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Reading About
The Family
Remediation and Training Institute
Robert Taggart, PhD - Copyright 2005
READING ABOUT THE FAMILY
THE FAMILY
An institution is a system set up
by society to meet the needs of
its members. One need is to
teach citizens the customs and
beliefs of their society. The
primary institution for meeting
this need is the family. It is the
basic building block of every
society.
A family is made up of a group
of people who are related by
blood, marriage, or adoption.
Family members live together
for a long time. The adults in
the group take responsibility for
any offspring. The members of
the family also form an
economic unit. They consume goods and services (such as food and housing),
and sometimes they also produce goods and services (as when all members
share farming tasks).
There are different types of families in different societies. The nuclear family
found in most modern societies is made up of a husband, a wife, and any
children. In a nuclear family, the parents and their dependent children live
apart from other relatives. The family of orientation is the family into which
we are born and in which we grow up. This family gives us our initial
orientation to life, hence its name. We create a family of procreation through
marriage. There we hold the status of adult and transmit our values to our
children.
-1-
Extended families are made up not just of parents and children, but of other
blood relatives as well. All adults share in child-rearing and other tasks. The
head of the entire family is usually the eldest male. The extended family can
be very large. Often it contains the grown offspring of the head of the family,
and all their spouses and children. Working together, this group can provide
the security, goods, and services which a smaller family unit could not provide.
Hence, extended families are common in Third World countries as well as
among the poor in the United States.
Whether nuclear or extended, families serve the same vital roles in society.
Most important is reproduction. In all cultures, children are produced and
raised by families. Thus, the family serves as the means for replacing members
of society. It also provides a means to control sexual conduct. No society
lets people mate at random. Incest taboos, for example, make sex between
certain family members “off limits.” The marriage and family system limits
sexual behavior by stating who may mate with whom and when.
Another major function of the family is socialization. Through the family, a
culture reproduces itself. Parents pass on society’s values, norms, and beliefs
to their children. Schools, churches, and other institutions also play a role in
socialization. But the family has the strongest and most lasting influence.
The family also acts as a means of social placement. Family background
largely determines social status. We belong to the same racial or ethnic group
as our parents and usually to the same faith and social class as well.
The family also serves to provide intimacy and companionship. Humans
need affection and love. The family is the ideal setting for meeting these
emotional needs. It also serves a protective role by providing members with
warmth, food, shelter, and care.
-2-
PRACTICE EXERCISE: Match the definition in the right-hand column with
the correct term in the left-hand column.
1.
family
A.
the family into which a person is
born and raised
1-G
?
2.
institution
B.
the process by which a society's
cultural and social heritage is
reproduced
2-D
?
3.
family of
orientation
C.
a family in which the parents and
children live apart from other
relatives
3-A
?
4.
incest taboo
D.
a system organized by society to
provide for its members' needs
4-F
?
5.
nuclear family
E.
the family which is created through
marriage
5-C
?
6.
extended family
F.
cultural rules which place certain
family members "off limits" as
sexual partners
6-H
?
7.
family of
procreation
G.
the most fundamental social unit
of society
7-E
?
8.
socialization
H.
a family in which more than two
generations of blood relatives live
together
8-B
?
-3-
ARRANGED MARRIAGES
Geeta raises her eyes a bit to look at her bridegroom. “He is handsome!” she
whispers to herself, and smiles shyly. Geeta has never met her husband before
today. She does not love him—at least not yet. Geeta is only sixteen, and she
has many years to spend getting to know her mate. In India, husband and wife
learn to love each other after marriage. Geeta does not worry that she had no
say in selecting her bridegroom. She knows her parents have chosen wisely
for her. Her husband will provide well for her and she will give him many
children. She is certain that she will share a happy life with her handsome
groom.
The idea of such arranged marriages seems strange to us. In our culture,
marriages are by mutual consent. Two people choose each other. And romantic
love is the force that drives them to wed. However, this concept of marriage is
not shared by all cultures in the world. In many societies, marriage forms a
vital social and economic bond. Elders prefer not to leave such arrangements
to the judgment of immature youth. In these societies, marriage is not just a
contract between two people, but between families. In Europe, for example,
marriage was often used to bind two countries together. For instance, the
-4-
marriage of Philip II of Spain and Mary Tudor, the daughter of King Henry
VIII, created a social, economic, and military bond between Spain and England.
Such matches kept royal estates from being split up, and preserved economic
power as well. Arranged marriages are still common in India, China, and the
Middle East. In such cultures, careful attention is given to the health, work
habits, character, and family background of the bride and groom to ensure a
good match. Love is a secondary concern.
Despite what we may think, arranged marriages seem to work as well as our
romantic matings. The bride and groom tend to expect far less from the
marriage, and, thus, do not make as many demands. Also, their roles are more
defined. In marriages formed by mutual consent, spouses often demand more
from marriage—and may get it. But the expectation of living “happily ever
after” can also cloud the success of self-selecting marriages when the romance
fades and the reality of daily living sets in. Many couples find married life
disappointing. It is much harder to define “a good husband” or “a good wife”
in societies in which people select their own mates than in societies in which
marriages are arranged. Indeed, the United States has the highest divorce rate
in the world with half of all marriages ending in divorce. Divorce is frowned
on, taboo, difficult, and rare in cultures with arranged marriages.
-5-
PRACTICE EXERCISE: Choose the correct answers to the questions below.
1.
What is the main idea of this reading passage?
A.
B.
C.
2.
B
What does the term mutual consent mean in this sentence?
?
taking place before a judge
agreed upon by the two persons involved
based on a romantic relationship
Which of the following is an example of an arranged
marriage from European history?
C
A.
B.
?
C.
4.
?
The idea of such arranged marriages seems strange to us.
In our culture marriages are by mutual consent.
A.
B.
C.
3.
Marriage in traditional societies is an important
social and economic contract.
Marriage in modern societies is much more
rewarding than in traditional societies.
Most people would rather have arranged marriages.
A
King Henry VIII of England was married six times.
Henry VIII arranged to get a divorce so he could
remarry and have an heir to the throne.
Catherine of Aragon left Spain to marry Henry VIII
of England.
But the expectation of living "happily ever after" can also
cloud the success of self-selecting marriages when the
romance fades and the reality of daily living sets in.
C
Expectation is to future as await is to __________.
?
A.
B.
C.
leave
guest
arrival
-6-
CHINA'S "ONE CHILD" POLICY
The foremost family function is reproduction. In many preindustrial societies,
children are valued as economic assets. Each new member represents another
potential wage earner. Children take care of their parents in old age. More
children means more security.
In less developed nations with high infant death rates, families had very high
birth rates as well. They had large numbers of children in the hope that at least
some of them would survive into adulthood. When modern medicine reduced
infant mortality rates in recent years, infant deaths fell but birth rates did not.
The result was rapid population growth in the world’s already poorest nations.
So in some of these countries, the governments have taken measures to curb
the population explosion. They have usurped reproductive decisions which
previously were left to the family.
China contains about a fourth of the world’s people. There are more than a
billion Chinese, about half of whom are under the age of 30. In the 1970s,
China decided that it would not be able to provide for all its people unless its
population stopped growing so fast. So the government launched the “onechild” campaign to convince Chinese couples to limit families to two children
at most. Laws impel couples to practice family planning. Couples having
more children risk losing their jobs and housing. They are looked upon as
antisocial deviants. On the other hand, couples who have just one child are
first on lists for new housing. They receive preferential treatment in jobs.
They also receive extra money per month, and their child gets a free education.
-7-
Since the one-child campaign began, the birth rate has fallen rapidly. The
number of registered female births has dropped most of all. Male children are
more highly valued in Chinese society. So, many couples choose to abort a
female child rather than lose their
chance to have a male child.
As a result of the one-child policy,
China’s traditional extended family has
been almost completely replaced by the
nuclear family. One result of the policy
has been described as the “four-two-one
syndrome” where four grandparents
and two parents take care of just one
child. The Chinese press has labeled
these only children “little emperors.”
This label reflects the fears that these
Chinese children are growing up to be
spoiled, lazy, and self-centered—just
the opposite of the respectful
relationship within the ideal Chinese
family.
-8-
PRACTICE EXERCISE: Decide if the following statements are true (T) or
false (F).
1.
In Third World countries, families tend to have many
children because they are considered an economic asset.
T
?
2.
The world's poorest nations have the lowest population
growth because people die of so many diseases.
?F
3.
The governments of some nations have intruded into
family decisions in order to curb population growth.
T
?
4.
China has a quarter of all the people in the world.
T
?
5.
Couples in China are not allowed to have children unless
they get a license from the government.
?
6.
Whereas Chinese once had large families, today most
have only one or two children.
T
?
7.
Chinese couples who have more than two children receive
extra money from the government to help support them.
?F
8.
China's one-child policy has probably resulted in increased
abortions of female babies.
T
?
9.
The "four-two-one syndrome" refers to the ratio between
male and female children in China.
?
-9-
F
F
SOCIALIZATION
Socialization is how people learn the ways of their society. Through
socialization, society "reproduces itself" culturally. The process teaches new
members the norms, values, languages, skills, and beliefs that are essential for
social living.
The family is the primary "socialization agent." It is the first social world for
a child. It is where the first, longest-lasting, and most intimate social
relationships are established. Communication, mainly through the learning
of language, occurs first in the family. And it is in the family that the infant
and child is introduced to what society considers right and wrong.
Without this socialization, a person cannot develop normally. There have
been three famous cases of children who were purposely raised in isolation by
their families. Two children, Anna and Isabelle, were found about the same
time. Both were born out of wedlock. Anna was kept hidden alone in an attic
room by her grandfather.
Isabelle also was hidden by her
grandfather, but she was kept
with her mother—a deaf mute—
in a dark room most of the time.
Both girls received the
minimum of physical care and
attention and had almost no
social interaction. When found,
they could not speak, walk, or
keep themselves clean. They
were apathetic, expressionless,
and indifferent to human
beings.
Anna died four years after
being found. She had learned
no more than a few words and
phrases, some basic aspects of
self-care, and how to follow
-10-
simple directions. Though almost eleven when she died, she had the social
skills of a two-year-old. Isabelle was more fortunate. She was treated by a
team of doctors and psychologists after she was found. After a slow start, she
then spurted through the stages of learning and was able to go to school. It is
not clear whether Isabelle fared better because of this treatment or because of
the company she shared with her deaf mute mother.
A third child, Genie, was isolated at the age of two and found when she was
thirteen. Her initial state was similar to that of Anna and Isabelle. Like Isabelle,
she received intensive care after she was found. Yet, though Genie improved
somewhat, she did not develop to the normal level for her age group as Isabelle
had. Perhaps it was too late by the time she was found.
All three cases show how important human contact is for normal development.
While institutions other than the family can provide some of the socialization
children need, they are not enough. Studies of children in orphanages show
them to be physically, socially, and emotionally retarded when compared with
their peers raised at home. These studies show that “normal” human
development requires love, the chance to see and learn from others, and close
physical contact with other humans.
-11-
PRACTICE EXERCISE: Decide if you agree (A) or disagree (D) with each
of the following statements.
1.
Socialization is the process of teaching the rules of
behavior of a society.
A
?
2.
The school is the primary agent for socialization.
D
?
3.
Unless they grow up in a stable family, children cannot
learn the norms and values of society.
D
?
4.
The family is the first place in which children are
introduced to the key elements of their culture.
?
5.
Cases of children who have grown up in isolation indicate
how important it is for children to be properly schooled.
?
6.
Without socialization, a person cannot develop into a
normal, healthy adult.
?
7.
If the three children found in isolation had been male,
they probably would have developed normally.
D
?
8.
The fact that children raised in orphanages are not as
well-adjusted as children raised in families indicates the
importance of family environment in human development.
A
-12-
A
D
A
?
THE FUTURE OF THE FAMILY
The stereotype of an American
family used to be the one in
which the father went to work
while the wife stayed home with
the three kids. Such families are
now the exception rather than
the rule:
Single-parent families. One of
every four families is now
headed by a single parent. If
current trends persist, half of all
the households in America
could be headed by a single
parent by the end of this century.
Divorce and separation are
responsible for three out of four
single-parent households. Outof-wedlock births account for
another quarter—and this percentage continues to rise. Nine of ten singleparent homes are headed by women, and more than half of them live in poverty.
Cohabitation. Unmarried couples living together may have at one time caused
a scandal, but they are now commonplace. Almost three million American
couples live together out of wedlock. Most of these couples are under age 35.
Living together is much like marriage in that the partners have affection for
and commitment to one another. And the sexual relationship is exclusive. Yet
only one of three cohabitating partners end up married to each other. Most of
the rest separate within three years.
Serial monogamy. Almost half of all marriages involve a second marriage for
one of the partners. And most divorced people end up remarrying. This pattern
has been called serial monogamy. Partners may have several spouses, albeit
only one at a time.
-13-
Reconstituted families. Remarriage often creates a reconstituted or blended
family in which one or both parents bring children from a previous marriage
into the union. The high rate of remarriage in this country means that one of
every three Americans is now a member of a stepfamily. These families face
special challenges since relationships between stepparents, stepchildren, and
stepsiblings are much more complicated.
Childless marriages. A growing number of married couples are not having
children. About 5 percent of married women in the United States do not want
children. Other couples delay childbearing until they lose interest or it is too
late. They tend to be highly educated and career oriented. Many are firstborn
children. Many other couples are childless because of infertility.
Gay couples and gay-parent families. Homosexuality has come out of the
closet. While still not widely accepted, it is more tolerated. Homosexual
couples display many of the same patterns of family life as heterosexuals.
Most gay couples form stable, long-lasting relationships with a partner.
Artificial insemination, children from previous marriages, and growing access
to adoption have allowed more gay and lesbian couples to experience
parenthood.
Singlehood. A growing number of Americans are choosing to remain single.
People who live alone account for one of four American households. For
many, singlehood is a temporary stage of life on the way to marriage or
remarriage. Others choose to remain single for life. Many singles are persons
who are widowed or divorced and who do not remarry either by choice or
because they cannot find a new partner.
What will become of the American family? Some alarmists claim that the
family is an endangered species. They point to high divorce rates, out-ofwedlock births, single-parent families, and a growing acceptance of gay life
style as signs of the family’s demise. There is no disputing that the American
family has undergone drastic changes in the last fifty years. Yet other experts
point to a brighter future: Three out of four people aged 25 to 65 are married,
and nine of ten Americans will marry at some time. Even the divorced are still
committed to marriage—their marriage rates are higher than for singles. Four
out of five children are still born in wedlock, and four out of five still live in a
two-parent nuclear family. These facts suggests that the family is not withering
away; it is simply taking new forms to meet changing times.
-14-
PRACTICE EXERCISE: Choose the correct answers to the questions below.
1.
Which of the following statements best summarizes the
reading passage?
A.
B.
C.
2.
According to the reading passage, most couples who live
together __________.
A.
B.
C.
3.
separate before marrying
eventually get married to each other
have higher rates of divorce after marriage
What is a blended family?
A.
B.
C.
4.
Current statistics on divorce, single parenting, and
homosexuality indicate that the family is no longer
an important institution in society.
Americans are moving away from nuclear families
and back to forming extended families.
The family remains a strong institution in
American society despite recent changes.
C.
?
A
?
A
a family in which one or both spouses brings in
children from a previous marriage into the family
a family made up of a gay or lesbian couple and
adopted children
a family in which the spouses are of different ethnic
backgrounds
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A.
B.
C
Most children today are born out of wedlock.
Few gay couples form lasting and stable
relationships.
Couples who choose not to have children tend to
be very career-oriented.
-15-
?
C
?
LESSON TEST
DIRECTIONS: Choose the correct answer to each of the following questions.
There are different types of families in different societies. The nuclear family
found in most modern societies is made up of a husband, a wife, and any
children. In a nuclear family, the parents and their dependent children live
apart from other relatives. The family of orientation is the family into which
we are born and in which we grow up. This family gives us our initial
orientation to life, hence its name. We create a family of procreation through
marriage. There we hold the status of adult and transmit our values to our
children.
1.
Which of the following conclusions can you draw from this paragraph?
A.
B.
C.
Nuclear families are typical to modern societies because their
members do not like living with their relatives.
Persons who do not marry in modern societies remain in their
family of orientation.
Everyone has a family of orientation but not everyone forms a
family of procreation.
-16-
Arranged marriages seem to work as well as our romantic matings. The bride
and groom tend to expect far less from the marriage, and, thus, do not make as
many demands. Also, their roles are more defined. In marriages formed by
mutual consent, spouses often demand more from marriage—and may get it.
But the expectation of living “happily ever after” can also cloud the success of
self-selecting marriages when the romance fades and the reality of daily living
sets in. Many couples find married life disappointing. It is much harder to
define “a good husband” or “a good wife” in societies in which people select
their own mates than in societies in which marriages are arranged. Indeed, the
United States has the highest divorce rate in the world with half of all marriages
ending in divorce. Divorce is frowned on, taboo, difficult, and rare in cultures
with arranged marriages.
2.
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A.
B.
C.
Arranged marriages are often more stable and long-lasting than
marriages formed by mutual consent.
Arranged marriages are typical to industrialized societies.
Couples whose marriages were arranged experience higher
divorce rates than couples who marry for love.
As a result of the one-child policy, China’s traditional extended family has
been almost completely replaced by the nuclear family. One result of the policy
has been described as the “four-two-one syndrome” where four grandparents
and two parents take care of just one child. The Chinese press has labeled
these only children “little emperors.” This label reflects the fears that these
Chinese children are growing up to be spoiled, lazy, and self-centered—just
the opposite of the respectful relationship within the ideal Chinese family.
3.
The "four-two-one" syndrome might possibly disappear if __________.
A.
B.
C.
the Chinese government revoked the ban against large families
Chinese grandparents had no contact with their grandchildren
Chinese couples refused to have any children at all
-17-
The family is the primary "socialization agent." It is the first social world for
a child. It is where the first, longest-lasting, and most intimate social
relationships are established. Communication, mainly through the learning
of language, occurs first in the family. And it is in the family that the infant
and child is introduced to what society considers right and wrong.
4.
What does the word agent mean in this paragraph?
A.
B.
C.
proof
ingredient
instrument
What will become of the American family? Some alarmists claim that the
family is an endangered species. They point to high divorce rates, out-ofwedlock births, single-parent families, and a growing acceptance of gay life
style as signs of the family’s demise. There is no disputing that the American
family has undergone drastic changes in the last fifty years. Yet other experts
point to a brighter future: Three out of four people aged 25 to 65 are married,
and nine of ten Americans will marry at some time. Even the divorced are still
committed to marriage—their marriage rates are higher than for singles. Four
out of five children are still born in wedlock, and four out of five still live in a
two-parent nuclear family. These facts suggests that the family is not withering
away; it is simply taking new forms to meet changing times.
5.
What does the author of this paragraph use to support her argument that
the American family is not threatened with extinction?
A.
B.
C.
case stories
statistical evidence
personal opinions
ANSWERS
ACTIVITIES
-18-
e-Course [1244] – Reading Social Science
e-Unit [12441] – Reading About Man & Self
e-Lesson [124411] – Reading About The Mind
e-Lesson [124412] – Reading About The Body
e-Lesson [124413] – Reading About The Identity
e-Lesson [124414] – Reading About Ideas
e-Unit [12442] – Reading About Man & Society
e-Lesson [124421] – Reading About The Family
e-Lesson [124422] – Reading About The Group
e-Lesson [124423] – Reading About The State
e-Lesson [124424] – Reading About The World
e-Unit [12443] – Reading About Man & Nature
e-Lesson [124431] – Reading About Coexisting With Nature
e-Lesson [124432] – Reading About Controlling Nature
e-Lesson [124433] – Reading About Conquering Nature
e-Lesson [124434] – Reading About Recreating Nature
e-Unit [12444] – Reading About Man & God
e-Lesson [124441] – Reading About Defining God
e-Lesson [124442] – Reading About Relating To God
e-Lesson [124443] – Reading About Obeying God
e-Lesson [124444] – Reading About Defining God
Remediation and Training Institute
Robert Taggart, PhD - Copyright 2005