3/13/2013
Angiosperm Reproduction and
Biotechnology
Angiosperm lifecycle
Chapter 38
Angiosperms
Flowers
• Key derived traits
– Flowers
– Double fertilization
– Fruits
1
3/13/2013
Co-evolution
Double fertilization
1
Stigma
Double fertilization
2
1
Pollen
grain
Stigma
Pollen
grain
Pollen
tube
Pollen
tube
Ovule
2 sperm
2 sperm
Style
Ovary
Style
Ovary
Polar
nuclei
Ovule
Ovule
Polar
nuclei
Polar
nuclei
Egg
Egg
Micropyle
2 sperm
Micropyle
Double fertilization
2
1
Stigma
Egg
Synergid
Pollen
grain
Pollen
tube
Ovule
2 sperm
Polar
nuclei
Style
Ovary
Seed forms from ovary
3
Endosperm
nucleus (3n)
(2 polar nuclei
plus sperm)
Egg
Ovule
Synergid
Polar
nuclei
Zygote
(2n)
2 sperm
Egg
Micropyle
2
3/13/2013
Fruit forms from ovary
• Fruits are classified into different types
– Simple (from one carpel)
– Aggregate (from multiple carpels in same
flower)
– Multiple (from multiple flowers)
– Accessory (fruit derived from structure
other than ovary)
3
3/13/2013
Seed
germination
Plants can reproduce asexually
• Fragmentation
• Adventitious roots
• Apomixis
Adaptations to avoid selffertilization
Plant cloning
• Dioecious (versus monoecious)
flowers
• Self-incompatability
Protoplast fusion
Artificial selection
4
3/13/2013
Which of the following is a
function of a petal?
es
am
in
o
ac
on
es
ov
ul
ro
m
th
e
te
s
se
c
em
re
its
ho
us
es
ha
ve
in
d.
nu
t.
be
a
w
be
di
in
gl
sp
e
es
rs
e
d
ee
d
he
by
n
in
s id
e.
r ip
e.
.
all
sm
id
e.
..
lly
or
w
e
th
e
ar
e
na
s
ba
na
na
s
ba
na
vir
tu
a
ld
’s.
..
o.
.
m
ol
s..
.
t io
n
ev
ol
ve
d
to
in
fe
c
th
e
ar
...
co
n
fe
ct
th
e
i in
st
yly
oe
cy
di
he
te
ro
s
er
flo
w
te
m
on
oe
cy
pl
e
co
m
in
ixi
s
E.
ain
D.
em
C.
20% 20% 20% 20% 20%
gr
B.
the offspring remain connected to
the parent, so the disease can
spread easily.
the fungi infect the tools used to
cut the connections between
parent and offspring.
the infection evolved more
recently than the banana did.
bananas are the world’s most
popular fruit, so where bananas
can be grown they are
everywhere, making it easy for
the fungus to be transmitted.
bananas are virtually identical
genetically, so a disease that can
infect one banana probably can
also infect other bananas.
of
fsp
rin
A.
th
e
20% 20% 20% 20% 20%
A. apomixis
B. monoecy
C. incomplete flowers
D. dioecy
E. heterostyly
Bananas are most often propagated
asexually. Therefore, one reason they
are vulnerable to infection is
th
e
Like many plants, the animal kingdom has evolved
strategies to force individuals to have sex with other
individuals. This maximizes genetic recombination. Having
two different sexes in animals is most like ___ in plants.
ap
om
as
s.
fli
e
es
.
bu
tte
rfl
be
ie
s.
ba
ts
.
in
d.
w
20% 20% 20% 20% 20%
A. be small.
B. be fleshy when
ripe.
C. have a single
seed inside.
D. be dispersed
by wind.
E. be a nut.
sh
yw
20%
fle
20%
be
20%
ph
e
n
rti
le
po
l
es
ad
ve
pr
od
uc
20%
fu
ng
20%
A. wind.
B. bats.
C. butterflies.
D. bees.
E. flies.
A flower has a single carpel, a single
ovary, and a single ovule. The fruit will
be
The most likely pollinator for a
large and creamy white flower with
a strong sweet odor would be
id
s
20% 20% 20% 20% 20%
A. produces pollen
B. advertises
C. houses the ovules
D. emits pheromones
E. secretes amino
acids
se
s
Genetic engineering
5
3/13/2013
One advantage of asexual
reproduction over sexual
reproduction is that
uc
t. .
.
en
ts
.. .
ve
rs
ity
.
di
as
es
cr
e
in
it
in
cr
e
it
m
pr
od
se
ed
ro
n
nt
en
vi
as
es
e.
ts
...
om
en
ge
n
nm
ed
nv
ir o
in
co
ns
ta
ed
uc
ee
ar
bl
is
ria
e
ne
20% 20% 20% 20% 20%
va
ct
a
er
s
an
th
A. there is a reduced
genome.
B. in variable
environments
offspring grow faster.
C. in constant
environments
favorable clones can
be rapidly propagated.
D. it increases seed
production.
E. it increases diversity.
th
er
20%
r
20%
re
po
lle
n
st
igm
20%
cle
20%
tu
be
a
20%
ce
pt
a
A. stigma
B. pollen tube
C. receptacle
D. anthers
E. nectar
in
Which of the following is
gametophyte tissue?
One major evolutionary advantage that
many angiosperms have over
gymnosperms is that
...
ss
ju
ve
n
pr
o
te
r
be
t
th
ey
do
re
no
tp
os
se
...
en
h.
..
ct
io
n
pr
od
u
w
flo
re
er
sa
an
im
al
it h
w
ut
io
n
ol
ua
l
se
x
co
ev
te
.. .
25% 25% 25% 25%
A. coevolution with animal
pollinators enhances
reproductive success with
less energy expenditure.
B. sexual reproduction
enhances genetic diversity.
C. flowers are better protected
from herbivory when
compared to cones or
strobili.
D. they do not possess
juvenile (vegetative)
phases.
6