Skin and Body Membranes
Body Membranes
 Function of body membranes
 ___________________________
 Line _________________________
 Form ____________________________________________
Classification of Body Membranes
 _______________________membranes
 ___________________ membranes
 _________________ membranes
 _________________ membranes
 _____________________ tissue membranes
 _____________________ membranes
Cutaneous Membrane
 ___________________ membrane = __________
 _________ membrane
 __________________ protective boundary
 ________________________ epidermis is composed of keratinized
_______________________________ epithelium
 Underlying dermis is mostly ________________
connective tissue
Cutaneous Membranes
________________ Membranes
 Surface epithelium type depends on ____________
 _______________ _______________ epithelium (_______, esophagus)
 Simple ________________ epithelium (rest of ________________ tract)
 Underlying _____________ connective tissue (lamina _________)
 Lines all body _________ that _______ to the _______________ body surface
 Often adapted for ________________ or _________________
_________________ Membranes
 Surface is a layer of simple _______________ epithelium
 Underlying layer is a _______ layer of ____________ connective tissue
 Lines open body cavities that are ___________ to the exterior of the body
 Serous membranes occur in _________ separated by serous __________
 ________________ layer covers the outside of the organ
 ______________ layer lines a portion of the wall of __________ body
cavity
______________ Membranes
 ______________ serous membranes
 _____________________
 _________________ cavity
 _______________
 Around the _______________
 _______________________
 Around the heart
Connective Tissue Membrane
 ________________ membrane
 ____________________ tissue only
 Lines fibrous capsules surrounding _______________
 Secretes a ______________________ fluid
_________________________ System
 ___________ (cutaneous membrane)
 Skin derivatives
 Sweat glands
 ________ glands
 Hair
 ___________
Skin Functions
Skin Structure
 _______________________—outer layer
 ___________________ squamous epithelium
 Often ________________________ (hardened by keratin)
 ___________
 _____________ connective tissue
 Subcutaneous tissue (_________________) is deep to dermis
 Not part of the ___________
 Anchors skin to underlying _______________
 Composed mostly of __________________ tissue
Layers of the Epidermis
 ________________ ________________ (stratum germinativum)
 _____________________ layer of epidermis
 Lies next to _________________
 Cells undergoing __________________
 ____________________ cells are pushed upward to become the more
________________________ layers
 Stratum __________________
 Stratum _________________________
 __________________ ___________________
 Formed from ___________ cells of the deeper strata
 Occurs only in thick, hairless skin of the ___________ of hands and
____________ of feet
 Stratum ___________________
 ______________________ layer of epidermis
 _________________-like dead cells are filled with ________________
(protective protein prevents water loss from skin)
 Summary of layers from deepest to most superficial
 Stratum _____________
 Stratum ___________________
 Stratum _____________________
 Stratum ________________ (thick, hairless skin only)
 Stratum ___________________
Melanin
 ______________ (melanin) produced by _______________________
 Melanocytes are mostly in the stratum _________________
 Color is _______________ to brown to ________________
 Amount of melanin produced depends upon ______________ and exposure to
___________________
Dermis
 _________ layers
 _____________________ layer (__________ dermal region)
 Projections called ___________ ____________________
 Some contain ____________________ loops
 Other house _________ receptors and ___________ receptors
 _____________________ layer (___________ skin layer)
 ___________ vessels
 __________ and oil glands
 Deep _______________ receptors
 Overall dermis structure
 __________________ and _____________ fibers located throughout the
dermis
 Collagen fibers give skin its __________________
 Elastic fibers give skin ____________________
 Blood vessels play a role in body ________________ ______________
Skin Structure
Normal Skin Color Determinants
 ________________
 Yellow, brown, or black pigments
 ________________
 Orange-yellow pigment from some vegetables
 ________________
 ________ coloring from blood cells in dermal capillaries
 ______________ content determines the extent of red coloring
Skin Appendages
 Cutaneous glands are all _______________ glands
 __________________ glands
 _____________ glands
 __________
 Hair ___________________
 ______________
 _________________ glands
 Produce _________
 ___________________ for skin
 Prevents _____________ hair
 Kills ___________________
 Most have _________ that empty into hair _________________; others
open directly onto skin _________________
 Glands are activated at __________________
 Sweat glands
 Produce ______________
 _________________ distributed in skin
 Two types
 _______________
 Open via duct to pore on skin surface
 _______________
 Ducts empty into hair follicles
Sweat and Its Function
 Composition
 Mostly _______________
 ___________ and vitamin ____
 Some ___________________ waste
 Fatty acids and _____________ (_____________ only)
 Function
 Helps dissipate _____________ _______________
 ____________________ waste products
 Acidic nature ______________ bacteria growth
 Odor is from associated ____________________
 Hair
 Produced by hair ___________________
 Consists of hard __________________ epithelial cells
 _____________________ provide pigment for hair color
 Hair anatomy
 Central ________________
 ________________ surrounds medulla
 _________________ on outside of cortex
 Most heavily _______________________
 Associated hair structures
 Hair __________________
 Dermal and _________________ _____________ surround hair root
 _____________ ________ muscle
 ___________________ muscle
 Pulls hairs _________________ when cold or frightened
 ____________________ gland
 _______________ gland
 Nails
 __________-like _______________________ of the epidermis
 Heavily ________________________
 Stratum _____________ extends beneath the nail bed
 Responsible for _________________
 Lack of ______________________ makes them colorless
 Nail structures
 __________ ______________
 Body is the visible _________________ portion
 ___________ of nail ___________________ in skin
 ______________ is the proximal nail fold that projects onto the nail body
Skin Homeostatic Imbalances
 Infections
 ___________________ foot (______________ pedis)
 Caused by _________________ infection
 Boils and _________________________
 Caused by ____________________ infection
 Cold sores
 Caused by _________________
 Infections and ______________________
 ________________ dermatitis
 Exposures cause allergic reaction
 ____________________
 Caused by _______________________ infection
 ______________________
 Cause is unknown
 Triggered by trauma, infection, ______________
 Burns
 Tissue damage and cell death caused by __________, electricity, UV
radiation, or _____________________
 Associated dangers
 _______________________
 _________________________ imbalance
 _________________________ shock
Rule of Nines
 Way to determine the _________________ of burns
 Body is divided into _______ areas for quick estimation
 Each area represents about ___% of total body __________ __________
Severity of Burns
 __________-degree burns
 Only _________________ is damaged
 Skin is _______ and ___________________
 ___________________-degree burns
 __________________ and ______________ dermis are damaged
 Skin is red with _______________
 _________________-degree burns
 Destroys ____________ skin layer
 Burn is _________-white or ____________
Critical Burns
 Burns are considered critical if
 Over ____% of body has _______________-degree burns
 Over ____% of the body has _________-degree burns
 There are ___________-degree burns of the ________, hands, or feet
Skin Cancer
 Cancer—_____________________ cell mass
 Classified two ways
 ________________
 Does not spread (encapsulated)
 ____________________
 ________________________ (moves) to other parts of the body
 ___________ cancer is the most common type of cancer
Skin Cancer Types
 ___________ cell _____________________
 ____________ malignant
 Most ________________ type
 Arises from stratum ______________
 ____________________ cell carcinoma
 Metastasizes to ____________ nodes if not removed
 Early removal allows a good chance of __________
 Believed to be _______-induced
 Arises from stratum ____________________
 ____________________ melanoma
 Most _______________ of skin cancers
 Cancer of ________________________
 Metastasizes rapidly to ____________ and ___________ vessels
 Detection uses ___________ rule
ABCD Rule
 A = ______________________
 Two sides of pigmented mole do not match
 B = _____________ _________________________
 Borders of mole are not smooth
 C = ________________
 Different colors in pigmented area
 D = ____________________
 Spot is larger then 6 mm in diameter