URBANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT:
TRENDS AND CONSEQUENCES OF SOLID
WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THAI CITIES
OUTLINE
Introduction
Overview of urbanization and environment
| Thailand urbanization and SWM
| Trends and consequences
| Related initiatives
| Cases
| Conclusions
|
|
1
Dr. Vilas Nitivattananon
and
Siwaporn Tangwanichagapong
Urban Environmental Management
Asian Institute of Technology (AIT)
vilasn@ait.asia
2
INTRODUCTION
|
Increasing levels of urbanization are caused by natural
growth and migration
Driving forces include the opportunities and services
offered in urban areas – especially jobs and education
y There is a strong relationship between national levels of
human development and urbanization levels
y
|
However, the implications of rapid urban growth
However
include increasing environmental degradation, lack of
urban services, overburden of existing infrastructure
and lack of access to land, finance and adequate
shelter
y
3
UNEP (2002)
URBAN POSITIVE ECONOMIC OUTCOMES AND
|
Managing the urban environmental sustainably will
therefore become one of the major challenges for the future
Cities will continue to grow as positive externalities
outweigh negative ones
4
URBANIZATION –
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
OVERVIEW
5
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1
URBANIZATION - MEGA CITIES IN 2015
URBANIZATION - MEGA-CITIES
Mega-cities take up only 2% of the Earth’s land
surface
| But mega-cities account for
|
y
y
|
Nearly half of the world
world’ss urban population now
lives in Asian cities which,
y
|
during the next decades, will absorb two-thirds of the
growth in the world’s urban population
The number of mega-cities (populations of 10
million or more) is increasing
y
7
60% of human water use
Almost 80% of all human produced carbon emissions
y
Half of them (12 out of 21) are found in Asia
Seven of the 10 most populous cities are in Asia
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CITIES AND WASTE GENERATION
URBANIZATION - CLIMATE CHANGE
The energy demand of urban areas – including Asia’s
rapidly growing cities – are major contributors to
GHGs
| The Asia and the Pacific region stands to be most
affected by climate change
|
Cities in Asia are most exposed to the effects of climate
change: due to size, geographic location or elevation
y They are especially vulnerable to frequent extreme
weather events such as droughts, floods, cyclones and
heat waves
y
9
Waste Generation Rates for Selected Asian Cities
10
Source: IGES (2005)
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WASTE GENERATION AND GHG EMISSIONS
THAILAND URBANIZATION
|
11
Source: United Nations, World Urbanization
prospects database, 2010.
Source: United Nations, World Urbanization prospects database, 2010.
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2
THAILAND SWM: BACKGROUND
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT (SWM)
HIERARCHY
Avoidance
Minimization
Reuse
Recycling
Recovery
Treatment
Disposal
13
14
Source: PCD (2008,2009)
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Thailand SWM - Recycling
THAILAND SWM:
|
MSW Collection and Transportation
¾
|
CURRENT PRACTICES
Provincial Administration Offices (PAO), Municipalities and
Tambon Administration Offices (TAOs) are responsible for
collection, transportation and disposal
Only 3.3 million tons or equal to 22% were reportedly
recycled
|
through recycling bank
bank, municipal collectors and junk shops
Table 2 Efficiency of SWM in Thailand
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Source: PCD (2009)
TRENDS AND CONSEQUENCES: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
THAILAND SWM:
CURRENT PRACTICES
¾
MSW disposal was still not
meeting with sanitary
purpose such as
open dumping, and open
burning
¾
The open dumping is the
most commonly used
method of MSW disposal
|
The disposal and treatment of
waste can produce emissions of
several greenhouse gases
(GHGs), which contribute to
global climate change
|
Waste prevention and recycling
help address global climate
change by decreasing the amount
of GHG emissions and saving
energy
Source: Ngoc and Schnitzer (2009)
Source: UNEP (2004)
17
http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/contribution18
from-waste-to-cl
climate-change
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ITIES
19
UNEP(2010)
20
UNEP (2010)
RELATED INITIATIVES – THAILAND SWM
|
|
National waste management targets
¾
Waste reduction; to have the waste segregation system for
reuse and recycling in every community over the
country, and to minimize 30% of total waste
¾
Aims to reduce the MSW generation rate less than 1
kg/capita/day
Policy frameworks by National Government (PCD)
¾
Applying 3Rs for achieving waste reduction & utilization;
¾
Promoting the integrated waste management system to
reduce the landfill areas and generate the renewable energy;
¾
Encouraging the cooperation of adjacent Local Governments
for establishment of waste management facility;
¾
Endorsing public and private sectors to participate in waste
management project.
22
BMA (2009)
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RELATED INITIATIVES – THAILAND SWM
RELATED INITIATIVES – THAILAND SWM
Public –private collaboration on waste management
¾ Example of successful project
“Organic Waste Compost and
Energy Production Plant, Rayong”
| Thai
|
23
Toshiba Fluorescent
Big C and Tetra Pak produce tables and chairs using Recycling
Beverage Cartons
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Source: PCD (2009)
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RELATED INITIATIVES – THAILAND SWM
|
Project for establishing
recyclable center for Saleng
group –
y
|
Waste Segregation
Suratthani Municipality
Project for Community
Recyclables Bank –
y
|
CASE: NONTHABURI MUNICIPALITY
Dong Mon Krating
Community, Lampang
Promoting a communitybased solid-waste
management initiative in
local government:
y
Yala municipality, Thailand
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QUANTITY OF SOLID WASTE YEAR 1993-2007
TONS/DAY
400
370
350
300
280
250
Total
200
Landfill
Recycle
150
100
90
50
0
1993 1994
Case: School Garbage Banks in Ayutthaya municipality
1995 1996
1997 1998
1999 2000
2001 2002
2003 2004
2005 2006
2007
YEAR
School Garbage Banks (SGBs) in Ayutthaya municipality
SGB Implementation
Objectives
ƒTo reduce waste disposed at the landfills by
setting up the SGBs in the schools of Ayutthaya
municipality
Deposit
ƒTo educate students and the people about the
importance of recycling and recovery of resources
Pass book
ƒTo raise the awareness of the youth and through
them their parents regarding the potentials of
recycling waste
ƒTo enable income generation for the youth and
thus reduce family expenses.
29 to Recycling Shop
Sold
Storehouse
30
(SEA-UEMA, 2007)
5
School Garbage Banks (SGBs) in Ayutthaya municipality
School Garbage Banks (SGBs) in Ayutthaya municipality
SGB Processes
ƒ Establishment of SGB committee
¾ Teachers and students
¾ Share responsibilities to all members
ƒ Survey price of recovered material
¾ Determining the buying rate
¾ Cooperation with recyclable material buyer
Member application
ƒ Public
P bli relation
l ti
¾ Disseminating knowledge
¾ Publicizing the recycling activities
¾Announcing recyclable price to members
ƒ Prepare storehouse
ƒ Implementation of SGB
ƒ Evaluation of project implementation
Public campaign
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(SEA-UEMA, 2007)
SCHOOL GARBAGE BANKS (SGBS) IN AYUTTHAYA MUNICIPALITY
RECYCLING STORAGE FACILITIES
ธนาคารขยะโรงเรียนว ัดเขียน
CONCLUSIONS
| The
challenge for urbanization is to accommodate
economic growth with rapidly increasing
populations,
while facilitating improvements in the welfare of
cities inhabitants, raising quality of services, and
environment over time
y global consideration with climate change is an added
challenge
y
| Considerations
for SWM
Management hierarchy (Upstream VS Downstream)
Inputs and VS Outputs
y Economics VS Environment
y Stakeholders (Public VS Private)
y Policies VS Practices
y
y
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REFERENCES
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ADB (2006). Urbanization and Sustainability in Asia: case study of good practices.
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Hardoy, J., Mitlin, D. and Satterthwaite, D.,(2001) Environmental Problems in an
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Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) (2005). Urban Environmental
Management Challenge in Asia. Part I Introduction: Economic
Development, Urbanization and Environment in Asia. Available:
www.iges.or.jp/en/fw/pdf/report01/part1.pdf
Ngoc,
goc, U. N.,
., and
a Schnitzer,
Sc
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( 009). “Sustainable
S s a a e so
solutions
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o solid
so waste
was e
management in Southeast Asian countries”, Waste Management, 29, pp. 19821995.
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generation in Thailand, PCD [Online]. Available: http://www.pcd.go.th
THANK YOU!
REGIONAL URBAN RESOURCES CENTER
(WWW.R-URC.AIT.AC.TH)
3R KNOWLEDGE HUB
(WWW.3RKH.NET)
Suttibak and Nitivattananon (2009). Assessment of factors influencing
performance of solid waste recycling. Resource Conservation and Recycling.
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solid waste in developing countries”, Waste Management, 29, pp. 915-523.
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UNHABITAT (2010). The State of Asian Cities 2010/2011.
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