zones) is an important
example of such an approach. Companies can be expected to play a pro-active role in the
above strategies and contribute to its effective implementation.
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CHAPTER V Conclusions and recommendations
41
TO THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT AND STATE
GOVERNMENTS OF INDIA
Ratify and implement all relevant ILO conventions, especially the ILO conventions on child labour
and the recently adopted Protocol of 2014 to the Forced Labour Convention, 1930.37
Both ILO Conventions on child labour – ILO Convention 182 on the worst forms of child labour and
Convention 138 on the minimum age to work – have still not been ratified by India. The present
Child labour (Protection and Regulation) Act 1986 only (partly) deals with hazardous work under 14.
Study reports, like the ‘2013 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labour’ and the ILO ‘World Report
on Child Labour 2013’ show that the law is not implemented properly.38 For some years now a new
Child Labour Act – reflecting both ILO Conventions – is being considered. India should enact and
implement such a law as soon as possible.
On 11 June 2014, the ILO adopted the Protocol to the Forced Labour Convention (1930) that updates
a widely ratified, but outdated, treaty. The protocol was developed in order to better address
contemporary abuses, including abuses against migrants and in the private sector.39 The prevention
measures in the new Forced Labour Protocol include creating national plans of action, expanding
labour laws to sectors at risk of forced labour, improving labour inspections, and protecting migrant
workers from exploitative recruitment practices. The new Protocol also requires governments to
support due diligence by businesses to prevent and respond to forced labour in their operations. The
Protocol requires governments to take measures to identify, release and provide assistance to forced
labour victims as well as protect them from retaliation. The treaty also obliges governments to ensure
that victims have access to justice and remedies, including compensation.
Implement and monitor labour laws
Effective monitoring of the implementation of labour laws is an important means to reduce child
labour, bonded labour and wage discrimination. The Tamil Nadu and Karnataka state governments
should provide regular labour inspections at quarry level and make sure workers have access to
social security benefits.
The Tamil Nadu and Karnataka state government are recommended to follow the example of the
Rajasthan and Delhi state governments who have developed laws that extended the age bar on
child labour from 14 years to 18 years and prohibits employment of children and youth up to 18
years.40 Another example to be followed is the recent decision, taken by the Rajasthan state
government, making it mandatory for quarry owners to maintain formal records of all workers in
their quarries. With legal employment contracts quarry workers can access social schemes, for
instance under the Workmen Compensation Act.41
Housing
A percentage of the tax paid by quarry owners to the government can be used for improving
housing and healthcare facilities for quarry workers.
Education
The state governments should ensure children of quarry workers, also of migrant workers, have
access to quality education.
Access to credit
The state government can provide access to low-interest credit. This is a crucial way to prevent
bonded labour.
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CHAPTER V Conclusions and recommendations
42
TO EUROPEAN NATURAL STONE COMPANIES
•
Due diligence
Companies sourcing granite and other natural stone products from Tamil Nadu,
Karnataka or other states in India should implement a comprehensive due diligence
process as required by the UNGP to find out if and to what extend child labour, bonded
labour and other labour rights violations occur in their supply chains. Based on the due
diligence companies should make a time-bound plan for addressing actual and potential
human rights violations, monitor its implementation and report publicly on this.
•
Create joint leverage and cooperate with stakeholders
To increase leverage, natural stone companies should work with workers and their representatives to improve working conditions, in line with the UNGP and the OECD Guidelines.
•
Transparency
Companies should increase the traceability and transparency of their supply chains
wup-to the level of quarries. CSR initiatives should be transparent on their code of conduct, license agreements, procedures, audit manuals, control systems, results etc.
•
Access to remedy
Companies or CSR initiatives of which they are a member should have a credible
grievance mechanism, which is a crucial way for workers to have their problems heard
and remediated.
TO EUROPEAN UNION AND ITS MEMBER STATES
•
Governments at the buying end, being a substantial buyer, have an important role in
driving change in the natural stone sector. Local, national and European government
agencies and semi-government institutions should implement sustainable procurement
policies and publicly report about its implementation.
•
The European Commission should oblige companies to be transparent about their supply
chain and to perform a due diligence procedure in line with the UNGP and the OECD
Guidelines and report publicly about this.
•
In line with the ILO forced labour protocol, European governments should oblige
companies domiciled in their countries to do a due diligence procedure, especially small
and medium sized enterprises.
•
European members states and the European Commission should raise the issue of child
labour and forced labour with the Indian Government in order to come to joint solutions
for failing implementation of labour rights legislation and UN Guiding Principles. This
should include strengthening of the labour inspection, including ex-child workers in
formal education and capacity building programs.
•
The European Union and its members should urge India to ratify ILO conventions on child
labour and the recently adopted Protocol of 2014 to the Forced Labour Convention, 1930.
•
The Dutch government is recommended to support a proposal for mandatory due
diligence on child labour as has been proposed by the Dutch Parliament.
ROCK BOTTOM
CHAPTER V Conclusions and recommendations
43
ENDNOTES
1
For Karnataka see the report ”Our mining children: A Report of the Fact Finding Team on the Child Labourers in the Iron
Ore and Granite Mines in Bellary District of Karnataka”, published in 2005. For Tamil Nadu see the report “Between a rock
and a hard place: The exploitation for quarry workers in Tamil Nadu”, by People’s Watch. Commissioned by the India
Committee of the Netherlands (ICN), Dutch Working Group on Sustainable Stone (WGDN) and FNV, 2009 (unpublished).
2
“Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implementing the United Nations ‘Protect, Respect and Remedy’
Framework”, published by the United Nations, 2011 (http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/GuidingPrinciplesBusinessHR_EN.pdf) and “OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises”, published by OECD, 2011 (http://www.oecd.org/daf/
inv/mne/48004323.pdf).
3
Important studies include: 1) Madhavan P. and Raj S., 2005: “Budhpura ‘Ground Zero’ Sandstone quarrying in India”. Commissioned by the India Committee of the Netherlands. 2) “From Quarry to Graveyard: Corporate social responsibility in the
natural stone sector”: a report published by the India Committee of Netherlands, 2006. 3) “India’s Childhood in the ‘Pits’:
A report on the impacts of mining on children in India”: a study conducted and published by Samata and HAQ: Centre for
Child Rights and Mines, Minerals & People with the support of Terre des Hommes Germany, AEI & ASTM Luxembourg, 2010.
4) “Big pits and cheap lives”: fact–finding study on working conditions in the sandstone mines in Kota – Bundi region of
Rajasthan by the Centre for Education and Communication, 2006.
4
Research carried out by Madhavan P. and Raj S. in Bundi district found around 55000 people working in the sandstone
mines there. Of these, 85 % were migrant labourers, 94 % were SCs and STs approximately 20 % were children and 43 %
were women who had been widowed. In total, around 90 % were in debt to their employers (‘contractors’), and so can be
considered as ‘bonded labourers’.
5
”No child labour employed in granite industry”, by T.E. Raja Simha, The Hindu, October 2, 2007 (http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2007/10/02/stories/2007100250100700.htm).
6
“Between a rock and a hard place: The exploitation for quarry workers in Tamil Nadu”, by People’s Watch. Commissioned
by the India Committee of the Netherlands (ICN), Dutch Working Group on Sustainable Stone (WGDN) and FNV, 2009
(unpublished).
7
“Mining in Bellary – A Policy Analyses” by Justice Santhosh Hegde, 2011 (http://adrindia.org/sites/default/files/EPW_
Mining_Article.pdf); “Bellary in the pits” by Paranjoy Guha Thakurta, Civil Society, February 2011 (http://www.civilsocietyonline.com/Archive/feb2011/feb1111.asp).
8
“The rise and fall of Madurai’s Granite Mafia” by Jeeman Jacob, September 2012
(http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main54.asp?filename=Ws140912NADU.asp); “A scam worth 16,000 crores that rests on
granite” by Samira Shaikh, August 2, 2012 (http://www.ndtv.com/article/south/a-scam-worth-16-000-crores-that-rests-ongranite-250382;); “Granite scam in Tamil Nadu” (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite_scam_in_Tamil_Nadu).
9
“Ban on iron ore mining and exports in Karnataka, Goa chokes the industry”, published in Business Today, January 3, 2014
(http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/ban-on-iron-ore-mining-and-exports-in-karnataka-goa/1/202008.html); “The mining
scam that ROCKED Karnataka”, Vikki Nanjippa, June 20, 2012, (http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-themining-scam-that-rocked-karnataka/20120620.htm).
10
“MVO Sector Risico Analyse, aandachtspunten voor dialoog“ by KPMG, commissioned by the Dutch Ministry for Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation & Ministry of Economic Affairs, September 2014 (http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/
bestanden/documenten-en-publicaties/rapporten/2014/09/01/mvo-sector-risico-analyse/mvo-sector-risico-analyse.pdf).
11
“The Global Slavery Index 2014” by Walk Free Foundation, 2014 (http://d3mj66ag90b5fy.cloudfront.net/wp
content/uploads/2014/11/Global_Slavery_Index_2014_final_lowres.pdf); “2013 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labour”
by United States Department of Labour, September 2014 (http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/findings/2013TDA/2013TDA.pdf).
12
Mining is considered as hazardous activity and as per ILO conventions 138 and 182 employment of children below 18
years is prohibited in hazardous activities.
13
The websites of some of the companies covered in this study are: 1) TAMIN (http://www.tamingranites.com),
2) MML (http://www.mml.kar.nic.in), 3) Bannari Aman Granite (http://www.bannari.com/granite.html), 4) Gem Granites
(http://www.gemgranites.com) and 5) Sri Krishna Granites (http://www.srikrishnagranites.com).
14
As per 2011 census the illiteracy rate in Tamil Nadu is 20 % and 24.5 % in Karnataka.
15
“Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implementing the United Nations “Protect, Respect and Remedy”
Framework”, published by the United Nations, 2011 (http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/GuidingPrinciplesBusinessHR_EN.pdf) and “OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises”, published by OECD, 2011 (http://www.oecd.org/daf/
inv/mne/48004323.pdf).
ROCK BOTTOM
Endnotes
44
16
Infodrive India, (http://news.oneindia.in/2010/06/24/graniteexport-from-tamil-nadu-gainingpopularity.html).
“Indian Minerals Yearbook 2012, (Part- III : Mineral Reviews)“ by the Government of India Ministry of Mines, Indian Bureau
of Mines, February 2014 (http://ibm.gov.in/writereaddata/files/07092014125422IMYB_2012_Granite.pdf).
18
Granite is declared as a “Minor Mineral”, under the MMDR Act, 1957 and falls under the purview of the State
Governments.
19
1) K. Agrawal, I. P. Singh Gaharwar, 2013, “A Study on Trend of Export of Natural Stones from India to Various Countries”
(http://www.ijoart.org/docs/A-Study-on-Trend-of-Export-of-Natural-Stones-from-India-to-Various-Countries.pdf); 2) Infodrive
India, Indian Granite Export from India Data and Reports from Infodrive India
(http://www.infodriveindia.com/india-export-data/indian-granite-export-data.aspx) assessed 10 September 2014; 3) Capexil,
statistical profile, March 2011 (http://www.capexil.com/stat_profile.php).
20
“From Quarry to Graveyard: Corporate social responsibility in the natural stone sector”: a report published by the India
Committee of Netherlands, 2006.
21
“The natural stone and stone products market in the EU” by CBI, 2010 (http://www.scribd.com/doc/90764196/2010-Natural-Stone-EU#scribd).
22
For Karnataka see the report ”Our mining children: A Report of the Fact Finding Team on the Child Labourers in the Iron
Ore and Granite Mines in Bellary District of Karnataka”, published in 2005. For Tamil Nadu see the report “Between a rock
and a hard place: The exploitation for quarry workers in Tamil Nadu”, unpublished report, 2009.
23
The 2009 Tamil Nadu study in 57 granite quarries observed the existence of child labour in most of the quarries.
24
Gem Granites is one of the leading companies in India involved in quarrying and exporting various types of granite
products. The workers employed in Gem Granites quarries are provided accommodation outside the quarries in separate
quarters with all the basic amenities. At the quarry site also workers are provided with facilities like resting halls, toilets,
drinking water, first aid and a canteen.
25
European natural stone company websites: Holland Graniet (http://www.hollandgraniet.nl/default.asp?ID=4), assessed 25
September 2014; Bunnik Creations (https://nl-nl.facebook.com/Bunnikcreationsnatuursteen), assessed 17 September 2014;
Norvold International (http://www.norvoldinternational.nl/norvold-international/catalogus-ac/099-bordeaux.php), assessed
25 September 2014; Michel Oprey & Beisterveld (http://mo-b.nl/language/nl/categories/23/items/i15600), assessed
9 September 2014; Granito Natuursteen Design (http://www.granitonatuursteen.nl/granieten-vloertegels.html), assessed
22 September 2014; Troupin Natuursteen (http://www.troupinnatuursteen.nl/materialen/granietsoorten), assessed
22 September 2014; Kluijtmans Natuursteen (http://kluijtmansnatuursteen.nl/bouw/materialen), assessed 24 September 2014; Eck-Stone (http://eckstone.nl/component/jak2filter/?Itemid=492&jakeyword=India&category_id=&xf_1_
txt=&xf_2_txt=&xf_3_txt=&btnSubmit=SEARCH), assessed 22 September 2014); Veenstra Natuursteen (http://www.
veenstra-natuursteen.nl/over_ons/import_van_duurzame_materialen/#.VC6p5_mSzTp), assessed 22 September 2014;
Nibo Stone (http://particulier.nibostone.nl/natuursteen+vloertegels/budget+collectie/imperial+white%2C+gepolijst?art_
code=01070334), assessed 22 September 2014; Pelt & Hooykaas Natuursteen (http://www.peltenhooykaasnatuursteen.
nl/producten/graniet/), assessed 22 September 2014; Diamond Spectrum Enterprises (http://www.diamondspectrum.com/
materialen-natuursteen/natuursteen-tegels.html?landvanherkomst=108&soort=53), assessed 25 September 2014;
Steenhouwerij Jongerius (http://www.steenhouwerij.nl/gallery/graniet-materialen/15.html), assessed 25 September 2014;
Van den Ban steen & beton (http://www.vandenban.com/natuursteen_soorten.php), assessed 1 October 2014;
Brachot-Hermant (http://www.brachot.com/Content/productrange/standardgamma/2/index.jsp?act=list), assessed 29
September 2014; Stone nv (http://www.stone.be/NL/Materialen/Materiaal/Graniet_en_Basalt/Indian_Black_.aspx), assessed
29 September 2014; BMB (http://www.bmb.be/Graniet_2.html), assessed 29 September 2014; Maris Natuursteen (http://
www.marisnatuursteen.be/producten), assessed 1 October 2014; Granite UK Ltd. (http://www.graniteuk.com/granite/),
assessed 29 September 2014; Eurostone (http://www.eurostone.co.uk/Granite/Dark-Grey-Granite-Black-Granite/s-3),
assessed 29 September 2014; Hardscape (http://www.hardscape.co.uk/products-material.php?material_id=4), assessed 29
September 2014; Marshalls (http://www.marshalls.co.uk/commercial/natural-stone/granite?Page=1), assessed 1 October
2014; AG Natursteinwerke (http://www.ag-natursteinwerke.de/katalog/granit?start=60), assessed 1 October 2014; Granit
Deutschland (http://www.granit-deutschland.net/granit-fliesen-Star-Galaxy-fliesen), assessed 1 October 2014; Gräf Granit
GmbH (http://www.graef-granit.de/de/pressearchiv/presse/presse-aktuell/grabmale-made-in-germany.html) assessed 1
October 2014; KNKE Emsland (http://www.happe-gruppe.de/fileadmin/templates/downloads/knke-emsland-broschuere.pdf),
assessed 3 October 2014.
26
Dutch and Belgian trade associations for natural stone: Vereniging van Nederlandse Natuursteen Importeurs (VVNI)
(http://www.vnni.nl/); Algemene Nederlandse Bond van Natuursteenbedrijven (ABN) (http://www.abnnatuursteen.nl/) and
Febenat (http://www.febenat.be/index.php?r=mylang/index&reso=1&width=1280&Height=1024).
27
“The natural stone and stone products market in the EU” by CBI, 2010 (http://www.scribd.com/doc/90764196/2010-Natural-Stone-EU#scribd).
28
TFT Responsible Stone Program (TFT RSP) (http://www.tft-earth.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/About-the-TFT-Re17
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Endnotes
45
sponsible-Stone-Programme.pdf), assessed 27 March 2015.
29
TFT Responsible Stone Program (TFT RSP), Benelux Chapter website (http://www.duurzamenatuursteen.nl/wie/),
assessed 27 March 2015.
30
Indo-German Export Promotion (IGEP) (http://www.igep.org/stone.html), assessed 27 March 2015.
31
Ethical Trading Initiative (ETI) (http://www.ethicaltrade.org/about-eti), assessed 27 March 2015.
32
“Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implementing the United Nations “Protect, Respect and Remedy”
Framework”, published by the United Nations, 2011 (http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/GuidingPrinciplesBusinessHR_EN.pdf) and “OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises”, published by OECD, 2011 (http://www.oecd.org/daf/
inv/mne/48004323.pdf).
33
ILO convention 29 (http://www.ilo.org/global/standards/subjects-covered-by-international-labour-standards/forced-labour/lang--en/index.htm), assessed 27 March 2015.
34
ILO, 2005, A Global Alliance Against Forced Labour, Global Report under the Follow-up to the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and rights at Work 2005 (http://www.google.nl/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCEQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fapflnet.ilo.org%2Fresources%2Fa-global-alliance-against-forced-labour%2Fat_download%2Ffile1&ei=lEURVfzSBMfXap-vgagM&usg=AFQjCNEHWBFP7HF7cEuytGvgPH_7IIt5Qg&bvm=bv.89184060,d.ZWU).
35
“Children in hazardous work. What we know, What we need to do” published by the ILO, 2011 (http://www.ilo.org/
wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@dcomm/@publ/documents/publication/wcms_155428.pdf).
36
ILO conventions 100 and 111 (http://www.ilo.org/global/standards/subjects-covered-by-international-labour-standards/
equality-of-opportunity-and-treatment/lang--en/index.htm), assessed 27 March 2015.
37
ILO, Provisional Record, 103rd Session, Geneva, 2014, Text of the protocol to the forced labour convention, 1930,
(http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---relconf/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_246615.pdf).
38
“2013 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labour” by United States Department of Labour, September 2014
(http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/findings/2013TDA/2013TDA.pdf). “World Report on Child Labour: Economic
vulnerability, social protection and the fight against child labour” published by the ILO, 2013 (http://www.ilo.org/ipec/Informationresources/WCMS_178184/lang--en/index.htm)
39
Human Rights watch, Global Treaty to Protect Forced Labor Victims Adopted, 11 June 2014.
(http://www.hrw.org/news/2014/06/11/global-treaty-protect-forced-labor-victims-adopted).
40
“Child labour age limit raised to 18 years”, published by The Times of India, 26 August 2012.
(http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Child-labour-age-limit-raised-to-18-years/articleshow/15713593.cms).
31
”Mine owners told to maintain record of all workers”, published by The Times of India (Jaipur), 4 February
2015. (http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31810&articlexml=Mine-owners-told-to-maintain-record-of-all-04022015004020).
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Endnotes
46
ANNEX 1:
IMPORT AND RETAIL
OF INDIAN GRANITE BY
EUROPEAN COMPANIES
Company
Type of
company
Information on website
Main
products
Source
Dutch companies
1
Holland
Graniet
importer/
wholesaler
Importing raw blocks, slabs
and (semi-)finished granite
products from India and other
countries.
gravestones
& construction materials
http://www.hollandgraniet.
nl/default.asp?ID=4
2
Bunnik
Creations
importer/
wholesaler
Importing natural stone
varieties from different Asian
countries, including India.
tiles
https://nl-nl.facebook.com/
Bunnikcreationsnatuursteen
3
Norvold
International
importer/
wholesaler
Importing and wholesale of
Indian granite varieties.
tiles
http://www.norvoldinternational.nl/norvold-international/catalogus-ac/099-bordeaux.php
4
Michel Oprey
& Beisterveld
importer/
wholesaler
Importing and wholesale of
Indian granite varieties. For
example Nero Impala Dark.
tiles &
moldings
http://mo-b.nl/
natuursteen-binnen/vloertegels/nero-impala-dark-(india)-gepolijst.html
5
Granito
Natuursteen
Design
retailer
Retail of Indian granite
products. For example Ghibly,
Absolute Black, Black Galaxy,
Paradiso Clasic, Kashmir White
and India Juperana tiles and
countertops.
radiators,
tiles &
kitchen
countertops
http://www.granitonatuursteen.nl/granieten-vloertegels.html
6
Troupin
Natuursteen
retailer
Processing and retail of
gravestones made from Indian
granite varieties. For example
Indian Aurore Granite, Indian
Red Granite and Star Galaxy
Granite.
gravestones
http://www.troupinnatuursteen.nl/materialen/
granietsoorten
7
Kluijtmans
Natuursteen
retailer
Processing and retail of Indian
granite products.
gravestones,
tiles &
countertops
http://kluijtmansnatuursteen.nl/bouw/materialen
For example Impala Paradiso,
Juperana, Kashmir White, and
Indian Red.
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ANNEX 1 Import and retail of Indian granite by European companies
47
8
Eck-Stone
importer/
wholesaler
Wholesale of Indian granite
products. For example Indian
Black Granite and Merry Gold
Granite.
tiles &
construction materials
http://eckstone.nl/component/jak2filter/?Itemid=492&jakeyword=India&category_id=&xf_1_txt=&xf_2_txt=&xf_3_txt=&btnSubmit=SEARCH
9
Veenstra
Natuursteen
importer/
retailer
Importing of natural stone
varieties from India and other
countries. Different Indian
granite varieties are retailed,
for example Indian Aurora and
Star Galaxy.
tiles,
gravestones,
countertops
& construction materials
http://www.veenstra-natuursteen.nl/over_
ons/import_van_duurzame_
materialen/#.VC6p5_mSzTp
10
Nibo Stone
importer/
wholesaler
retailer
Importing and retail of Indian
natural stone varieties. For
example Indian granite garden
tiles, black leather finish.
tiles & construction
materials
http://particulier.nibostone.
nl/natuursteen+vloertegels/
budget+collectie/imperial+white%2C+gepolijst?art_
code=01070334
11
Pelt &
Hooykaas
Natuursteen
importer/
wholesaler
Importing and wholesale of In- slabs & tiles
dian granite varieties. Kashmir
White, Nero Assoluto India and
Star Galaxy.
12
Diamond Spec- importer/
trum Enterwholesaler
prises
Wholesale of Indian granite
varieties. For example Black
Galaxy and Juperana.
slabs, tiles & http://www.diamondgravestones spectrum.com/materialen-natuursteen/
natuursteen-tegels.
html?landvanherkomst=108&soort=53
13
Steenhouwerij
Jongerius
retailer
Retail of granite products. Different Indian granite varieties
are mentioned, for example
Juperana and Indian Black.
gravestones, http://www.steenhouwerij.
construcnl/gallery/graniet-materition maalen/15.html
terials &
kitchen
countertops
14
Van den Ban
Steen & Beton
importer/
building
industry
Importing of natural stone
varieties for paving and
construction projects from all
over the world, including Asian
countries.
gravestones
& construction materials
http://www.vandenban.com/
natuursteen_soorten.php
http://www.brachot.com/
Content/productrange/
standardgamma/2/index.
jsp?act=list
http://www.peltenhooykaasnatuursteen.nl/producten/
graniet/
Belgian companies
15
BrachotHermant
importer/
wholesaler
Importer and wholesaler of
Indian granite varieties. For
example Amber Gold, Jet
Black, Tan Brown, Ivory Gold
and Indian Juparana.
tiles,
gravestones,
construction materials &
countertops
16
Stone NV
wholesaler/
retailer
Wholesale and retail of different natural stone varieties.
Also Indian granite, for example Indian Black granite tiles.
slabs, tiles & http://www.stone.be/NL/Macountertops terialen/Materiaal/Graniet_
en_Basalt/Indian_Black_.
aspx
17
BMB
wholesaler
Wholesaler of natural stone
slabs
varieties including Indian granite. For example Ghibli, Green
Rose, Imperial Red, Multicolor
Red and Kashmir White.
http://www.bmb.be/Graniet_2.html
18
Maris
Natuursteen
importer/
wholesaler
Wholesaler and retail of
Indian granite tiles/ cobbles
in colours Manga and Magadi-Light-Yellow.
http://www.marisnatuursteen.be/producten
ROCK BOTTOM
tiles
ANNEX 1 Import and retail of Indian granite by European companies
48
British companies
19
Granite UK
LTD.
retailer
Retail of Indian granite varieties. For example Kashmir
White and Star Galaxy.
tiles
http://www.graniteuk.com/
granite/
20
Eurostone
retailer
Retail of Indian granite products. For example Kashmir
White and Indian Jet Black.
tiles
http://www.eurostone.co.uk/
Granite/Dark-Grey-GraniteBlack-Granite/s-3
21
Hardscape
importer/
wholesale
Wholesale of Indian granite
slabs. For example Kashmiri
White.
slabs, tiles
& street
furniture
http://www.hardscape.
co.uk/products-material.
php?material_id=4
22
Marshalls
importer/
wholesale
Wholesale/ retail of different granite varieties. Granite
sourced from India and China
under the Marshalls Fairstone
program.
slabs, tiles
& construction materials
http://www.marshalls.co.uk/
commercial/natural-stone/
granite?Page=1
http://www.marshalls.co.uk/
homeowners/shop/fairstone
German companies
23
AG Natursteinwerke
importer/
wholesaler
Wholesale of Indian granite
varieties. For example Imperial
White, Aurora Indiana, Multicolor Rot India, Tan Brown and
Indian Juparana.
tiles & slabs
http://www.ag-natursteinwerke.de/katalog/granit?start=60
24
Granit
Deutschland
retailer
Retail of Indian granite products. For example Star Galaxy
and Rosso Perla India.
tiles &
countertops
http://www.granit-deutschland.net/granitfliesen-Star-Galaxy-fliesen
25
Gräf Granit
GmbH
importer/
wholesaler/
retailer
Importing raw and (semi-)
finished materials from India.
Wholesale/ retail of different
granite varieties.
gravestones
http://www.graef-granit.
de/de/pressearchiv/presse/
presse-aktuell/grabmale-made-in-germany.html
26
KNKE Emsland
Wholesaler/
building
industry
Wholesale of Indian granite
paving. For example Granit Rot
Indien and Granit Schwartz
Indien.
construction materials, tiles &
cobbles
http://www.happe-gruppe.
de/fileadmin/templates/
downloads/knke-emslandbroschuere.pdf)
ROCK BOTTOM
ANNEX 1 Import and retail of Indian granite by European companies
49